Date of the birth of Jesus - Knowledge (XXG)

4225:. … The angel Gabriel appeared to Zechariah, husband of Elizabeth and father of John the Baptizer, on the day he was chosen by lot to enter the sanctuary of the Lord and offer incense (Luke 1:9) Zechariah belonged to the tribe of Levi, the one tribe especially selected by the Lord to serve as priests. Not restricted to any one tribal territory, the Levite priests dispersed throughout the land of Israel. Nevertheless, many chose to live near Jerusalem in order to fulfill duties in the Temple, just like Zechariah who resided at nearby Ein Karem. Lots were cast regularly to decide any number of priestly duties: preparing the altar, making the sacrifice, cleaning the ashes, burning the morning or evening incense. Yet, given the drama of the event, it would seem that he entered the Temple sanctuary on the highest and holiest day of the year, the Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. There, beside the altar of the Lord, a radiant angel gave news of the child to be born to Elizabeth. The date reckoned for this occurrence is September 24, based on computations from the Jewish calendar in accordance with Leviticus 23 regarding the Day of Atonement. According to Luke 1:26, Gabriel's annunciation to Mary took place in the "sixth month" of Elizabeth's pregnancy. That is, Mary conceives six months after Elizabeth. Luke repeats the uniqueness of the timing in verse 36. Counting six months from September 24 we arrive at March 25, the most likely date for the annunciation and conception of Mary. Nine months hence takes us to December 25, which turns out to be a surprisingly reasonable date for the birthday. … In Palestine, the months of November mark the rainy season, the only time of the year sheep might find fresh green grass to graze. During the other ten months of the year, animals must content themselves on dry straw. So, the suggestion that shepherds might have stayed out in the fields with their flocks in late December, at the peak of the rainy season, is not only reasonable, it is most certain. 3750:

Not restricted to any one tribal territory, the Levite priests dispersed throughout the land of Israel. Nevertheless, many chose to live near Jerusalem in order to fulfill duties in the Temple, just like Zechariah who resided at nearby Ein Karem. Lots were cast regularly to decide any number of priestly duties: preparing the altar, making the sacrifice, cleaning the ashes, burning the morning or evening incense. Yet, given the drama of the event, it would seem that he entered the Temple sanctuary on the highest and holiest day of the year, the Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. There, beside the altar of the Lord, a radiant angel gave news of the child to be born to Elizabeth. The date reckoned for this occurrence is 24 September, based on computations from the Jewish calendar in accordance with Leviticus 23 regarding the Day of Atonement. According to Luke 1:26, Gabriel's annunciation to Mary took place in the "sixth month" of Elizabeth's pregnancy. That is, Mary conceives six months after Elizabeth. Luke repeats the uniqueness of the timing in verse 36. Counting six months from 24 September we arrive at 25 March, the most likely date for the annunciation and conception of Mary. Nine months hence takes us to 25 December, which turns out to be a surprisingly reasonable date for the birthday.

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Zechariah was serving in the temple on the Day of Atonement, roughly at the autumnal equinox, when the angel announced to him the miraculous conception of John the Baptist. At her annunciation, Mary received news that Elizabeth was in her sixth month. Sixth months after the autumnal equinox means that Mary conceived Jesus at the vernal equinox (March 25). If John the Baptist was conceived at the autumnal equinox, he was born at the summer solstice nine months later. Thus even to this day the liturgical calendar commemorates John's birth on June 24. Finally, John 3:30, where John the Baptist says of Jesus: "He must increase, but I must decrease," corroborates this tallying of dates. For indeed, after the birth of Jesus at the winter solstice the days increase, while after the birth of John at the summer solstice the days decrease.

