51:
static or dynamic. When a database is considered to be open it means it is open to additional data being added, however when a database is considered to be closed it means the opposite—that it is closed to new data because of its completed nature. A database is considered to be static when it contains records that are not edited or changed after their initial inclusion, however a database is considered to be dynamic when it contains records that may be edited in the future. Whether a database is open and static, open and dynamic, closed and static, or closed and dynamic will affect the methods used for preservation. It is more difficult to preserve a dynamic database than a static one because the data is constantly changing, and it is more difficult to preserve an open database than a closed one because data is constantly being added. The more often a database changes, either within a record or by adding a record, the more often steps must be taken to capture that change for preservation.
141:
file incorporates both the database content and also machine-processable structural metadata that records the structure of database tables and their relationships. The ZIP file contains an XML file describing the database structure (metadata.xml) as well as a collection of XML files, one per table, capturing the table content. The SIARD archive may also contain text files and binary files representing database large objects (BLOBs and CLOBs). SIARD permits direct access to individual tables by exploring with ZIP tools. A SIARD archive is not an operational database but supports re-integration of the archived database into another relational database management system (RDBMS) that supports SQL:1999. In addition, SIARD supports the addition of descriptive and contextual metadata that is not recorded in the database itself and the embedding of documentation files in the archive. SIARD Version 1.0 was homologized as standard eCH-0165 in 2013.
201:
for the purpose of database preservation. In this conversion process the toolkit extracts unique DBMS information using DBMS-specific connectors. These connectors pair with a particular DBMS, extract its data, and represent it in XML form which then leads to representation in DBML and SIARD. New connectors can also be created for the ingestion of new DBMS’. The toolkit also allows conversion of the preservation formats back into live systems to allow the full functionality of databases. For example, it supports a specialized export into MySQL, optimized for PhpMyAdmin, so the database can be fully experimented using a web interface.
93:: backward compatibility, interoperability, and conversion to standards. Backward compatibility involves utilizing newer software or hardware versions to open, access, and read a document which was made using an older version. Interoperability involves decreasing the possibility of obsolescence by ensuring a particular file can be accessed with more than one combination of software and hardware. Conversion to standards involves transferring data storage from a proprietary format to an open, more readily accessible, and widely used format.
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need for maintaining a DBMS solely for reading preserved static databases as well as the need to, potentially riskily, migrate database files to newer database formats. Although CHRONOS stores data in plain text format, its querying capabilities, are considered comparable to that of a relational database.
490:
200:
The
Database Preservation Toolkit (DBPTK) allows conversion between database formats, including connection to live systems, for purposes of digitally preserving databases. The toolkit allows conversion of live or backed-up databases into preservation formats such as SIARD, an XML-based format created
140:
Version 1.0 of the
Software Independent Archiving of Relational Databases (SIARD) format was developed by the Swiss Federal Archives in 2007. It was designed for archiving relational databases in a vendor-neutral form. A SIARD archive is a ZIP-based package of files based on XML and SQL:1999. A SIARD
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department of computer science. CHRONOS pulls data from a database management system and stores it in a CHRONOS archive as text or XML files. All data can therefore be accessed and read without a
Database Management System (DBMS), or CHRONOS itself, as it is in plain text format. This eliminates the
265:
The RODA project emphasized the creation of a standardized method for preserving databases as digital objects. Database preservation poses a unique challenge in that the preservation process is split into three layers: data, structure (logic), and semantics (interface). That is, it was determined
109:
standard format. XML as a format does not require a particular hardware or software (beyond a text editor or word processor) and is both human and machine readable, making it a sustainable format for preservation and storage purposes. However, in converting data to XML format, certain interactive
50:
are made up of tables which contain data in records and these tables then connect to one another through common data points that are stored in their records. However, with the emergence of big data the new NoSQL database is also coming into play. Databases are characterized as open or closed and
261:
RODA, or the
Repository of Authentic Digital Objects, was a project launched in Portugal in 2006 by the Portuguese National Archives, in order to preserve those digital objects produced by Portugal’s government institutions. The project aimed to combine several types of digital objects into one
192:
A series of steps, created by the RODA project to ingest and preserve relational databases in a normalized format, represent the
Database Preservation Toolkit or dbtoolkit: an instrument designed for the preservation and access of archived databases. Using the Database Preservation Toolkit, to
144:
Version 2.0 of the SIARD preservation format was designed and developed by the Swiss
Federal Archives under the auspices of the E-ARK project. Version 2.0 is based on version 1.0 and defines a format that is backwards-compatible with version 1.0. New features in version 2.0 include:
37:
There are three basic methods of database preservation: migration, XML, and emulation. There are also certain tools, software, and projects which have been created to aid in the preservation of databases including SIARD, the
Digital Preservation Toolkit, CHRONOS, and RODA.
