Date of the birth of Jesus - Knowledge (XXG)

4236:. … The angel Gabriel appeared to Zechariah, husband of Elizabeth and father of John the Baptizer, on the day he was chosen by lot to enter the sanctuary of the Lord and offer incense (Luke 1:9) Zechariah belonged to the tribe of Levi, the one tribe especially selected by the Lord to serve as priests. Not restricted to any one tribal territory, the Levite priests dispersed throughout the land of Israel. Nevertheless, many chose to live near Jerusalem in order to fulfill duties in the Temple, just like Zechariah who resided at nearby Ein Karem. Lots were cast regularly to decide any number of priestly duties: preparing the altar, making the sacrifice, cleaning the ashes, burning the morning or evening incense. Yet, given the drama of the event, it would seem that he entered the Temple sanctuary on the highest and holiest day of the year, the Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. There, beside the altar of the Lord, a radiant angel gave news of the child to be born to Elizabeth. The date reckoned for this occurrence is September 24, based on computations from the Jewish calendar in accordance with Leviticus 23 regarding the Day of Atonement. According to Luke 1:26, Gabriel's annunciation to Mary took place in the "sixth month" of Elizabeth's pregnancy. That is, Mary conceives six months after Elizabeth. Luke repeats the uniqueness of the timing in verse 36. Counting six months from September 24 we arrive at March 25, the most likely date for the annunciation and conception of Mary. Nine months hence takes us to December 25, which turns out to be a surprisingly reasonable date for the birthday. … In Palestine, the months of November mark the rainy season, the only time of the year sheep might find fresh green grass to graze. During the other ten months of the year, animals must content themselves on dry straw. So, the suggestion that shepherds might have stayed out in the fields with their flocks in late December, at the peak of the rainy season, is not only reasonable, it is most certain. 3761:

Not restricted to any one tribal territory, the Levite priests dispersed throughout the land of Israel. Nevertheless, many chose to live near Jerusalem in order to fulfill duties in the Temple, just like Zechariah who resided at nearby Ein Karem. Lots were cast regularly to decide any number of priestly duties: preparing the altar, making the sacrifice, cleaning the ashes, burning the morning or evening incense. Yet, given the drama of the event, it would seem that he entered the Temple sanctuary on the highest and holiest day of the year, the Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. There, beside the altar of the Lord, a radiant angel gave news of the child to be born to Elizabeth. The date reckoned for this occurrence is 24 September, based on computations from the Jewish calendar in accordance with Leviticus 23 regarding the Day of Atonement. According to Luke 1:26, Gabriel's annunciation to Mary took place in the "sixth month" of Elizabeth's pregnancy. That is, Mary conceives six months after Elizabeth. Luke repeats the uniqueness of the timing in verse 36. Counting six months from 24 September we arrive at 25 March, the most likely date for the annunciation and conception of Mary. Nine months hence takes us to 25 December, which turns out to be a surprisingly reasonable date for the birthday.

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Zechariah was serving in the temple on the Day of Atonement, roughly at the autumnal equinox, when the angel announced to him the miraculous conception of John the Baptist. At her annunciation, Mary received news that Elizabeth was in her sixth month. Sixth months after the autumnal equinox means that Mary conceived Jesus at the vernal equinox (March 25). If John the Baptist was conceived at the autumnal equinox, he was born at the summer solstice nine months later. Thus even to this day the liturgical calendar commemorates John's birth on June 24. Finally, John 3:30, where John the Baptist says of Jesus: "He must increase, but I must decrease," corroborates this tallying of dates. For indeed, after the birth of Jesus at the winter solstice the days increase, while after the birth of John at the summer solstice the days decrease.

937:). In the British Library, there is not a single manuscript prior to AD 1544 that has the traditionally accepted 20th year of Tiberius for the death of Philip. This evidence removes the main obstacle for a later date of 1 BC for the death of Herod. Beyer's arguments have been questioned by Raymond Jachowski, who argued that Beyer only used ill-attested Latin translations instead of the original Greek manuscripts, some of which date to the 13th and 11 centuries. Nevertheless, other scholars support the traditional date of 1 BC for Herod's death, and argue that his heirs backdated their reigns to 4 or 3 BC to assert an overlapping with Herod's rule and bolster their own legitimacy, something that had already been done by a few rulers before them. 1496: 36: 1286:(Latin for 'fourteenth'). Some early Christian writers equated the 14th of Nisan with the equinox on 25 March, and made the date of his conception or birth the same as that of his death. Duchesne conjectured that Jesus was thought to have been born and died on the same day, so lived a whole number of years, "since symbolic number systems do not permit the imperfection of fractions". However, he admitted that this theory is not supported by any early Christian text. 93: 3473:"At this saying, he was very much distraught and went and told the matter to Shimon, the son of Shetaḥ." It should be noted here that this Shimon would have been a very old man at the time when Jesus' mother conceived of him. For he served as President and Judge of the court at Jerusalem under the Hasmonaean king, Alexander Janneus, in the year 67 BCE, as also in subsequent years. He is a well-known personage in Jewish sources. 1653:(early October), and, as above, counting fifteen months forward. However, this was very likely a retrospective justification of a choice already made rather than a genuine attempt to derive the correct birth date. John Chrysostom also writes in his homily "Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ" ("Εἰς τὸ γενέθλιον τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ") that the date of 25 December was well known from the beginning among Westerners. 8204: 6663: 8193: 551: 1205:, and she died in 67 BC). The Yeshu of the Toledot Yeshu clearly refers to Jesus of Nazareth, and there is no possibility that he is another person named Yeshu because the tract was specifically written as a response to the claims of the canonical gospels. It circulated widely in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages as a Jewish response to the Christian account. A 15th-century 1581:; Saturnalia was held on 17 December of the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities only up through 23 December. The holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn and in the Roman Forum, as well as a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival atmosphere that overturned Roman social norms. The Roman festival of 132: 1321:. Susan Roll questions whether "ordinary Christians in the third and fourth centuries much interested in calculations with symbolic numbers". Likewise, Gerard Rouwhorst believes it is unlikely that feasts emerged "on the basis of calculations by exegetes and theologians", arguing "For a feast to take root in a community more is needed than a sophisticated computation". 563: 1641:

people of that era held the belief that the great prophets were conceived into the afterlife on the same date they were conceived into the world. Ignacio L. Götz suggests that Jesus could have been born "in the late spring of the year because pregnancies began in the fall after the harvests were in and there was enough money for a wedding feast."

821:), by indicating that Cyrenius/Quirinius began to be the governor of Syria in AD 6 and a census took place during his tenure sometime between AD 6–7. Since Herod died a decade before this census, most scholars generally accept a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC. On the other hand, a census was not a unique event in the Roman Empire. For example, 1126:" attributed to Nennius written in the 9th century makes extensive use of the Anno Passionis (AP) dating system which was in common use as well as the newer AD dating system. The AP dating system took its start from 'The Year of The Passion'. It is generally accepted by experts there is a 27-year difference between AP and AD reference. 1997:

precincts spent eleven years. Then, by the priest’s hands was placed in the custody of Joseph, with whom she resided four months when she received the joyful announcement from the angel Gabriel. However, she gave birth to the Light of this World, the twenty-fifth day of the month of December, being fifteen years of age.

874:), which scholars estimate would place the year at about AD 28–29. By working backwards from this, it would appear that Jesus was probably born no later than 1 BC. Another theory is that Herod's death was as late as after the January eclipse of 1 BC or even AD 1 after the eclipse that occurred in 1 December BC. 1725:

The Qur'an, which is the source of Islamic tradition tells the story of Mary and the birth of Jesus (known in Islam as 'Īsā: Messenger of God) most prominently in Chapter 19. According to verse 19:25, during labor Mary was told to shake a palm tree so that ripe dates would fall off. This description,

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It was a custom of the Pagans to celebrate on the same 25 December the birthday of the Sun, at which they kindled lights in token of festivity. In these solemnities and revelries, the Christians also took part. Accordingly, when the doctors of the Church perceived that the Christians had a leaning to

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Aside from the historiographical approach of anchoring the possible year to certain independently well-documented events mentioned in Matthew and Luke, other techniques used by believers to identify the year of the birth of Jesus have included working backward from the estimation of the start of the

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Passages in Sanhedrin 107b and Sotah 47a refer to an individual named Yeshu in this event, stating this happened during their period of refuge in Egypt during the persecutions of Pharisees 88–76 BCE ordered by Alexander Jannæus. The incident is also mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud in Chagigah 2:2

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which Hippolytus placed on 25 March, and then added nine months to calculate the date of birth. That date was then used for the Christmas celebration. 25 March would also roughly be the date of his crucifixion, which ancient Christians would have seen as confirming the date of his birth, since many

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in December, neither the Gospel of Luke nor Gospel of Matthew mention a season for Jesus' birth. Scholarly arguments have been made regarding whether shepherds would have been grazing their flock during the winter, with some scholars challenging a winter birth for Jesus, and some defending the idea

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Steven Hijmans of the University of Alberta says the idea that the date was chosen to appropriate the pagan festival "has received wide acceptance". He agrees that the Church chose the date because it was the winter solstice, but he argues that "While they were aware that pagans called this day the

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account to be a pious fiction, of literary and theological value, rather than historical. Nonetheless, attempts have been made to interpret it as an astronomical event, which might then help date Jesus' birth through the use of ancient astronomical records, or modern astronomical calculations. The

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In Palestine, the months of November mark the rainy season, the only time of the year sheep might find fresh green grass to graze. During the other ten months of the year, animals must content themselves on dry straw. So, the suggestion that shepherds might have stayed out in the fields with their

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The angel Gabriel appeared to Zechariah, husband of Elizabeth and father of John the Baptizer, on the day he was chosen by lot to enter the sanctuary of the Lord and offer incense (Luke 1:9) Zechariah belonged to the tribe of Levi, the one tribe especially selected by the Lord to serve as priests.