926:). In the British Library, there is not a single manuscript prior to AD 1544 that has the traditionally accepted 20th year of Tiberius for the death of Philip. This evidence removes the main obstacle for a later date of 1 BC for the death of Herod. Beyer's arguments have been questioned by Raymond Jachowski, who argued that Beyer only used ill-attested Latin translations instead of the original Greek manuscripts, some of which date to the 13th and 11 centuries. Nevertheless, other scholars support the traditional date of 1 BC for Herod's death, and argue that his heirs backdated their reigns to 4 or 3 BC to assert an overlapping with Herod's rule and bolster their own legitimacy, something that had already been done by a few rulers before them. 1485: 25: 1275:(Latin for 'fourteenth'). Some early Christian writers equated the 14th of Nisan with the equinox on 25 March, and made the date of his conception or birth the same as that of his death. Duchesne conjectured that Jesus was thought to have been born and died on the same day, so lived a whole number of years, "since symbolic number systems do not permit the imperfection of fractions". However, he admitted that this theory is not supported by any early Christian text. 82: 3462:"At this saying, he was very much distraught and went and told the matter to Shimon, the son of Shetaḥ." It should be noted here that this Shimon would have been a very old man at the time when Jesus' mother conceived of him. For he served as President and Judge of the court at Jerusalem under the Hasmonaean king, Alexander Janneus, in the year 67 BCE, as also in subsequent years. He is a well-known personage in Jewish sources. 1642:(early October), and, as above, counting fifteen months forward. However, this was very likely a retrospective justification of a choice already made rather than a genuine attempt to derive the correct birth date. John Chrysostom also writes in his homily "Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ" ("Εἰς τὸ γενέθλιον τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ") that the date of 25 December was well known from the beginning among Westerners. 8193: 6652: 8182: 540: 1194:, and she died in 67 BC). The Yeshu of the Toledot Yeshu clearly refers to Jesus of Nazareth, and there is no possibility that he is another person named Yeshu because the tract was specifically written as a response to the claims of the canonical gospels. It circulated widely in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages as a Jewish response to the Christian account. A 15th-century 1570:; Saturnalia was held on 17 December of the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities only up through 23 December. The holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn and in the Roman Forum, as well as a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival atmosphere that overturned Roman social norms. The Roman festival of 121: 1310:. Susan Roll questions whether "ordinary Christians in the third and fourth centuries much interested in calculations with symbolic numbers". Likewise, Gerard Rouwhorst believes it is unlikely that feasts emerged "on the basis of calculations by exegetes and theologians", arguing "For a feast to take root in a community more is needed than a sophisticated computation". 552: 1630:

people of that era held the belief that the great prophets were conceived into the afterlife on the same date they were conceived into the world. Ignacio L. Götz suggests that Jesus could have been born "in the late spring of the year because pregnancies began in the fall after the harvests were in and there was enough money for a wedding feast."

810:), by indicating that Cyrenius/Quirinius began to be the governor of Syria in AD 6 and a census took place during his tenure sometime between AD 6–7. Since Herod died a decade before this census, most scholars generally accept a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC. On the other hand, a census was not a unique event in the Roman Empire. For example, 1115:" attributed to Nennius written in the 9th century makes extensive use of the Anno Passionis (AP) dating system which was in common use as well as the newer AD dating system. The AP dating system took its start from 'The Year of The Passion'. It is generally accepted by experts there is a 27-year difference between AP and AD reference. 1986:

precincts spent eleven years. Then, by the priest’s hands was placed in the custody of Joseph, with whom she resided four months when she received the joyful announcement from the angel Gabriel. However, she gave birth to the Light of this World, the twenty-fifth day of the month of December, being fifteen years of age.

863:), which scholars estimate would place the year at about AD 28–29. By working backwards from this, it would appear that Jesus was probably born no later than 1 BC. Another theory is that Herod's death was as late as after the January eclipse of 1 BC or even AD 1 after the eclipse that occurred in 1 December BC. 1714:

The Qur'an, which is the source of Islamic tradition tells the story of Mary and the birth of Jesus (known in Islam as 'Īsā: Messenger of God) most prominently in Chapter 19. According to verse 19:25, during labor Mary was told to shake a palm tree so that ripe dates would fall off. This description,

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It was a custom of the Pagans to celebrate on the same 25 December the birthday of the Sun, at which they kindled lights in token of festivity. In these solemnities and revelries, the Christians also took part. Accordingly, when the doctors of the Church perceived that the Christians had a leaning to

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Aside from the historiographical approach of anchoring the possible year to certain independently well-documented events mentioned in Matthew and Luke, other techniques used by believers to identify the year of the birth of Jesus have included working backward from the estimation of the start of the

