952:
122:
245:
938:
789:
does due to the extinction event, and also the preservational style of the fossils. More isolated skulls are found in the
Permian, whereas in the earliest Triassic, curled up complete skeletons are more common as are bonebeds. These lithological and taphonomic changes are used as evidence for the
773:
are most commonly found. As the biozone reaches its termination, its contact with the overlying
Katberg Formation marks a sharp change in the lithology. The sedimentary rocks change to being sandstone-rich with these sandstone bodies commonly appearing within outcrops of brownish-red
1446:
Kitching, J. W. (1977). The distribution of the Karroo vertebrate fauna: with special reference to certain genera and the bearing of this distribution on the zoning of the
Beaufort Beds, Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, University of the
1879:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2015-02-16). "New information on the morphology and stratigraphic range of the mid-Permian gorgonopsianEriphostoma microdonBroom, 1911".
1655:
Smith, R. M. H.; Botha-Brink, J. (2014). "Anatomy of a mass extinction: Sedimentological and taphonomic evidence for drought-induced die-offs at the Permo-Triassic boundary in the main Karoo Basin, South Africa".
2057:
Prevec, Rose; Gastaldo, Robert A.; Neveling, Johann; Reid, Samuel B.; Looy, Cindy V. (2010-06-15). "An autochthonous glossopterid flora with latest
Permian palynomorphs and its depositional setting in the
782:. The appearance and proliferation of these sandstone deposits marks the change to braided river systems where sands were only deposited with the finer sediments being washed further downstream.
306:
1692:
1151:
Smith, Roger M. H. (1995). "Changing fluvial environments across the
Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin, South Africa and possible causes of tetrapod extinctions".
653:
Assemblage Zone is located only in the upper
Balfour formation and lower Normandien formation east of 24°E. These formations all fall within the Adelaide Subgroup of the
1437:
Kitching, J. W. (1970). A short review of the
Beaufort zoning in South Africa. In Second Gondwana Symposium Proceedings and Papers (Vol. 1, pp. 309-312).
1010:
Botha, Jennifer; Smith, Roger M. H. (2007). "Lystrosaurus species composition across the Permo-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa".
1516:
Hancox, P. J.; Rubidge, B. S. (2001). "Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the
Beaufort group".
2328:
895:
791:
385:
2152:
Botha, J.; Smith, R. M. H. (2006). "Rapid vertebrate recuperation in the Karoo Basin of South Africa following the End-Permian extinction".
1924:
1052:
Viglietti, Pia A.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Fröbisch, Jörg; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2016). "The
2238:
894:
are likewise found. The upper zones as the
Permian-Triassic boundary approaches, there is a marked drop in species diversity as the
1609:
Hiller, Norton; Stavrakis, Nicholas (1984-02-01). "Permo-Triassic fluvial systems in the southeastern Karoo Basin, South Africa".
2278:"The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms"
1281:"Researches on the Structure, Organization, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part IX., Section 4. On the Gomphodontia"
2107:"Pattern of vertebrate extinctions across an event bed at the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa"
1738:
Benton, Michael J.; Twitchett, Richard J. (2003-07-01). "How to kill (almost) all life: the end-Permian extinction event".
1056:
Assemblage Zone (Lopingian), South Africa: A proposed biostratigraphy based on a new compilation of stratigraphic ranges".
583:
due to the high prevalence, and localized appearance, of this species. However, the name of the biozone was changed to the
2333:
1460:
Damiani, Ross J. (2004). "Temnospondyls from the
Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and Their Biostratigraphy".
621:. In recent years, with new paleontological finds and updated logging of geological formations and biostratigraphy of the
188:
695:
378:
175:
1940:
Ray, Sanghamitra (1999-07-01). "Permian reptilian fauna from the Kundaram Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India".
1773:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (2011-12-14). "A comprehensive taxonomic revision of
2106:
637:
is indeed its own species, and is only found within the confines of the biozone. Subsequently it was renamed the
605:
was a more suitable taxon for global biostratigraphic correlation of other Karoo-aged basins, namely to those in
2195:
Twitchett, Richard J. (2007-08-20). "The Lilliput effect in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction event".
