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stance regarding the form of transmission of Torah in the post-prophetic age and which allows for a lesser degree of authority to be associated with the rabbinical majority. For both of these views, there are implications that concern the rights of rabbinical minorities and of Jewish individuals who are not of the same view as the majority of the rabbinical court. And while each view can be maintained within
Conservative Judaism and associated with the emphasis on the use of rabbinic majorities, it is argued that the second view is mostly aligned with the tradition of the Conservative movement that allows for greater powers for the rabbinic minority.
403:" has been used in the past, the connotations of absolute rabbinic authority under this banner occurs only in the decades that follow the establishment of the Agudas Yisrael party in Eastern Europe. Additionally, Orthodox scholars who elaborate the Haredi position are careful to distinguish between rabbinic authority in legal versus extralegal matters. Whereas in declaring matters of Jewish law rabbinic authorities are required to render decisions based on precedents, sources, and Talmudic principles of analysis, a rabbinic authority has greater latitude when declaring
461:— Mental health professionals who treat ultra-Orthodox patients have encountered the challenge of individuals who typically resort to rabbinical authority to advise on a range of personal matters. These mental health workers advocate for a joint effort in treating such patients as the mental health worker cannot advise regarding religious matters but neither can rabbinic authorities dispense health advice on complex issues. One common example of mental health where this dilemma is expressed is with regards to
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rabbinate would cease to be a major issue once greater numbers of women would receive ordination. That perspective would align with a view that most aspects of rabbinic authority in
Conservative Judaism would be similar for both male and female rabbis. However, research that examined the barriers to women gaining formal positions in congregations has lent itself to a more critical view of the gendered barriers for women rabbis to be recognized as rabbinic authorities.
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Tzaddik involves the role of the
Tzaddik as the mediator between God and the Hasid. Faith in the power of the Tzaddik was common to all branches of the Hasidic movement with the words and advise of the Tzaddik viewed by the Hasidim as of the same stature of prophecy and from which the Hasid may not deviate. Nevertheless, there are differences between Hasidic groups on the degree of resistance on the part of the Tzaddik with Rabbi
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479:— With the advent of the internet, rabbis have been sought out for rabbinic advice. However, the online setting of seeking internet-based authority poses the risk where the typical respect conferred upon rabbis is diminished. The increased tendency for petitioners to respond to rabbinic decisions on internet-based communication platforms may inadvertently lead to disrespecting rabbinic authority.
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358:, rabbinic authority is viewed as extensive, according to which Orthodox Jews should seek the input of rabbinic scholars not just on matters of Jewish law, but on all important life matters, on the grounds that knowledge of the Torah aids everything in life. The linkage of the Orthodox notion of rabbinic authority is known as
327:, there arose three major challenges to rabbinic authority that led to fissures, divisions, and resistance to the power which the rabbis previously claimed. The first major challenge of this period arose from the rise of rationalism and its impact on Jewish theology. The second major challenge involved the aftermath of the
465:(OCD). It was also estimated that a significant proportion of ultra-Orthodox patients seeking treatment had first sought spiritual responses from rabbis, making their first treatment choice to be an appeal to rabbinic authority and wisdom. In the case of OCD, the discussion of the disorder appears in modern rabbinical
374:, many rabbis and scholars view the matter as a modern development that can be traced to changes in Jewish communal life in the nineteenth century. Within Orthodoxy, the topic of religious authority also significantly relates to the notion of stringiencies relating to Jewish law and custom. The concept of
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In Jewish sources, the topic of rabbinic authority appears frequently. Beyond the general topic of the authority of the
Sanhedrin, other discussions also arise. Rabbinic authority is treated in the Babylonian Talmud as occurring, at times, in opposition to divine authority. This conflict appears in a
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The practical basis for rabbinic authority involves the acceptance of the rabbinic individual and their scholarly credentials. In practical terms, Jewish communities and individuals commonly proffer allegiance to the authority of the rabbi they have chosen. Such a rabbinic leader is sometimes called
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is often regarded as having extraordinary spiritual powers and is sought for personal advice in all pursuits of life by his followers. The devotion to the
Tzaddik involves setting aside the Hasid's intellect and reason as a precondition for a blessing of abundance Another factor in the faith in the
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and admitted them into the
