374:, where he continued doing investigative work. A 1985 series, "Doctoring the Truth," uncovered problems in the State Medical Board and led to an Ohio House investigation which resulted in major revisions to the state Medical Practice Act. Webb then moved to the paper's statehouse bureau, where he covered statewide issues and won numerous regional journalism awards. In 1984, Webb wrote a story titled “Driving Off With Profits” which claimed that the promoters of a race in Cleveland paid themselves nearly a million dollars from funds that should have gone to the city of Cleveland. The article resulted in a lawsuit against Webb's paper which the plaintiffs won. A jury awarded the plaintiffs over 13 million dollars and the case was later settled. In 1986, Webb wrote an article saying that the Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court,
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Fulwood. The first article, by Katz, developed a different picture of the origins of the crack trade than "Dark
Alliance" had described, with more gangs and smugglers participating. The second article, by McManus, was the longest of the series and dealt with the role of the Contras in the drug trade and CIA knowledge of drug activities by the Contras. McManus wrote that BlandĂłn's and Meneses's contributions to Contra organizations were significantly less than the "millions" claimed in the series, and stated there was no evidence that the CIA had tried to protect them. The third article, by Mitchell and Fulwood, covered the effects of crack on African-Americans and how it affected their reaction to some of the rumors that arose after the "Dark Alliance" series.
616:. One article, dealing mostly with the response of the Los Angeles Black community to the stories, described the series' evidence as "thin". Golden also referred to the controversy over Webb's contacts with Ross's lawyer. The other article, citing interviews with current and former intelligence and law-enforcement officials, questioned the importance of the drug dealers discussed in the series, both in the crack cocaine trade and in supporting the Nicaraguan Contras' fight against the
491:, and Norwin Meneses. Ross was a major drug dealer in Los Angeles. BlandĂłn and Meneses were Nicaraguans who smuggled drugs into the U.S. and supplied dealers like Ross. After introducing the three, the first article discussed primarily BlandĂłn and Meneses, and their relationship with the Contras and the CIA. Much of the article highlighted the failure of law enforcement agencies to successfully prosecute them and stated that this was largely due to their Contra and CIA connections.
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by anyone within the Contra movement who had an association with the CIA," and the
Committee found "no evidence that the CIA or the Intelligence Community was aware of these individuals’ support." It also found no evidence to support Webb's suggestion that several other drug smugglers mentioned in the series were associated with the CIA, or that anyone associated with the CIA or other intelligence agencies was involved in supplying or selling drugs in Los Angeles.
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508:(DEA), he spent only 28 months in prison, became a paid government informant, and received permanent resident status. Ross was also released early after cooperating in an investigation of police corruption, but was rearrested a few months later in a sting operation arranged with BlandĂłn's help. The article suggested this was in retribution for Ross' testimony in the corruption case.
1162:, wrote in a 2013 column that "Gary Webb was a journalist of outsized talent. Few reporters I've known could match his nose for an investigative story. When he was engaged, he worked hard. He wrote well. But Webb had one huge blind side: He was fundamentally a man of passion, not of fairness. When facts didn't fit his theory, he tended to shove them to the sidelines."
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failures were determined by the normal dynamics that affect the success of scores of investigations of high-level drug traffickers … These factors, rather than anything as spectacular as a systematic effort by the CIA or any other intelligence agency to protect the drug trafficking activities of Contra supporters, determined what occurred in the cases we examined."
1225:, also does not agree that the report vindicated the series. Noting that most of the activities discussed in the report had nothing to do with the people Webb reported on, Kornbluh told Schou, "I can't say it's a vindication. It was good that his story forced those reports to come out, but part of what made that happen was based on misleading information."
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themselves at the expense of countless drug users," and that they had contributed money to the Contra cause, "we did not find that their activities were responsible for the crack cocaine epidemic in South
Central Los Angeles, much less the rise of crack throughout the nation, or that they were a significant source of support for the Contras."
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two gunshots being a suicide, Lyons replied: "It's unusual in a suicide case to have two shots, but it has been done in the past, and it is in fact a distinct possibility." There were widespread
Internet rumors at the time that Webb had been killed as retribution for his "Dark Alliance" series, published eight years before.
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opinion page, Schou said, "Webb asserted, improbably, that the BlandĂłn-Meneses-Ross drug ring opened 'the first pipeline between
Colombia's cocaine cartels and the black neighborhoods of Los Angeles,' helping to 'spark a crack explosion in urban America.' The story offered no evidence to support such
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The
Department of Justice Inspector-General's report was released on July 23, 1998. According to the report's "Epilogue," the report was completed in December 1997 but was not released because the DEA was still attempting to use Danilo BlandĂłn in an investigation of international drug dealers and was
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Ceppos noted that Webb did not agree with these conclusions. He concluded, "How did these shortcomings occur? ... I believe that we fell short at every step of our process: in the writing, editing and production of our work. Several people here share that burden ... But ultimately, the responsibility
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spent the next several months conducting an internal review of the story. The review was conducted primarily by editor
Jonathan Krim and reporter Pete Carey, who had written the paper's first published analysis of the series. Carey ultimately decided that there were problems with several parts of the
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The second article described BlandĂłn's background and how he began smuggling cocaine to support the
Contras. Meneses, an established smuggler and a Contra supporter as well, taught BlandĂłn how to smuggle and provided him with cocaine. When Ross discovered the market for crack in Los Angeles, he began
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editor
Paterno that Webb "had all the qualities you'd want in a reporter: curious, dogged, a very high sense of wanting to expose wrongdoing and to hold private and public officials accountable." But as Krim told Webb's biographer Nick Schou, "The zeal that helped make Gary a relentless reporter was
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After a local newspaper reported that Webb had died from multiple gunshots, the coroner's office received so many calls asking about Webb's death that
Sacramento County Coroner Robert Lyons issued a statement confirming Webb had died by suicide. When asked by local reporters about the possibility of
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Within "The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On" essay Webb stated he believed there was an active "collusion between the press and the powerful" to report freely on inconsequential matters, "but when it comes to the real down and dirty stuff... We begin to see the limits of our freedoms". He also stated "the
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Examining the support that Meneses and BlandĂłn gave to the local Contra organization in San Francisco, the report concluded that it was "not sufficient to finance the organization" and did not consist of "millions," contrary to the claims of the "Dark Alliance" series. This support "was not directed
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But, Ceppos wrote, the series "did not meet our standards" in four areas. 1) It presented only one interpretation of conflicting evidence and in one case "did not include information that contradicted a central assertion of the series." 2) The series's estimate of the money involved was presented as
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Webb's ex-wife, Susan Bell, told reporters that she believed Webb had died by suicide. "The way he was acting it would be hard for me to believe it was anything but suicide," she said. According to Bell, Webb had been unhappy for some time over his inability to get a job at another major newspaper.