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in 350 AD, although this claim is dubious or otherwise unfounded. The day or season has been estimated by various methods, including the description of shepherds watching over their sheep. In the third century, the precise date of Jesus's birth was a subject of great interest, with early Christian

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Translation: He says the period from the nativity of Christ unto the passing of the mother of God was forty-four years; but the whole of her life, fifty-nine years. This sum obtains if it was in fact the case that she was presented at the temple when she was three years old and there in the holy

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The Roman Church celebrates the annunciation of March 25 (the Roman calendar equivalent to the Jewish fourteenth Nisan); hence Jesus' birthday occurred nine months later on December 25. This computation matches well with other indications in Luke's gospel. Christians conjectured that the priest

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says the following when approached about the birth of Jesus during Christmas: "They have lied. Rather, it was in the middle of June. The day and night become even in the middle of March". This statement of his does not literally mean it was on 15 June but it is in reference to a day near the

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has also been suggested, since it was celebrated on 25 December and was associated with some prominent emperors. It is likely that such a Christian feast was chosen for Christ's marked contrast and triumph over paganism; indeed, new converts who attempted to introduce pagan elements into the

3998:(1733). Ch. XI. A sun connection is possible because Christians considered Jesus to be the "Sun of righteousness" prophesied in Malachi 4:2: "But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness shall rise with healing in its wings. You shall go out leaping like calves from the stall." 4321:. / Could early Christians have chosen 25 December to coincide with this holiday? 'The first celebration of Christmas observed by the Roman church in the West is presumed to date to ,' per the Encyclopedia Romanaᵃ, long after Aurelian established Sol Invictus' festival. 1458:'birthday' of Sol Invictus, this did not concern them and it did not play any role in their choice of date for Christmas". Hijmans says: "while the winter solstice on or around December 25 was well established in the Roman imperial calendar, there is no evidence that a 1589:

Alternatively, 25 December may have been selected owing to its proximity to the winter solstice because of its symbolic theological significance. After the solstice, the days begin to lengthen with longer hours of sunlight, which Christians see as representing the

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named 25 March, the traditional spring equinox, as the day of creation and of Jesus's conception. While this implies a birth in December, Africanus did not offer a birth date for Jesus, and he was not an influential writer at the time. Some early Christians marked

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Robert E. Van Voorst. Jesus outside the New Testament. 2000 ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5. p. 124. "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua,

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Hence it is that He was born on the day which is the shortest in our earthly reckoning and from which subsequent days begin to increase in length. He, therefore, who bent low and lifted us up chose the shortest day, yet the one whence light begins to

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ut Theophilus indicat: Quid nobis necesse est ad lunae computum cum Iudaeis Pascha facere? Quin sicut Domini natalem, quocunque die VIII Calendarum Ianuarii venerit; ita et VIII Calendarum Aprilis, quando resurrectio accidit, Christi debemus Pascha

1487:, though the history of religions hypothesis "is nowadays used as the default explanation for the choice of 25 December as Christ's birthday, few advocates of this theory seem to be aware of how paltry the available evidence actually is." 995:

occurred 525 years earlier, without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred. "However, nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system, whether consulate,

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Around 274 ADᵃ, Emperor Aurelian set December 25—the winter solstice at the time—for the celebration of Sol Invictus who was the 'Unconquered Sun' god. 'A marginal note on a manuscript of the writings of the Syriac biblical commentator

1861:, p. 731 states that the gospels do not, in general, provide enough details of dates to satisfy the demands of modern historians. Most mainline scholars do not see the Luke and Matthew nativity stories as historically factual; 618:

and the evidence is too incomplete to allow for consistent dating. However, most biblical scholars and ancient historians believe that his birth date is around 4 to 6 BC. Two main approaches have been used to estimate the year of the

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a conjecture which he does not support by direct reference to any patristic author or text: that Christ must have been thought to have lived a whole number of years, since symbolic number systems do not permit the imperfection of

1889:, Book 18, Chapters 1–2 indicates that the census under Cyrenius (another form of the name "Quirinius") occurred in the 37th year after Octavian's (i.e., Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus') victory over Marcus Antonius at the 1873:, p. 499 state, "There is very little in the two infancy narratives that reflects historical reminiscence." For this reason, they do not consider them a reliable method for determining Jesus' date of birth. See also 1357:

in AD 274. In Rome this yearly festival was celebrated with thirty chariot races. Gary Forsythe, Professor of Ancient History, says: "This celebration would have formed a welcome addition to the seven-day period of the

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Caesar" (AD 28/29), and hence subtracted thirty years from that date, or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table. This method was probably the one used by ancient historians such as

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in 1889. Susan Roll (1995) wrote that the calculation hypothesis is historically the "minority opinion" on the origin of Christmas, but was "taught in graduate liturgy programs as a thoroughly viable hypothesis".

1072:, all of whom agree that Jesus was born in 2 BC, probably following this statement of Jesus' age (i.e. subtracting thirty years to AD 29). Alternatively, Dionysius may have used an earlier unknown source. The 675:

wrote "the east is attached to God because he is the source of light and the illuminator of the world and he makes us rise toward eternal life". It is for this reason that the early Christians established the

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Although HRT is nowadays used as the default explanation for the choice of 25 December as Christ's birthday, few advocates of this theory seem to be aware of how paltry the available evidence actually is.

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It has been speculated by Georges Declercq that Dionysius' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Jesus was intended to prevent people from believing the imminent

922:, dated their rule from 4 BC, though Archelaus apparently held royal authority during Herod's lifetime. Philip's reign would last for 37 years, until his death in the traditionally accepted 20th year of 841: 4317:

states that in ancient times the Christmas holiday was actually shifted from 6 January to 25 December so that it fell on the same date as the pagan Sol Invictus holiday,' reads an excerpt from

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But Duchesne was forced to admit that: "this explanation would be the more readily received if we could find it fully stated in some author. Unfortunately we know of no text containing it"."

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as sufficiently authentic and reliable to postulate, on the basis of its mention of historic figures such as Queen Helene, that Jesus actually lived a century earlier than commonly believed.

833:(πρώτη) Quirinius was governor of Syria", i.e., that Luke was actually referring to a completely different census, though this understanding of the Greek word has been rejected by scholars. 7404: 1893:, which secular historical records date to 2 September 31 BC. Therefore 31 BC + 37 years which is AD 6–7. Most scholars therefore believe Luke made an error when referring to the census.( 5741: 663:

There are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord's birth, but also the day; and they say that it took place in the 28th year of Augustus, and in the 25th day of Pachon

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states that "Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king". He also implies that Jesus could have been as much as two years old at the time of the visit of the

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combined with the ripening period of dates places the birth of Jesus somewhere between June and October, with later times being more likely due to dates falling off easily. In the

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According to Van Voorst, "It may contain a few older traditions from ancient Jewish polemics against Christians, but we learn nothing new or significant from it". However,

1293:, has argued for the veracity of 25 December as Jesus's date of birth. The Bible in Luke 1:26 records the annunciation to Mary to be at the time when Elizabeth, mother of 881:

to the Temple being in its 46th year of construction when Jesus began his ministry during Passover, which corresponds to around 27–29 AD according to scholarly estimates.

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We have found, among the papers of Alexander, who was Bishop in Jerusalem, what he transcribed in his own hand from apostolic documents: on the eighth day before the

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in the later Roman Empire." Related to the winter solstice theory, the "History of Religions" hypothesis proposes the Church chose 25 December as Jesus's birthday (

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version of the Toledot Yeshu incorrectly names the Queen as Helene and describes her as the widow of Alexander Jannaeus who died in 76 BC. (her name was in fact

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at the same time. Some biblical scholars and commentators believe the two accounts can be harmonized, arguing that the text in Luke can be read as "registration

7907: 7030: 6988: 1366:(December 17–23), Rome's most joyous holiday season since Republican times, characterized by parties, banquets, and exchanges of gifts". In AD 362, the emperor 4500: 5764: 862:

Another approach to estimating the year of birth is based on an attempt to work backwards from the point when Jesus began preaching, using the statement in

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began to be celebrated in the Eastern Churches on 6 January. The festival of the Nativity which later turned into Christmas was a 4th-century feast in the

5346: 7863: 6243: 6238: 1440:, who was coincidentally born on 25 December, suggested the date of Christmas was chosen to correspond with the winter solstice. In 1743, German scholar 340: 333: 178: 1223:—repeats the same claim about the date when Yeshu lived. However, scholarly consensus generally sees the Toledot Yeshu as an unreliable source for the 7414: 6348: 5769:

The Star of Bethlehem and the Magi: Interdisciplinary Perspectives from Experts on the Ancient Near East, the Greco-Roman World, and Modern Astronomy

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The Works of Flavius Josephus: Comprising the Antiquities of the Jews, a History of the Jewish Wars, and Life of Flavius Josephus, Written by Himself

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is interpreted to mean 32 years old, this could fit a date of birth just within the reign of Herod, who died in 4 BC according to most scholars.

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The civil or consular year began on 1 January, but the Diocletian year began on 29 August (30 August in the year before a Julian leap year).

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argued for a 25 December date in the late 4th century, basing his argument on the assumption that the offering of incense mentioned in

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6000 (approximately AD 500) was thus equated with the end of the world but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius. The "

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Kokkinos, Nikos (1989). "Crucifixion in A.D. 36: The Keystone for dating the birth of Jesus". In Vardaman, J.; Yamauchi, E.M. (eds.).

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In the Julian calendar, December 25 marked the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year, after which the days begin to lengthen….

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It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus's birth. One major theory is that Dionysius based his calculation on the

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The "Calculation hypothesis", suggests that Christmas was calculated as nine months after a date chosen as Jesus's conception (the

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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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remarks that the "calculations hypothesis potentially establishes 25 December as a Christian festival before Aurelian's decree".

1298: 711:('On the solstice and equinox conception and birth of Our Lord Jesus Christ and John the Baptist'), from the second half of the 7435: 7333: 7301: 6909: 6795: 6477: 6435: 6376: 4294: 2946: 593: 446: 3029: 8127: 7376: 7291: 6768: 6748: 6685: 6448: 6271: 6112: 4849: 3004: 1702: 1148:

and the Christian Jesus have led some researchers to speculate that the former is a reference to the latter (see for example

902:. Other astronomical events have been considered, including a close planetary conjunction between Venus and Jupiter in 2 BC. 413: 389: 705:

as that of John the Baptist, supplemented by the equinoxes as their respective dates of conception." The Christian treatise

4084: 2308: 1419:'. Who indeed is so unconquered as Our Lord? Or, if they say that it is the birthday of the Sun, He is the Sun of Justice. 7934: 7256: 6942: 6537: 6154: 6015: 3419:(1903, London, Theosophical Publ'g Society) 440 pages, the Toledoth text (primarily from Strassburg ms) on pages 258-280; 3113: 1220: 1152:). This opinion is disputed however, as Yeshu also can mean "may his name and memory be blotted out", probably used as a 49: 7939: 7016: 6643: 6405: 5944: 3581: 1909:, p. 17 notes that "most critical scholars acknowledge a confusion and misdating on Luke's part". See for example, 1555: 1310: 650:

The common Christian traditional calendar date of the birthdate of Jesus was 25 December, a date asserted officially by

433: 350: 1636:, written in the early 3rd century. He based his view on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the 870:, and based on Luke's gospel John only began baptizing people in "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar" ( 8010: 7791: 7653: 4318: 3842: 3312:

Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I: Palestine 330 BCE–200 CE (Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum 91)

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states that the authors of the gospels generally focused on theological elements rather than historical chronologies.

305: 1613:(Sunday) was the earliest Christian celebration and included a number of theological themes. In the 2nd century, the 44: 4497: 1333:... goes so far as to deny that it has any sort of relation with the sun, the winter solstice and the popularity of 8248: 8120: 8082: 7569: 6899: 6388: 6291: 6221: 5912: 4357: 4327: 3245: 2132: 1753: 1495: 1416: 1309:

the year before Jesus's birth; he then traces the narrative in the Gospel of Luke through the Annunciation and the

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247, was immediately followed by the first year of his table, Anno Domini 532. When Dionysius devised his table,

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have the death of Philip in the 22nd year of Tiberius (and not the 20th year, as shown in later editions of the

914:'s calculations published in 1896, which revised a traditional death date of 1 BC to 4 BC. Two of Herod's sons, 8143: 8048: 8043: 7858: 7823: 7749: 7705: 7700: 7502: 7323: 7168: 7065: 7060: 6924: 6724: 6470: 6343: 6144: 6082: 1423:

The theory is mentioned in an annotation of uncertain date added to a manuscript by 12th-century Syrian bishop

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calendar, Jesus was born in the year 5500 (5500 years after the world was created) with the year 6000 of the

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contends that the Toledot lends weight to the theory that Mary conceived Jesus as the result of being raped.