Conservative rabbinate where they serve a full range of rabbinic callings. This has led some scholars to consider how gender relates to rabbinic authority. An initial presumption among members of the movement's theological institution was that gender inequality within the
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branch of
Orthodox Judaism is that Jews, both individually and collectively, should seek out the views of the prominent religious scholars. And the views of rabbis apply to matters of Jewish law as well as matters in all aspects of community life. Although the authority of rabbinic views concerning
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apply. Additionally, this precept only applies to the early rabbinic positions from the era of the Mishna and Talmud, but not to the rabbis of later generations. Community leaders similarly share some of the rights of the
Sanhedrin, but this applies only where the majority of the community accepts
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may follow two alternative applications in relation to the question of majority opinions in Jewish law. The first stance rests on the metaphysical belief that there is divinely bestowed authority on the majority decisions produced by the rabbinical court. The second stance relies on a theological
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is regarded as being of a more subtle nature and requires no clear legal justification or explicit grounding in earlier sources. Thereby, different authorities may offer diametrically opposed opinions based on their own understanding. Some scholars argue that with the rise of modernity, the wider
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Diverging historical views on the actual extent of rabbinic authority in the
Talmudic period and are described in terms of maximalism and minimalism. Maximalists view rabbinic authority as extending over Jewish religious and civic life as it existed under Roman rule. Minimalists view rabbinic
217:). This new category distinguished the rabbinic authority of the rabbis from the laws of the Qumranite and Sadducean groups of ancient Israel. And while the rabbinic commandments are presented as authoritative, the rabbis acknowledge that biblical commandments override rabbinic commandments.
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authority under Roman rule as greatly limited with the rabbis unable to enforce their rulings. Additionally, some scholars suggest that
Talmudic rabbis produced many texts concerning the destroyed Jewish Temple which in turn bolstered rabbinic authority in the post-Temple period.
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parties. Some researchers view secular media in Israel as posing a unique challenge to Orthodox rabbinic authority over their communities and political parties. To mitigate this challenge, Orthodox communities have formed media outlets run exclusively for Orthodox
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is generally understood as solely referring to the authority of the Sanhedrin Court in Jerusalem and therefore does not apply to later rabbinic authorities for either their rulings or customs. However, Conservative rabbis also understand that the injunction of
268:). The Talmud also offers scenarios where rabbinic authority is disregarded, in this case where the congregation are certain of the court's error. Treatment of this topic is taken up at length in the Talmudic tractate of
801:
Thrope, S. (2011). Daniel Frank, Matt Goldish, eds. Rabbinic Culture and Its Critics: Jewish Authority, Dissent, and Heresy in Medieval and Early Modern Times. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2007. xv, 480 pp.
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is possibly a counter reaction to the changes linked to modernity. This counter reaction also may give way to a view that the rabbinic authority is of an infallible nature. According to other scholars, the notion of
64:. Scholars understand that the extent of rabbinic authority, historically, would have related to areas of Jewish civil, criminal, and ritual law, while rabbinic positions that relate to non-legal matters, such as
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is viewed by Haredi rabbis as a long-established tradition within the Judaism, modern Orthodox scholars argue that the Haredi claim is a revisionist one. According to modern Orthodox scholars, although the term
299:. Rabbinic authority may be derived from scholarly achievements within a meritocratic system. Rabbinic authority may be viewed as based on credentials in the form of the institutionally approved ordination (
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concept is most strongly found in the use of a rabbinic council that guides the Haredi political parties in Israel. The influence of rabbinic authority is somewhat lessened in the moderate faction of the
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availability of secular knowledge, and a reduction of commitment to religion, members of traditional Jewish communities raised challenges to the leadership role of the rabbis. The Haredi position of
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According to Jewish scholars, only when the majority of the Sanhedrin (or another centralized court) that represents the entire Jewish people formally votes does the Biblical injunction of
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extralegal matters is not universally accepted in modern Orthodoxy, other factions of Orthodoxy lobby for these rabbinic stances to be considered by their moderate coreligionists.