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If we had met five years ago, you wouldn't have found a more staunch defender of the newspaper industry than me ... And then I wrote some stories that made me realize how sadly misplaced my bliss had been. The reason I'd enjoyed such smooth sailing for so long hadn't been, as I'd assumed, because I
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The first volume of the report found no evidence that "any past or present employee of CIA, or anyone acting on behalf of CIA, had any direct or indirect dealing" with Ross, BlandĂłn, or Meneses or that any of the other figures mentioned in "Dark Alliance" were ever employed by or associated with or
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The editors met with Webb several times in February to discuss the results of the paper's internal review and eventually decided to print neither Carey's draft article nor the articles Webb had filed. Webb was allowed to keep working on the story and made one more trip to Nicaragua in March. At the
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wrote that "available information" did not support the series' claims and that "the rise of crack" was "a broad-based phenomenon" driven in numerous places by diverse players. The article discussed Webb's contacts with Ross's attorney and prosecution complaints of how Ross's defense had used Webb's
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is an American crime drama television series set in Los Angeles in 1983. The series revolves around the first crack epidemic and its impact on the culture of the city. The series follows the stories of several characters whose lives are fated to intersect including CIA operative Teddy McDonald who
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While finding this part of the series unsupported, Schou said that some of the series's claims on CIA involvement are supported, writing that "The CIA conducted an internal investigation that acknowledged in March 1998 that the agency had covered up Contra drug trafficking for more than a decade."
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in El Salvador, where covert operations in support of the Contras were undertaken, and that the CIA had indeed intervened in a case involving smuggler Julio Zavala. It concluded, however, that these problems were "a far cry from the type of broad manipulation and corruption of the federal criminal
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street gangs of Los Angeles and funneled millions in drug profits to a Latin American guerrilla army run by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency." This drug ring "opened the first pipeline between Colombia's cocaine cartels and the black neighborhoods of Los Angeles" and, as a result, "The cocaine
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wrote about being "in the eye of the storm". In May 1997, after an internal review, Ceppos stated that, although the story was correct on many important points, there were shortcomings in the writing, editing, and production of the series. He wrote that the series likely "oversimplified" the crack
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said that Webb "was on to something but botched part of how he handled it." According to Corn, Webb "was wrong on some important details, but he was, in a way, closer to the truth than many of his establishment media critics who neglected the story of the real CIA-contra-cocaine connection." Like
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The House Intelligence Committee issued its report in February 2000. According to the report, it used Webb's reporting and writing as "key resources in focusing and refining the investigation." Like the CIA and Justice Department reports, it also found that neither BlandĂłn, Meneses, nor Ross were
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The CIA Inspector-General's report was issued in two volumes. The first one, "The California Story," was issued in a classified version on December 17, 1997, and in an unclassified version on January 29, 1998. The second volume, "The Contra Story," was issued in a classified version on April 27,
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articles were exaggerations of the actual facts." After examining the investigations and prosecutions of the main figures in the series, BlandĂłn, Meneses and Ross, it concluded that "Although the investigations suffered from various problems of communication and coordination, their successes and
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devoted the most space to the story, publishing a three-part series called "The Cocaine Trail." The series ran from October 20–22, 1996, and was researched by a team of 17 reporters. The three articles in the series were written by four reporters: Jesse Katz, Doyle McManus, John Mitchell and Sam
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The report called several of its findings "troubling." It found that BlandĂłn received permanent resident status "in a wholly improper manner" and that for some time the Department "was not certain whether to prosecute Meneses, or use him as a cooperating witness." Regarding issues raised in the
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told Webb it was transferring him from the paper's Sacramento bureau and offered him a choice between working at the main offices in San Jose under closer editorial supervision, or spot reporting in Cupertino; both locations were long commutes from his home in Sacramento. Webb eventually chose
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Webb disagreed with Ceppos's column and, in interviews, was critical of the paper's handling of the story. Editors at the paper, on the other hand, felt that Webb had failed to tell them about information that contradicted the series's claims and that he "responded to concerns not with reasoned
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It found nothing to support the claim that "the drug trafficking activities of BlandĂłn and Meneses were motivated by any commitment to support the Contra cause or Contra activities undertaken by CIA." It noted that BlandĂłn and Meneses claimed to have donated money to Contra sympathizers in Los
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It also concluded that "the claims that BlandĂłn and Meneses were responsible for introducing crack cocaine into South Central Los Angeles and spreading the crack epidemic throughout the country were unsupported." Although it did find that both men were major drug dealers, "guilty of enriching
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s response came from the paper's ombudsman, Geneva Overholser. Overholser was harshly critical of the series, "reported by a seemingly hotheaded fellow willing to have people leap to conclusions his reporting couldn't back up." But while calling the flaws in the series "unforgivably careless
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According to the report, the Inspector-General's office (OIG) examined all information the agency had "relating to CIA knowledge of drug trafficking allegations in regard to any person directly or indirectly involved in Contra activities." It also examined "how CIA handled and responded to
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Webb's continuing reporting also triggered a fourth investigation. The first article in "Dark Alliance" that discussed the failure of law enforcement agencies to prosecute BlandĂłn and Meneses had mentioned several cases. One of these was a 1986 raid on BlandĂłn's drug organization by the
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award of $ 95 million in 2001. While working at the legislature, Webb continued to do freelance investigative reporting, sometimes based on his investigative work. For instance, he wrote an article regarding racial profiling in traffic stops which appeared in the April 1999 edition of
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The paper also gave Webb permission to visit Central America again to get more evidence supporting the story. By January, Webb filed drafts of four more articles based on his trip, but his editors concluded that the new articles would not help shore up the original series's claims.
