1153:
as mobile signals to initiate wounding responses and to promote damage repair. A large overlap occurs between the PTI pathway and DAMPs in plants, and the plant DAMPs effectively operate as PTI amplifiers. The ETI always occurs after the PTI pathway and DAMP release, and is a last resort response to the pathogen or trauma that ultimately results in programmed cell death. The PTI- and ETI-signaling pathways are used in conjunction with DAMPs to rapidly signal the rest of the plant to activate its innate immune response and fight off the invading pathogen or mediate the healing process from damage caused by trauma.
1033:, which help break down food and regulate the immune system. Without being inhibited by DNA, the gut would detect these microbiota as invading pathogens, and initiate a inflammatory response, which would be detrimental for the organism's health because while the microbiota may be foreign molecules inside the host, they are crucial in promoting host health. Similarly, damaged RNAs released from UVB-exposed keratinocytes activate TLR3 on intact keratinocytes. TLR3 activation stimulates TNF-alpha and IL-6 production, which initiate the cutaneous inflammation associated with sunburn.
1876:
signaling can be a potential therapeutic target to reduce inflammation and treat diseases. For example, administration of neutralizing HMGB1 antibodies or truncated HMGB1-derived A-box protein ameliorated arthritis in collagen-induced arthritis rodent models. Clinical trials with HSP inhibitors have also been reported. For
907:, important, apparently, for both plant and animal resistance to pathogens and the response to cellular injury or damage. Although many immunologists had earlier noted that various "danger signals" could initiate innate immune responses, the "DAMP" was first described by Seong and Matzinger in 2004.
858:
Two papers appearing in 1994 anticipated the deeper understanding of innate immune reactivity, pointing towards the subsequent understanding of the nature of the adaptive immune response. The first came from transplant surgeons who conducted a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
1817:
Preventing the release of DAMPs and blocking DAMP receptors would, in theory, stop inflammation from an injury or infection and reduce pain for the affected individual. This is especially important during surgeries, which have the potential to trigger these inflammation pathways, making the surgery
1152:
to initiate signaling throughout the plant that damage has occurred to a cell. Along with the PTI, DAMPs are also released in response to this damage, but as mentioned earlier they do not initiate an inflammatory response like their mammalian counterparts. The main role of DAMPs in plants is to act
1139:
DAMPs in plants have been found to stimulate a fast immune response, but without the inflammation that characterizes DAMPs in mammals. Just as with mammalian DAMPs, plant DAMPs are cytosolic in nature and are released into the extracellular space following damage to the cell caused by either trauma
1899:
differentiation and proliferation. These discoveries suggest that DAMPs drive not only immune injury, but also kidney regeneration and renal scarring. For example, TLR2-agonistic DAMPs activate renal progenitor cells to regenerate epithelial defects in injured tubules. TLR4-agonistic DAMPs also
1042:
is a multigenic family of calcium modulated proteins involved in intracellular and extracellular regulatory activities with a connection to cancer as well as tissue, particularly neuronal, injury. Their main function is the management of calcium storage and shuffling. Although they have various
1875:
can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of the progressive grade of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, DAMP can be a useful prognostic factor for cancer. This would improve patient classification, and a suitable therapy would be given to patients by diagnosing with DAMPs. The regulation of DAMP
80:(PRR). Inflammation is a key aspect of the innate immune response; it is used to help mitigate future damage to the organism by removing harmful invaders from the affected area and start the healing process. As an example, the
1129:
is also an endogenous danger signal released by injured cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and uric acid, which are purine metabolites, activate NLR family, pyrin domain containing (NLRP) 3 inflammasomes to induce IL-1β and
1144:, so plants can not determine which pathogens have attacked them before and thus easily mediate an effective immune response to them. To make up for this lack of defense, plants use the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and
1827:
894:
The second study suggested the possibility that the immune system detected "danger", through a series of what is now called damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), working in concert with both
1880:, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 inhibitors are under investigation in clinical trials. In addition, treatment with dnaJP1, which is a synthetic peptide derived from DnaJ (HSP40), had a curative effect in
95:, which in turn initiates an inflammatory response to the trauma or pathogen that initiated the release of IL-1α. In contrast to the noninfectious inflammatory response produced by DAMPs,
2549:
Bours MJ, Swennen EL, Di
Virgilio F, Cronstein BN, Dagnelie PC (November 2006). "Adenosine 5'-triphosphate and adenosine as endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation".
1029:
that drive cellular activation and immunoreactivity. Some tissues, such as the gut, are inhibited by DNA in their immune response because the gut is filled with trillions of
3795:
Garg AD, Nowis D, Golab J, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV, Agostinis P (January 2010). "Immunogenic cell death, DAMPs and anticancer therapeutics: an emerging amalgamation".
3094:
Marenholz I, Heizmann CW, Fritz G (October 2004). "S100 proteins in mouse and man: from evolution to function and pathology (including an update of the nomenclature)".
1884:
patients without critical side effects. Taken together, DAMPs can be useful therapeutic targets for various human diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases.
127:, resulting in their loss of function. Outside of the aforementioned nuclear and cytosolic DAMPs, there are other DAMPs originated from different sources, such as
2711:
Wang H, Bloom O, Zhang M, Vishnubhakat JM, Ombrellino M, Che J, et al. (July 1999). "HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice".
2253:"The beneficial effect of human recombinant superoxide dismutase on acute and chronic rejection events in recipients of cadaveric renal transplants"
972:
shock and is recognized as a DAMP by certain immune cells, triggering an inflammatory response. It is known to induce inflammation by activating
72:
space in response to damage to the cell from mechanical trauma or a pathogen. Once a DAMP is released from the cell, it promotes a noninfectious
3758:
Krysko DV, Garg AD, Kaczmarek A, Krysko O, Agostinis P, Vandenabeele P (December 2012). "Immunogenic cell death and DAMPs in cancer therapy".
1892:
1818:
more difficult and dangerous to complete. The blocking of DAMPs also has theoretical applications in therapeutics to treat disorders such as
3382:
De
Lorenzo G, Ferrari S, Cervone F, Okun E (November 2018). "Extracellular DAMPs in Plants and Mammals: Immunity, Tissue Damage and Repair".