2130:
566:
divisions were approved by paleontologists of the time and were left largely unchanged for several decades. The
1716:
1559:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (2011). "A comprehensive taxonomic revision of
915:
769:, which are indicative of a low-energy fluvial environments with meandering rivers. It is in these rocks that
1777:(Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy".
1563:(Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy".
911:
2338:
1099:
Lucas, S. G. (2009). "Timing and magnitude of tetrapod extinctions across the Permo-Triassic boundary".
919:
358:
232:
806:
Assemblage Zone display a great diversity of vertebrate fauna. These include its current type species
2204:
2161:
2118:
2071:
1992:
1949:
1704:
1618:
1525:
1469:
1396:
1341:
1292:
1160:
1108:
1065:
326:
957:
2016:
1905:
1802:
1588:
1420:
1365:
1310:
1261:
1197:
van der Walt, Merrill; Day, Michael; Rubidge, Bruce; Cooper, Antony K.; Netterberg, Inge (2010).
441:
318:
159:
1693:"Timing of mammal-like reptile extinctions across the Permian-Triassic boundary in South Africa"
444:
in 1856. However, it was not until 1892 that it was observed that the geological strata of the
2307:
2220:
2177:
2134:
2087:
2008:
1965:
1897:
1861:
1843:
1794:
1755:
1720:
1673:
1634:
1580:
1541:
1504:
Vertebrate biozonation of the Beaufort Group with special reference to the western Karoo Basin
1485:
1412:
1357:
1253:
1206:
1176:
1124:
1081:
1027:
965:
786:
322:
164:
2297:
2287:
2212:
2169:
2126:
2079:
2000:
1957:
1889:
1851:
1833:
1786:
1747:
1712:
1665:
1626:
1572:
1533:
1477:
1404:
1349:
1300:
1245:
1237:
1168:
1116:
1073:
1019:
751:
733:
723:
310:
2242:
863:
726:
658:
923:
2208:
2165:
2122:
2075:
1996:
1953:
1708:
1622:
1529:
1506:. Geological Survey, Department of Mineral And Energy Affairs, Republic of South Africa.
1473:
1400:
1345:
1296:
1164:
1112:
1069:
785:
Fossil abundance and preservation quality does not change across the boundary, however,
121:
2302:
2277:
1856:
1821:
1226:"On the Discovery of the Fossil Remains of Bidental and other Reptiles in South Africa"
943:
876:
835:
762:
729:
661:
654:
580:
460:
445:
433:
366:
302:
277:
147:
1961:
1751:
1537:
1481:
2322:
2173:
1909:
1630:
1424:
1369:
1265:
1172:
1077:
1023:
885:
872:
849:
808:
742:
715:
703:
674:
670:
633:
589:
575:
530:
410:
397:
338:
334:
266:
224:
73:
34:
30:
2040:(Reptilia, Diapsida): New Insights from High-Resolution CT Scanning of the Holotype"
1806:
1592:
1199:"A new GIS-based biozone map of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa"
2035:
1241:
937:
890:
868:
854:
838:
747:
737:
690:
684:
680:
538:
514:
502:
498:
494:
456:
350:
346:
314:
250:
228:
2020:
1198:
2216:
2083:
1790:
1669:
1576:
1120:
991:
Rubidge, B. S. (1995). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup).
732:
system was in an overfilled phase, and purely terrestrial sediments occupied the
910:
Assemblage Zone dates to approximately 254.5 to 251 Ma, and correlates with the
845:
842:
830:
824:
622:
554:
546:
522:
214:
48:
1983:
Reisz, Robert R.; Laurin, Michel (1991). "Owenetta and the origin of turtles".
1691:
MacLeod, Kenneth G.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Koch, Paul L.; Ward, Peter D. (2000).