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The claim in the "Dark Alliance" series that the drug ring of Meneses-BlandĂłn-Ross sparked the "crack explosion" has been criticized. Nick Schou, a journalist who wrote a 2006 biography of Webb, has claimed that this was the most important error in the series. Writing on the
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The third article discussed the social effects of the crack trade, noting that it had a disparate effect on African-Americans. Asking why crack became so prevalent in the Black community of Los Angeles, the article credited BlandĂłn, referring to him as "the
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The reports of the three federal investigations into the claims of "Dark Alliance" were not released until over a year after the series' publication. The reports rejected the series' main claims but were critical of some CIA and law enforcement actions.
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In the column, Ceppos defended parts of the article, writing that the series had "solidly documented" that the drug ring described in the series did have connections with the Contras and did sell large quantities of cocaine in inner-city Los Angeles.
932:. A revised version was published in 1999 that incorporated Webb's response to the CIA and Justice Department reports. The February 2000 report by the House Intelligence Committee in turn considered the book's claims as well as the series' claims.
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and kind of piled on to one lone muckraker up in Northern California." And "we really didn't do anything to advance his work or illuminate much to the story, and it was a really kind of tawdry exercise. ... And it ruined that reporter's career."
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of crack in California." It also found disparities in the treatment of Black and White traffickers in the justice system, contrasting the treatment of BlandĂłn and Ross after their arrests for drug trafficking. Because BlandĂłn cooperated with the
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series presented dangerous ideas" by suggesting "crimes of state had been committed" (i.e. that the "federal government bore some responsibility, however indirect, for the flood of crack that coursed through black neighborhoods in the 1980s").
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buying cocaine from BlandĂłn. BlandĂłn and Meneses' high-volume supply of low-priced high-purity cocaine "allowed Ross to sew up the Los Angeles market and move on. In city after city, local dealers either bought from Ross or got left behind."
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and kind of wonder how legit it was and kind of put it under a microscope, and we did it in a way that most of us who were involved in it, I think, would look back on that and say it was overkill. We had this huge team of people at the
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The "Dark Alliance" series remains controversial. Critics view the series' claims as inaccurate or overstated, while supporters point to the results of a later CIA investigation as vindicating the series. The follow-up reporting in the
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s criticisms of the series, including the importance of BlandĂłn's drug ring in spreading crack, questions about BlandĂłn's testimony in court, and how specific series allegations about CIA involvement had been, giving Webb's responses.
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722:, while criticizing the series for making "unsubstantiated charges", conceded that it did find "drug-smuggling and dealing by Nicaraguans with at least tentative connections to the Contras" and called for further investigation.
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had to acknowledge to its readers that the series had been subjected to strong criticism. He did this in a column that appeared on November 3, defending the series, but also committing the paper to a review of major criticisms.
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in December 1997. He became an investigator for the California State Legislature, published a book based on the "Dark Alliance" series in 1998, and did freelance investigative reporting. He died by suicide on December 10, 2004.
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1186:, Schou wrote that Webb was "vindicated by a 1998 CIA Inspector General report, which revealed that for more than a decade the agency had covered up a business relationship it had with Nicaraguan drug dealers like BlandĂłn."
1138:, who was Webb's strongest supporter in Congress after the "Dark Alliance" controversy broke, issued a statement after Webb's death calling him "one of the finest investigative journalists that our country has ever seen."
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reporter Thomas Scheffey. The series, which examined the murder of a coal company president with ties to organized crime, won the national Investigative Reporters and Editors Award for reporting from a small newspaper.
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had played a major role in creating the trade, using cocaine profits to finance their fight against the government in Nicaragua. It also stated that the Contras may have acted with the knowledge and protection of the
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926:, Webb expanded the "Dark Alliance" series into a book that responded to the criticism of the series and described his experiences writing the story and dealing with the controversy. It was published in 1998 as
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voted Webb "Journalist of the Year" for 1996. Despite the controversy that soon overtook the series, and the request of one board member to reconsider, the branch's board went ahead with the award in November.
1063:, he shot himself with a .38 revolver, which he placed near his right ear. The first shot went through his face, and exited at his left cheek. The coroner's staff concluded that the second shot hit an artery.
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Webb wrote later that he "never believed, and never wrote, that there was a grand CIA conspiracy behind the crack plague The CIA couldn’t even mine a harbor without getting its trench coat stuck in its fly."
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After the announcement of federal investigations into the claims made in the series, other newspapers began investigating, and several papers published articles suggesting the series' claims were overstated.
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continued to pursue the story, publishing follow-ups to the original series for the next three months. Other papers were slow to pick up the story, but African Americans quickly took note, especially in
554:, the representative for California's 35th district, which includes South Central Los Angeles, was also outraged by the articles and became one of Webb's strongest supporters. Waters urged the CIA, the
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overall focus "misplaced", Overholser expressed regret that the paper had not taken the opportunity to re-examine whether the CIA had overlooked Contra involvement in drug smuggling, "a subject
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website with additional information, including documents cited in the series and audio recordings of people quoted in the articles. The website artwork showed the silhouette of a man smoking a
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concerned that the report would affect the viability of the investigation. When Attorney General Janet Reno determined that a delay was no longer necessary, the report was released unaltered.