1149:
96:
1923:
Seong SY, Matzinger P (June 2004). "Hydrophobicity: an ancient damage-associated molecular pattern that initiates innate immune responses".
3672:"Beyond tissue injury-damage-associated molecular patterns, toll-like receptors, and inflammasomes also drive regeneration and fibrosis"
2216:
Rubartelli A, Lotze MT (October 2007). "Inside, outside, upside down: damage-associated molecular-pattern molecules (DAMPs) and redox".
2584:
Shi Y, Evans JE, Rock KL (October 2003). "Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune system to dying cells".
2317:
2928:"S100 family members and trypsinogens are predictors of distant metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer"
2386:
Panayi GS, Corrigall VM, Henderson B (August 2004). "Stress cytokines: pivotal proteins in immune regulatory networks; Opinion".
935:, and materials derived from the extracellular matrix that are generated following tissue injury, such as hyaluronan fragments.
747:
2424:
Scaffidi P, Misteli T, Bianchi ME (July 2002). "Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation".
3868:
1877:
789:
3018:
Emberley ED, Murphy LC, Watson PH (August 2004). "S100 proteins and their influence on pro-survival pathways in cancer".
923:) and injured tissue, but they all share the common feature of stimulating an innate immune response within an organism.
77:
891:-mediated reperfusion injury was seen to contribute to the process of innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses.
1145:
976:
pathway by binding to TLR, TLR4, TLR9, and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products). HMGB1 can also induce
124:
3949:
Lotze MT, Tracey KJ (April 2005). "High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal".
338:
3899:
3278:"New era for mucosal mast cells: their roles in inflammation, allergic immune responses and adjuvant development"
3233:
Zeh HJ, Lotze MT (2005). "Addicted to death: invasive cancer and the immune response to unscheduled cell death".
1863:
for inflammatory diseases and potential therapeutic targets. For example, increased S100A8/A9 is associated with
2749:
Ibrahim ZA, Armour CL, Phipps S, Sukkar MB (December 2013). "RAGE and TLRs: relatives, friends or neighbours?".
1106:. ATP and adenosine are released in high concentrations after catastrophic disruption of the cell, as occurs in
1048:
1904:. Finally, DAMPs also promote renal fibrosis by inducing NLRP3, which also promotes TGF-β receptor signaling.
1148:(ETI) pathways to combat trauma and pathogens. PTI is the first line of defense in plants and is triggered by
1059:, they also act as DAMPs by interacting with their receptors (TLR2, TLR4, RAGE) after they are released from
64:
because they serve as warning signs to alert the organism to any damage or infection to its cells. DAMPs are
17:
2664:"The nuclear protein HMGB1 is secreted by monocytes via a non-classical, vesicle-mediated secretory pathway"
1141:
1140:
or pathogen. The major difference in the immune systems between plants and mammals is that plants lack an
1087:
1001:
864:
416:
132:
2877:
Bernard JJ, Cowing-Zitron C, Nakatsuji T, Muehleisen B, Muto J, Borkowski AW, et al. (August 2012).
1831:
728:
140:
73:
903:
derived from other tissues. Thus, these papers anticipated the modern sense of the role of DAMPs and
3338:
2593:
1900:
induce renal dendritic cells to release IL-22, which also accelerates tubule re-epithelialization in
1881:
1805:
860:
177:
136:
49:
2251:
Land W, Schneeberger H, Schleibner S, Illner WD, Abendroth D, Rutili G, et al. (January 1994).
4039:
3327:"Extracellular ATP mediates mast cell-dependent intestinal inflammation through P2X7 purinoceptors"
1901:
1800:
1103:
953:
928:
392:
112:
3725:"Necroptosis: the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and its physiological relevance"
3974:
3869:"Emerging role of damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria in inflammation"
3867:
Krysko DV, Agostinis P, Krysko O, Garg AD, Bachert C, Lambrecht BN, Vandenabeele P (April 2011).
3783:
3601:
3407:
3258:
2617:
2449:
1948:
1052:
1044:
961:
876:
2662:
Gardella S, Andrei C, Ferrera D, Lotti LV, Torrisi MR, Bianchi ME, Rubartelli A (October 2002).
2635:
Farkas AM, Kilgore TM, Lotze MT (December 2007). "Detecting DNA: getting and begetting cancer".
111:
function that are released outside the cell following tissue injury. This displacement from the
3988:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review"
3134:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review"
1160:
Table 2. List of plant DAMPs, their structures, sources, receptors, and observed plant species
4017:
3966:
3937:
3888:
3855:
3812:
3775:
3746:
3701:
3652:
3563:
3512:
3461:
3399:
3364:
3307:
3250:
3215:
3163:
3111:
3076:
3035:
3000:
2949:
2908:
2859:
2807:
2766:
2728:
2693:
2644:
2609:
2566:
2531:
2490:
2441:
2403:
2368:
2333:
2313:
2274:
2233:
2195:
2160:
2111:
2062:
2000:
1940:
1056:
1005:
900:
896:
714:
867:
demonstrated prolonged patient and graft survival with improvement in both acute and chronic
4007:
3999:
3986:
Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, et al. (February 2015).
3958:
3927:
3919:
3880:
3845:
3837:
3804:
3767:
3736:
3691:
3683:
3642:
3632:
3593:
3553:
3543:
3502:
3492:
3451:
3441:
3391:
3354:
3346:
3297:
3289:
3242:
3205:
3197:
3153:
3145:
3132:
Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, et al. (February 2015).
3103:
3066:
3027:
2990:
2980:
2939:
2898:
2890:
2849:
2841:
2797:
2758:
2720:
2683:
2675:
2601:
2558:
2521:
2480:
2433:
2395:
2360:
2323:
2305:
2264:
2225:
2187:
2150:
2142:
2101:
2093:
2052:
2044:
1990:
1982:
1932:
2786:"Role of ROS and HMGB1 in contact allergen-induced IL-18 production in human keratinocytes"
1852:
868:
819:
687:
536:
489:
381:
277:
144:
2926:
Diederichs S, Bulk E, Steffen B, Ji P, Tickenbrock L, Lang K, et al. (August 2004).