1249:
1408:
1353:
933:
813:
571:
486:
479:
472:
402:
354:
93:
58:
2224:
2181:
2138:
2091:
2012:
1969:
1901:
1847:
1798:
1759:
1724:
1677:
1638:
1584:
1545:
1489:
1416:
1361:
1257:
1210:
1180:
1128:
1085:
1031:
818:
759:
709:
627:
601:
595:
416:
408:. It is characterized by the presence of this species in co-occurrence with
405:
374:
330:
98:
42:
2311:
2239:"Magnetostratigraphy - Background to stratigraphy across the PTB in Russia"
1865:
1305:
1280:
736:
at this time. Two fining-upward sequences are observed in the sedimentary
1385:"II.—The Zones of the Beaufort Beds of the Karroo System in South Africa"
880:
859:
779:
665:
610:
294:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
2292:
1838:
766:
755:
563:
506:
464:
437:
370:
342:
298:
137:
103:
78:
1893:
2004:
1314:
770:
618:
606:
449:
429:
2034:
Gardner, Nicholas M.; Holliday, Casey M.; O'Keefe, F. Robin (2010).
1384:
1329:
1225:
329:
in the north. It has numerous localities which are spread out from
2282:
775:
614:
452:
625:, it was found that there has been some taxonomic confusion with
631:
fossils. In addition, recent taxonomic studies have shown that
2062:
Assemblage Zone of the southern Karoo Basin, South Africa".
2131:
10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1147:POVEAA>2.0.CO;2
1285:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
1822:"Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia)"
701:
boundary, and the disappearance of the lower subzone taxa
1717:
10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<227:TOMREA>2.0.CO;2
1330:"V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa"
365:
Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the
1929:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
395:Assemblage Zone, the name of the biozone refers to
273:
261:
256:
238:
220:
210:
205:
197:
184:
171:
154:
143:
133:
21:
1923:Lucas, Spencer G.; Zeigler, Kate E. (2005-01-01).
1604:
1602:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
2197:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2064:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1658:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1611:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1153:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
790:sudden drying of the climate associated with the
317:. This biozone has outcrops located in the upper
888:amphibians, fishes, and plant fossils such as
1650:
1648:
1005:
1003:
1001:
746:biozone, bounded by a second-order subaerial
8:
987:
985:
983:
981:
657:, sediments of which were formed in a large
467:, which he named (from oldest to youngest):
1502:Keyser, A. W., and Smith, R. M. H. (1978).
1230:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
722:At the time of sedimentary deposition, the
668:. The biozone is subdivided into the lower
2105:Smith, Roger M.H.; Ward, Peter D. (2001).
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
688:subzone. This satisfies the appearance of
570:Assemblage Zone was first named after the
120:
18:
2301:
2291:
1855:
1837:
1304:
1192:
1190:
377:) in age. Its contact with the overlying
1455:
1453:
309:and geologically important Group of the
977:
765:in the lower to middle sections of the
448:could be differentiated based on their
436:rocks that encompass the current eight
587:Assemblage Zone as it was argued that
455:. The initial undertaking was done by
301:found in the Adelaide Subgroup of the
201:up to 1,640.42 ft (500.00 m)
1820:Kammerer, Christian F. (2016-01-26).
485:Zone of "highly specialized group of
7:
1926:The Nonmarine Permian: Bulletin 30
1779:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1565:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1224:Bain, Andrew Geddes (1845-02-01).
599:. In addition it was thought that
321:west of 24°E, the majority of the
14:
2154:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1942:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1740:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1518:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1058:Journal of African Earth Sciences
896:Permian-Triassic extinction event
802:The lower to middle zones of the
792:Permian-Triassic extinction event
497:named were subdivided further by
2174:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.04.006
1078:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.10.011
1024:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00011.x
950:
936:
243:
1101:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
2329:South African assemblage zones
1242:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.72
918:of Russia, and with the lower
280:, Bruce Rubidge, Pia Viglietti
1:
1962:10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00090-1
1752:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00093-4
1538:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00081-1
1482:10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70315-4
2217:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.038
2084:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.052
1791:10.1080/02724634.2011.627074
1670:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.01.002
1631:10.1016/0031-0182(84)90106-8
1577:10.1080/02724634.2011.627074
1173:10.1016/0031-0182(94)00119-S
1121:10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.11.016
509:(from oldest to youngest):
2355:
2276:Ezcurra, Martín D (2016).
1328:Broom, R. (January 1906).
898:began to take its course.
593:was in fact a juvenile of
1409:10.1017/S001675680019675X
1383:Watson, D. M. S. (1914).