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Chapman, John (1907). "On an Apostolic Tradition that Christ was baptized in 46 and crucified under Nero".

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notably in Rome and North Africa, although it is uncertain exactly where and when it was first celebrated.

1193:, an 11th-century Jewish text, which implies that this belief was held by at least some Jews at that time. 8148: 7739: 7597: 7539: 7430: 7409: 7174: 6904: 6817: 6638: 6565: 6231: 6000: 4560: 2078: 1679: 1516: 1484: 1441: 428: 359: 255: 35: 1178:(88-76 BC). Therefore, it can be assumed the Yeshu of the Talmud was born after 103 BC but before 88 BC. 1055:, which states that Jesus was "about thirty years old" shortly after "the fifteenth year of the reign of 8207: 7806: 7497: 7341: 7244: 7199: 7128: 6914: 6871: 6753: 6520: 6453: 6358: 6338: 6333: 6173: 6087: 5977: 5905: 1869:, p. 179 states "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual." 1823: 1813: 1614: 1069: 708:

De solstitia et aequinoctia conceptionis et nativitatis Domini nostri Iesu Christi et Iohannis Baptistae

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this festival, they took counsel and resolved that the true Nativity should be solemnised on that day.

1253:): 25 March, the Roman date of the spring equinox. The hypothesis was first proposed by French writer 991:", which was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ". Thus, Dionysius implied that 8028: 7978: 7963: 7840: 7549: 7449: 7399: 7394: 7311: 7239: 6978: 6947: 6800: 6708: 6487: 6482: 6258: 6149: 6010: 5422:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers

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flocks in late December, at the peak of the rainy season, is not only reasonable, it is most certain.

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Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers

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Martin, Ernest L. (1989). "The Nativity and Herod's Death". In Vardaman, J.; Yamauchi, E.M. (eds.).

5163:(1989). "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus". In Vardaman, J.; Yamauchi, E.M. (eds.). 987:

who held office that year — Dionysius himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of

631:'s reign, and the other by subtracting his stated age of "about 30 years" when he began preaching. 8228: 8197: 8173: 8158: 8077: 8067: 8053: 8033: 8023: 7993: 7973: 7902: 7633: 7462: 7389: 7219: 7148: 7075: 6957: 6919: 6758: 6458: 6129: 6048: 6044: 5954: 4692: 4299: 4129:

Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (2013). "Early Christian Chronology and the Origins of the Christmas Date".

3817: 1942: 1778: 1763: 1539: 1527: 1290: 1244: 1194: 1149: 1145: 1011: 988: 919: 794: 677: 586: 555: 463: 379: 320: 203: 4248: 3847:

Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things?: Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation

1476:

partly to give a pagan significance to a date he argues was already important for Christians. The

8072: 8018: 7929: 7919: 7710: 7625: 7574: 7184: 6648: 6633: 6628: 6515: 6494: 6315: 6305: 6178: 6122: 6102: 5222:

A Tribute to Geza Vermes: Essays on Jewish and Christian Literature and History (JSOT Suppl. 100)

4941: 4806: 4659: 4138: 3777: 3642: 3091: 1963: 1773: 1633: 1622: 1603: 1163: 1073: 976: 681: 530: 513: 485: 423: 418: 354: 240: 1735: 1689:

of January Our Lord Jesus Christ was born, during the consulate of Sulpicius and Camerinus [

866:

that he was "about 30 years of age" at that time. Jesus began to preach after being baptized by

782: 4616:

Calendar and Chronology, Jewish and Christian: Biblical, Intertestamental and Patristic Studies

1573:

as the birth day of Jesus is based on a date of a pagan feast rather than historical analysis.

8109: 7988: 7894: 7818: 7717: 7690: 7609: 7557: 7512: 7266: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7214: 7204: 7153: 6832: 6735: 6596: 6543: 6415: 6281: 6201: 6092: 6077: 6072: 6032: 5987: 5972: 5868: 5835: 5814: 5793: 5772: 5749: 5717: 5696: 5675: 5654: 5633: 5627: 5594: 5571: 5538: 5532: 5517: 5496: 5477: 5446: 5440: 5425: 5393: 5372: 5331: 5325: 5310: 5289: 5268: 5247: 5241: 5191: 5170: 5139: 5118: 5086: 5053: 5045: 5030: 5024: 5009: 5003: 4981: 4975: 4960: 4954: 4910: 4889: 4883: 4868: 4845: 4798: 4775: 4754: 4733: 4706: 4678: 4651: 4620: 4601: 4570: 4564: 4221: 4109: 4103: 4074: 4015: 3794: 3741: 3668: 3630: 3448: 3277: 3167: 3161: 3140: 3134: 2902: 2433: 2383: 2344: 2338: 2314: 2284: 2264: 1793: 1705:, as reported in Historia Ecclesiae Christi (or Centuriae Magdeburgenses, cent. II. chapter VI 1559: 1400: 1154: 1129: 1019: 956: 899: 890: 737: 729: 702: 698: 636: 620: 490: 345: 250: 215: 210: 198: 188: 5669: 5648: 5511: 5490: 5417: 5283: 5080: 4904: 4614: 4461: 3662: 3271: 2894: 2393: 7853: 7695: 7670: 7249: 7209: 6286: 6266: 6107: 6097: 6065: 6060: 6025: 6005: 5939: 5469: 4933: 4860: 4721: 4643: 4593: 4280: 4163: 4142: 3973: 3186:

Declercq, Georges(2000). "Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era" Turnhout, Belgium,

3083: 1890: 1803: 1768: 1520: 1506:, 1639. The presence of the shepherds is important in determining the date of Jesus's birth. 1424: 1367: 1294: 1267: 1224: 1202: 867: 615: 495: 384: 193: 92: 3987: 3195:

Wallraff, Martin: Julius Africanus und die Christliche Weltchronik. Walter de Gruyter, 2006

8062: 7968: 7759: 7457: 6999: 6611: 6574: 6161: 6139: 5994: 4504: 4436: 4255: 4099: 3994: 3648: 3522: 3117: 2325: 2291: 2235: 1717:. This would require that early Christians simply translated Kislev directly to December. 1714: 1642: 1632:

The earliest source stating 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus is likely a book by

1599: 1591: 1578: 1396: 1235:

Two main hypotheses have been offered as to the choice of the calendar date: 25 December.

1103: 980: 915: 895: 752: 628: 290: 230: 4924:

Evans, C.F. (1973). "Tertullian's reference to Sentius Saturninus and the Lukan Census".

3420: 2771: 1018:

briefly present arguments for 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the

911: 871: 3079: 1530:, argues for the veracity of 25 December as Jesus's date of birth. English assumes that 781:

mentions the reign of Herod shortly before the birth of Jesus. This Herod died in 4 BC.

8058: 7958: 7754: 7643: 7589: 7527: 7507: 7261: 7102: 6666: 6606: 6465: 6366: 6226: 6216: 6211: 6206: 5858: 5187:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan

5166:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan

5114:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan

5076: 4995: 4726: 4702:

The Oxford Companion to the Year: an exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning

4619:. Arbeiten Zur Geschichte Des Antiken Judentums Und Des Urchristentums, Bd. 33. Brill. 4046: 3869:

Rouwhorst, Gerard (2020). "The origins and transformations of early Christian feasts".

3325: 2975:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan

2871: 2687: 2058: 1828: 1798: 1626: 1547: 1451: 1254: 1171: 1052: 964: 741: 712: 579: 468: 278: 173: 148: 122: 4861: 1970:, pp. 296–297) and most scholars have concluded that Luke's account is an error.( 715:, dates John's birth to the summer solstice and Jesus's birth to the winter solstice. 17: 8222: 7983: 7914: 7764: 7472: 7112: 7107: 6425: 6410: 6188: 6166: 6134: 5959: 5228: 5217: 5205: 5160: 4999: 4835: 4822: 4700: 3095: 1984: 1740: 1731: 1610: 1535: 1503: 1334: 1318: 1302: 1281: 1206: 1190: 1107: 760: 733: 651: 300: 285: 265: 163: 101: 4728:

The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke

2973:

Vardaman, Jerry; Yamauchi, Edwin M., eds. (1989). "The Nativity and Herod's Death".

7796: 7744: 7675: 7665: 7346: 7278: 7143: 7039: 6716: 6548: 6526: 6499: 6371: 6328: 5967: 4818: 2706: 2054: 1582: 1551: 1437: 1350: 1349:('birthday of the Unconquered Sun'), held on the same date. It honored the sun god 1250: 1077: 984: 968: 849: 768: 567: 5537:. Calvin Institute of Christian Worship liturgical studies series. W.B. Eerdmans. 5829: 5808: 5787: 5387: 5366: 5304: 5262: 5220:(1990). "Reflections on the trials of Jesus". In P.R. Davies; R.T. White (eds.). 5185: 5164: 5133: 5112: 5101: 4839: 4769: 4672: 4009: 3515: 3445:

Mirror of His Beauty: Feminine Images of God from the Bible to the Early Kabbalah

2669: 825:

argued that a number of censuses were performed throughout the Roman world under

8098: 7848: 7811: 7660: 7517: 7487: 7384: 6848: 6532: 6393: 6383: 6117: 3389: 2062: 1862: 1758: 1602:, based on John's remark about Jesus that "He must increase; I must decrease." ( 1089: 1031: 1005: 951: 756: 745: 453: 153: 3360: 3087: 929:

In 1998, David Beyer published that the oldest Latin manuscripts of Josephus’s

684:

explains why the winter solstice was a fitting day to celebrate Jesus's birth:

7946: 7685: 7482: 7138: 7070: 6842: 6553: 6053: 3110: 1783: 1650: 1574: 1543: 1361: 1313:

to conclude that Jesus was born on 25 December. The earliest evidence for the

1306: 1189:

The Talmudic claim that Yeshu was born c. 103 – 88 BC is also repeated in the

1098: 1061: 1001: 822: 672: 5889: 5481: 5473: 4802: 4655: 4605: 4530: 1594:

entering the world. This symbolism applies equally to the celebration of the

1096:

and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus. The old

8192: 8103: 7951: 7786: 7776: 7769: 7727: 7722: 7522: 7477: 6618: 4937: 4750:

An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories

4597: 4146: 3544:

Bradshaw, Paul (2020). "The Dating of Christmas". In Larsen, Timothy (ed.).

3393: 2415:

Bradshaw, Paul (2020). "The Dating of Christmas". In Larsen, Timothy (ed.).

1570: 1511: 1454:, a fellow German scholar, in 1889 and adopted by many scholars thereafter. 1175: 790: 772: 644: 640: 550: 5347:"Dubious claims: Pope Julius I decided that Jesus was born on 25 December?" 4647: 2600: 2598: 2596: 1182:

2:2 also depicts Yeshu similarly, while also claiming that Yeshu became an

1174:

47a mention Yeshu taking refuge in Egypt during Alexander's persecution of

793:

was governing Judah. Some interpreters of Luke determine that this was the

763:, because Herod ordered the murder of all boys up to the age of two years ( 680:

as being eastward, towards the rising sun. A late fourth-century sermon by

667:... Further, others say that He was born on the 24th or 25th of Pharmuthi . 5135:

The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament

1958:, pp. 28–30 these arguments have been rejected by the mainstream as " 693:

Steven Hijmans of the University of Alberta wrote: "It is cosmic symbolism

7492: 7361: 6934: 6826: 4825:(1984). "Jesus from the Jewish point of view". In William Horbury (ed.). 3332:. Clarksville, Maryland: Jewish New Testament Publications. pp. 4–5. 3307: 3066:

Teres, Gustav (October 1984). "Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus".