3342:
2597:
2364:
4012:
3987:
3932:
3907:
3696:
3671:
3647:
3620:
3558:
3531:
3507:
3480:
3456:
3429:
3359:
3326:
3302:
3277:
3210:
3185:
3158:
3133:
2903:
2878:
2854:
2829:
2688:
2663:
2328:
2309:
2293:
2155:
2130:
2106:
2081:
2057:
2032:
1995:
1970:
1868:
1843:
977:
884:
698:
2995:
2968:
4033:
3246:
2562:
2269:
2252:
2191:
1986:
1896:
1888:
1848:
Neutralizing or blocking DAMPs extracellularly – anti-HMGB1, rasburicase, sRAGE, etc.
1114:
997:
452:
368:
128:
108:
69:
35:
3978:
3605:
3411:
3262:
1952:
3325:
Kurashima Y, Amiya T, Nochi T, Fujisawa K, Haraguchi T, Iba H, et al. (2012).
2621:
2453:
1872:
1122:
1039:
1018:
1014:
888:
768:
733:
661:
498:
88:
3787:
2944:
2927:
2679:
1267:
Polymers of β-1,4-linked glucose with xylose, galactose, and fructose side chains
3741:
3724:
3055:"Inhibiting S100B restores p53 levels in primary malignant melanoma cancer cells"
3053:
Lin J, Yang Q, Yan Z, Markowitz J, Wilder PT, Carrier F, Weber DJ (August 2004).
2762:
2724:
3808:
2485:
2468:
872:
293:
31:
4003:
3923:
3149:
3107:
2845:
1799:
Many mammalian DAMPs have DAMP counterparts in plants. One example is with the
3825:
3597:
3548:
3446:
2467:
Scheibner KA, Lutz MA, Boodoo S, Fenton MJ, Powell JD, Horton MR (July 2006).
2399:
2146:
1864:
1091:
1083:
1069:
1030:
920:
916:
805:
326:
310:
253:
91:
of the cell which, once released to the extracellular space, binds to the PRR
65:
3884:
3637:
3395:
3201:
2229:
3497:
1860:
1819:
1126:
1111:
1095:
1060:
969:
957:
880:
840:
824:
752:
441:
348:
4021:
3970:
3941:
3892:
3859:
3850:
3816:
3779:
3750:
3705:
3687:
3656:
3567:
3516:
3465:
3403:
3368:
3311:
3254:
3219:
3167:
3115:
3080:
3071:
3054:
3039:
3004:
2953:
2912:
2863:
2811:
2770:
2732:
2697:
2648:
2613:
2570:
2535:
2526:
2509:
2494:
2445:
2407:
2337:
2237:
2164:
2115:
2097:
2066:
2048:
2004:
1944:
2879:"Ultraviolet radiation damages self noncoding RNA and is detected by TLR3"
2469:"Hyaluronan fragments act as an endogenous danger signal by engaging TLR2"
2372:
2278:
2199:
2129:
Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. (January 2018).
2802:
2785:
2784:
Galbiati V, Papale A, Galli CL, Marinovich M, Corsini E (November 2014).
1107:
1068:
Mono- and polysaccharides: The ability of the immune system to recognize
973:
965:
563:
503:
228:
184:
81:
53:
2605:
2437:
52:
released from damaged or dying cells due to trauma or an infection by a
3841:
3350:
3293:
2131:"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs"
436:
343:
208:
104:
3826:"DAMPs and PDT-mediated photo-oxidative stress: exploring the unknown"
2178:
Janeway C (September 1989). "Immunogenicity signals 1,2,3 ... and 0".
1000:(IL-1, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8), and it can lead to increased expression of
1835:
1823:
600:
595:
584:
3962:
3771:
3621:"S100 Proteins As an Important Regulator of Macrophage Inflammation"
3031:
2894:
1936:
956:
box 1: HMGB1, a member of the HMG protein family, is a prototypical
2985:
3481:"Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern-Triggered Immunity in Plants"
2351:
Matzinger P (1994). "Tolerance, danger, and the extended family".
1855:
small molecule antagonists, TLR4 antagonists, antibodies to DAMP-R
993:
938:
Non-protein DAMPs include ATP, uric acid, heparin sulfate and DNA.
932:
904:
719:
666:
648:
579:
568:
547:
523:
481:
477:
468:
457:
353:
266:
197:
120:
116:
103:
pathogen-induced inflammatory response. Many DAMPs are nuclear or
92:
1118:
1026:
1022:
989:
985:
981:
845:
829:
810:
794:
778:
774:
757:
738:
703:
682:
671:
652:
644:
640:
636:
620:
616:
552:
532:
528:
512:
508:
485:
473:
425:
421:
405:
401:
397:
377:
373:
357:
331:
315:
299:
282:
262:
258:
241:
237:
233:
217:
213:
193:
189:
84:
3186:"Immune Surveillance of the CNS following Infection and Injury"
2082:"Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Inflammatory Diseases"
2033:"Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Inflammatory Diseases"
1121:
receptors. Similarly, adenosine triggers degranulation through
1098:) that have reached the extracellular space can also serve as
631:
611:
1971:"PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity"
1969:
Tang D, Kang R, Coyne CB, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT (September 2012).
1842:
Preventing DAMP release – proapoptotic therapies, platinums,
871:
events. They speculated that the effect was related to SOD's
3824:
Garg AD, Krysko DV, Vandenabeele P, Agostinis P (May 2011).
1072:
fragments is one example of how DAMPs can be made of sugars.
996:, and the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines in
960:-associated LSP (leaderless secreted protein), secreted by
159:
Table 1. List of DAMPs, their origins, and their receptors
1021:
is perceived as a DAMP and triggers responses mediated by
30:"Danger signal" redirects here. For animal signaling, see
2510:"Modulation of inflammation by extracellular nucleotides"
1211:
Cell wall polysaccharide fragments or degrading products
1013:
DNA and RNA: The presence of DNA anywhere other than the
48:) are molecules within cells that are a component of the
3723:
Kaczmarek A, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV (February 2013).
3797:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
3619:
Xia C, Braunstein Z, Toomey AC, Zhong J, Rao X (2018).
3584:
Foley JF (2015-01-20). "Blocking DAMPs but not PAMPs".