1354:10.1017/S001675680012271X
916:Kulchomovskaya Formations
716:Procynosuchus delaharpeae
386:Permian-Triassic boundary
119:
29:
2044:Marshall Digital Scholar
864:Charassognathus gracilis
493:These proposed biozones
391:Previously known as the
150:within Adelaide Supgroup
1882:Papers in Palaeontology
1203:Palaeontologia Africana
993:Biostratigraphic series
816:such as the ubiquitous
754:comprise greenish-grey
576:Daptocephlaus leoniceps
505:proposed the following
501:between 1906 and 1909.
369:and is considered Late
127:Daptocephalus leoniceps
1306:10.1098/rstb.1895.0001
1279:Seeley, H. G. (1895).
855:Moschorhinus kitchingi
678:subzone and the upper
325:east of 24°E, and the
920:Buena Vista Formation
834:. Various species of
691:Lystrosaurus maccaigi
417:Dicynodon lacerticeps
411:Theriognathus microps
2334:Permian South Africa
902:Age and correlations
327:Normandien Formation
2209:2007PPP...252..132T
2166:2006JAfES..45..502B
2123:2001Geo....29.1147S
2076:2010PPP...292..391P
1997:1991Natur.349..324R
1954:1999JAfES..29..211R
1709:2000Geo....28..227M
1623:1984PPP....45....1H
1530:2001JAfES..33..563H
1474:2004GondR...7..165D
1401:1914GeoM....1..203W
1389:Geological Magazine
1346:1906GeoM....3...29B
1334:Geological Magazine
1297:1895RSPTB.186....1S
1250:2027/uc1.c034667778
1165:1995PPP...117...81S
1113:2009JAESc..36..491L
1070:2016JAfES.113..153V
958:Paleontology portal
884:, and a variety of
459:who subdivided the
457:Harry Govier Seeley
440:were discovered by
432:to be found in the
297:assemblage zone or
31:Stratigraphic range
2293:10.7717/peerj.1778
2262:Ezcurra, 2016, p.8
2036:"The Braincase of
1839:10.7717/peerj.1608
442:Andrew Geddes Bain
319:Teekloof Formation
160:Teekloof Formation
16:Biozone of fossils
2286:. 4e1778: e1778.
2038:Youngina capensis
1991:(6307): 324–326.
1894:10.1002/spp2.1012
1462:Gondwana Research
966:List of synapsids
926:, South America.
858:and the earliest
787:species abundance
752:sedimentary rocks
664:in south-western
641:Assemblage Zone.
401:, a medium-sized
323:Balfour Formation
284:
283:
165:Balfour Formation
2346:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2241:. Archived from
2235:
2229:
2228:
2203:(1–2): 132–144.
2192:
2186:
2185:
2160:(4–5): 502–514.
2149:
2143:
2142:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2070:(3–4): 391–408.
2054:
2048:
2047:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2005:10.1038/349324a0
1980:
1974:
1973:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1524:(3–4): 563–577.
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1148:
1133:
1132:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1007:
996:
989:
960:
955:
954:
953:
946:
941:
940:
871:species, namely
852:species such as
848:are also found.
311:Karoo Supergroup
249:
247:
246:
124:
115:
45:
19:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2319:
2318:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1785:(sup1): 1–158.
1772:
1771:
1767:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1571:(sup1): 1–158.
1558:
1557:
1553:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1159:(1–2): 81–104.
1150:
1149:
1136:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1009:
1008:
999:
990:
979:
974:
956:
951:
949:
942:
935:
932:
904:
800:
699:Assemblage Zone
647:
426:
382:Assemblage Zone
291:Assemblage Zone
244:
242:
192:Assemblage Zone
179:Assemblage Zone
163:
129:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
41:254.5–251
40:
39:
37:
25:Assemblage Zone
17:
12:
11:
5:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2230:
2187:
2144:
2097:
2049:
2026:
1975:
1948:(1): 211–218.
1932:
1915:
1888:(2): 201–221.
1871:
1812:
1765:
1746:(7): 358–365.
1730:
1683:
1644:
1598:
1551:
1508:
1495:
1468:(1): 165–173.
1449:
1447:Witwatersrand.
1439:
1430:
1395:(5): 203–208.
1375:
1320:
1271:
1236:(1): 317–318.
1216:
1186:
1134:
1107:(6): 491–502.
1091:
1037:
1018:(2): 125–137.