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series appeared, Ceppos again wrote to defend the original series. He also defended the series in interviews with all three papers. The extent of the criticism, however, convinced Ceppos that
308:. His father was a Marine sergeant, and the family moved frequently, as his career took him to new assignments. When Webb's father retired from the Marines, the family settled in a suburb of
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Webb first began writing for the student newspaper at his college in Indianapolis. After transferring to Northern Kentucky, he entered its journalism program and wrote for the school paper,
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saying it and not a mouthpiece of the CIA." Webb's longest response to the controversy was in "The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On," a chapter he contributed to an anthology of press criticism:
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Views on Webb's journalism have been polarized. During and immediately after the controversy over "Dark Alliance," Webb's earlier writing was examined closely. A January 1997 article in
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in 1997 that Webb was known as 'the carpenter' "because he had everything nailed down. Gary's documentation is awesome and his work ethic is unbelievable." California Representative
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Schou, Corn cites the inspector general's report, which he says "acknowledged that the CIA had indeed worked with suspected drugrunners (sic) while supporting the contras."
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end of March, Ceppos told Webb that he was going to present the internal review findings in a column. After discussions with Webb, the column was published on May 11, 1997.
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In contrast, the series received support from Steve Weinberg, a former executive director of Investigative Reporters and Editors. In a long review of the series' claims in
1207:, wrote in a 2014 opinion page article that "the report found no CIA relationship with the drug ring Webb had written about." Leen, who covered the cocaine trade for the
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974:", he stated. "They use the giant corporate press rather than saying anything directly. If you work through friendly reporters on major newspapers, it comes off as
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in three parts, from Sunday, 18 August 1996 to 20 August 1996, with a first long article and one or two shorter articles appearing each day. It was also posted on
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The lede of the first article set out the series' basic claims: "For the better part of a decade, a San Francisco Bay Area drug ring sold tons of cocaine to the
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755:, Weinberg said "I think the critics have been far too harsh. Despite some hyped phrasing, "Dark Alliance" appears to be praiseworthy investigative reporting."
391:, which was looking for an investigative reporter. He was assigned to its Sacramento bureau, where he was allowed to choose most of his own stories. As part of
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Not all writers agree that the inspector general's report supported the series's claims. Jeff Leen, assistant managing editor for investigative reporting at
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He began his career working for newspapers in Kentucky and Ohio, winning numerous awards, and building a reputation for investigative writing. Hired by the
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in the 1980s, rejects the claim that "because uncovered an agency mindset of indifference to drug-smuggling allegations", it vindicated Webb's reporting.
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By the end of September, three federal investigations had been announced: an investigation into the CIA allegations conducted by CIA Inspector-General
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was careful and diligent and good at my job ... The truth was that, in all those years, I hadn't written anything important enough to suppress.
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epidemic in America and the supposed "critical role" the dealers written about in the series played in it. Webb disagreed with this conclusion.
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editor Susan Paterno "He was brilliant; he knew more about public records than anybody I've ever known." Mary Anne Sharkey, Webb's editor at
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coupled with an inability to question himself, to entertain the notion that he might have erred." Scott Herhold, Webb's first editor at
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It found no information to support the claim that the agency interfered with law enforcement actions against Ross, BlandĂłn or Meneses.
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Report of Investigation Concerning Allegations of Connections Between CIA and The Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States
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and other papers has been criticised for focusing on problems in the series rather than re-examining the earlier CIA-Contra claims.
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After Webb's death, a collection of his stories from before and after the "Dark Alliance" series was published. The collection,
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Webb was found dead in his Carmichael home on December 10, 2004, with two gunshot wounds to the head. His death was ruled a
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Webb later moved to the State Assembly's Office of Majority Services. He was laid off in February 2004 when Assembly Member
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grew. 4) The series "created impressions that were open to misinterpretation" through "imprecise language and graphics."
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Webb's remarks on the Iran-Contra affair, delivered at the 1999 Committee on Political Assassination (COPA) Conference.
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and other major papers published articles suggesting the "Dark Alliance" claims were overstated and, in November 1996,
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Report On the Central Intelligence Agency's Alleged Involvement in Crack Cocaine Trafficking in the Los Angeles Area
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Report On the Central Intelligence Agency's Alleged Involvement in Crack Cocaine Trafficking in the Los Angeles Area
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The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions
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According to Schou, the investigation "confirmed key chunks of Webb's allegations." In a 2013 article in the
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information regarding allegations of drug trafficking" by people involved in Contra activities or support.
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series's shorter sidebar stories, it found that some in the government were "not eager" to have DEA agent
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newspaper series, released in two volumes, volume 1 on January 29, 1998, and volume 2 on October 8, 1998.
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where the dealers discussed in the series had been active. They were outraged by the series's charges.
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On the other hand, many of the writers and editors who worked with him have had high praise for him.
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accepted contributions from groups with organized crime connections. Celebrezze eventually sued the
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Angeles, but found no information to confirm that it was true or that the agency had heard of it.
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Cupertino, but was unhappy with the routine stories he was reporting there and the long commute.
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by the Sacramento County coroner's office. According to a description of Webb's injuries in the
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3581:"Inside the Dark Alliance: Gary Webb on the CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion"
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Includes follow up stories and links to coverage from other papers (some of these are broken).
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He had sold his house the week before his death because he was unable to afford the mortgage.
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sweeping conclusions, a fatal error that would ultimately destroy Webb, if not his editors."