1156:
Plant DAMPs and their receptors are characterized as:
927:
Protein DAMPs include intracellular proteins, such as
2830:"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation"
2292:
Kalogeris T, Baines CP, Krenz M, Korthuis RJ (2012).
3900:
Damage
Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules Group
3096:
115:to the extracellular space moves the DAMPs from a
3906:Lotze MT, Deisseroth A, Rubartelli A (July 2007).
3532:"DAMPs, MAMPs, and NAMPs in plant innate immunity"
3430:"DAMPs, MAMPs, and NAMPs in plant innate immunity"
2298:International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
915:DAMPs vary greatly depending on the type of cell (
1851:Blocking the DAMP receptors or their signaling –
1838:. These theoretical therapeutic options include:
155:DAMPs and their receptors are characterized as:
968:-mediated pathway. HMGB1 is a major mediator of
3908:"Damage associated molecular pattern molecules"
3179:
3177:
3127:
3125:
2744:
2742:
2419:
2417:
1803:protein. Mammals have the HMGB1 protein, while
2211:
2209:
1918:
1916:
1747:Glutamate, cysteine, histidine, aspartic acid
3676:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2969:"S100A7 and the progression of breast cancer"
2294:"Cell biology of ischemia/reperfusion injury"
18:Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules
8:
3830:Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
859:trial. Administration of recombinant human
68:danger signals that are discharged to the
2967:Emberley ED, Murphy LC, Watson PH (2004).
1741:Extracellular amino acids and glutathione
1537:Apoplastic or cytoplasmic RALF precursors
1518:Apoplastic or cytoplasmic IDL6 precursors
1480:Apoplastic or cytoplasmic GmproPep914/890
1191:C16 and C18 hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids
4011:
3931:
3849:
3740:
3695:
3646:
3636:
3557:
3547:
3506:
3496:
3479:Hou S, Liu Z, Shen H, Wu D (2019-05-22).
3455:
3445:
3358:
3301:
3209:
3157:
3070:
2994:
2984:
2943:
2902:
2853:
2801:
2687:
2525:
2484:
2327:
2268:
2154:
2105:
2056:
1994:
1568:Apoplastic or cytoplasmic PSK precursors
2790:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
2637:Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs
2514:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1158:
157:
1912:
1405:Apoplastic or cytoplasmic preproHypSys
1110:cell death. Extracellular ATP triggers
3184:Russo MV, McGavern DB (October 2015).
1248:Polymers of 2–7 β-1,4-linked glucoses
123:environment, causing their functional
97:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
3579:
3577:
3423:
3421:
3282:Experimental & Molecular Medicine
2823:
2821:
1813:Clinical targets in various disorders
1614:Chloroplastic ATP synthase γ-subunit
1217:Polymers of 10–15 α-1-4-linked GalAs
87:is a DAMP that originates within the
7:
3530:Choi HW, Klessig DF (October 2016).
3428:Choi HW, Klessig DF (October 2016).
3276:Kurashima Y, Kiyono H (March 2014).
2508:Boeynaems JM, Communi D (May 2006).
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1964:
1962:
1891:upon kidney injury, contributing to
1713:Sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose
1679:DNA fragments < 700 bp in length
99:(PAMPs) initiate and perpetuate the
42:Damage-associated molecular patterns
3670:Anders HJ, Schaefer L (July 2014).
3059:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2365:10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.005015
2310:10.1016/B978-0-12-394309-5.00006-7
25:
2828:Belkaid Y, Hand TW (March 2014).
1893:epithelial–mesenchymal transition
1310:Apoplastic peptides and proteins
3247:10.1097/00002371-200501000-00001
2563:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.013
2270:10.1097/00007890-199401001-00010
1987:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01146.x
1177:Receptor or signaling regulator
2551:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2080:Roh JS, Sohn DH (August 2018).
2031:Roh JS, Sohn DH (August 2018).
1426:Cytosolic and vacuolar PROPEPs
1171:Molecular structure or epitope
980:maturation via upregulation of
875:action on the initial ischemia/
1534:~50-aa cysteine-rich peptides
27:Type of molecules within cells
1:
3020:Biochemistry and Cell Biology
2945:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2004
2388:Current Opinion in Immunology
1102:signals by signaling through
790:Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
3742:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.003
2763:10.1016/j.molimm.2013.07.008
2725:10.1126/science.285.5425.248
2192:10.1016/0167-5699(89)90081-9
1867:progression in early human
1595:Cytosolic and nuclear HMGB3
1402:15-, 18-, or 20-aa peptides
1264:Xyloglucan oligosaccharides
78:pattern recognition receptor
3902:at University of Pittsburgh
3809:10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.08.003
2680:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf198
2486:10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1272
2353:Annual Review of Immunology
1146:effector-triggered immunity
4056:
4004:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002
3951:Nature Reviews. Immunology
3924:10.1016/j.clim.2007.02.006
3485:Frontiers in Plant Science
3150:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002
3108:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.096
2846:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011
1925:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1744:Proteinogenic amino acids
1682:Cytosolic and nuclear DNA
1627:Extracellular nucleotides
1309:
865:cadaveric renal allografts
863:(rh-SOD) in recipients of
339:Intracellular compartments
29:
3598:10.1126/scisignal.aaa6950
3549:10.1186/s12870-016-0921-2
3447:10.1186/s12870-016-0921-2
2400:10.1016/j.coi.2004.05.017
2147:10.18632/oncotarget.23208
1878:nonsmall-cell lung cancer
1740:
1626:
1210:
1184:
56:. They are also known as
34:. For the 1945 film, see
3885:10.1016/j.it.2011.01.005
3638:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01908
3396:10.1016/j.it.2018.09.006
3235:Journal of Immunotherapy
3202:10.1016/j.it.2015.08.002
2230:10.1016/j.it.2007.08.004
1461:Apoplastic preproPIP1/2
1411:Some Solanaceae species
1394:Some Solanaceae species
1270:Cell-wall hemicellulose
887:of the allograft. Thus,
3992:Journal of Autoimmunity
3625:Frontiers in Immunology
3498:10.3389/fpls.2019.00646
3138:Journal of Autoimmunity
1809:has the HMGB3 protein.