1959: 1710: 1467: 1354: 1275: 1183: 1065: 1056: 997: 923: 798: 786: 778: 6677: 4945: 4810: 4663: 3988:

Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John

3468: 1008:

of Augustus; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date."

7801: 7781: 7638: 7532: 6891: 6837: 6559: 6443: 1686: 1660: 1179: 624: 535: 3377:

in more detail but there the person in question is not given any name.

2961:

Imperial Rome and the Christians: From Herod the Great to About 200 AD

6623: 6579: 6196: 5085:. Contemporary evangelical perspectives. Zondervan Publishing House. 4671:

Borg, M.J.; Wright, N.T. (2009). "The Meaning of the Birth Stories".

4386:"Why do we celebrate Jesus' birth on December 25? - Catholic Answers" 4057:, part 1. Second edition. Verlag von Max Cohen & Sohn, Bonn 1911. 1727: 1671: 1618: 1373: 1159: 1034:

is synonymous with the conception, but some ancient writers, such as

611: 168: 5629:

An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity

2923: 2895:"Josephus Reexamined: Unraveling the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius" 3447:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 211f. 1219:"—in which Jesus is described as being the son of either Joseph or 7734: 7194: 7133: 7090: 6858: 5928: 4634:

Bernegger, P. M. (1983). "Affirmation of Herod's Death in 4 B.C".

1833: 1494: 1271: 1141: 840: 315: 131: 5048:. In Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (eds.). 1380: 1035: 7012: 7008: 6681: 5901: 4460:

Castro, Joseph; published, Jessica Leggett (19 November 2021).

3909:

Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History

2963:(Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1989), pp.1–43. 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 5005:

The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus

4531:"A Green Christmas: Jesus' Birthdate in the Islamic Tradition" 2532: 2530: 1329:

Theology professor Susan Roll writes: "No liturgical historian

877:

Luke's date is independently confirmed by John's reference in

767:), "in accordance with the time he had learned from the Magi" 751:

Both Luke and Matthew associate Jesus' birth with the time of

744:

do not mention a date or time of year for the birth of Jesus.

697:... which inspired the Church leadership in Rome to elect the 29: 5460:

Steinmann, Andrew (2009). "When Did Herod the Great Reign?".

4885:

An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies

4867:. Christianity in the Making. Grand Rapids: Wm B. Eerdmans. 3002:

Filmer, W. E. "Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great",

1709:

Lastly, 25 December might be a reference to the date of the

1656:

Other sources stating 25 December as the date of Jesus are:

1297:, was in her sixth month of pregnancy. English assumes that 1038:, considered incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity. 971:, as he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who 5288:. Tyndale New Testament commentaries. Inter-Varsity Press. 4584:

Barnes, T. D. (1 April 1968). "The Date of Herod's Death".

4277:

Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries

3970:

Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries

2832:

Bernegger, P. M. "Affirmation of Herod's Death in 4 B.C.",

2639: 2637: 4295:"Merry Christmas, Saturnalia or festival of Sol Invictus?" 3495: 3493: 2776:

A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ

2155: 2153: 2133:"Jesus - Jewish Palestine, Messiah, Nazareth | Britannica" 1278:

in the Hebrew calendar. This feast was referred to as the

910:

Most scholars concerning the date of Herod's death follow

5052:. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. 4232:

First, we should examine the biblical evidence regarding

3752:

First, we should examine the biblical evidence regarding

3053: 3041: 3017: 2604: 2547: 2545: 1466:

the celebration of Christmas". Thomas Talley argues that

1047:

There were confused summations of emperors' regnal years.

5897: 5132:

Köstenberger, A.J.; Kellum, L.S.; Quarles, C.L. (2009).

3206:

The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era

3136:

The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era

2755:"Common Errors in 'Star of Bethlehem' Planetarium Shows" 785:

also places the birth during a census decreed by Caesar

5534:

Christian Worship in Reformed Churches Past and Present

5442:

History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ

4906:

The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew-Luke

3232:

Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of The Dark Ages

2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2069:, 54, 56. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. 643:

portents in the gospels can be associated with certain

3421:

https://archive.org/details/didjesuslive100b00meaduoft

3346:, Mercer University Press, 1998. Howard cites Krauss, 2993:, Rev. ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998) 300, §516. 1649:

refers to the offering of incense by a high priest on

1577:, the Roman feast for Saturn, was associated with the 1523:

rules regarding sheep near Bethlehem before February.

1450:. The hypothesis was first developed substantially by 837:

Backdating from the beginning of the ministry of Jesus

5619:

Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament

5368:

Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi

4098:

Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (2000). "Christmas". In

2038: 2036: 4498:"On the Day of the Birth of Our Savior Jesus Christ" 4447: 3401: 2819:

Barnes, Timothy David. "The Date of Herod's Death,"

2737:

De Vero Jesu Christi, Mediatoris Nostri, Natali Anno

1962:

acrobatics", springing from the assumption that the

1343:) to appropriate the Roman winter solstice festival 1210: 1076:

states that Jesus was born during the consulship of

8136: 8091: 8009: 7893: 7884: 7839: 7624: 7588: 7548: 7448: 7429: 7375: 7332: 7277: 7183: 7162: 7121: 7089: 6966: 6933: 6890: 6857: 6816: 6715: 6589: 6508: 6434: 6357: 6314: 6257: 6187: 5953: 5767:. In Van Kooten, George H.; Barthel, Peter (eds.). 5327:

Christianity and the Roman Empire: Background Texts

5240:Mills, W.E.; Bullard, R.A.; McKnight, E.V. (1990). 5231:(2006), "The Greek World, the Jews, and the East", 2509: 2382:. Kok Pharos Publishing. p. 87, cf. note 173. 1483:According to C. Philipp E. Nothaft, a professor at 1403:associates Jesus's birth with the birthday of Sol: 1084:(AD 1), but the logic behind this is also unknown. 655:writers suggesting various options. Around AD 200, 4841:Explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac 4725: 2802: 2800: 1444:argued the date was chosen to correspond with the 1132:states that Dionysius Exiguus committed an error. 701:, December 25, as the birthday of Christ, and the 3958:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3791:The Sunday Lectionary: Ritual Word, Paschal Shape 2786: 2784: 1870: 1386:was a festival of the sun held at the end of the 4956:Stories of Jesus' Birth: A Critical Introduction 1834:Talmud's claim that Jesus was born before 88 BCE 1270:on a date they deemed equivalent to the 14th of 1092:. At the time, it was believed by some that the 1044:There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls. 27:Variety of proposed dates for the birth of Jesus 5210:A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus 5008:. A Polebridge press book. HarperSanFrancisco. 4771:The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? 3952:Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). "Christmas". 3727: 3725: 3723: 3539: 3537: 3535: 2928:Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism 1429: 1407:Our Lord, too, is born in the month of December 1405: 1166:, who ruled from 103 BC to 76 BC. Furthermore, 686: 661: 6249:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament 5893:(1910): Chronology of the Life of Jesus Christ 4717:Corrected reprinting of original 1999 edition. 4402: 3926:. University of California Press. p. 287. 3314:. Tübingen, Germany: J.C.B. Mohr. p. 129. 2216:Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 1546:the year before Jesus's birth; he then traces 1158:to censor certain names. It is claimed in the 926:(AD 34), which implies his accession as 4 BC. 7908:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 7607: 7024: 6693: 5913: 5591:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 5264:The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi 5026:Herod the Great: Statesman, Visionary, Tyrant 4642:(2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 526–531. 4592:(1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 204–209. 4569:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Pub. House. 3295:is therefore to be placed a few years earlier 3246:"Pope Benedict Disputes Jesus' Date of Birth" 3219:Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era 3208:. Oxford University Press, pp. 254, 270, 328 2616: 2309:Sol, the sun in the art and religions of Rome 1922: 1586:Christian celebrations were sharply rebuked. 1411:... the eighth before the calends of January 1305:, as described in Luke 1:5–23, took place on 975:. The last year of the old table, Diocletian 587: 111:), depicting the birth of Jesus during Spring 8: 5608:Boyd, Gregory A.; Eddy, Paul Rhodes (2007). 5439:Schürer, E.; Vermès, G.; Millar, F. (1973). 5046:"The Expansion of the Empire Under Augustus" 4909:. Bible Knowledge Collection. Victor Books. 3939:The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity 3902: 3900: 3898: 3527:The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy of Worship 3139:. Oxford University Press. pp. 319–56. 85: 5851:The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide 5082:Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ 4844:. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. 2901:. Mercer University Press. pp. 85–96. 2810:(St. Louis: Concordia, 2011), pp. 235–238. 2808:From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology 2670:"Did Herod the 'Great' Really Die in 4 BC?" 2083:Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels 1471: 1445: 1387: 1378: 1359: 1344: 1338: 1279: 771:. In addition, if the phrase "about 30" in 706: 7890: 7445: 7180: 7031: 7017: 7009: 6700: 6686: 6678: 6244:New Testament places associated with Jesus 6239:Historical background of the New Testament 5920: 5906: 5898: 5445:. 175 B.C.-A.D. 135. Bloomsbury Academic. 5224:. Sheffield: JSOT Press. pp. 355–381. 3941:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. 3849:. Princeton University Press. p. 154. 2302: 2300: 2250: 2248: 1866: 1526:Adam C. English, professor of religion at 1289:Adam C. English, professor of religion at 1102:calendar theoretically commenced with the 898:who interpreted the account to describe a 594: 580: 130: 117: 91: 84: 4959:. Biblical seminar. Bloomsbury Academic. 4888:. Michael Glazier Bks. Liturgical Press. 4429:Hippolytus of Rome: Commentary on Daniel. 4105:The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought 3276:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 61–62. 3273:Jesus of Nazareth: The Infancy Narratives 2521: 2473: 2430:Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2419:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10. 2202: 71:Learn how and when to remove this message 6882:Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula 6571:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew) 5864:Jesus: Nativity – Passion – Resurrection 5650:The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide 4485: 4131:Questions Liturgiques/Studies in Liturgy 4108:. Oxford University Press. p. 114. 4070:The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome 3924:Sons of Hellenism, Fathers of the Church 3548:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5. 2944:Edwards, Ormond. "Herodian Chronology", 2536: 1886: 1353:, whose cult was revived by the emperor 1231:Two competing hypotheses for 25 December 1162:that Yeshu was born during the reign of 5029:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 4516: 4414: 4102:; Mason, Alistair; Pyper, Hugh (eds.). 3234:. Oxford University Press, pp 194 - 200 3166:. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 345. 2723: 2655: 2605:Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009 2027: 2020: 1874: 1851: 1118:calendar marking the end of the world. 5849:Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). 5733:Ancient Evidence for the Life of Jesus 4829:. Vol. 3: the Early Roman Period. 4535:Berkeley Institute for Islamic Studies 4344: 4187: 4055:Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen 3578:Bible Review & Bible History Daily 3529:, Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd., 2002. 3510: 3508: 3499: 2575: 2497: 2461: 2183: 2171: 2119: 1955: 1938: 1930: 1918: 1894: 1858: 1026:. Among the sources of confusion are: 5789:The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337 5740:Maisch, Ingrid; Vogle, Anton (1975). 4932:(1). Oxford University Press: 24–39. 4882:Espín, O.O.; Nickoloff, J.B. (2007). 4199: 3681:from the original on 31 December 2015 3588:from the original on 14 December 2012 3128: 3126: 3054:Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003 3042:Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003 3018:Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003 2888: 2886: 2884: 2778:, 5 vols. New York, Scribner's, 1896. 2643: 2628: 2587: 2563: 2551: 2449: 2357:from the original on 31 December 2015 2159: 1971: 1967: 1934: 1926: 1914: 1906: 1515:by citing the mildness of winters in 1478:Oxford Companion to Christian Thought 1110:. It was believed that, based on the 7: 5810:Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels 5765:"The Quest for the Historical Jesus" 5285:Luke: An Introduction and Commentary 4974:Freedman, D.N.; Myers, A.C. (2000). 4214:Christmas: Theological Anticipations 4212:English, Adam C. (14 October 2016). 4028:from the original on 2 November 2015 3830:Historical Dictionary of Catholicism 3734:Christmas: Theological Anticipations 3732:English, Adam C. (14 October 2016). 3664:Historical Dictionary of Catholicism 3068:Journal for the History of Astronomy 2794:(Dallas: St. John, 2012), pp. 35–65. 2485: 2257:Christmas: Theological Anticipations 2255:English, Adam C. (14 October 2016). 2067:An Introduction to the New Testament 2042: 1910: 1617:became a separate feast (now called 1500:The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds 983:years were identified by naming the 955:dating system was devised in 525 by 941:According to Dionysius Exiguus: the 885:Dates based on the Star of Bethlehem 402:Sources for the historicity of Jesus 5692:A New History of Early Christianity 5495:. A Pueblo book. Liturgical Press. 5100:Josephus (1854). W. Whiston (ed.). 4705:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4529:Muhammad, Bilal (16 January 2020). 4014:. Peeters Publishers. p. 130. 3244:Pollak, Sorcha (22 November 2012). 3163:The Handbook of Biblical Chronology 1713:, which occurs on 25 Kislev of the 1667:in his Ecclesiastical History II, 3 1395:A Christian treatise attributed to 623:: one based on the accounts in the 6786:Eastern Orthodoxy in North America 6562:(traditional maternal grandfather) 6556:(traditional maternal grandmother) 5589:. In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). 5492:The Origins of the Liturgical Year 5418:"A Chronology of the nativity Era" 5345:Pearse, Roger (21 December 2018). 5233:Rome, the Greek World and the East 4838:. In P. Kenneth Seidelmann (ed.). 4791:The Journal of Theological Studies 4636:The Journal of Theological Studies 4586:The Journal of Theological Studies 4566:Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties 4507:by St. John Chrysostom. 1, para. 1 4448:Mills, Bullard & McKnight 1990 4275:Bishop Jacob Bar-Salabi (cited in 3574:"How December 25 Became Christmas" 3558:Roll, pp. 88–90; Duchesne, Louis, 3032:Introduction and First Argumentum. 1819:Life of Jesus in the New Testament 1663:in an epistle reported in part by 1609:In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the 1596:Nativity of Saint John the Baptist 1510:Despite the modern celebration of 846:Dispute of Jesus and the Pharisees 639:and assuming that the accounts of 25: 6989:Zen Buddhism in the United States 4674:The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions 3793:. Liturgical Press. p. 114. 2711:International Planetarium Society 2510:Schürer, Vermès & Millar 1973 2340:Introduction to Christian Liturgy 1665:Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos 8203: 8202: 8191: 7319:State church of the Roman Empire 6662: 6661: 5735:. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Inc. 5513:The Nativity: History and Legend 5510:Vermes, Géza (2 November 2006). 5069:A Companion to the New Testament 4977:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 4827:The Cambridge History of Judaism 4293:Hyden, Marc (20 December 2021). 3629:. Liturgical Press. p. 60. 3546:The Oxford Handbook of Christmas 3111:The Calendar FAQ: Counting years 3030:Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius 2432:(Oxford University Press, 2005, 2417:The Oxford Handbook of Christmas 2229:How December 25 Became Christmas 963:. His system was to replace the 561: 549: 261:Apparitions and visions of Jesus 34: 7302:First seven ecumenical councils 6568:(paternal grandfather per Luke) 5647:Charlesworth, James H. (2008). 5235:, vol. 3, pp. 139–163 4768:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1984). 4011:Toward the Origins of Christmas 3560:Les Origines du Culte Chrétien, 3469:"Story of Jesus (Maaseh Yeshu)" 3330:Jewish New Testament Commentary 2990:Handbook of Biblical Chronology 2947:Palestine Exploration Quarterly 2707:"Yet Another Eclipse for Herod" 2379:Towards the Origin of Christmas 1569:argues that the celebration of 1462:celebration of Sol on that day 1325:History of religions hypothesis 894:first such attempt was made by 647:alignments or other phenomena. 627:of his birth with reference to 341:Background to the New Testament 8169:Relations with other religions 7575:Church of the East (Nestorian) 7570:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 6272:Quest for the historical Jesus 5831:The Historical Figure of Jesus 5632:. Cambridge University Press. 5409:The historical figure of Jesus 5243:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 5106:. Jas. B. Smith & Company. 4980:. Amsterdam University Press. 4926:Journal of Theological Studies 3005:Journal of Theological Studies 2922:Jachowski, Raymond J. (2015). 