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3623:
3529:
3388:
3316:
2350:
1657:
1247:
1135:
671:
600:
551:
529:
477:
457:
336:
272:
235:
2615:
2223:
1105:
profile of Webb in June 1997 noted that two of his series written for the Cleveland
17:
3459:
316:
309:
3134:
2919:. The details of the suits and settlements are discussed in Schou 2006, 48 and 51.
1434:
1395:
82:
2190:
2158:
448:
Webb began researching "Dark Alliance" in July 1995. The series was published in
3504:
3395:
2861:
734:
refusal to print Ceppos' letter defending the series and sharply criticized the
540:
472:
346:. In 1979, Webb married Susan Bell; the couple went on to have three children.
239:
3136:
Kill the Messenger: How the CIA's Crack Cocaine Controversy Destroyed Gary Webb
1436:
Kill the Messenger: How the CIA's Crack Cocaine Controversy Destroyed Gary Webb
758:
After the series's publication, the Northern California branch of the national
573:, and a second investigation into the CIA by the House Intelligence Committee.
1798:
1765:
1732:
1553:
Porter, S. (October 1986). "The Ohio State Medical Board. An interim report".
1196:
1191:
683:
612:
published two articles on the series in mid-October, both written by reporter
547:
436:
400:
320:
3607:"Frontline: Cocaine, Conspiracy Theories & the C.I.A. in Central America"
2873:
1662:
1566:
3428:
3254:
2119:
1698:
Journalism Ethics: A Casebook of Professional Conduct For News Media, 4th ed
1675:
includes the original series, later updates, and other coverage of the story
1182:
460:
pipe superimposed over the CIA seal. This artwork proved controversial, and
250:
2377:
2151:"Mercury News Executive Editor Jerry Ceppos' Letter to the Washington Post"
2694:"Gary Webb was no journalism hero, despite what 'Kill the Messenger' says"
2629:
1574:
599:
in early October. In their front-page article, reporters Roberto Suro and
3570:
1949:"Though Evidence Is Thin, Tale of C.I.A. and Drugs Has a Life of Its Own"
2768:
The Killing Game : Selected Writings by the Author of Dark Alliance
2181:"Washington Post response to Mercury News Executive Editor Jerry Ceppos"
3560:
1415:
Contemporary discussions of the series are discussed in the section on
1265:
246:
131:
3592:'A NATURAL STORY': Tribute to 'Dark Alliance' and Journalist Gary Webb
2327:
Overholser, Geneva (October 6, 1996). "The CIA, Drugs and the Press".
809:
argument, but with accusations of us selling him out." In June 1997,
3564:
3318:
Hearings on allegations of a CIA connection to crack cocaine epidemic
3160:
Into the Buzzsaw: Leading Journalists Expose the Myth of a Free Press
2662:
Into the Buzzsaw: Leading Journalists Expose the Myth of a Free Press
838:
The report covered actions by Department of Justice employees in the
792:
fact instead of as an estimate. 3) The series oversimplified how the
360:
published "The Coal Connection," a seventeen-part series by Webb and
230:
Webb is best known for his "Dark Alliance" series, which appeared in
3413:
Frederick P. Hitz (1999). "Obscuring Propriety: The CIA and Drugs".
3183:
Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion
929:
Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion
3267:
United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General
1097:
noted that a 1994 series Webb wrote had also been the subject of a
1076:
The Killing Game: Selected Stories from the Author of Dark Alliance
942:
bestseller, 1999 Bay Area Book Reviewers Award Finalist, and 1999
468:
3460:"Secrecy, Conspiracy, and the Media During the CIA-Contra Affair"
1008:. His assignments included investigating racial profiling by the
938:
was a 1998 Pen/Newman's Own First Amendment Award Finalist, 1998
3531:
Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America
3482:
Lost History: Contras, Cocaine, the Press & "Project Truth"
1419:. Later discussions of the series are described in the section
3611:
3304:
House Intelligence Committee report on the claims made in the
3293:
United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
2563:
United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
1420:
593:
The first detailed article on the series's claims appeared in
3416:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
3099:"Jeremy Renner's 'Kill the Messenger' Gets Fall Release Date"
1985:"Pivotal Figures of Newspaper Series May Be Only Bit Players"
550:, asking for investigations into the articles' allegations.
354:
Webb's first major investigative work appeared in 1980, when
2978:"Herhold: Thinking back on journalist Gary Webb and the CIA"
1118:, a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter who worked with Webb on
776:
story and wrote a draft article incorporating his findings.
3282:
Central Intelligence Agency Office of the Inspector General
3601:
Archive of Gary Webb stories at Sacramento News and Review
962:. "The government side of the story is coming through the
403:
wrote a story examining the causes of the collapse of the
877:
1998, and in an unclassified version on October 8, 1998.
1904:"The CIA and Crack: Evidence Is Lacking Of Alleged Plot"
682:
refused to print his letter. Ceppos also asked reporter
315:
After high school, Webb attended a community college in
258:(CIA). The series provoked outrage, particularly in the
3594:, transcripts of a 1997 Webb speech and interview from
868:
justice system suggested by the original allegations."
262:, and led to four major investigations of its charges.
42:
2115:"Ex-L.A. Times Writer Apologizes for "Tawdry" Attacks"
1614:
Webb 2011, "Caltrans Ignored Elevated Freeway Safety."
206:(August 31, 1955 – December 10, 2004) was an American
3313:
United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
2346:"Despite critics, a good story Crack and the contras"
1723:"America's 'crack' plague has roots in Nicaragua war"
1297:
1111:
had resulted in lawsuits that the paper had settled.
1101:
internal review that criticized Webb's reporting. A
686:
to write a critique of the series for publication in
3340:
Record of Senate Intelligence Committee hearings on
3033:
Ex-L.A. Times Writer Apologizes for "Tawdry" Attacks
2080:
Mitchell, John L.; Fulwood, Sam (October 22, 1996).