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Passages in Sanhedrin 107b and Sotah 47a refer to an individual named Yeshu in this event, stating this happened during their period of refuge in Egypt during the persecutions of Pharisees 88–76 BCE ordered by Alexander Jannæus. The incident is also mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud in Chagigah 2:2

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which Hippolytus placed on 25 March, and then added nine months to calculate the date of birth. That date was then used for the Christmas celebration. 25 March would also roughly be the date of his crucifixion, which ancient Christians would have seen as confirming the date of his birth, since many

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in December, neither the Gospel of Luke nor Gospel of Matthew mention a season for Jesus' birth. Scholarly arguments have been made regarding whether shepherds would have been grazing their flock during the winter, with some scholars challenging a winter birth for Jesus, and some defending the idea

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Steven Hijmans of the University of Alberta says the idea that the date was chosen to appropriate the pagan festival "has received wide acceptance". He agrees that the Church chose the date because it was the winter solstice, but he argues that "While they were aware that pagans called this day the

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account to be a pious fiction, of literary and theological value, rather than historical. Nonetheless, attempts have been made to interpret it as an astronomical event, which might then help date Jesus' birth through the use of ancient astronomical records, or modern astronomical calculations. The

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In Palestine, the months of November mark the rainy season, the only time of the year sheep might find fresh green grass to graze. During the other ten months of the year, animals must content themselves on dry straw. So, the suggestion that shepherds might have stayed out in the fields with their

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The angel Gabriel appeared to Zechariah, husband of Elizabeth and father of John the Baptizer, on the day he was chosen by lot to enter the sanctuary of the Lord and offer incense (Luke 1:9) Zechariah belonged to the tribe of Levi, the one tribe especially selected by the Lord to serve as priests.

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in 350 AD, although this claim is dubious or otherwise unfounded. The day or season has been estimated by various methods, including the description of shepherds watching over their sheep. In the third century, the precise date of Jesus's birth was a subject of great interest, with early Christian

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Translation: He says the period from the nativity of Christ unto the passing of the mother of God was forty-four years; but the whole of her life, fifty-nine years. This sum obtains if it was in fact the case that she was presented at the temple when she was three years old and there in the holy

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The Roman Church celebrates the annunciation of March 25 (the Roman calendar equivalent to the Jewish fourteenth Nisan); hence Jesus' birthday occurred nine months later on December 25. This computation matches well with other indications in Luke's gospel. Christians conjectured that the priest

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says the following when approached about the birth of Jesus during Christmas: "They have lied. Rather, it was in the middle of June. The day and night become even in the middle of March". This statement of his does not literally mean it was on 15 June but it is in reference to a day near the

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has also been suggested, since it was celebrated on 25 December and was associated with some prominent emperors. It is likely that such a Christian feast was chosen for Christ's marked contrast and triumph over paganism; indeed, new converts who attempted to introduce pagan elements into the

3987:(1733). Ch. XI. A sun connection is possible because Christians considered Jesus to be the "Sun of righteousness" prophesied in Malachi 4:2: "But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness shall rise with healing in its wings. You shall go out leaping like calves from the stall." 4310:. / Could early Christians have chosen 25 December to coincide with this holiday? 'The first celebration of Christmas observed by the Roman church in the West is presumed to date to ,' per the Encyclopedia Romanaᵃ, long after Aurelian established Sol Invictus' festival. 1447:'birthday' of Sol Invictus, this did not concern them and it did not play any role in their choice of date for Christmas". Hijmans says: "while the winter solstice on or around December 25 was well established in the Roman imperial calendar, there is no evidence that a 1578:

Alternatively, 25 December may have been selected owing to its proximity to the winter solstice because of its symbolic theological significance. After the solstice, the days begin to lengthen with longer hours of sunlight, which Christians see as representing the

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named 25 March, the traditional spring equinox, as the day of creation and of Jesus's conception. While this implies a birth in December, Africanus did not offer a birth date for Jesus, and he was not an influential writer at the time. Some early Christians marked

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Robert E. Van Voorst. Jesus outside the New Testament. 2000 ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5. p. 124. "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua,