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are accepted by the rabbis. This passage is understood as the right of rabbinic authority over both the minority opinion as well as over divine authority (or that the Torah is "
126:"), and the notion of rabbinic authority in this context is often extended beyond the confines of Jewish law, but to a variety of personal, social and political matters.
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as to whether the obligation is to obey just the original Sanhedrin in Jerusalem or subsequent rabbinical courts that are constituted in a similar fashion such as the
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Hidary, R. (2015). One May Come to Repair Musical Instruments’: Rabbinic Authority and the History of the Shevut Laws. Jewish Studies, an Internet Journal, 13, 1-26.
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143:, in the Temple in Jerusalem. In this context, there is a biblical injunction against straying from the rulings of the Sanhedrin. This precept is referred to as "
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their authority. Individuals who are not community members are not required to follow the decisions of community leaders. The medieval rabbinic authority,
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to be ritually pure against the majority view. According to the passage, neither Rabbi Eliezer's attempts to use reason nor his use of miracles and
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contains a political dimension. Rabbinic authority as expressed in Israeli politics varies by religious party and faction. The expression of the
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According to the law which they will teach you and according to the judgment which they will tell you, you shall do; you should not turn aside (
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Rubin, E. (2020). Questions of love and truth: New perspectives on the controversy between R. Avraham of Kalisk and R. Shneur Zalman of Liady.
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Greenberg, D., & Shefler, M. G. (2014). Ultra-orthodox rabbinic responses to religious obsessive-compulsive disorder. In Hoffman, S. (ed.)
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Zohar, T. (2004). The status of women in Jewish law: Responsa. Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues, 7(1), 240-246.
282:). This topic is listed as the twenty-third of a list of forty-eight attributes through which the wisdom of the Jewish tradition is acquired.
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Cohen, Y. (2017). The media challenge to Haredi rabbinic authority in Israel. ESSACHESS-Journal for Communication Studies, 10(02), 113-128.
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Friedman, M. (2004). Halachic rabbinic authority in the modern open society. Jewish Religious Leadership, Image, and Reality, 2, 757-770.
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Viswanath, P. V., & Szenberg, M. (2007). "Examining the Biblical Perspective on the Environment in a Costly Contracting Framework".
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Eleff, Z., & Farber, S. (2020). Antimodernism and Orthodox Judaism's Heretical Imperative: An American Religious Counterpoint.
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Turkel, E. (1993). The nature and limitations of rabbinic authority. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, 27(4), 80-99.
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278:("a rebellious elder"). A concept similar to the notion of rabbinic authority is the value of placing faith in the Jewish sages (
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274:. An additional concept is the instance when a Jewish elder refuses to concede to the majority opinion, such an elder is termed
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than when defining a halakhic opinion. While a halakhic opinion requires legal justification from recognized sources, simple
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Friedman, S. (1993). Emunat Hakhamim: Faith in the Sages. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, 27(4), 10-34.
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The Harvard Law School Program in Jewish Studies (The Gruss Lectures - Jewish Law and Modernity: Five Interpretations)
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Hidary, R. (2015). One may come to repair musical instruments: Rabbinic authority and the history of the shevut laws.
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and is a contested matter and the views are partly split along communal lines within Orthodoxy. Rabbinic leaders from
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there is a separate Biblical commandment to respect and honor Torah scholars, even if one disagrees with their views.
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Lawrence, Kaplan (1997). "Daat Torah: A modern view of rabbinic authority". In Safrai, Zev; Sagi, Avi (eds.).
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295:). Jewish individuals may acknowledge the authority of other rabbis but will defer legal decisions to the
53:. The extent of rabbinic authority differs by various Jewish groups and denominations throughout history.
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Kaplan, Lawrence (1992). "Daas Torah: A modern conception of rabbinic authority". In Sokol, Moshe (ed.).