2834:Journal of Theological Studies 2821:Journal of Theological Studies 1703:Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea 1209:version of the text is titled 1197:(page 71) points out that the 390:Quest for the historical Jesus 1: 5389:The Life of Jesus of Nazareth 5071:. Cambridge University Press. 5050:The Cambridge Ancient History 3871:Rituals in Early Christianity 3661:Collinge, William J. (2012). 3204:Mosshammer, Alden A. (2009). 2668:Revillo, Juan; Keyser, John. 1871:Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998 1317:(or Incarnation) is from the 853: 815: 802: 797:, which the Jewish historian 105: 5792:. Harvard University Press. 5612:. Grand Rapids: Baker Books. 5267:. Rutgers University Press. 4358:"Sol Invictus and Christmas" 4328:"Sol Invictus and Christmas" 4234:the timing of the conception 3754:the timing of the conception 3582:Biblical Archaeology Society 3133:Mosshammer, Alden A (2009). 2897:. In Vardaman, Jerry (ed.). 1186:during his refuge in Egypt. 1106:based on information in the 8244:1st-century BC Christianity 7876:Views on poverty and wealth 6791:Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece 5424:. Mercer University Press. 5420:. In Jerry Vardaman (ed.). 5246:. Mercer University Press. 4732:. Doubleday & Company. 3402: 2878:, (Zondervan, 1980) p. 251. 1789:Detailed Christian timeline 1695:Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus 1417:Birthday of the Unconquered 1415:... But they call it the ' 1211: 1136:According to Jewish sources 671:The early Christian writer 8265: 8121:World Evangelical Alliance 8083:Traditionalist Catholicism 6222:Five Discourses of Matthew 5731:Habermas, Gary R. (1984). 5668:Edwards, James R. (2015). 4697:Holford-Strevens, Leofranc 4403:Espín & Nickoloff 2007 3708:Roll, p.89: "Duchesne adds 3270:Pope Benedict XVI (2012). 3217:Declercq, Georges (2000). 3088:10.1177/002182868401500302 2290:November 25, 2016, at the 2085:, Scribner's, 1977, p. 71. 1754:Adoration of the shepherds 1674:described a commentary by 1621:) and in the same century 1473:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti 1346:dies Natalis Solis Invicti 1242: 959:to enumerate the years in 801:described as taking place 608:date of the birth of Jesus 407:Reliability of the Gospels 8234:Timelines of Christianity 8186: 8116:World Council of Churches 7608: 7603:Latter Day Saint movement 7046: 6997: 6657: 5935: 5744:. In Rahner, Karl (ed.). 5695:. Yale University Press. 5689:Freeman, Charles (2009). 5626:Burkett, Delbert (2002). 5621:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 5593:. Vol. 4. Eerdmans. 5567:A High View of Scripture? 5564:Allert, Craig D. (2007). 5516:. Penguin Books Limited. 5416:Scarola, Jack V. (1998). 5212:. Vol. 1. Doubleday. 4859:Dunn, James D.G. (2003). 4218:Wipf and Stock Publishers 3993:18 September 2012 at the 3955:The Catholic Encyclopedia 3911:. Routledge. p. 141. 3789:Bonneau, Normand (1998). 3738:Wipf and Stock Publishers 3625:Kelly, Joseph F. (2004). 3116:24 September 2021 at the 2674:Hope of Israel Ministries 2617:Freedman & Myers 2000 2261:Wipf and Stock Publishers 1923:Davies & Sanders 1984 1913:, p. 344 Similarly, 1562:occurred on 25 December. 1556:birth of John the Baptist 1315:Feast of the Annunciation 1311:birth of John the Baptist 1140:Similarities between the 1016:Leofranc Holford-Strevens 889:Most scholars regard the 765:Massacre of the Innocents 90: 8144:Anti-Christian sentiment 7324:Christian biblical canon 6449:In comparative mythology 5746:Encyclopedia of Theology 5474:10.1163/156853608x245953 5303:Niswonger, R.L. (1992). 5067:Harvey, Anthony (2004). 5044:Gruen, Erich S. (1996). 4254:13 December 2011 at the 3937:Remijsen, Sofie (2015). 3647:19 February 2017 at the 3627:The Origins of Christmas 3344:Hebrew Gospel of Matthew 2234:14 December 2012 at the 1399:and dating to the early 1094:resurrection of the dead 346:Language spoken by Jesus 8239:Historiography of Jesus 8198:Christianity portal 7357:Investiture Controversy 6877:Science and engineering 6602:Interactions with women 5807:Perkins, Pheme (2009). 5786:Millar, Fergus (1993). 5585:Blomberg, C.E. (1995). 5407:Sanders, E. P. (1993). 5371:. Bloomsbury Academic. 5330:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4613:Beckwith, R.T. (2001). 4561:Archer, Gleason Leonard 4435:5 November 2021 at the 4426:Schmidt, T. C. (2010). 4147:10.2143/QL.94.3.3007366 4008:Roll, Susan K. (1995). 3907:Forsythe, Gary (2012). 3443:Schäfer, Peter (2002). 2688:"Where Was Jesus Born?" 2440:), article "Christmas". 2376:Roll, Susan K. (1995). 2337:Senn, Frank C. (2012). 1941:, pp. 355–381 and 1697:was consul in AD 9] 1263:Sextus Julius Africanus 811:Antiquities of the Jews 556:Christianity portal 43:Some of this article's 8149:Christian universalism 7540:Western Rite Orthodoxy 7385:Protestant Reformation 6612:Mary, sister of Martha 6232:Oral gospel traditions 5828:Sanders, E.P. (1995). 5763:Merz, Annette (2015). 5138:. B & H Academic. 4834:Doggett, L.E. (2006). 4774:. InterVarsity Press. 4462:"When Was Jesus Born?" 4164:"When was Jesus born?" 4067:Hijmans, S.E. (2009). 3521:9 January 2017 at the 3417:Did Jesus Live 100 BC? 3398:Did Jesus Live 100 BC? 3361:"Mishnah Chagigah 2:2" 3160:Finegan, Jack (2015). 3008:ns 17 (1966), 283–298. 2836:ns 34 (1983), 526–531. 2101:17 (1998) No. 3:12–20. 1867:Borg & Wright 2009 1680:Alexander of Jerusalem 1507: 1485:Trinity College Dublin 1472: 1446: 1434: 1421: 1388: 1379: 1360: 1345: 1339: 1280: 1239:Calculation hypothesis 967:that had been used in 859: 707: 691: 669: 360:Mental health of Jesus 18:Date of birth of Jesus 7807:Anointing of the Sick 6796:Roman Catholic Church 6709:Timelines of religion 6339:Life of Christ Museum 6334:Life of Christ in art 5891:Catholic Encyclopedia 5489:Talley, T.J. (1991). 5306:New Testament History 5282:Morris, L.L. (1988). 5261:Molnar, M.R. (1999). 4938:10.1093/jts/XXIV.1.24 4598:10.1093/jts/xix.1.204 3922:Elm, Susanna (2012). 3230:Halsall, Guy (2013). 2893:Beyer, David (1998). 2823:ns 19 (1968), 204–219 2741:Astronomi Opera Omnia 2097:, "Primary Sources," 1824:Timeline of the Bible 1814:Jesus in Christianity 1615:Resurrection of Jesus 1598:on 24 June, near the 1583:Natalis Solis Invicti 1498: 1447:Natalis Solis Invicti 1436:In the 17th century, 1243:Further information: 1104:creation of the world 973:persecuted Christians 906:Date of Herod's death 905: 844: 657:Clement of Alexandria 610:is not stated in the 526:Life of Christ Museum 447:Perspectives on Jesus 142:Jesus in Christianity 8128:Nondenominationalism 8001:Role in civilization 7468:Independent Catholic 7410:Relations with Islam 7390:Catholic Reformation 6155:Sayings on the cross 6113:Entry into Jerusalem 5710:Green, Joel (1997). 5617:Bruce, F.F. (1974). 5531:Vischer, L. (2003). 5324:Novak, R.M. (2001). 4953:Freed, E.D. (2001). 4903:Evans, C.A. (2003). 4753:. Liturgical Press. 4747:Brown, R.E. (1978). 4648:10.1093/jts/34.2.526 4362:Encyclopaedia Romana 4332:Encyclopaedia Romana 4319:Biblical Archaeology 4315:Dionysius bar-Salibi 4283:. Yale:1997, p. 155) 4249:"Medieval Christmas" 3976:. Yale:1997, p. 155. 3873:. Brill. p. 43. 3562:Paris, 1902, 262 ff. 3400:, which treated the 3221:. Turnhout Belgium. 2095:Ben Witherington III 1809:Historicity of Jesus 1676:Victorinus of Pettau 1565:Alexander Murray of 1442:Paul Ernst Jablonski 1427:. The scribe wrote: 1340:dies Natalis Christi 8174:Unlimited atonement 8159:Cultural Christians 7598:Jehovah's Witnesses 7220:Sermon on the Mount 7149:Christian tradition 7076:Lists of Christians 6845:(creator of humans) 6808:Syro-Malabar Church 6744:English Reformation 6644:Race and appearance 6582:(traditional uncle) 6488:Jesus the Splendour 6130:Agony in the Garden 6045:Sermon on the Mount 5365:Rahner, K. (1975). 4503:18 May 2021 at the 4417:, pp. 400–401. 4300:Newnan Times-Herald 4247:Murray, Alexander, 4202:, pp. 136–137. 3667:. Scarecrow Press. 3514:Bradshaw, Paul F., 3415:Mead, George R.S., 3080:1984JHA....15..177T 2806:Steinmann, Andrew. 2753:Mosley, J. (1981). 2646:, pp. 302–303. 2539:, pp. 133–165. 2476:, pp. 526–531. 2464:, pp. 204–209. 2324:10 May 2013 at the 2242:, 12 February 2016. 2240:Bible History Daily 2162:, pp. 113–129. 1943:A. N. Sherwin-White 1779:Chronology of Jesus 1764:Ante Christum Natum 1711:Feast of Dedication 1528:Campbell University 1291:Campbell University 1268:Jesus's crucifixion 1245:Chronology of Jesus 1150:Jesus in the Talmud 1146:rabbinic literature 1012:Bonnie J. Blackburn 969:older Easter tables 920:Philip the Tetrarch 795:Census of Quirinius 678:direction of prayer 204:Sermon on the Mount 87: 8019:Crusading movement 7287:Ante-Nicene period 6749:Intelligent design 6629:Rejection of Jesus 6306:Christ myth theory 6123:Farewell Discourse 5713:The Gospel of Luke 5671:The Gospel of Luke 5653:. Abingdon Press. 5468:(1). Brill: 1–29. 5386:Rhees, R. (2007). 4220:. pp. 70–71. 4051:Das Weihnachtsfest 3740:. pp. 70–71. 3606:Roll (1995), p. 88 3108:Tøndering, Claus, 3056:, pp. 778–79. 2790:Marshall, Taylor. 2343:. Fortress Press. 2263:. pp. 70–71. 2205:, p. 121–124. 2137:www.britannica.com 1774:Christ myth theory 1734:, the sixth imam, 1634:Hippolytus of Rome 1538:, as described in 1508: 1392:in late December. 1164:Alexander Jannaeus 1144:mentioned in some 1124:Historia Brittonum 1074:Chronograph of 354 993:Jesus' incarnation 860: 827:Sentius Saturninus 616:historical sources 8249:Nativity of Jesus 8216: 8215: 8182: 8181: 8110:Charta Oecumenica 7620: 7619: 7610:Iglesia ni Cristo 7425: 7424: 7405:French Revolution 7395:Thirty Years' War 7267:Apostolic fathers 7235:Great Commandment 7006: 7005: 6675: 6674: 6597:Language of Jesus 6544:Brothers of Jesus 6416:Session of Christ 6292:Mara bar Serapion 6093:Great Commandment 5988:Flight into Egypt 5748:. A&C Black. 5639:978-0-521-00720-7 5544:978-0-8028-0520-1 5523:978-0-14-191261-5 5502:978-0-8146-6075-1 5462:Novum Testamentum 5452:978-0-567-02242-4 5431:978-0-86554-582-3 5399:978-1-4068-3848-0 5378:978-0-86012-006-3 5337:978-1-56338-347-2 5316:978-0-310-31201-7 5295:978-0-8028-0419-8 5274:978-0-8135-2701-7 5253:978-0-86554-373-7 5197:978-0-931464-50-8 5176:978-0-931464-50-8 5145:978-0-8054-4365-3 5124:978-0-931464-50-8 5092:978-0-310-26211-4 5036:978-1-4422-1067-7 5023:Gelb, N. (2013). 5015:978-0-06-062979-3 4987:978-90-5356-503-2 4966:978-1-84127-132-3 4916:978-0-7814-3868-1 4895:978-0-8146-5856-7 4836:"Ch.12 Calendars" 4781:978-0-87784-691-8 4693:Blackburn, Bonnie 4684:978-0-06-193482-7 4677:. HarperCollins. 4626:978-0-391-04123-3 4576:978-0-310-43570-9 4262:, December 1986, 4227:978-1-4982-3933-2 4115:978-0-19-860024-4 4080:978-90-367-3931-3 4021:978-90-390-0531-6 3800:978-0-8146-2457-9 3747:978-1-4982-3933-2 3674:978-0-8108-5755-1 3636:978-0-8146-2984-0 3502:, pp. 88–91. 3283:978-1-4081-9454-6 3173:978-1-61970-641-5 2959:Keresztes, Paul. 2908:978-0-86554-582-3 2726:, pp. 61–81. 2658:, pp. 29–37. 2631:, pp. 67–69. 2590:, pp. 87–88. 2554:, pp. 24–39. 2500:, pp. 93–94. 2438:978-0-19-280290-3 2389:978-90-390-0531-6 2350:978-1-4514-2433-1 2319:978-90-367-3931-3 2270:978-1-4982-3933-2 2227:McGowan, Andrew, 2099:Christian History 1964:Bible is inerrant 1877:, pp. 85–88 1794:Dionysius Exiguus 1558:to conclude that 1401:fourth century AD 1274:, the day before 1155:damnatio memoriae 1130:Pope Benedict XVI 1030:In modern times, 1002:year of the world 957:Dionysius Exiguus 900:great conjunction 891:Star of Bethlehem 724:Nativity accounts 703:northern solstice 699:southern solstice 637:ministry of Jesus 604: 603: 419:Jesus myth theory 116: 115: 81: 80: 73: 16:(Redirected from 8256: 8206: 8205: 8196: 8195: 8039:Environmentalism 7989:Church buildings 7891: 7706:Eastern Orthodox 7701:Eastern Catholic 7613: 7612: 7580:Eastern Catholic 7558:Eastern Orthodox 7446: 7367:Age of Discovery 7352:East–West Schism 7250:Great Commission 7181: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7010: 6818:Greek polytheism 6738: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6679: 6665: 6664: 6540:(alleged father) 6394:Person of Christ 6267:Historical Jesus 6098:Olivet Discourse 6026:Great Commission 5922: 5915: 5908: 5899: 5878: 5854: 5845: 5824: 5803: 5782: 5759: 5736: 5727: 5706: 5685: 5664: 5643: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5581: 5548: 5527: 5506: 5485: 5456: 5435: 5412: 5403: 5392:. 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Baker Books. 5563: 5559: 5557:Further reading 5554: 5552: 5545: 5530: 5524: 5509: 5503: 5488: 5459: 5453: 5438: 5432: 5415: 5406: 5400: 5385: 5379: 5364: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5338: 5323: 5317: 5302: 5296: 5281: 5275: 5260: 5254: 5239: 5227: 5216: 5204: 5198: 5190:. Eisenbrauns. 