491:
https://core.ac.uk/display/55635702?source=1&algorithmId=15&similarToDoc=55614406&similarToDocKey=CORE&recSetID=f3ffea4d-1504-45e9-bfd6-a0495f5c8f9c&position=2&recommendation_type=same_repo&otherRecs=55614407,55635702,55607961,55613627,2255664
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repository including relational databases. As a singular repository of many differing types of digital objects, RODA aims to normalize all ingested objects, that is to minimize the format types utilized to store documents and to preserve like documents in like formats.
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CHRONOS is a software product which serves as a database preservation tool. CSP Chronos
Archiving represents one proprietary solution for database preservation. CHRONOS was developed from 2004 to 2006 by CSP in partnership with the University of Applied Sciences
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method involves recreating an older computing environment with newer technologies and software. This allows obsolete software, hardware, or file formats to remain accessible on new systems. Therefore, an outdated database could be run on an
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The toolkit uses input and output modules. Each module supports read and/or write to a particular database format or live system. New modules can easily be added by implementation of a new interface and adding new drivers.
33:
With the prevalence of databases, different methods have been developed to aid in the preservation of databases and their contents. These methods vary depending on database characteristics and preservation needs.
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that the databases’ data, as well as its structure and semantics, need to be preserved. In order to preserve all three of these elements, the RODA project developed the
Database Preservation Toolkit.
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This toolkit was originally part of the RODA project and then released on its own. It has been further developed in the E-ARK project together with a new version of the SIARD preservation format.
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A XML schema was created by researcher José Carlos
Ramalho from the University of Minho to capture table information and data from a relational database. It was published in 2007.
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Heuscher, Stephan; Jaermann, Stephan; Keller-Marxer, Peter; Moehle, Frank (2004). "Providing Authentic Long-term Archival Access to Complex Relational Data".
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197:) or SIARD, as both utilize XML, a standard format which does not require specific or proprietary software or hardware—ideal for a preservation format.
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https://www.eark-project.com/resources/specificationdocs/32-specification-for-siard-format-v20/STAN_e_FINAL_2015-07-04_eCH-0165_V2%200_SIARD-Format.pdf
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method (also known as inactive archiving) involves transferring data from an obsolete database program to a newer format. There are three methods of
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https://web.archive.org/web/20130531200744/http://en.nationaalarchief.nl/sites/default/files/docs/kennisbank/volatility-permanence-databases-en.pdf
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Bruggisser, H., Büchler, G., Dubois, A., Kaiser, M., Kansy, L., Lischer, M., Röthlisberger-Jourdan, C., Thomas, H., & Voss, A. (2015).
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Database preservation evaluation report - SIARD vs. CHRONOS: Preserving complex structures as databases through a record centric approach?
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Proceedings PV-2004: Ensuring the Long-Term Preservation and Adding Value to the Scientific and Technical Data, 5-7 October 2004
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changes, without losing the initial characteristics (context, content, structure, appearance and behaviour) of the data.
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The characteristics of the database itself are taken into consideration when attempting preservation of said database.
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374:. iPRES 2013 - 10th International Conference on Preservation of Digital Objects, Lisbon, Portugal.