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political party during the interwar period in Poland. Additionally, it may have arisen as part of the
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Hidary, R. (2014). Rhetoric of Rabbinic Authority.". Jewish Rhetorics: History, Theory, Practice, 16.
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The origins of rabbinic authority in Judaism is understood as originally linked to the High Court of
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and their descendants in Europe and the New World. The third challenge involved the popularity of
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communities view the concept as inextricably linked to the centuries of Jewish tradition. Within
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rejectionist stance to modernity, in opposition the approach of modern Orthodox Jewish leaders.
207:) and termed as commandments as well. These are listed as "biblical and rabbinic commandments" (
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Reader for the Orthodox Jewish Psychotherapist: Issues, Case Studies, and Contemporary Responsa
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One of the commandments in Hebrew Bible relate the establishment of a High Court, known as the
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The authority founded in rabbinic law is framed in context of the biblical commandments (
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Kauffman, T. (2020). Doctrine of the distant Tzaddik: Mysticism, ethics, and politics.
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Raucher, M. (2015). Yoatzot Halacha: Ruling the Internet, one question at a time. In
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167:) from the things that they will declare to you neither to the right nor to the left.
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Hayes, C. (2006). Rabbinic contestations of authority. Cardozo L. Rev., 28, 123.
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Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions
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well-known text in the Babylonian Talmud (Baba Metzia 59b) regarding the sage
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Kopelowitz, E. (2001). Religious politics and Israel's ethnic democracy.
895:, ed. Nisson Wolpin ed.). Brooklyn, New York: Mesorah Publications.
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objecting to their followers request for blessings for material success.
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1019:"A principled defense of the current structure and status of the CJLS"
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Grossman, S. (2013). Rabbinic Authority from a Gendered Perspective.
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Sacks, Y. (1993). The mizvah of "lo tasur:" Limits and Applications.
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441:— The concept of rabbinic authority as presented in the modern
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Rabbinic authority also distinguished the practice of Judaism by the
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246:"). There is some additional deliberation based on readings of the
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Illustration in 1883 encyclopaedia of the ancient Jewish Sanhedrin
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relates to the theological and communal authority attributed to
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Theological and communal authority attributed to rabbinic status
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866:"Da'at Torah: The unqualified authority claimed for Halachists"
872:. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Archived from
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and the forced conversions from that period that occurred to
824:(in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad. pp. 105–145.
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Corrigan, J., Denny, F., Jaffee, M. S., and Eire C. (2012).
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Kirschenbaum, Aaron (1993). "MARA DE-ATRA: A Brief Sketch".
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Rabbinic Authority and Leadership on the Contemporary Scene
997:"A Teshuvah Permitting Ashkenazim to Eat Kitniyot on Pesah"
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The Memory of the Temple in Palestinian Rabbinic Literature
629:. Northvale: Jason Aronson. pp. 1–60. Archived from
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and in the time period that immediately followed in the
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may have originated as an extension of the role of the
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Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies
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Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies
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Rabinovich, N. E. (2007). What is "Emunat Ḥakhamim"?
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sect. This concept is linked with the acceptance of
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Jewish Society and Culture: An Economic Perspective
510:Since the 1980s, Conservative Judaism has ordained
822:Between Authority and Autonomy in Jewish Tradition
106:, rabbinic authority is sometimes referred to as
889:Daas Torah: Tapping the Source of Eternal Wisdom
653:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought,
752:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought
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1114:Rabbinic Authority: The Vision and the Reality
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1406:Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC)
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339:and the events that surrounded the advent of
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658:(4), 49-60. Retrieved August 27, 2021, from
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190:as the 312th biblical commandment (of the
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1608:Index of Jewish history-related articles
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705:. PhD dissertation, Columbia University.
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3107:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1411:International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF)
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68:would have been viewed as non-binding.
49:and their pronouncements in matters of
1116:, Urim Publications. Jerusalem, 2013.
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660:http://www.jstor.org/stable/23260885
1391:Rabbinical Council of America (RCA)
686:Jewish Studies, an Internet Journal
562:List of religious titles in Judaism
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79:) to the religious practice of the
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311:) and to prescribe legal rulings.