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Hence it is that He was born on the day which is the shortest in our earthly reckoning and from which subsequent days begin to increase in length. He, therefore, who bent low and lifted us up chose the shortest day, yet the one whence light begins to

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ut Theophilus indicat: Quid nobis necesse est ad lunae computum cum Iudaeis Pascha facere? Quin sicut Domini natalem, quocunque die VIII Calendarum Ianuarii venerit; ita et VIII Calendarum Aprilis, quando resurrectio accidit, Christi debemus Pascha

1476:, though the history of religions hypothesis "is nowadays used as the default explanation for the choice of 25 December as Christ's birthday, few advocates of this theory seem to be aware of how paltry the available evidence actually is." 984:

occurred 525 years earlier, without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred. "However, nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system, whether consulate,

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Around 274 ADᵃ, Emperor Aurelian set December 25—the winter solstice at the time—for the celebration of Sol Invictus who was the 'Unconquered Sun' god. 'A marginal note on a manuscript of the writings of the Syriac biblical commentator

1850:, p. 731 states that the gospels do not, in general, provide enough details of dates to satisfy the demands of modern historians. Most mainline scholars do not see the Luke and Matthew nativity stories as historically factual; 607:

and the evidence is too incomplete to allow for consistent dating. However, most biblical scholars and ancient historians believe that his birth date is around 4 to 6 BC. Two main approaches have been used to estimate the year of the

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a conjecture which he does not support by direct reference to any patristic author or text: that Christ must have been thought to have lived a whole number of years, since symbolic number systems do not permit the imperfection of

1878:, Book 18, Chapters 1–2 indicates that the census under Cyrenius (another form of the name "Quirinius") occurred in the 37th year after Octavian's (i.e., Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus') victory over Marcus Antonius at the 1862:, p. 499 state, "There is very little in the two infancy narratives that reflects historical reminiscence." For this reason, they do not consider them a reliable method for determining Jesus' date of birth. See also 1346:

in AD 274. In Rome this yearly festival was celebrated with thirty chariot races. Gary Forsythe, Professor of Ancient History, says: "This celebration would have formed a welcome addition to the seven-day period of the

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Caesar" (AD 28/29), and hence subtracted thirty years from that date, or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table. This method was probably the one used by ancient historians such as

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in 1889. Susan Roll (1995) wrote that the calculation hypothesis is historically the "minority opinion" on the origin of Christmas, but was "taught in graduate liturgy programs as a thoroughly viable hypothesis".

1061:, all of whom agree that Jesus was born in 2 BC, probably following this statement of Jesus' age (i.e. subtracting thirty years to AD 29). Alternatively, Dionysius may have used an earlier unknown source. The 664:

wrote "the east is attached to God because he is the source of light and the illuminator of the world and he makes us rise toward eternal life". It is for this reason that the early Christians established the

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Although HRT is nowadays used as the default explanation for the choice of 25 December as Christ's birthday, few advocates of this theory seem to be aware of how paltry the available evidence actually is.

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It has been speculated by Georges Declercq that Dionysius' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Jesus was intended to prevent people from believing the imminent

911:, dated their rule from 4 BC, though Archelaus apparently held royal authority during Herod's lifetime. Philip's reign would last for 37 years, until his death in the traditionally accepted 20th year of 830: 4306:

states that in ancient times the Christmas holiday was actually shifted from 6 January to 25 December so that it fell on the same date as the pagan Sol Invictus holiday,' reads an excerpt from

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But Duchesne was forced to admit that: "this explanation would be the more readily received if we could find it fully stated in some author. Unfortunately we know of no text containing it"."

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as sufficiently authentic and reliable to postulate, on the basis of its mention of historic figures such as Queen Helene, that Jesus actually lived a century earlier than commonly believed.