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27:
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method (also known as XML normalization) involves converting original database information to the
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https://digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/database_preservation_ribiero_david.pdf
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https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.459.5158&rep=rep1&type=pdf
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2013:
2003:
1998:
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1253:
904:
852:
829:
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466:. First International Workshop on Database Preservation (PresDB'07), Edinburgh, Scotland.
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https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.89.886&rep=rep1&type=pdf
194:
552:
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Database Preservation Toolkit: A flexible tool to normalize and give access to databases
2113:
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1983:
1604:
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1973:
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2008:
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achieve normalization of relational databases, data is converted to DBML (Database
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More explicit validation rules for data type definitions using regular expressions
1988:
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1514:
1461:
1421:
1278:
1128:
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JosĂ© Carlos Ramalho; Miguel Ferreira; LuĂs Faria; Rui Castro (August 7, 2007).
63:
can be applied to the preservation of databases as well. These methods include
2048:
2028:
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1426:
1416:
1368:
1173:
724:
485:
Ramalho, J.C., Faria, L., Helder, S., & Coutada, M. (2013, December 31).
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Support for storing large objects outside of the SIARD file using “file:”URIs
2133:
2058:
1411:
1010:
388:"SIARD (Software Independent Archiving of Relational Databases) Version 1.0"
329:
152:
Support for all SQL:2008 types, in particular user-defined data types (UDTs)
127:
which mimics the environment that the database was originally created in.
2063:
2023:
2018:
1564:
1388:
761:
679:
665:
375:
226:
220:
124:
23:
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519:
240:
351:. School of Computer and Information Science, Edith Cowan University.
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functionality of the database, such as the ability to query, is lost.
1343:
1333:
245:
307:
From digital volatility to digital permanence: Preserving databases.
584:"Duurzaam beheer van digitaal archiefmateriaal - Nationaal Archief"
543:
1378:
1283:
1143:
1066:
638:
229:
Database Preservation Toolkit (open-source, supports SIARD 2.0)
106:
514:
512:
502:
1159:
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
634:
503:"RODA Community - Repository of Authentic Digital Objects"
417:
1164:
Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
1550:
Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
600:
464:
Long-term archiving of relational databases with Chronos
433:"Relational Database Preservation through XML modelling"
349:
Challenges in digital preservation: Relational databases
22:
usually involves converting the information stored in a
2198:
Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
567:"RODA and Crib: A Service-Oriented Digital Repository"
462:
Brandl, S., & Keller-Marxer, P. (2007, March 23).
26:
to a form likely to be accessible in the long term as
223:
independent archival of relational databases (SIARD)
2147:
1960:
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1500:
1402:
1104:
983:
935:
892:
871:
828:
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760:
672:
324:Ashley, K. (2004). The preservation of databases.
149:An upgrade of SQL:1999 support to SQL:2008 support
2203:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
1339:Mold control and prevention (library and archive)
1154:Conservation and restoration of cultural property
161:Support for “deflate” as a compression mechanism.
2226:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies
2216:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence
2180:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's
2221:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative
2193:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
621:Ribeiro, C., & David, G. (2009, March 11).
402:eCH-0165 SIARD format specification 2.0 (draft)
2157:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
1314:Integrated pest management (cultural property)
257:Repository of Authentic Digital Objects (RODA)
1078:
650:
8:
1722:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
1085:
1071:
1063:
657:
643:
635:
1269:Disaster preparedness (cultural property)
601:"LOCKSS - Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe"
542:
330:https://doi.org/10.1108/03055720410551075
248:(LOCKSS) project was led by libraries at
1169:Conservation science (cultural property)
287:
216:Research projects this regard include:
376:https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3272.8005
305:Digital Preservation Testbed. (2003).
481:
479:
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7:
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347:Brogan, M., & Brown, J. (n.d.).
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370:Lindley, A. (2013, September 3–5).
1354:Preservation (library and archive)
520:"db-preservation-toolkit by keeps"
14:
2208:Conservation-restoration of the
2084:Indigenous intellectual property
1048:
1047:
1037:
1319:Inventory (library and archive)
1219:Cultural property documentation
625:. Digital Preservation Europe.