258:(known in rabbinical texts as the
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864:Katz, Jacob (30 November 1994).
194:). Aside from the injunction of
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887:Feitman, Rabbi Yaakov (1995).
315:Challenges in the medieval era
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3113:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
1118:(full text available online).
848:Religion and American Culture
463:obsessive–compulsive disorder
386:. The espoused belief in the
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3039:American Sephardi Federation
928:(3): 235–248. Archived from
291:the "Master of the Locale" (
1867:Constantinopolitan Karaites
1371:Central Rabbinical Congress
354:In some communities within
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3095:National Library of Israel
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186:, lists the injunction of
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1427:Agudath Israel of America
1122:Aaron Rakeffet-Rothkoff,
916:Kaplan, Lawrence (1980).
1641:Ancient Israel and Judah
1386:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah
1287:Orthodox Jewish outreach
1063:. KTAV Publishing House.
1059:Wertheim, Aaron (1992).
122:, literally "opinion of
58:ancient Israel and Judah
2017:North African Sephardim
1990:Jewish tribes of Arabia
1381:Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah
1017:Tucker, Gordon (1993).
985:(pp. 65-81). Routledge.
701:Schumer, N. S. (2017).
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1325:National Union (NU)
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3234:
3233:
3200:extinct languages
3101:YIVO Encyclopedia
2876:Hebrew literature
2844:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
2684:Reconstructionist
2362:Judaeo-Portuguese
2051:
2050:
2007:Eastern Sephardim
1651:Synagogal Judaism
1554:
1553:
1509:Religious Zionism
1396:Agudas HaRabbonim
1340:Jerusalem Faction
1221:Hasidic dynasties
459:Impact on health
452:Religious Zionist
329:Spanish expulsion
256:Council of Jamnia
214:mitzvot derabanan
210:mitzvot de'oraita
172:Deuteronomy 17:11
66:Jewish philosophy
16:(Redirected from
3264:
3257:Rabbinic Judaism
3223:
3222:
3221:
3208:
3207:
2340:Judeo-Golpaygani
1941:Palestinian Jews
1916:Alexandrian Jews
1872:Crimean Karaites
1789:Unterlander Jews
1742:
1656:Rabbinic Judaism
1581:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1401:United Synagogue
1376:Iggud HaRabbonim
1366:Edah HaChareidis
1171:
1170:Orthodox Judaism
1166:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1001:
992:
986:
979:
973:
966:
960:
957:
951:
940:
934:
933:
913:
907:
906:
884:
878:
877:
861:
855:
844:
835:
832:
826:
825:
817:
811:
799:
793:
786:
780:
777:
768:
767:
747:
741:
730:
724:
721:
715:
712:
706:
699:
693:
682:
676:
669:
663:
649:
638:
637:
635:
628:
617:
606:
603:
597:
594:
588:
585:
439:Israeli politics
356:Orthodox Judaism
337:Jewish mysticism
280:emunat chachamim
248:Jerusalem Talmud
192:613 commandments
184:Moses Maimonides
173:
154:
121:
104:Orthodox Judaism
102:In contemporary
77:Rabbinic Judaism
21:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3219:
3217:
3189:
3015:
2880:
2752:
2626:
2520:
2335:Judeo-Borujerdi
2310:Judeo-Malayalam
2256:Judeo-Aragonese
2227:Lishanid Noshan
2059:
2047:
1779:Oberlander Jews
1740:
1670:
1612:
1594:
1585:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1533:
1487:
1473:Mishnah Berurah
1456:
1415:
1349:
1330:The Jewish Home
1291:
1225:
1199:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1112:A. Y. Warburg,
1108:
1103:
1102:
1089:
1085:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1037:
1033:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1011:
999:
994:
993:
989:
983:Digital Judaism
980:
976:
967:
963:
958:
954:
941:
937:
915:
914:
910:
903:
886:
885:
881:
863:
862:
858:
845:
838:
833:
829:
819:
818:
814:
800:
796:
787:
783:
778:
771:
749:
748:
744:
731:
727:
722:
718:
713:
709:
700:
696:
683:
679:
670:
666:
650:
641:
633:
626:
619:
618:
609:
604:
600:
595:
591:
586:
575:
570:
558:
521:
519:Hasidic Judaism
508:
486:
443:State of Israel
435:
384:Hasidic Judaism
352:
317:
288:
223:
174:
171:
137:
132:
97:Karaite Judaism
60:, known as the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:Haredi Judaism
3239:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3214:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:non-Christian
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Shulchan Aruch
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2854:Sefer Yetzirah
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Pardes Rimonim
2831:
2824:Kabbalah texts
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2617:Land of Israel
2614:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2493:Judeo-Alsatian
2485:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2345:Judeo-Hamedani
2342:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2320:Judaeo-Occitan
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2261:Jewish English