822:(πρώτη) Quirinius was governor of Syria", i.e., that Luke was actually referring to a completely different census, though this understanding of the Greek word has been rejected by scholars. 7393: 1882:, which secular historical records date to 2 September 31 BC. Therefore 31 BC + 37 years which is AD 6–7. Most scholars therefore believe Luke made an error when referring to the census.( 5730: 652:

There are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord's birth, but also the day; and they say that it took place in the 28th year of Augustus, and in the 25th day of Pachon

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states that "Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king". He also implies that Jesus could have been as much as two years old at the time of the visit of the

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combined with the ripening period of dates places the birth of Jesus somewhere between June and October, with later times being more likely due to dates falling off easily. In the

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According to Van Voorst, "It may contain a few older traditions from ancient Jewish polemics against Christians, but we learn nothing new or significant from it". However,

1282:, has argued for the veracity of 25 December as Jesus's date of birth. The Bible in Luke 1:26 records the annunciation to Mary to be at the time when Elizabeth, mother of 870:

to the Temple being in its 46th year of construction when Jesus began his ministry during Passover, which corresponds to around 27–29 AD according to scholarly estimates.

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We have found, among the papers of Alexander, who was Bishop in Jerusalem, what he transcribed in his own hand from apostolic documents: on the eighth day before the

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in the later Roman Empire." Related to the winter solstice theory, the "History of Religions" hypothesis proposes the Church chose 25 December as Jesus's birthday (

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version of the Toledot Yeshu incorrectly names the Queen as Helene and describes her as the widow of Alexander Jannaeus who died in 76 BC. (her name was in fact

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at the same time. Some biblical scholars and commentators believe the two accounts can be harmonized, arguing that the text in Luke can be read as "registration

7896: 7019: 6977: 1355:(December 17–23), Rome's most joyous holiday season since Republican times, characterized by parties, banquets, and exchanges of gifts". In AD 362, the emperor 4489: 5753: 851:

Another approach to estimating the year of birth is based on an attempt to work backwards from the point when Jesus began preaching, using the statement in

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began to be celebrated in the Eastern Churches on 6 January. The festival of the Nativity which later turned into Christmas was a 4th-century feast in the

5335: 7852: 6232: 6227: 1429:, who was coincidentally born on 25 December, suggested the date of Christmas was chosen to correspond with the winter solstice. In 1743, German scholar 329: 322: 167: 1212:—repeats the same claim about the date when Yeshu lived. However, scholarly consensus generally sees the Toledot Yeshu as an unreliable source for the 7403: 6337: 5758:

The Star of Bethlehem and the Magi: Interdisciplinary Perspectives from Experts on the Ancient Near East, the Greco-Roman World, and Modern Astronomy

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The Works of Flavius Josephus: Comprising the Antiquities of the Jews, a History of the Jewish Wars, and Life of Flavius Josephus, Written by Himself

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is interpreted to mean 32 years old, this could fit a date of birth just within the reign of Herod, who died in 4 BC according to most scholars.

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The civil or consular year began on 1 January, but the Diocletian year began on 29 August (30 August in the year before a Julian leap year).

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argued for a 25 December date in the late 4th century, basing his argument on the assumption that the offering of incense mentioned in

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6000 (approximately AD 500) was thus equated with the end of the world but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius. The "

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Kokkinos, Nikos (1989). "Crucifixion in A.D. 36: The Keystone for dating the birth of Jesus". In Vardaman, J.; Yamauchi, E.M. (eds.).

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In the Julian calendar, December 25 marked the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year, after which the days begin to lengthen….

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It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus's birth. One major theory is that Dionysius based his calculation on the

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The "Calculation hypothesis", suggests that Christmas was calculated as nine months after a date chosen as Jesus's conception (the

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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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remarks that the "calculations hypothesis potentially establishes 25 December as a Christian festival before Aurelian's decree".

1287: 700:('On the solstice and equinox conception and birth of Our Lord Jesus Christ and John the Baptist'), from the second half of the 7424: 7322: 7290: 6898: 6784: 6466: 6424: 6365: 4283: 2935: 582: 435: 3018: 8116: 7365: 7280: 6757: 6737: 6674: 6437: 6260: 6101: 4838: 2993: 1691: 1137:

and the Christian Jesus have led some researchers to speculate that the former is a reference to the latter (see for example

891:. Other astronomical events have been considered, including a close planetary conjunction between Venus and Jupiter in 2 BC. 402: 378: 694:

as that of John the Baptist, supplemented by the equinoxes as their respective dates of conception." The Christian treatise