5183: 5177: 5169:. Eisenbrauns. 5159: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5131: 5125: 5117:. 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2916: 2909: 2892: 2891: 2882: 2872:Hoehner, Harold 2870: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2840: 2831: 2827: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2798: 2789: 2782: 2770: 2766: 2759:The Planetarian 2752: 2751: 2747: 2743:, vol. 4, 178." 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2543: 2535: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2396:on 9 April 2021 2390: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2351: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2326:Wayback Machine 2306:Hijmans, S.E., 2305: 2298: 2292:Wayback Machine 2282: 2278: 2271: 2254: 2253: 2246: 2236:Wayback Machine 2226: 2222: 2214:Hijmans, S.E., 2213: 2209: 2201: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2105: 2093: 2089: 2077: 2073: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1991: 1982: 1978: 1953: 1949: 1937:, p. 213, 1933:, p. 221, 1929:, p. 554, 1917:, p. 157, 1905: 1901: 1897:, p. 366) 1885: 1881: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1749: 1723: 1715:Jewish calendar 1643:John Chrysostom 1600:summer solstice 1592:Light of Christ 1579:winter solstice 1493: 1470:instituted the 1412: 1408: 1397:John Chrysostom 1330: 1327: 1247: 1241: 1233: 1138: 981:Julian calendar 947: 908: 896:Johannes Kepler 887: 856: 839: 818: 805: 753:Herod the Great 726: 721: 694: 682:Saint Augustine 664: 600: 562: 560: 548: 541: 540: 516: 506: 505: 449: 439: 438: 375: 365: 364: 336: 326: 325: 281: 271: 270: 144: 112: 108: 77: 66: 60: 57: 54: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8262: 8260: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8221: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8200: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8101: 8095: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8056: 8051: 8049:Fundamentalism 8046: 8044:Existentialism 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8015: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7935:God the Father 7932: 7927: 7922: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7899: 7897: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7856: 7851: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7755:Body of Christ 7752: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7720: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7630: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7605: 7600: 7594: 7592: 7590:Restorationist 7586: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7554: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7443: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7299: 7294: 7292:Late antiquity 7289: 7283: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7262:Church fathers 7259: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7191: 7189: 7178: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7013: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6900:Jewish history 6896: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6867:Muslim history 6863: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6822: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6779:Book of Mormon 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6682: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6607:Mary Magdalene 6599: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6577: 6572: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6535: 6530: 6529:(legal father) 6524: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6480: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6363: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6274: 6263: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6227:Gospel harmony 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6193: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5945:List of topics 5942: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5885: 5884:External links 5882: 5880: 5879: 5873: 5867:. Penguin UK. 5855: 5846: 5840: 5834:. Penguin UK. 5825: 5819: 5804: 5798: 5783: 5777: 5760: 5754: 5742:"Jesus Christ" 5737: 5728: 5722: 5707: 5701: 5686: 5680: 5665: 5659: 5644: 5638: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5599: 5582: 5576: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5543: 5528: 5522: 5507: 5501: 5486: 5457: 5451: 5436: 5430: 5413: 5404: 5398: 5383: 5377: 5362: 5342: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5300: 5294: 5279: 5273: 5258: 5252: 5237: 5229:Millar, Fergus 5218:Millar, Fergus 5214: 5206:Meier, John P. 5202: 5196: 5181: 5175: 5161:Maier, Paul L. 5157: 5144: 5129: 5123: 5108: 5097: 5091: 5073: 5064: 5058: 5041: 5035: 5020: 5014: 4992: 4986: 4971: 4965: 4950: 4921: 4915: 4900: 4894: 4879: 4873: 4856: 4850: 4831: 4823:Sanders, E. P. 4815: 4786: 4780: 4765: 4759: 4744: 4738: 4718: 4711: 4689: 4683: 4668: 4631: 4625: 4610: 4581: 4575: 4563:(April 1982). 4556: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4521: 4519:, p. 591. 4509: 4490: 4478: 4452: 4450:, p. 142. 4440: 4419: 4407: 4405:, p. 237. 4395: 4377: 4349: 4337: 4285: 4268: 4240: 4226: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4155: 4121: 4114: 4090: 4079: 4059: 4047:Hermann Usener 4039: 4020: 4000: 3978: 3961: 3944: 3929: 3914: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3861: 3852: 3834: 3821: 3810: 3799: 3781: 3770: 3746: 3719: 3701: 3692: 3673: 3653: 3635: 3617: 3615:Hijmans, p.584 3608: 3599: 3564: 3551: 3531: 3504: 3489: 3477: 3460: 3453: 3435: 3425: 3408: 3381: 3352: 3348:Das Leben Jesu 3335: 3317: 3299: 3282: 3262: 3236: 3223: 3210: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3172: 3152: 3146:978-0191562365 3145: 3122: 3101: 3058: 3046: 3044:, p. 778. 3034: 3022: 3020:, p. 767. 3010: 2995: 2980: 2965: 2952: 2937: 2914: 2907: 2880: 2864: 2851: 2838: 2825: 2812: 2796: 2780: 2764: 2745: 2728: 2716: 2697: 2692:Koinonia House 2679: 2660: 2648: 2633: 2621: 2619:, p. 249. 2609: 2607:, p. 114. 2592: 2580: 2578:, p. 366. 2568: 2556: 2541: 2526: 2522:Steinmann 2009 2514: 2512:, p. 328. 2502: 2490: 2488:, p. 140. 2478: 2474:Bernegger 1983 2466: 2454: 2452:, p. 119. 2442: 2422: 2407: 2388: 2368: 2349: 2329: 2313:2009, p. 595. 2296: 2276: 2269: 2244: 2220: 2207: 2203:Niswonger 1992 2188: 2176: 2174:, p. 104. 2164: 2149: 2124: 2122:, p. 731. 2103: 2087: 2071: 2059:Douglas J. Moo 2047: 2045:, p. 344. 2032: 2030:, p. 579. 2019: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 1999: 1989: 1976: 1974:, p. 17) 1947: 1921:, p. 96, 1899: 1879: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1829:Venerable Bede 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1799:Gospel harmony 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1741:spring equinox 1736:Jafar As Sadiq 1722: 1719: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1668: 1638:Spring equinox 1627:Western Church 1492: 1491:Day and season 1489: 1465: 1461: 1452:Hermann Usener 1326: 1323: 1255:Louis Duchesne 1240: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1137: 1134: 1053:Gospel of Luke 1049: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 977:Anno Martyrium 965:Diocletian era 946: 939: 907: 904: 886: 883: 838: 835: 725: 722: 720: 717: 713:fourth century 621:birth of Jesus 602: 601: 599: 598: 591: 584: 576: 573: 572: 571: 570: 558: 543: 542: 539: 538: 533: 528: 523: 517: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 477: 476: 466: 461: 456: 450: 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 410: 409: 404: 394: 393: 392: 382: 376: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 357: 348: 343: 337: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282: 279:Jesus in Islam 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 207: 206: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 174:Gospel harmony 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 145: 140: 139: 136: 135: 127: 126: 114: 113: 96: 86:Birth of Jesus 79: 78: 45:listed sources 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8261: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8209: 8201: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7984:Popular piety 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765:People of God 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7611: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7431:Denominations 7428: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7400:Enlightenment 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7113:New Testament 7111: 7109: 7108:Old Testament 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7029: 7027: 7022: 7020: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948:Hindu history 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 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5887: 5883: 5876: 5874:9780141957449 5870: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5841:9780141928227 5837: 5833: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5820:9780802865533 5816: 5812: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5799:9780674778863 5795: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5778:9789004308473 5774: 5770: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5755:9780860120063 5751: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5723:9780802823151 5719: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5702:9780300125818 5698: 5694: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5681:9780802837356 5677: 5673: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5660:9781426724756 5656: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5600:9780802837844 5596: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5577:9780801027789 5573: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5363: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5309:. Zondervan. 5308: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5077:Hoehner, H.W. 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5059:9780521264303 5055: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5001: 5000:Jesus Seminar 4997: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4874:9780802839312 4870: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819:Davies, W. D. 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4760:9780814609972 4756: 4752: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4739:9780385059077 4735: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4712:0-19-214231-3 4708: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4491: 4488:, p. 72. 4487: 4486:Beckwith 2001 4482: 4479: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260:History Today 4257: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4193: 4190:, p. 93. 4189: 4184: 4181: 4169: 4168:Bibleinfo.com 4165: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3454:0-691-09068-8 3450: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3404: 3403:Toledot Yeshu 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3263: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3074:(3): 177–88. 3073: 3069: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2876:Herod Antipas 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772:Schürer, Emil 2768: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2705:Pratt, John. 2701: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2566:, Section 54. 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:Kokkinos 1989 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2369: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2218:2009, p. 584. 