1789:"War on drugs has unequal impact on black Americans"
3583:, audio interviews (1997–1998) with Gary Webb from
2515:"CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: Conclusions"
2214:"'Dark Alliance' series takes on a life of its own"
1874:"Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Inquiry Findings"
425:
312:, where Webb and his brother attended high school.
193:
185:
165:
157:
147:
137:
127:
108:
89:
73:
3479:
3387:
2789:
2787:
2425:
2423:
710:Ceppos' column drew editorial responses from both
637:reporter, said of the newspaper's coverage "As an
3226:. Archived from the original on December 20, 1996
3362:Powderburns: Cocaine, Contras & the Drug War
3344:series claims, October 23 and November 26, 1996.
3244:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3200:Webb, Gary (January 4, 2011). Webb, Eric (ed.).
2489:"CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: Epilogue"
1902:Suro, Roberto; Pincus, Walter (4 October 1996).
560:House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
382:and won an undisclosed out of court settlement.
234:in 1996. The series examined the origins of the
3596:San Francisco Bay Area Independent Media Center
3574:(2004), video of interview with Gary Webb from
980:
483:To show this, the series focused on three men:
411:s coverage of the earthquake won its staff the
3048:. May 30, 2013. Retrieved on February 15, 2015
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2082:"History Fuels Outrage Over Crack Allegations"
2051:"Examining Charges of CIA Role in Crack Sales"
3449:. National Security Archive, Gelman Library,
2586:"Report on Alleged Involvement: Findings" 43.
2464:
2462:
1878:San Jose Mercury News – Dark Alliance library
1283:CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking
817:He resigned from the paper in November 1997.
59:American investigative journalist (1955–2004)
8:
3273:newspaper series, released on July 22, 1998.
2630:"Are You Sure You Want to Ruin Your Career?"
1633:. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
730:journalism," Overholser also criticized the
3510:Freeway Rick Ross: The Untold Autobiography
2596:"Report on Alleged Involvement". p. 2.
1819:Many of these are in the series archive at
1416:
340:, a local paper affiliated with the larger
319:on a scholarship until his family moved to
26:
2855:
2853:
2651:
2649:
2628:Osborn, Barbara Bliss (March–April 1998).
2386:. Vol. 19, no. 1. pp. 34–.
1388:"To readers of our 'Dark Alliance' series"
1047:, a video game designed by the U.S. Army.
516:After the publication of "Dark Alliance,"
81:
70:
2900:"Repercussions From Flawed News Articles"
2834:"Reporter's suicide confirmed by coroner"
2144:
2142:
2018:"Tracking the Genesis of the Crack Trade"
1153:internal review of "Dark Alliance," told
1004:, Webb worked as an investigator for the
958:, Webb described the 1997 controversy as
2868:. Vol. 19, no. 1. p. 39.
2582:
2580:
2578:
1381:
1379:
746:and the public had given short shrift."
32:This is an accepted version of this page
3710:Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
3468:University of South Carolina - Columbia
2687:
2685:
1350:
1304:
579:Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
28:
3390:Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press
3237:
2910:from the original on February 17, 2015
2548:
2546:
2544:
2358:from the original on February 16, 2015
2308:from the original on February 15, 2015
2265:"Perspective: In the eye of the storm"
2094:from the original on February 15, 2015
2061:from the original on February 15, 2015
2030:from the original on February 15, 2015
1997:from the original on February 10, 2015
844:Immigration and Naturalization Service
422:
260:Los Angeles African-American community
62:For other people named Gary Webb, see
3695:Pulitzer Prize winners for journalism
3513:. Freeway Studios. pp. 263–279.
2806:from the original on January 29, 2015
2608:"Firecracker Alternative Book Awards"
2390:from the original on February 5, 2015
2344:Weinberg, Steve (November 17, 1996).
2127:from the original on October 16, 2017
1961:from the original on February 9, 2015
1756:"Shadowy origins of 'crack' epidemic"
323:, when he then transferred to nearby
7:
2376:Shepard, Alicia C. (February 1997).
1700:. Marion Street Press. p. 264.
1195:magazine's former Washington Editor
1189:Writing after Webb's death in 2005,
641:reporter, we saw this series in the
415:for General News Reporting in 1990.
3680:Northern Kentucky University alumni
3321:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
3014:from the original on April 14, 2011
2945:. December 13, 2004. Archived from
2860:Shepard, Alicia C. (January 1997).
2049:McManus, Doyle (October 21, 1996).
1520:Investigative Reporters and Editors
1278:Allegations of CIA drug trafficking
760:Society of Professional Journalists
738:coverage of the story. Calling the
385:In 1988, Webb was recruited by the
3685:People from Carmichael, California
3655:American investigative journalists
3097:Cunningham, Todd (March 5, 2014).
2832:Stanton, Sam (December 15, 2004).
2263:Ceppos, Jerry (November 3, 1996).
2189:. October 24, 1996. Archived from
2149:Ceppos, Jerry (October 18, 1996).
1078:, was edited by Webb's son, Eric.
946:-winner in the Politics category.
944:Firecracker Alternative Book Award
219:, Webb contributed to the paper's
57:
3700:Suicides by firearm in California
3650:21st-century American journalists
3645:20th-century American journalists
3284:report on the claims made in the
3269:report on the claims made in the
3204:. New York: Seven Stories Press.
3109:from the original on July 2, 2019
2976:Herhold, Scott (2 October 2013).
1543:Webb 2011, "Doctoring the Truth."
3528:& Jonathan Marshall (1991).
3451:The George Washington University
3441:"The Storm over "Dark Alliance""
3158:. In Borjesson, Kristina (ed.).
2990:from the original on 2014-10-21.