997:
976:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
962:
961:
947:
944:Geology portal
931:
928:
903:
900:
850:Therocephalian
839:Biarmosuchians
799:
796:
662:foreland basin
655:Beaufort Group
646:
643:
581:James Kitching
560:
559:
551:
543:
535:
527:
519:
491:
490:
483:
476:
473:Pareiasaurians
461:Beaufort Group
446:Beaufort Group
434:Beaufort Group
425:
422:
367:Beaufort Group
303:Beaufort Group
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278:James Kitching
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27:
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15:
13:
10:
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2339:Changhsingian
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1059:
1055:
1054:Daptocephalus
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
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1021:
1017:
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908:Daptocephalus
901:
899:
897:
893:
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887:
883:
882:
878:
877:Younginiforme
874:
870:
867:also appear.
866:
865:
861:
857:
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851:
847:
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840:
837:
836:burnetiamorph
833:
832:
827:
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820:
815:
811:
810:
809:Daptocephalus
805:
804:Daptocephlaus
797:
795:
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788:
783:
781:
777:
772:
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764:
761:
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743:Daptocephalus
739:
735:
731:
728:
725:
720:
718:
717:
712:
711:
706:
705:
704:Theriognathus
700:
698:
693:
692:
687:
686:
682:
677:
676:
675:Theriognathus
672:
671:Daptocephalus
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
651:Daptocephalus
644:
642:
640:
639:Daptocephalus
636:
635:
634:Daptocephalus
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
597:
592:
591:
590:Daptocephalus
586:
582:
578:
577:
573:
569:
568:Daptocephalus
565:
557:
556:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
531:Kistecephalus
528:
525:
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431:
423:
421:
420:
418:
413:
412:
407:
404:
400:
399:
398:Daptocephalus
394:
389:
387:
383:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Daptocephalus
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Graaff-Reniet
336:
335:Northern Cape
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:fossiliferous
304:
300:
296:
292:
290:
289:Daptocephalus
279:
276:
272:
269:
268:
267:Daptocephalus
264:
260:
255:
252:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
193:
191:
190:Cistecephalus
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
128:
123:
118:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
36:
35:Changhsingian
32:
28:
24:
23:Daptocephalus
20:
2281:
2270:Bibliography
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2233:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2117:(12): 1147.
2114:
2110:
2100:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2029:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1925:
1918:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1829:
1825:
1815:
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1778:
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1700:
1696:
1686:
1661:
1657:
1614:
1610:
1568:
1564:
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1517:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1465:
1461:
1442:
1433:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1340:(1): 29–30.
1337:
1333:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1202:
1156:
1152:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1015:
1011:
992:
924:Paraná Basin
907:
905:
891:Glossopteris
889:
886:temnospondyl
879:
873:captorhinids
862:
853:
829:
823:
817:
807:
803:
801:
798:Paleontology
784:
778:and reddish
748:unconformity
741:
738:stratigraphy
721:
714:
708:
702:
697:Lystrosaurus
696:
689:
685:Moschorhinus
681:Lystrosaurus
679:
669:
650:
648:
638:
632:
626:
600:
594:
588:
584:
574:
567:
561:
553:
545:
539:Lystrosaurus
537:
529:
521:
515:Pareiasaurus
513:
499:Robert Broom
492:
427:
415:
409:
396:
392:
390:
380:Lystrosaurus
379:
362:
351:Bloemfontein
347:Eastern Cape
315:South Africa
305:, a majorly
288:
287:
285:
265:
257:Type section
251:South Africa
229:Eastern Cape
189:
177:Lystrosaurus
176:
167:east of 24°E
162:west of 24°E
126:
22:
1617:(1): 1–21.
1064:: 153–164.
912:Kutuluksaya
869:Parareptile
831:Pristerodon
825:Dinanomodon
814:dicynodonts
734:Karoo Basin
623:Karoo Basin
555:Cynognathus
547:Procolophon
523:Endothiodon
487:theriodonts
480:Dicynodonts
463:into three
349:, and from
215:Karoo Basin
2323:Categories
2249:2019-03-15
1703:(3): 227.
1664:: 99–118.