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2192:Judaeo-Aramaic
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2180:Judeo-Tunisian
2177:
2172:
2170:Judeo-Moroccan
2167:
2166:
2165:
2163:Judeo-Baghdadi
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2067:
2065:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2014:
2012:Livornese Jews
2009:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:Afrikaner-Jode
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Shulchan Aruch
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1442:Orthodox Union
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1313:Agudat Yisrael
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1282:Chinuch Atzmai
1279:
1277:Torah Umesorah
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1107:
1106:External links
1104:
1101:
1100:
1083:
1066:
1048:
1031:
1009:
987:
974:
961:
952:
944:Israel Studies
935:
932:on 2010-11-29.
908:
901:
879:
876:on 2010-03-17.
856:
836:
827:
812:
794:
781:
769:
742:
725:
716:
707:
694:
677:
664:
639:
636:on 2011-01-24.
607:
598:
589:
572:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
557:
554:
520:
517:
507:
504:
485:
482:
481:
480:
474:
456:
434:
431:
423:Agudat Yisrael
351:
345:
316:
313:
287:
284:
236:Oven of Akhnai
222:
219:
169:
159:which states:
136:
133:
131:
128:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3269:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Protestantism
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Sefer HaBahir
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Sifrei Kodesh
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2622:Who is a Jew?
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Chosen people
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2507:Scots-Yiddish
2505:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:Klezmer-loshn
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Judeo-Shirazi
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:Judeo-Persian
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Judeo-Marathi
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:Judeo-Italian
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:Judeo-Amazigh
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Hadhrami Jews
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Mountain Jews
1934:
1932:
1931:Egyptian Jews
1929:
1927:
1926:Bukharan Jews
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Lists of Jews
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1549:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Torah Judaism
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
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1420:Organizations
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1318:Degel HaTorah
1316:
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1214:
1212:
1211:Orthodox Jews
1209:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
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1180:
1176:
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1127:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1098:(3), 242-286.
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1081:(3), 182-216.
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1005:
998:
991:
988:
984:
978:
975:
971:
965:
962:
956:
953:
950:(3), 166-190.
949:
945:
939:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
909:
904:
902:0-89906-319-5
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
854:(2), 237-272.
853:
849:
843:
841:
837:
831:
828:
823:
816:
813:
810:(1), 166-170.
809:
805:
798:
795:
791:
785:
782:
776:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
743:
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531:
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285:
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277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:not in Heaven
241:
240:divine voices
237:
234:who declared
233:
227:
220:
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211:
206:
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168:
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109:
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90:
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82:
78:
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69:
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
3216:
3209:
3195:
3118:
3111:
3099:
3082:
3065:
2899:perspectives
2733:Samaritanism
2694:Neo-Hasidism
2674:Conservative
2588:Names of God
2545:
2497:
2478:
2288:Judaeo-Greek
2283:Judeo-Gascon
2222:Lishán Didán
2217:Lishana Deni
2185:Judeo-Yemeni
2153:Judeo-Arabic
2027:Meshuchrarim
1946:Persian Jews
1879:Kurdish Jews
1857:Kaifeng Jews
1806:Beta Abraham
1769:Galitzianers
1724:Antisemitism
1699:Israeli Jews
1684:Assimilation
1544:
1523:
1519:Torah Umadda
1492:Philosophies
1452:Young Israel
1167:
1123:
1113:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1060:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1012:
1003:
990:
982:
977:
972:, pp. 52-72.