1002:cell adhesion molecules
883:, thereby reducing the
3760:Nature Reviews. Cancer
3688:10.1681/ASN.2014010117
3072:10.1074/jbc.M405419200
2973:Breast Cancer Research
2527:10.1038/sj.jid.5700233
2098:10.4110/in.2018.18.e27
2049:10.4110/in.2018.18.e27
1895:, and potentially, to
1781:Cytosolic glutathione
1753:GLR3.3/3.6 or others (
1750:Cytosolic amino acids
1384:Cytosolic prosystemin
1142:adaptive immune system
107:proteins with defined
50:innate immune response
3331:Nature Communications
2473:Journal of Immunology
1975:Immunological Reviews
1859:DAMPs can be used as
1832:myocardial infarction
1710:Extracellular sugars
1707:Extracellular sugars
1342:Apoplastic subtilase
1117:by signaling through
1043:functions, including
729:Endoplasmic reticulum
141:endoplasmic reticulum
74:inflammatory response
3873:Trends in Immunology
3384:Trends in Immunology
3190:Trends in Immunology
2803:10.1038/jid.2014.203
2751:Molecular Immunology
2218:Trends in Immunology
1889:re-epithelialization
1882:rheumatoid arthritis
1828:ischemia reperfusion
1806:Arabidopsis thaliana
1251:Cell wall cellulose
1205:Solanum lycopersicum
1201:Arabidopsis thaliana
1174:Source or precursor
1104:purinergic receptors
1082:Purine metabolites:
1004:(ICAM-1, VCAM-1) on
861:superoxide dismutase
178:Extracellular matrix
137:extracellular matrix
3912:Clinical Immunology
3343:2012NatCo...3.1034K
2606:10.1038/nature01991
2598:2003Natur.425..516S
2438:10.1038/nature00858
1902:acute kidney injury
1801:high-mobility group
1499:Apoplastic PROZIP1
1419:23~36-aa peptides (
1161:
962:hematopoietic cells
954:High-mobility group
929:heat-shock proteins
393:Heat-shock proteins
160:
113:intracellular space
3842:10.1039/C0PP00294A
3351:10.1038/ncomms2023
3294:10.1038/emm.2014.7
1887:DAMPs can trigger
1871:, suggesting that
1689:Phaseolus vulgaris
1194:Epidermis cuticle
1185:Epidermis cuticle
1159:
1045:cell proliferation
877:reperfusion injury
158:
3586:Science Signaling
3536:BMC Plant Biology
3434:BMC Plant Biology
2796:(11): 2719–2727.
1797:
1796:
1735:Solanum tuberosum
1716:Cytosolic sugars
1663:Cytosolic NAD(P)
1621:Vigna unguiculata
1304:Nicotiana tabacum
1293:Cell wall pectin
1220:Cell wall pectin
1057:energy metabolism
1006:endothelial cells
851:
850:
16:(Redirected from
4047:
4025:
4015:
3982:
3945:
3935:
3896:
3863:
3853:
3820:
3791:
3754:
3744:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3640:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3551:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3500:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3449:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2988:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2719:(5425): 248–51.
2708:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2674:(10): 995–1001.
2659:
2653:
2652:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2592:(6957): 516–21.
2581:
2575:
2574:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2180:Immunology Today
2175:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2141:(6): 7204–7218.
2126:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2028:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1920:
1162:
1077:Nonprotein DAMPs
901:negative signals
161:
76:by binding to a
21:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4030:
4029:
4028:
3985:
3963:10.1038/nri1594
3948:
3905:
3866:
3851:1854/LU-1224416
3823:
3794:
3772:10.1038/nrc3380
3757:
3722:
3718:
3716:Further reading
3713:
3682:(7): 1387–400.
3669:
3668:
3664:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3390:(11): 937–950.
3381:
3380:
3376:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3196:(10): 637–650.
3183:
3182:
3175:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3065:(32): 34071–7.
3052:
3051:
3047:
3032:10.1139/o04-052
3017:
3016:
3012:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2932:Cancer Research
2925:
2924:
2920:
2895:10.1038/nm.2861
2883:Nature Medicine
2876:
2875:
2871:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2432:(6894): 191–5.
2423:
2422:
2415:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2320:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2257:Transplantation
2250:
2249:
2245:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2030:
2029:
2012:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1937:10.1038/nri1372
1922:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1815:
1765:S. lycopersicum
1583:S. lycopersicum
1556:S. lycopersicum
1458:11-aa peptides
1445:S. lycopersicum
1389:S. lycopersicum
1379:S. lycopersicum
1377:18-aa peptide (
1330:S. lycopersicum
1319:Apoplastic PR1
1245:Cellooligomers
1188:Cutin monomers
1137:
1079:
1049:differentiation
1038:S100 proteins:
950:
945:
913:
856:
820:Plasma membrane
278:Heparan sulfate
153:
145:plasma membrane
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4026:
3983:
3946:
3903:
3897:
3864:
3821:
3792:
3766:(12): 860–75.
3755:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3662:
3611:
3573:
3522:
3471:
3417:
3374:
3317:
3268:
3225:
3173:
3121:
3102:(4): 1111–22.
3086:
3045:
3010:
2986:10.1186/bcr816
2959:
2938:(16): 5564–9.
2918:
2889:(8): 1286–90.
2869:
2817:
2776:
2738:
2703:
2654:
2627:
2576:
2557:(2): 358–404.
2541:
2500:
2479:(2): 1272–81.
2459:
2413:
2378:
2343:
2318:
2284:
2243:
2224:(10): 429–36.