166:DBML (Database Markup Language)
1717:Bone, horn, and antler objects
1259:Digital photograph restoration
404:. eCH E Government Standards.
246:Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe
212:Database preservation projects
1:
1902:South Asian household shrines
1600:Reconstruction (architecture)
1530:Cultural property radiography
1487:Registrar (cultural property)
1239:Cultural resources management
1199:Collections management system
991:Database-centric architecture
188:Database Preservation Toolkit
55:Database preservation methods
2171:Conservation-restoration of
2162:Conservation-restoration of
1535:Detachment of wall paintings
1309:Intangible cultural heritage
1224:Cultural property exhibition
1209:Cultural heritage management
1615:Transfer of panel paintings
2273:
2079:Heritage language learning
1349:Optical media preservation
1006:Locks with ordered sharing
838:Entities and relationships
695:Database management system
2119:Oral history preservation
1234:Cultural property storage
1229:Cultural property imaging
1034:
884:Object–relational mapping
2166:by ElĂas GarcĂa MartĂnez
1384:Sustainable preservation
440:Extreme Markup Languages
232:Repository of Authentic
42:Database characteristics
2124:Preservation of meaning
2109:Language revitalization
1777:Illuminated manuscripts
1555:Historic paint analysis
1447:Conservation technician
1249:Deaccessioning (museum)
1189:Collections maintenance
1114:Agents of deterioration
489:. University of Minho.
2134:Tradition preservation
1787:Iron and steel objects
1676:Outdoor bronze objects
1620:UVC-based preservation
1477:Photograph conservator
1442:Conservation scientist
1194:Collections management
1124:Archaeological science
59:Three core methods of
2139:Traditional knowledge
2104:Language preservation
1712:Ancient Greek pottery
1610:Textile stabilization
1472:Paintings conservator
1359:Preservation metadata
1244:Database preservation
1098:historic preservation
785:information retrieval
623:Database preservation
603:. Stanford University
239:Digital Preservation
20:Database preservation
2257:Digital preservation
1927:Time-based media art
1737:Copper-based objects
1651:Archaeological sites
1580:Mass deacidification
1525:Cradling (paintings)
1437:Conservator-restorer
1264:Digital preservation
996:Intelligent database
537:. pp. 241–261.
276:Digital preservation
61:digital preservation
48:Relational databases
16:Form of preservation
2231:World Heritage Site
2094:Indigenous language
1994:Endangered language
1892:Shipwreck artifacts
1872:Photographic plates
1822:Musical instruments
1575:Lining of paintings
1492:Textile conservator
1467:Objects conservator
1457:Exhibition designer
1364:Preservation survey
1289:Found in collection
1179:Collection (museum)
1149:Calendar (archives)
1119:Archival processing
805:Activity monitoring
553:2004cs........8054H
250:Stanford University
2089:Indigenous culture
1432:Collection manager
1329:Media preservation
1324:Inventory (museum)
1184:Collection catalog
975:Online real estate
131:Preservation tools
2239:
2238:
2188:Pompeian frescoes
2074:Heritage language
1964:cultural heritage
1752:Flags and banners
1697:cultural property
1661:Heritage railways
1641:cultural property
1590:Paleo-inspiration
1274:Film preservation
1214:Cultural property
1204:Cultural heritage
1094:Cultural heritage
1060:
1059:
1021:Halloween Problem
1001:Two-phase locking
960:Facial expression
879:Abstraction layer
820:Negative database
775:Data manipulation
309:ICTU Foundation.
2264:
2175:by Thomas Eakins
2173:The Gross Clinic
2069:Folklore studies
1979:Applied folklore
1952:Wooden furniture
1947:Wooden artifacts
1942:Woodblock prints
1922:Tibetan thangkas
1782:Insect specimens
1671:Outdoor artworks
1666:Historic gardens
1299:Heritage science
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1080:
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589:. 26 April 2024.