2217: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2079:Michael Grant 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2014: 2003: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985:Jane Schaberg 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887:Josephus 1854 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1732:Tuhaf al-Uqul 1729: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1678:on papers by 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:History Today 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1505: 1504:Govert Flinck 1501: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1372:Hymn to King 1370:wrote in his 1369: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1336: 1335:solar worship 1324: 1322: 1320: 1319:sixth century 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1282:Quartodeciman 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1238: 1236: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191:Toledot Yeshu 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:Old Testament 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 990: 989:Probus Junior 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 953: 944: 940: 938: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 903: 901: 897: 892: 884: 882: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 851: 847: 843: 836: 834: 832: 828: 824: 813: 812: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 734:New Testament 731: 723: 719:Year of birth 718: 716: 714: 709: 704: 700: 690: 685: 683: 679: 674: 668: 660: 658: 653: 652:Pope Julius I 648: 646: 642: 638: 632: 630: 626: 622: 617: 613: 609: 597: 592: 590: 585: 583: 578: 577: 575: 574: 569: 559: 557: 552: 547: 546: 545: 544: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 515: 510: 509: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 475: 472: 471: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 448: 443: 442: 435: 432: 430: 429:Unknown years 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 398: 395: 391: 388: 387: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 374: 369: 368: 361: 358: 356: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 335: 330: 329: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 280: 275: 274: 267: 266:Second Coming 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 205: 202: 201: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 164:Life of Jesus 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 143: 138: 137: 133: 129: 128: 124: 120: 119: 103: 102:Robert Campin 99: 94: 89: 83: 75: 72: 64: 61:December 2023 52: 51: 46: 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 8108: 7903:Architecture 7797:Confirmation 7745:Ecclesiology 7676:Original sin 7666:Nicene Creed 7463:Old Catholic 7347:Papal States 7279:Great Church 7245:Resurrection 7187:Christianity 7144:New Covenant 7095:(Scriptures) 7040:Christianity 6925:Antisemitism 6905:Hebrew Bible 6825: 6717:Christianity 6549:Holy Kinship 6500:Master Jesus 6478:Baháʼí Faith 6372:Christianity 6359:Christianity 6329:Christ Child 6324:Bibliography 6174:Resurrection 6088:Homelessness 5997:(apocryphal) 5982: 5978:Virgin birth 5968:Annunciation 5960:Jesus's life 5890: 5863: 5859:Vermes, Géza 5850: 5830: 5813:. Eerdmans. 5809: 5788: 5768: 5745: 5732: 5716:. Eerdmans. 5712: 5691: 5674:. Eerdmans. 5670: 5649: 5628: 5618: 5609: 5590: 5566: 5551: 5533: 5512: 5491: 5465: 5461: 5441: 5421: 5408: 5388: 5367: 5354:. Retrieved 5351:Roger Pearse 5350: 5326: 5305: 5284: 5263: 5242: 5232: 5221: 5209: 5186: 5165: 5149:. Retrieved 5134: 5113: 5102: 5081: 5068: 5049: 5025: 5004: 4976: 4955: 4929: 4925: 4905: 4884: 4862: 4840: 4826: 4794: 4790: 4770: 4749: 4727: 4701: 4673: 4639: 4635: 4615: 4589: 4585: 4565: 4538:. Retrieved 4534: 4524: 4517:Chapman 1907 4512: 4493: 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4465: 4455: 4443: 4428: 4422: 4415:Vischer 2003 4410: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4372: 4365:. Retrieved 4361: 4352: 4340: 4331: 4311: 4304:. Retrieved 4298: 4288: 4276: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4213: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171:. Retrieved 4167: 4158: 4150: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4104: 4093: 4085:the original 4069: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4030:. Retrieved 4010: 4003: 3986: 3981: 3969: 3964: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3932: 3923: 3917: 3908: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3813: 3804: 3790: 3784: 3773: 3753: 3751: 3733: 3704: 3699:Roll, p. 87. 3695: 3683:. Retrieved 3663: 3656: 3641:Online here 3626: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3590:. Retrieved 3577: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3545: 3526: 3485: 3480: 3472: 3463: 3444: 3438: 3428: 3416: 3411: 3397: 3396:, published 3384: 3375: 3368:. Retrieved 3364: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3329: 3326:Stern, David 3320: 3311: 3302: 3294: 3287:. Retrieved 3272: 3265: 3253:. Retrieved 3249: 3239: 3231: 3226: 3218: 3213: 3205: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3162: 3155: 3135: 3109: 3104: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3003: 2998: 2989: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2960: 2955: 2945: 2940: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2898: 2875: 2867: 2859: 2854: 2849:, 1.631–632. 2846: 2841: 2833: 2828: 2820: 2815: 2807: 2791: 2775: 2767: 2758: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2724:Scarola 1998 2719: 2710: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2663: 2656:Hoehner 1977 2651: 2624: 2612: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2410: 2398:. Retrieved 2394:the original 2378: 2371: 2359:. Retrieved 2339: 2332: 2307: 2279: 2256: 2239: 2223: 2215: 2210: 2179: 2167: 2140:. Retrieved 2136: 2127: 2098: 2090: 2082: 2074: 2066: 2055:D. A. Carson 2050: 2028:Doggett 2006 2023: 2002: 1992: 1979: 1950: 1902: 1882: 1875:Sanders 1993 1854: 1730:compilation 1724: 1721:Islamic view 1708: 1690: 1655: 1631: 1608: 1588: 1566: 1564: 1560:the Nativity 1552:Annunciation 1550:through the 1525: 1509: 1499: 1482: 1477: 1456: 1438:Isaac Newton 1435: 1430: 1422: 1406: 1394: 1371: 1351:Sol Invictus 1328: 1288: 1260: 1251:Annunciation 1248: 1234: 1212:Maaseh Yeshu 1195:Baring-Gould 1188: 1153: 1139: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1097: 1086: 1050: 1010: 950: 948: 942: 934: 930: 928: 912:Emil Schürer 909: 888: 876: 861: 850:James Tissot 845: 830: 819: AD 93 809: 808:in his book 777: 769:Matthew 2:16 750: 727: 692: 687: 670: 662: 649: 645:astronomical 641:astrological 633: 607: 605: 501:Bar-Serapion 353: / 256:Intercession 236:Resurrection 184:Virgin birth 97: 82: 67: 58: 47: 8164:Persecution 8099:Christendom 8092:Cooperation 8029:Charismatic 7940:Holy Spirit 7849:Natural law 7812:Holy orders 7661:Christology 7654:Holy Spirit 7528:Pentecostal 7508:Evangelical 7503:Charismatic 7342:Monasticism 7334:Middle Ages 7297:Constantine 7240:Crucifixion 7122:Foundations 6984:Scientology 6953:Hindu texts 6849:Ages of Man 6764:Joan of Arc 6575:Descendants 6533:Holy Family 6516:Genealogies 6483:Manichaeism 6389:Incarnation 6384:Christology 6377:1st century 6259:Historicity 6150:Crucifixion 6118:Last Supper 5853:. Eerdmans. 5587:"Quirinius" 4797:(32): 591. 4722:Brown, R.E. 4540:28 December 4367:17 February 4345:Talley 1991 4306:17 February 4188:Morris 1988 3892:Kelly, p.80 3883:Roll, p.107 3859:Roll, p.105 3818:Luke 1:5–23 3685:23 December 3592:24 February 3516:"Christmas" 3500:Talley 1991 3394:theosophist 3390:G.R.S. Mead 3370:20 February 2576:Archer 1982 2498:Martin 1989 2462:Barnes 1968 2361:23 December 2283:Augustine, 2184:Pearse 2018 2172:Molnar 1999 2120:Rahner 1975 2063:Leon Morris 1956:Vermes 2006 1939:Millar 1990 1931:Harvey 2004 1919:Vermes 2006 1895:Archer 1982 1863:Marcus Borg 1859:Rahner 1975 1759:Anno Domini 1647:Luke 1:8–11 1540:Luke 1:5–23 1532:Zechariah's 1299:Zechariah's 1261:In AD 221, 1032:Incarnation 1024:Incarnation 1006:regnal year 952:Anno Domini 943:Anno Domini 935:Antiquities 931:Antiquities 857: 1890 806: AD 6 757:Matthew 2:1 746:Karl Rahner 736:gospels of 521:Life in art 397:Historicity 351:Jesus' race 221:Humiliation 154:Christology 109: 1420 48:may not be 8229:Chronology 8223:Categories 8078:Prosperity 8054:Liberation 7994:Cathedrals 7979:Pilgrimage 7964:Literature 7841:Philosophy 7777:Sacraments 7750:Four marks 7711:Protestant 7686:Born again 7483:Anabaptist 7473:Protestant 7415:Influences 7377:Modern era 7081:By country 6843:Prometheus 6421:Son of God 6316:Depictions 6054:Beatitudes 6011:Temptation 5955:Chronology 5411:. Penguin. 5356:30 January 4996:Funk, R.W. 4851:1891389459 4200:Freed 2001 4173:1 December 3828:Collinge, 2858:Josephus, 2845:Josephus, 2644:Novak 2001 2629:Evans 2003 2588:Bruce 1984 2564:Rhees 2007 2552:Evans 1973 2450:Freed 2001 2285:Sermon 192 2160:Maier 1989 2065:. (1992). 2007:celebrare. 1972:Brown 1978 1968:Novak 2001 1960:exegetical 1935:Meier 1991 1927:Brown 1977 1915:Gruen 1996 1907:Brown 1978 1841:References 1784:Common Era 1651:Yom Kippur 1611:Lord's Day 1575:Saturnalia 1544:Yom Kippur 1389:Saturnalia 1362:Saturnalia 1307:Yom Kippur 1215:, or the " 1120:Anno Mundi 1116:Anno Mundi 1112:Anno Mundi 1099:Anno Mundi 1070:Epiphanius 1062:Tertullian 872:Luke 3:1–2 823:Tertullian 783:Luke 2:1-2 673:Lactantius 629:King Herod 614:or in any 481:Manichaean 380:Chronology 334:Background 8154:Criticism 8104:Ecumenism 8068:Mysticism 8034:Democracy 8024:Anarchism 8011:Movements 7974:Mythology 7952:Catechism 7947:Education 7864:Evolution 7787:Eucharist 7770:Canon law 7728:Theotokos 7723:Mariology 7681:Salvation 7671:Tradition 7523:Methodist 7478:Adventist 7312:Chalcedon 6943:Ayyavazhi 6915:Jerusalem 6872:Jerusalem 6774:Mormonism 6754:Jerusalem 6649:Sexuality 6634:Criticism 6619:Christmas 6495:Mandaeism 6471:Ahmadiyya 6179:Ascension 6103:Anointing 6038:Disciples 6021:Selecting 5771:. BRILL. 5482:0048-1009 5226:repr. in 4803:0022-5185 4656:0022-5185 4606:0022-5185 3968:Cited in 3778:Luke 1:26 3713:fractions 3388:In 1903, 3308:Ilan, Tal 3096:117094612 2735:"Kepler, 2486:Gelb 2013 2142:6 January 2043:Dunn 2003 2015:Citations 1911:Dunn 2003 1604:John 3:30 1571:Christmas 1512:Christmas 1464:antedated 1460:religious 1377:that the 1199:Wagenseil 1176:Pharisees 1170:107b and 1168:Sanhedrin 916:Archelaus 879:John 2:20 864:Luke 3:23 814:(written 791:Quirinius 773:Luke 3:23 689:increase. 531:Depiction 454:Christian 424:Criticism 414:Mythology 355:genealogy 321:End times 306:Disciples 246:Obedience 241:Ascension 226:Execution 8208:Category 8073:Pacifism 7887:features 7871:Politics 7824:Ablution 7792:Marriage 7696:Catholic 7626:Theology 7518:Lutheran 7513:Holiness 7498:Reformed 7488:Anglican 7458:Catholic 7362:Crusades 7307:Nicaea I 7257:Apostles 7230:Miracles 7225:Parables 7215:Ministry 7205:Nativity 7169:timeline 7066:Prophets 7061:Glossary 6979:Buddhism 6935:Hinduism 6827:Theogony 6801:Opus Dei 6769:Missions 6725:Timeline 6667:Category 6538:Panthera 6523:(mother) 6282:Josephus 6135:Betrayal 6078:Miracles 6073:Parables 6033:Ministry 6016:Apostles 5973:Nativity 5861:(2010). 5208:(1991). 5079:(1977). 5002:(1998). 4946:23959449 4811:23949148 4724:(1977). 4699:(2003). 4664:23963471 4501:Archived 4471:23 April 4433:Archived 4252:Archived 4026:Archived 3991:Archived 3845:(2015). 3679:Archived 3645:Archived 3586:Archived 3519:Archived 3486:op. cit. 3433:"Joshua" 3328:(1992). 3310:(2002). 3289:9 August 3255:9 August 3250:TIME.com 3114:Archived 2977:: 85–92. 2355:Archived 2322:Archived 2288:Archived 2232:Archived 1747:See also 1623:Epiphany 1554:and the 1521:rabbinic 1468:Aurelian 1355:Aurelian 1276:Passover 1207:Yemenite 1184:apostate 1066:Eusebius 1057:Tiberius 1020:Nativity 998:Olympiad 924:Tiberius 799:Josephus 787:Augustus 779:Luke 1:5 730:nativity 491:Josephus 486:Mandaean 216:Parables 211:Miracles 199:Ministry 189:Nativity 123:a series 121:Part of 98:Nativity 50:reliable 8137:Related 7930:Trinity 7895:Culture 7859:Science 7829:Hygiene 7819:Mission 7802:Penance 7782:Baptism 7718:Worship 7691:Liturgy 7639:Trinity 7550:Eastern 7533:Quakers 7493:Baptist 7450:Western 7440:members 7210:Baptism 7164:History 7154:Worship 7056:Outline 6958:Jainism 6920:Zionism 6892:Judaism 6838:Chronos 6590:Related 6560:Joachim 6454:Judaism 6444:Jesuism 6344:Statues 6297:Gospels 6287:Tacitus 6277:Sources 6202:Matthew 6197:Gospels 6108:Passion 6061:Prayers 6006:Baptism 5995:Infancy 5940:Outline 4553:Sources 4141:: 248. 4139:Peeters 4032:20 June 3076:Bibcode 2934:: 9–18. 2862:, 2.26. 2400:9 April 1687:calends 1661:Evodius 1221:Pandera 1180:Hagigah 1082:Paullus 985:consuls 789:, when 738:Matthew 659:wrote: 625:Gospels 612:gospels 536:Jesuism 496:Tacitus 469:Islamic 194:Baptism 169:Gospels 7854:Ethics 7735:Saints 7644:Father 7563:Church 7175:spread 7139:Gospel 7129:Church 7071:People 6974:Baháʼí 6736:Ussher 6624:Easter 6580:Clopas 6527:Joseph 6509:Family 6406:Relics 6367:Christ 6162:Burial 6140:Arrest 5871: 5838: 5817: 5796: 5775: 5752: 5720: 5699: 5678: 5657: 5636: 5597: 5574: 5541: 5520: 5499: 5480: 5449: 5428: 5396: 5375: 5334: 5313: 5292: 5271: 5250: 5194: 5173: 5151:3 June 5142: 5121: 5089: 5056: 5033: 5012: 4984: 4963: 4944: 4913: 4892: 4871: 4848: 4809: 4801: 4778: 4757: 4736: 4709: 4681: 4662: 4654: 4623: 4604: 4573: 4224: 4112: 4077: 4053:. 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