972:References
843:Rubidgenae
812:and other
694:below the
572:dicynodont
428:The first
403:dicynodont
384:marks the
359:Free State
355:Harrismith
233:Free State
2225:0031-0182
2182:1464-343X
2139:0091-7613
2092:0031-0182
2060:Dicynodon
2013:0028-0836
1970:1464-343X
1910:128762256
1902:2056-2802
1848:2167-8359
1832:: e1608.
1799:0272-4634
1775:Dicynodon
1760:0169-5347
1725:0091-7613
1678:0031-0182
1639:0031-0182
1585:0272-4634
1561:Dicynodon
1546:1464-343X
1490:1342-937X
1425:130747924
1417:1469-5081
1370:129265956
1362:1469-5081
1266:128602890
1258:0370-291X
1211:0078-8554
1181:0031-0182
1129:1367-9120
1086:1464-343X
1032:0024-1164
819:Diictodon
760:siltstone
710:Dicynodon
645:Lithology
628:Dicynodon
602:Dicynodon
596:Dicynodon
585:Dicynodon
478:Zone of "
471:Zone of "
406:therapsid
393:Dicynodon
375:Lopingian
331:Colesberg
262:Named for
198:Thickness
172:Underlies
155:Sub-units
2312:27162705
1866:26823998
1807:84987497
1593:84987497
1291:: 1–57.
930:See also
881:Youngina
860:cynodont
780:mudstone
750:. These
730:foreland
727:retroarc
666:Gondwana
659:retroarc
611:Tanzania
507:biozones
465:biozones
438:biozones
295:tetrapod
274:Named by
225:Northern
211:Location
206:Location
185:Overlies
2303:4860341
2205:Bibcode
2162:Bibcode
2119:Bibcode
2111:Geology
2072:Bibcode
1993:Bibcode
1950:Bibcode
1857:4730894
1705:Bibcode
1697:Geology
1619:Bibcode
1526:Bibcode
1470:Bibcode
1397:Bibcode
1342:Bibcode
1293:Bibcode
1161:Bibcode
1109:Bibcode
1066:Bibcode
1012:Lethaia
922:of the
771:fossils
767:biozone
756:mudrock
564:biozone
430:fossils
424:History
371:Permian
357:in the
345:in the
343:Mthatha
333:in the
299:biozone
239:Country
144:Unit of
138:Biozone
110:↓
2310:
2300:
2223:
2180:
2137:
2090:
2021:350380
2019:
2011:
1985:Nature
1968:
1908:
1900:
1864:
1854:
1846:
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875:, the
828:, and
763:lenses
713:, and
619:Russia
617:, and
607:Zambia
562:These
495:Seeley
450:fossil
414:, and
361:. The
248:
227:&
221:Region
158:Upper
2283:PeerJ
2017:S2CID
1906:S2CID
1826:PeerJ
1803:S2CID
1589:S2CID
1421:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1315:91793
1311:JSTOR
1262:S2CID
776:shale
758:with
724:Karoo
615:China
503:Broom
293:is a
2308:PMID
2221:ISSN
2178:ISSN
2135:ISSN
2088:ISSN
2009:ISSN
1966:ISSN
1898:ISSN
1862:PMID
1844:ISSN
1795:ISSN
1756:ISSN
1721:ISSN
1674:ISSN
1635:ISSN
1581:ISSN
1542:ISSN
1486:ISSN
1413:ISSN
1358:ISSN
1254:ISSN
1207:ISSN
1177:ISSN
1125:ISSN
1082:ISSN
1028:ISSN
914:and
906:The
841:and
649:The
558:beds
550:beds
542:beds
534:beds
526:beds
518:beds
453:taxa
286:The
134:Type
49:PreꞒ
2298:PMC
2288:doi
2213:doi
2201:252
2170:doi
2127:doi
2080:doi
2068:292
2001:doi
1989:349
1958:doi
1890:doi
1852:PMC
1834:doi
1787:doi
1748:doi
1713:doi
1666:doi
1662:396
1627:doi
1573:doi
1534:doi
1478:doi
1405:doi
1350:doi
1301:doi
1289:186
1246:hdl
1238:doi
1169:doi
1157:117
1117:doi
1074:doi
1062:113
1020:doi
740:of
579:by
353:to
341:to
313:in
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