2660:. In Borjesson, Kristina (ed.).
2212:Carey, Pete (October 13, 1996).
2016:Katz, Jesse (October 20, 1996).
1505:Webb 2011, "The Coal Connection"
1331:
1319:
1307:
1035:In August 2004, Webb joined the
431:
242:and claimed that members of the
3156:"The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On"
3070:from the original on 2014-10-21
3002:Schou, Nick (August 18, 2006).
2898:Peterson, Iver (June 3, 1997).
2880:from the original on 2015-02-05
2704:from the original on 2015-02-15
2658:"The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On"
2538:Hitz, "Scope of investigation."
2521:from the original on 2015-04-17
2495:from the original on 2015-03-02
1822:"Dark Alliance: Update archive"
1721:Webb, Gary (February 6, 1996).
1526:from the original on 2015-02-04
1421:Views on "Dark Alliance" series
1238:(2014) is based on Webb's book
1166:Views on "Dark Alliance" series
1145:editor who recruited Webb from
840:Federal Bureau of Investigation
506:Drug Enforcement Administration
476:that flooded in helped spark a
3690:People from Corona, California
3536:University of California Press
3004:"The truth in 'Dark Alliance'"
2794:Daunt, Tina (March 16, 2005).
2731:Webb, Gary (29 January 2007).
1787:Webb, Gary (August 20, 1996).
1754:Webb, Gary (August 19, 1996).
1555:The Ohio State Medical Journal
633:In 2013, Jesse Katz, a former
1:
3162:. Prometheus Books. pp.
2766:Webb, Gary (4 January 2011).
2664:. Prometheus Books. pp.
1264:helps to secure guns for the
863:"openly probe" activities at
821:Federal investigation results
480:explosion in urban America."
2552:Hitz, Vol. 1, "Conclusions."
2113:Schou, Nick (May 30, 2013).
1880:. 1996-12-10. Archived from
1824:. 1996-12-20. Archived from
1653:"Dark Alliance: The Stories"
1386:Ceppos, Jerry (1997-05-11).
1361:. 1997-04-09. Archived from
1219:George Washington University
1038:Sacramento News & Review
1006:California State Legislature
954:In interviews after leaving
536:also took note and wrote to
325:Northern Kentucky University
142:Northern Kentucky University
3665:Journalists from California
3571:Gary Webb: In His Own Words
1359:"Dark Alliance: Postscript"
949:
922:After his resignation from
397:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
368:In 1983, Webb moved to the
256:Central Intelligence Agency
3726:
3446:Columbia Journalism Review
3360:& Dave Harmon (1994).
3064:The Nation – Capital Games
3058:Corn, David (2004-12-13).
2866:American Journalism Review
2862:"A Hard-charging reporter"
2383:American Journalism Review
1223:National Security Archives
1124:American Journalism Review
1094:American Journalism Review
1087:Views on Webb's journalism
1086:
915:
678:defending the series. The
556:U.S. Department of Justice
275:, the executive editor at
64:Gary Webb (disambiguation)
61:
3675:Multiple gunshot suicides
3660:American male journalists
3439:(January–February 1997).
3224:"Dark Alliance" web page"
2692:Leen, Jeff (2014-10-17).
1010:California Highway Patrol
901:associated with the CIA.
885:contacted by the agency.
830:Justice Department report
620:government in Nicaragua.
523:South Central Los Angeles
430:
399:, Webb and his colleague
223:-winning coverage of the
80:
2378:"The web that Gary spun"
1624:"General News Reporting"
1516:"1980 IRE Award winners"
654:
585:Coverage in other papers
300:Early life and education
208:investigative journalist
152:Investigative journalist
39:latest accepted revision
3705:Writers from California
3670:The Mercury News people
3429:10.1080/088506099304990
3185:. Seven Stories Press.
2770:. Seven Stories Press.
2643:. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
940:San Francisco Chronicle
3576:Guerrilla News Network
3458:Miller, Jakob (2022).
2155:Dark Alliance: library
1661:. 1996. Archived from
1417:Response to the series
985:
896:House committee report
771:After Ceppos' column,
718:. An editorial in the
512:Response to the series
405:Cypress Street Viaduct
395:team that covered the
371:Cleveland Plain Dealer
225:Loma Prieta earthquake
173:Cleveland Plain Dealer
120:Carmichael, California
3358:Celerino Castillo III
3222:San Jose Mercury News
2983:San Jose Mercury News
2733:"Driving While Black"
2513:Bromwich, Michael R.
2487:Bromwich, Michael R.
2270:San Jose Mercury News
2219:San Jose Mercury News
2186:San Jose Mercury News
1794:San Jose Mercury News
1761:San Jose Mercury News
1728:San Jose Mercury News
1392:San Jose Mercury News
1032:was elected Speaker.
1012:and charges that the
643:San Jose Mercury News
545:U.S. Attorney General
388:San Jose Mercury News
216:San Jose Mercury News
179:San Jose Mercury News
3486:. Media Consortium.
3133:Schou, Nick (2006).
2408:Schou 2006, 153–156.
2304:. October 15, 1996.
2226:on December 20, 1996
1983:(October 21, 1996).
1947:(October 21, 1996).
1828:on December 20, 1996
1801:on December 20, 1996
1768:on December 20, 1996
1735:on December 20, 1996
1696:Brown, Fred (2011).
1433:Schou, Nick (2006).
1398:on November 19, 1997
918:Dark Alliance (book)
800:was, and is, mine."
528:California senators
489:Oscar Danilo BlandĂłn
419:Dark Alliance series
189:Susan Bell (m. 1979)
18:Dark Alliance series
3181:Webb, Gary (1998).
3154:Webb, Gary (2002).
3060:"Gary Webb Is Dead"
2698:The Washington Post
2656:Webb, Gary (2002).