2205:
2170:
2121:
2086:Immune Network
2072:
2037:Immune Network
2010:
1958:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1869:osteoarthritis
1857:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1844:ethyl pyruvate
1814:
1811:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1636:Cytosolic ATP
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:11-aa peptide
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:HMGB3 protein
1590:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1565:5-aa peptides
1563:
1559:
1558:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:11-aa peptide
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:17-aa peptide
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1361:Cytosolic GRI
1359:
1358:11-aa peptide
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:12-aa peptide
1337:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:11-aa peptide
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1281:Vitis vinifera
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1035:
1034:
1010:
1009:
978:dendritic cell
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
912:
909:
885:immunogenicity
855:
852:
849:
848:
843:
838:
836:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
814:
813:
808:
803:
801:
798:
797:
792:
787:
785:
782:
781:
772:
766:
764:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
723:
722:
717:
712:
710:
707:
706:
701:
699:Formyl peptide
696:
694:
691:
690:
685:
680:
678:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
656:
655:
634:
629:
627:
624:
623:
614:
609:
607:
604:
603:
598:
593:
591:
588:
587:
582:
577:
575:
572:
571:
566:
561:
559:
556:
555:
550:
545:
543:
540:
539:
526:
521:
519:
516:
515:
506:
501:
496:
493:
492:
471:
466:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
448:
445:
444:
439:
434:
432:
429:
428:
419:
414:
412:
409:
408:
395:
390:
388:
385:
384:
371:
366:
364:
361:
360:
351:
346:
341:
335:
334:
329:
324:
322:
319:
318:
313:
308:
306:
303:
302:
297:
291:
289:
286:
285:
280:
275:
273:
270:
269:
256:
250:
248:
245:
244:
231:
226:
224:
221:
220:
211:
206:
204:
201:
200:
187:
182:
180:
174:
173:
170:
167:
165:
152:
149:
58:danger signals
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4052:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3957:(4): 331–42.
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3879:(4): 157–64.
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3836:(5): 670–80.
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3735:(2): 209–23.
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3592:(360): ec13.
3591:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:(4): 508–15.
3025:
3021:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:(1): 121–41.
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:(4): 739–44.
2756:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2643:(12): 981–6.
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2319:9780123943095
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:(1): 158–75.
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:(6): 469–78.
1930:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1897:myofibroblast
1894:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1873:S100 proteins
1870:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:Pisum sativum
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:8-aa peptide
1476:
1474:GmPep914/890
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:degranulation
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:myeloid cells
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:
951:
948:Protein DAMPs
947:
942:
937:
934:
930:
926:
925:
924:
922:
918:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
892:
890:
886:
882:
879:of the renal
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
853:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
835:
834:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
800:
799:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
784:
783:
780:
776:
773:
770:
767:
765:
763:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
709:
708:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
693:
692:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
677:
676:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
626:
625:
622:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
606:
605:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
590:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
574:
573:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
558:
557:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
542:
541:
538:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
518:
517:
514:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
463:
462:
459:
456:
454:
453:Cyclophilin A
451:
449:
447:
446:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
431:
430:
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
411:
410:
407:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
387:
386:
383:
379:
375:
372:
370:
369:S100 proteins
367:
365:
363:
362:
359:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
321:
320:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
305:
304:
301:
298:
296:(EDA domain)
295:
292:
290:
288:
287:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
272:
271:
268:
264:
260:
257:
255:
251:
249:
247:
246:
243:
239:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
223:
222:
219:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
203:
202:
199:
195:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
156:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:intracellular
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:extracellular
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
36:Danger Signal
33:
19:
3995:
3991:
3954:
3950:
3915:
3911:
3876:
3872:
3833:
3829:
3803:(1): 53–71.
3800:
3796:
3763:
3759:
3732:
3728:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3589:
3585:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3437:
3433:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3193:
3189:
3141:
3137:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3023:
3019:
3013:
2979:(4): 153–9.
2976:
2972:
2962:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2837:
2833:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2754:
2750:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2671:
2668:EMBO Reports
2667:
2657:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2520:(5): 943–4.
2517:
2513:
2503:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2429:
2425:
2394:(4): 531–4.
2391:
2387:
2381:
2359:: 991–1045.
2356:
2352:
2346:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2263:(2): 211–7.
2260:
2256:
2246:
2221:
2217:
2186:(9): 283–6.
2183:
2179:
2173:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2040:
2036:
1978:
1974:
1928:
1924:
1886:
1858:
1816:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1784:GLR3.3/3.6 (
1778:Glutathione
1775:Glutathione
1769:Oryza sativa
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1669:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1639:DORN1/P2K1 (
1620:
1601:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1524:
1505:
1486:
1467:
1449:Oryza sativa
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1420:
1388:
1378:
1367:
1348:
1329:
1325:
1303:
1299:
1280:
1276:
1257:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1204:
1200:
1155:
1138:
1123:P1 receptors
1099:
1019:mitochondria
914:
893:
889:free radical
857:
769:Cathelicidin
734:Calreticulin
662:Mitochondria
169:Major DAMPs
154:
129:mitochondria
125:denaturation
100:
61:
57:
45:
41:
40:
2304:: 229–317.
1792:A. thaliana
1786:A. thaliana
1761:A. thaliana
1755:A. thaliana
1727:A. thaliana
1721:A. thaliana
1670:A. thaliana
1647:A. thaliana
1641:A. thaliana
1602:A. thaliana
1579:A. thaliana
1573:A. thaliana
1548:A. thaliana
1542:A. thaliana
1525:A. thaliana
1468:A. thaliana
1437:A. thaliana
1431:A. thaliana
1421:A. thaliana
1368:A. thaliana
1349:Glycine max
1326:A. thaliana
1300:A. thaliana
1277:A. thaliana
1258:A. thaliana
1231:A. thaliana
1225:A. thaliana
1092:nucleosides
1084:Nucleotides
921:mesenchymal
873:antioxidant
294:Fibronectin
32:Aposematism
4040:Immunology
3918:(1): 1–4.
3542:(1): 232.
3440:(1): 232.
3288:(3): e83.
3241:(1): 1–9.
2135:Oncotarget
2092:(4): e27.
2043:(4): e27.
1908:References
1865:osteophyte
1861:biomarkers
1731:N. tabacum
1693:P. lunatus
1666:LecRK-I.8
1651:N. tabacum
1552:N. tabacum
1239:N. tabacum
1070:hyaluronan
1061:phagocytes
1031:microbiota
964:through a
917:epithelial
806:Granulysin
327:Tenascin C
311:Fibrinogen
254:hyaluronan
172:Receptors
143:, and the
101:infectious
66:endogenous
1820:arthritis
1608:Inceptin
1571:PSKR1/2 (
1521:HEA/HSL2
1429:PEPR1/2 (
1374:Systemin
1336:GmSUBPEP
1290:Methanol
1287:Methanol
1165:Category
1135:In plants
1127:Uric acid
1112:mast cell
1096:adenosine
1053:migration
970:endotoxin
958:chromatin
943:In humans
881:allograft
869:rejection
841:Glypicans
825:Syndecans
753:Defensins
349:Uric Acid
121:oxidizing
105:cytosolic
4034:Category
4022:25578468
3998:: 1–13.