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2182:The Last Supper
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2129:Primitive music
2039:Folk instrument
2014:Family folklore
2004:Ethnomusicology
1999:Ethnochoreology
1966:
1963:
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1877:Plastic objects
1862:Performance art
1847:Panel paintings
1842:Painting frames
1807:Leather objects
1727:Ceramic objects
1699:
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1693:and restoration
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1637:and restoration
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1595:Paper splitting
1510:Aging (artwork)
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1254:Digital library
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418:"E-ARK Project"
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2034:Folk etymology
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1984:Dance notation
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1605:Rissverklebung
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1503:and techniques
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848:Normalization
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2054:Folk process
2009:Ethnopoetics
1967:preservation
1827:Neon objects
1700:by item type
1691:Conservation
1644:by item type
1635:Conservation
1585:Overpainting
1545:Display case
1374:Repatriation
1243:
1046:
1036:
1026:Log shipping
970:Online music
955:Biodiversity
922:Preservation
921:
680:Requirements
622:
617:
605:. Retrieved
595:
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561:
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528:
497:
486:
463:
443:. Retrieved
439:
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396:
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371:
348:
328:(2), 66-70.
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119:
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72:
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45:
36:
32:
19:
18:
2210:H.L. Hunley
1989:Early music
1937:Vinyl discs
1932:Totem poles
1867:Photographs
1812:Lighthouses
1802:Lacquerware
1757:Fur objects
1695:of movable
1625:VisualAudio
1570:Leafcasting
1515:Anastylosis
1462:Mount maker
1422:Art handler
1279:Finding aid
1129:Archaeology
1043:WikiProject
872:Programming
863:Cardinality
858:Refactoring
715:Application
2246:Categories
2049:Folk music
2029:Folk dance
1962:Intangible
1560:Inpainting
1427:Auctioneer
1417:Art dealer
1369:Provenance
1174:Collecting
1107:and issues
1016:Publishing
950:Biological
893:Management
725:datasource
720:Connection
544:cs/0408054
282:References
181:Landshut's
28:technology
2252:Databases
2164:Ecce Homo
2059:Folk play
1912:Taxidermy
1857:Parchment
1837:Paintings
1412:Archivist
1011:Load file
927:Integrity
917:Migration
844:notation)
815:Forensics
762:Languages
607:April 16,
445:April 16,
120:emulation
114:Emulation
91:migration
86:migration
79:Migration
73:emulation
65:migration
2150:projects
2064:Foodways
2024:Folk art
2019:Folklore
1917:Textiles
1767:Herbaria
1742:Feathers
1707:Aircraft
1565:Kintsugi
1389:Treasure
1053:Category
984:See also
945:Academic
937:Lists of
842:Enhanced
797:Security
666:Database
326:VINE, 34
270:See also
227:Software
221:Software
125:emulator
24:database
2148:Notable
1852:Papyrus
1797:Judaica
1656:Frescos
1501:Methods
1452:Curator
1134:Archive
910:caching
700:Machine
549:Bibcode
241:Testbed
234:Digital
174:CHRONOS
1817:Metals
1732:Clocks
1344:Museum
1334:Midden
1105:Topics
965:Online
905:Tuning
853:Schema
830:Design
710:Server
705:Engine
690:Models
685:Theory
71:, and
1403:Roles
1379:Ruins
1284:Fonds
840:(and
810:Audit
780:Query
752:Tools
747:Types
587:(PDF)
570:(PDF)
539:arXiv
436:(PDF)
136:SIARD
1747:Film
1144:Book
1096:and
742:Lock
673:Main
609:2017
447:2017
118:The
101:The
83:The
730:DSN
107:XML
103:XML
97:XML
69:XML
2248::
547:.
511:^
474:^
455:^
438:.
359:^
336:^
317:^
290:^
75:.
67:,
1086:e
1079:t
1072:v
658:e
651:t
644:v
611:.
572:.
555:.
551::
541::
522:.
505:.
449:.
420:.
252:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.