2330:The Washington Post
2296:"The CIA and Drugs"
1665:on 20 December 1996
1596:Schou 2006, 48, 51.
1205:The Washington Post
1149:and who supervised
972:The Washington Post
716:The Washington Post
664:The Washington Post
596:The Washington Post
376:Frank D. Celebrezze
357:The Cincinnati Post
283:Webb resigned from
128:Cause of death
29:Page version status
3380:Alexander Cockburn
3260:2015-04-21 at the
3087:Schou 2006, 185–6.
3045:Los Angeles Weekly
3038:2013-12-15 at the
2949:on January 3, 2005
2943:newsmakingnews.com
2939:"Waters statement"
2904:The New York Times
2839:The Sacramento Bee
2721:Schou 2006 196–200
2635:2005-02-10 at the
2301:The New York Times
1916:on August 23, 2017
1629:2013-09-18 at the
1605:Schou 2006, 54–55.
1487:Schou 2006, 27–29.
1478:Schou 2006, 20–21.
1460:Schou 2006, 15-16.
1288:Iran–Contra affair
1235:Kill the Messenger
1217:, a researcher at
1014:Oracle Corporation
976:The New York Times
968:The New York Times
960:media manipulation
950:Webb's later views
712:The New York Times
668:The Mercury News's
609:The New York Times
485:Freeway Ricky Ross
464:later removed it.
306:Corona, California
101:Corona, California
35:
3384:Jeffrey St. Clair
3308:series (excerpt).
3295:(February 2000).
3008:Los Angeles Times
2800:Los Angeles Times
2796:"Written In Pain"
2777:978-1-60980-143-4
2565:(February 2000).
2193:on March 30, 1997
2087:Los Angeles Times
2055:Los Angeles Times
2023:Los Angeles Times
1587:Paterno 2005, 26.
1244:biography of Webb
1242:and Nick Schou's
1173:Los Angeles Times
1061:Los Angeles Times
964:Los Angeles Times
861:Celerino Castillo
767:End of the series
752:The Baltimore Sun
700:Los Angeles Times
670:executive editor
656:The Mercury News'
635:Los Angeles Times
626:Los Angeles Times
446:
445:
409:The Mercury News'
304:Webb was born in
294:Los Angeles Times
268:Los Angeles Times
204:Gary Stephen Webb
201:
200:
167:Notable credit(s)
158:Years active
112:December 10, 2004
94:Gary Stephen Webb
16:(Redirected from
3717:
3616:
3549:
3526:Peter Dale Scott
3497:
3485:
3471:
3454:
3432:
3409:
3393:
3375:
3364:. Mosaic Press.
3338:
3336:
3335:
3302:
3249:
3243:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3215:
3202:The Killing Game
3196:
3177:
3150:
3139:. Nation Books.
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3055:
3049:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2973:
2967:
2966:Schou 2006, 228.
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2842:. Archived from
2829:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2763:
2757:
2756:Schou 2006, 206.
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2653:
2644:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2614:. Archived from
2604:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2573:
2572:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2539:
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2503:
2501:
2500:
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2475:
2469:
2466:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:Schou 2006, 160.
2445:
2439:
2438:Schou 2006, 156.
2436:
2430:
2429:Schou 2006, 158.
2427:
2418:
2417:Schou 2006, 152.
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2373:
2367:
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2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:on April 9, 1997
2273:. Archived from
2260:
2254:
2253:Schou 2006, 153.
2251:
2245:
2244:Schou 2006, 149.
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2222:. Archived from
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2161:on April 9, 1997
2157:. Archived from
2146:
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2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2077:
2071:
2070:
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2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1912:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:on April 9, 1997
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:Schou 2006, 116.
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1797:. Archived from
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1764:. Archived from
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1731:. Archived from
1718:
1712:
1711:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
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1450:
1439:. Nation Books.
1430:
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1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1394:. Archived from
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1334:
1324:
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1160:The Mercury-News
1151:The Mercury News
1147:The Plain Dealer
1143:The Mercury News
1128:The Plain Dealer
1120:The Plain Dealer
1116:Walter Bogdanich
1002:The Mercury News
956:The Mercury News
924:The Mercury News
865:Ilopango Airport
811:The Mercury News
773:The Mercury News
704:The Mercury News
688:The Mercury News
571:Michael Bromwich
562:to investigate.
534:Dianne Feinstein
518:The Mercury News
501:Johnny Appleseed
462:The Mercury News
454:The Mercury News
450:The Mercury News
435:
434:
423:
393:The Mercury News
285:The Mercury News
232:The Mercury News
168:
115:
85:
71:
47:9 September 2024
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3437:Kornbluh, Peter
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3352:
3350:Further reading
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2618:on Mar 4, 2009.
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2477:Schou, 165–166.
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2015:
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2010:
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1979:
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1934:Schou 2006, 86.
1933:
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1909:Washington Post
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1863:Schou 2006, 115
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1561:(10): 677–683.
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1496:Schou 2006, 33.
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1250:portrays Webb.
1231:
1168:
1141:Jonathan Krim,
1089:
1084:
1053:
1018:no-bid contract
1016:had received a
998:
952:
920:
914:
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842:, the DEA, the
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3586:Democracy Now!
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1167:
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1132:Alicia Shepard
1130:, told writer
1103:New York Times
1088:
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1044:America's Army
1000:After leaving
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916:Main article:
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794:crack epidemic
768:
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567:Frederick Hitz
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428:
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413:Pulitzer Prize
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221:Pulitzer Prize
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3342:Dark Alliance
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3306:Dark Alliance
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1365:on 1997-04-09
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1965:January 27,
1945:Golden, Tim
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240:Los Angeles
3624:Categories
3334:2015-02-08
3074:2015-01-25
3018:2011-04-05
2953:2016-09-29
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