969:
964:
955:
947:
943:
938:
930:the original
925:
921:
911:
892:
888:
882:
874:the original
869:
859:
851:
847:
830:
821:
815:
807:
803:
797:
789:
784:
758:(4): 35–40.
755:
751:
745:
737:
733:
728:
719:
710:
702:
697:
689:
685:
680:
672:
667:
655:
652:
631:the original
622:
601:
592:
534:
528:
522:
512:women rabbis
509:
498:
493:
487:
476:
470:
458:
455:populations.
446:
438:
433:Applications
418:
413:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
375:
359:
353:
348:
341:Sabbateanism
321:medieval era
318:
306:
300:
296:
292:
289:
279:
275:
269:
259:
228:
224:
213:
209:
202:
200:
195:
187:
178:
176:
164:
162:
144:
138:
111:
107:
101:
93:Samaritanism
89:rabbinic law
70:
55:
38:
37:
3141:Catholicism
2723:Hellenistic
2561:Eschatology
2499:Lachoudisch
2424:Lotegorisch
2402:Lachoudisch
2392:Koiné Greek
2305:Judeo-Latin
2242:Palestinian
2136:Palestinian
1985:Mustaʿravim
1911:Afghan Jews
1899:Berber Jews
1823:Bene Israel
1811:Falash Mura
1801:Beta Israel
1719:Persecution
1661:Middle Ages
1267:Bais Yaakov
1237:Torah study
893:Torah Lives
527:circles, a
447:da'as Torah
419:da'as Torah
414:da'as Torah
409:da'as Torah
405:da'as Torah
401:da'as Torah
396:da'as Torah
376:da'as Torah
360:da'as Torah
349:da'as Torah
297:mara d'atra
293:mara d'atra
276:zaken mamre
157:Deuteronomy
112:da'at Torah
108:da'as Torah
3241:Categories
3136:Anabaptism
3078:Jew (word)
2945:Leadership
2758:Literature
2743:Secularism
2689:Humanistic
2556:Conversion
2526:Philosophy
2367:Judeo-Urdu
2131:Babylonian
1976:Saada Jews
1961:Adeni Jews
1754:Ashkenazim
1709:Samaritans
1676:Population
1631:Israelites
1354:Rabbinates
1046:(1), 3-19.
804:AJS Review
568:References
548:and Rabbi
51:Jewish law
18:Daas Torah
3198:indicate
3146:Mormonism
3131:Christian
3011:Symbolism
2999:Synagogue
2979:Mythology
2940:Education
2911:Astronomy
2894:Astrology
2711:relations
2516:Zarphatic
2464:Galitzish
2266:Yeshivish
2143:Catalanic
2106:Samaritan
2081:Ashkenazi
2062:Diasporic
2057:Languages
2002:Sephardim
1997:Romaniote
1884:Krymchaks
1818:Desi Jews
1694:Buddhists
1529:Anarchism
1230:Education
922:Tradition
333:conversos
141:Sanhedrin
81:Sadducees
73:Pharisees
62:Sanhedrin
3211:Category
3181:Hinduism
3171:Buddhism
3073:Genetics
2989:Politics
2962:Marriage
2921:Holidays
2916:Calendar
2797:Rabbinic
2773:/Hebrew
2718:Haymanot
2645:Orthodox
2632:Branches
2605:Kabbalah
2600:Haskalah
2578:Holiness
2454:dialects
2434:Shassagh
2397:Krymchak
2377:Kayliñña
2271:Yinglish
2247:Galilean
2237:Talmudic
2232:Biblical
2207:Betanure
2126:Biblical
2121:Mishnaic
2116:Medieval
2101:Tiberian
2096:Yemenite
2086:Sephardi
2022:Paradesi
1966:Ḥabbanim
1956:Teimanim
1921:Baghdadi
1894:Maghrebi
1862:Karaites
1840:Gruzínim
1828:Kochinim
1746:Diaspora
1704:Karaites
1689:Atheists
1626:Timeline
1547:Category
1504:Hasidism
1483:Responsa
1437:Mizrachi
1361:Rabbanut
1345:Sikrikim
1296:Politics
1252:Chavurah
1247:Chavrusa
1178:Branches
764:23260883
740:, 35-45.