3979:27691169
3971:15803152
3942:17468050
3893:21334975
3860:21258717
3817:19720113
3780:23151605
3751:23438821
3729:Immunity
3706:24762401
3657:29379499
3631:: 1908.
3606:51601795
3568:27782807
3517:31191574
3466:27782807
3412:52927468
3404:30293747
3369:22948816
3337:: 1034.
3312:24626169
3263:31331291
3255:15614039
3220:26431941
3168:25578468
3144:: 1–13.
3116:15336958
3081:15178678
3040:15284904
3005:15217486
2954:15313892
2913:22772463
2864:24679531
2812:24780928
2771:23954397
2733:10398600
2698:12231511
2649:18058568
2614:14520412
2571:16784779
2536:16619009
2495:16818787
2446:12110890
2408:15245751
2338:22878108
2238:17845865
2165:29467962
2116:30181915
2067:30181915
2005:22889221
1953:13336660
1945:15173835
1685:Unknown
1657:eNAD(P)
1617:Unknown
1598:Unknown
1502:Unknown
1483:Unknown
1441:Zea mays
1408:Unknown
1387:SYR1/2 (
1345:Unknown
1322:Unknown
1296:Unknown
1273:Unknown
1254:Unknown
1197:Unknown
1180:Species
1108:necrotic
966:lysosome
911:Examples
897:positive
504:Histones
229:Versican
185:Biglycan
151:Overview
133:granules
117:reducing
82:cytokine
62:alarmins
54:pathogen
4013:4340844
3933:2000827
3697:4073442
3648:5770888
3559:5080799
3508:6547358
3491:: 646.
3457:5080799
3360:3658010
3339:Bibcode
3303:3972796
3211:4592776
3159:4340844
2904:3812946
2855:4056765
2713:Science
2689:1307617
2622:2150167
2594:Bibcode
2454:4403741
2373:8011301
2329:3904795
2279:8310510
2200:2590379
2156:5805548
2107:6117512
2058:6117512
1996:3662247
1701:Z. mays
1660:NAD(P)
1506:Z. mays
1455:PIP1/2
1399:HypSys
1094:(e.g.,
1086:(e.g.,
1015:nucleus
854:History
771:(LL37)
748:Granule
499:Nuclear
437:F-actin
344:Cytosol
209:Decorin
164:Origin
89:nucleus
4020:
4010:
3977:
3969:
3940:
3930:
3891:
3858:
3815:
3788:223813
3786:
3778:
3749:
3704:
3694:
3655:
3645:
3604:
3566:
3556:
3515:
3505:
3464:
3454:
3410:
3402:
3367:
3357:
3310:
3300:
3261:
3253:
3218:
3208:
3166:
3156:
3114:
3079:
3038:
3003:
2996:468668
2993:
2952:
2911:
2901:
2862:
2852:
2810:
2769:
2731:
2696:
2686:
2647:
2620:
2612:
2586:Nature
2569:
2534:
2493:
2452:
2444:
2426:Nature
2406:
2371:
2336:
2326:
2316:
2277:
2236:
2198:
2163:
2153:
2114:
2104:
2065:
2055:
2003:
1993:
1951:
1943:
1836:stroke
1834:, and
1824:cancer
1719:RGS1 (
1589:HMGB3
1531:RALFs
1512:IDL6p
1487:G. max
1313:CAPE1
1235:G. max
1223:WAK1 (
1130:IL-18.
1100:danger
1090:) and
1055:, and
601:Mincle
596:SAP130
442:DNGR-1
139:, the
135:, the
119:to an
60:, and
3975:S2CID
3784:S2CID
3602:S2CID
3408:S2CID
3259:S2CID
2618:S2CID
2450:S2CID
1949:S2CID
1676:eDNA
1630:eATP
1562:PSKs
1540:FER (
1493:Zip1
1464:RLK7
1416:Peps
1364:PRK5
1355:GRIp
1168:DAMP
1150:PAMPs
994:CD11c
974:NF-κB
933:HMGB1
905:redox
720:NLRP3
667:mtDNA
649:RIG-I
580:IL-33
569:IL-1R
564:IL-1α
548:HMGN1
524:HMGB1
482:NLRP3
478:NLRP1
458:CD147
354:NLRP3
267:NLRP3
198:NLRP3
93:IL-1R
85:IL-1α
46:DAMPs
4018:PMID
3967:PMID
3938:PMID
3889:PMID
3856:PMID
3813:PMID
3801:1805
3776:PMID
3747:PMID
3702:PMID
3653:PMID
3564:PMID
3513:PMID
3462:PMID
3400:PMID
3365:PMID
3308:PMID
3251:PMID
3216:PMID
3164:PMID
3112:PMID
3077:PMID
3036:PMID
3001:PMID
2950:PMID
2909:PMID
2860:PMID
2834:Cell
2808:PMID
2767:PMID
2729:PMID
2694:PMID
2645:PMID
2610:PMID
2567:PMID
2532:PMID
2491:PMID
2442:PMID
2404:PMID
2369:PMID
2334:PMID
2314:ISBN
2275:PMID
2234:PMID
2196:PMID
2161:PMID
2112:PMID
2063:PMID
2001:PMID
1941:PMID
1853:RAGE
1633:ATP
1214:OGs
1119:P2X7
1040:S100
1025:and
1023:TLR9
992:and
990:CD86
986:CD83
982:CD80
899:and
846:TLR4
830:TLR4
811:TLR4
795:TLR2
779:FPR2
775:P2X7
758:TLR4
739:CD91
715:mROS
704:FPR1
688:RAGE
683:TFAM
672:TLR9
653:MDA5
645:TLR8
641:TLR7
637:TLR3
621:AIM2
617:TLR9
553:TLR4
537:RAGE
533:TLR4
529:TLR2
513:TLR4
509:TLR2
490:RAGE
486:CD36
474:TLR2
426:P2Y2
422:P2X7
406:CD91
402:TLR4
398:TLR2
382:RAGE
378:TLR4
374:TLR2
358:P2X7
332:TLR4
316:TLR4
300:TLR4
283:TLR4
263:TLR4
259:TLR2
252:LMW
242:CD14
238:TLR6
234:TLR2
218:TLR4
214:TLR2
194:TLR4
190:TLR2
4008:PMC
4000:doi
3959:doi
3928:PMC
3920:doi
3916:124
3881:doi
3846:hdl
3838:doi
3805:doi
3768:doi
3737:doi
3692:PMC
3684:doi
3643:PMC
3633:doi
3594:doi
3554:PMC
3544:doi
3503:PMC
3493:doi
3452:PMC
3442:doi
3392:doi
3355:PMC
3347:doi
3298:PMC
3290:doi
3243:doi
3206:PMC
3198:doi
3154:PMC
3146:doi
3104:doi
3100:322
3067:doi
3063:279
3028:doi
2991:PMC
2981:doi
2940:doi
2899:PMC
2891:doi
2850:PMC
2842:doi
2838:157
2798:doi
2794:134
2759:doi
2721:doi
2717:285
2684:PMC
2676:doi
2602:doi
2590:425
2559:doi
2555:112
2522:doi
2518:126
2481:doi
2477:177
2434:doi
2430:418
2396:doi
2361:doi
2324:PMC
2306:doi
2302:298
2265:doi
2226:doi
2188:doi
2151:PMC
2143:doi
2102:PMC
2094:doi
2053:PMC
2045:doi
1991:PMC
1983:doi
1979:249
1933:doi
1088:ATP
1027:DAI
1017:or
931:or
919:or
632:RNA
612:DNA
585:ST2
417:ATP
4036::
4016:.
4006:.
3996:57
3994:.
3990:.
3973:.
3965:.
3953:.
3936:.
3926:.
3914:.
3910:.
3887:.
3877:32
3875:.
3871:.
3854:.
3844:.
3834:10
3832:.
3828:.
3811:.
3799:.
3782:.
3774:.
3764:12
3762:.
3745:.
3733:38
3731:.
3727:.
3700:.
3690:.
3680:25
3678:.
3674:.
3651:.
3641:.
3627:.
3623:.
3600:.
3588:.
3576:^
3562:.
3552:.
3540:16
3538:.
3534:.
3511:.
3501:.
3489:10
3487:.
3483:.
3460:.
3450:.
3438:16
3436:.
3432:.
3420:^
3406:.
3398:.
3388:39
3386:.
3363:.
3353:.
3345:.
3333:.
3329:.
3306:.
3296:.
3286:46
3284:.
3280:.
3257:.
3249:.
3239:28
3237:.
3214:.
3204:.
3194:36
3192:.
3188:.
3176:^
3162:.
3152:.
3142:57
3140:.
3136:.
3124:^
3110:.
3098:.
3075:.
3061:.
3057:.
3034:.
3024:82
3022:.
2999:.
2989:.
2975:.
2971:.
2948:.
2936:64
2934:.
2930:.
2907:.
2897:.
2887:18
2885:.
2881:.
2858:.
2848:.
2836:.
2832:.
2820:^
2806:.
2792:.
2788:.
2765:.
2755:56
2753:.
2741:^
2727:.
2715:.
2692:.
2682:.
2670:.
2666:.
2639:.
2616:.
2608:.
2600:.
2588:.
2565:.
2553:.
2530:.
2516:.
2512:.
2489:.
2475:.
2471:.
2448:.
2440:.
2428:.
2416:^
2402:.
2392:16
2390:.
2367:.
2357:12
2355:.
2332:.
2322:.
2312:.
2300:.
2296:.
2273:.
2261:57
2259:.
2255:.
2232:.
2222:28
2220:.
2208:^
2194:.
2184:10
2182:.
2159:.
2149:.
2137:.
2133:.
2110:.
2100:.
2090:18
2088:.
2084:.
2061:.
2051:.
2041:18
2039:.
2035:.
2013:^
1999:.
1989:.
1977:.
1973:.
1961:^
1947:.
1939:.
1927:.
1915:^
1830:,
1826:,
1822:,
1788:)
1767:,
1763:,
1757:)
1733:,
1729:,
1723:)
1699:,
1695:,
1691:,
1649:,
1643:)
1581:,
1575:)
1554:,
1550:,
1544:)
1447:,
1443:,
1439:,
1433:)
1423:)
1391:)
1381:)
1328:,
1302:,
1279:,
1237:,
1233:,
1227:)
1203:,
1125:.
1051:,
1047:,
988:,
984:,
777:,
651:,
647:,
643:,
639:,
619:,
535:,
531:,
511:,
488:,
484:,
480:,
476:,
469:Aβ
424:,
404:,
400:,
380:,
376:,
356:,
265:,
261:,
240:,
236:,
216:,
196:,
192:,
147:.
131:,
4024:.
4002::
3981:.
3961::
3955:5
3944:.
3922::
3895:.
3883::
3862:.
3848::
3840::
3819:.
3807::
3790:.
3770::
3753:.
3739::
3708:.
3686::
3659:.
3635::
3629:8
3608:.
3596::
3590:8
3570:.
3546::
3519:.
3495::
3468:.
3444::
3414:.
3394::
3371:.
3349::
3341::
3335:3
3314:.
3292::
3265:.
3245::
3222:.
3200::
3170:.
3148::
3118:.
3106::
3083:.
3069::
3042:.
3030::
3007:.
2983::
2977:6
2956:.
2942::
2915:.
2893::
2866:.
2844::
2814:.
2800::
2773:.
2761::
2735:.
2723::
2700:.
2678::
2672:3
2651:.
2641:8
2624:.
2604::
2596::
2573:.
2561::
2538:.
2524::
2497:.
2483::
2456:.
2436::
2410:.
2398::
2375:.
2363::
2340:.
2308::
2281:.
2267::
2240:.
2228::
2202:.
2190::
2167:.
2145::
2139:9
2118:.
2096::
2069:.
2047::
2007:.
1985::
1955:.
1935::
1929:4
1063:.
1008:.
44:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.