556:See also
499:lo tasur
494:lo tasur
467:responsa
302:semikhah
261:Beth Din
250:and the
196:lo tasur
188:lo tasur
179:lo tasur
170:—
165:lo tasur
145:lo tasur
120:דעת תורה
83:and the
3196:Italics
3021:Studies
2967:Divorce
2933:Kashrut
2928:Cuisine
2886:Culture
2817:Midrash
2812:Tosefta
2802:Mishnah
2790:Ketuvim
2785:Nevi'im
2748:Schisms
2738:Science
2728:Karaite
2699:Renewal
2660:Litvaks
2655:Hasidic
2610:Sefirot
2595:Halakha
2566:Messiah
2539:Mitzvah
2534:Beliefs
2488:Western
2474:Poylish
2469:Litvish
2459:Eastern
2449:Yiddish
2444:Shuadit
2429:Qwareña
2417:Tetuani
2412:Haketia
2387:Knaanic
2382:Kivruli
2330:Bukhori
2276:Heblish
2212:Hulaulá
2202:Barzani
2158:Yahudic
2091:Mizrahi
1951:Urfalim
1906:Mizrahi
1850:Neofiti
1845:Italkim
1774:Lita'im
1666:Zionism
1618:History
1592:Judaism
1478:Halakha
1262:Mesivta
1257:Yeshiva
1190:Hasidic
734:Ḥakirah
692:, 1-26.
536:Tzaddik
525:Hasidic
368:Hasidic
319:In the
308:halakha
271:Horayot
204:mitzvot
153:לא תסור
130:Origins
75:(i.e.,
43:Judaism
3004:Hazzan
2994:Prayer
2871:Siddur
2807:Talmud
2771:Tanakh
2706:Neolog
2679:Reform
2667:Modern
2650:Haredi
2573:Ethics
2439:Shassi
2407:Ladino
2372:Karaim
2355:Juhuri
2197:Targum
2111:Signed
2076:Modern
2071:Hebrew
2039:Xuetes
1835:Dönmeh
1794:Yekkes
1432:Dirshu
1272:Kollel
1216:Rabbis
1204:People
1195:Modern
1185:Haredi
899:
762:
546:Chabad
427:Haredi
388:Haredi
364:Haredi
149:Hebrew
116:Hebrew
85:Qumran
47:rabbis
3176:Islam
2984:Names
2974:Music
2955:Rebbe
2950:Rabbi
2904:Monen
2859:Zohar
2780:Torah
2775:Bible
1889:Lemba
1764:Chuts
1242:Shiur
1022:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
891:(In:
760:JSTOR
675:, 29.
634:(PDF)
627:(PDF)
530:Rebbe
380:Rebbe
266:Yavne
252:Sifre
124:Torah
1590:and
1588:Jews
1461:Laws
1303:Shas
897:ISBN
366:and
212:and
110:(or
95:and
2583:God
544:of
533:or
523:In
488:In
382:in
264:of
147:" (
114:) (
41:in
3243::
1096:38
1094:,
1079:38
1077:,
1051:^
1044:65
1042:,
1024:.
1002:.
946:,
926:18
924:.
920:.
868:.
852:30
850:,
839:^
808:35
806:,
772:^
756:27
754:.
736:,
690:13
688:,
656:27
642:^
610:^
576:^
473:).
343:.
151::
118::
99:.
2064:)
2060:(
1580:e
1573:t
1566:v
1155:e
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1141:v
1128:.
1028:.
1006:.
948:6
905:.
766:.
738:5
662:.
469:(
399:"
20:)
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