4073: 2297: 1408:'. Who indeed is so unconquered as Our Lord? Or, if they say that it is the birthday of the Sun, He is the Sun of Justice. 7923: 7245: 6931: 6526: 6143: 6004: 3408:(1903, London, Theosophical Publ'g Society) 440 pages, the Toledoth text (primarily from Strassburg ms) on pages 258-280; 3102: 1209: 1141:). This opinion is disputed however, as Yeshu also can mean "may his name and memory be blotted out", probably used as a 38: 7928: 7005: 6632: 6394: 5933: 3570: 1898:, p. 17 notes that "most critical scholars acknowledge a confusion and misdating on Luke's part". See for example, 1544: 1299: 639:

The common Christian traditional calendar date of the birthdate of Jesus was 25 December, a date asserted officially by

422: 339: 1625:, written in the early 3rd century. He based his view on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the 859:, and based on Luke's gospel John only began baptizing people in "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar" ( 7999: 7780: 7642: 4307: 3831: 3301:

Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I: Palestine 330 BCE–200 CE (Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum 91)

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states that the authors of the gospels generally focused on theological elements rather than historical chronologies.

294: 1602:(Sunday) was the earliest Christian celebration and included a number of theological themes. In the 2nd century, the 33: 4486: 1322:... goes so far as to deny that it has any sort of relation with the sun, the winter solstice and the popularity of 8237: 8109: 8071: 7558: 6888: 6377: 6280: 6210: 5901: 4346: 4316: 3234: 2121: 1742: 1484: 1405: 1298:

the year before Jesus's birth; he then traces the narrative in the Gospel of Luke through the Annunciation and the

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247, was immediately followed by the first year of his table, Anno Domini 532. When Dionysius devised his table,

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have the death of Philip in the 22nd year of Tiberius (and not the 20th year, as shown in later editions of the

903:'s calculations published in 1896, which revised a traditional death date of 1 BC to 4 BC. Two of Herod's sons, 8132: 8037: 8032: 7847: 7812: 7738: 7694: 7689: 7491: 7312: 7157: 7054: 7049: 6913: 6713: 6459: 6332: 6133: 6071: 1412:

The theory is mentioned in an annotation of uncertain date added to a manuscript by 12th-century Syrian bishop

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calendar, Jesus was born in the year 5500 (5500 years after the world was created) with the year 6000 of the

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contends that the Toledot lends weight to the theory that Mary conceived Jesus as the result of being raped.

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Chapman, John (1907). "On an Apostolic Tradition that Christ was baptized in 46 and crucified under Nero".

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notably in Rome and North Africa, although it is uncertain exactly where and when it was first celebrated.

1182:, an 11th-century Jewish text, which implies that this belief was held by at least some Jews at that time. 8137: 7728: 7586: 7528: 7419: 7398: 7163: 6893: 6806: 6627: 6554: 6220: 5989: 4549: 2067: 1668: 1505: 1473: 1430: 417: 348: 244: 24: 1167:(88-76 BC). Therefore, it can be assumed the Yeshu of the Talmud was born after 103 BC but before 88 BC. 1044:, which states that Jesus was "about thirty years old" shortly after "the fifteenth year of the reign of 8196: 7795: 7486: 7330: 7233: 7188: 7117: 6903: 6860: 6742: 6509: 6442: 6347: 6327: 6322: 6162: 6076: 5966: 5894: 1858:, p. 179 states "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual." 1812: 1802: 1603: 1058: 697:

De solstitia et aequinoctia conceptionis et nativitatis Domini nostri Iesu Christi et Iohannis Baptistae

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this festival, they took counsel and resolved that the true Nativity should be solemnised on that day.

1242:): 25 March, the Roman date of the spring equinox. The hypothesis was first proposed by French writer 980:", which was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ". Thus, Dionysius implied that 8017: 7967: 7952: 7829: 7538: 7438: 7388: 7383: 7300: 7228: 6967: 6936: 6789: 6697: 6476: 6471: 6247: 6138: 5999: 5411:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers

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flocks in late December, at the peak of the rainy season, is not only reasonable, it is most certain.

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Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers

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Martin, Ernest L. (1989). "The Nativity and Herod's Death". In Vardaman, J.; Yamauchi, E.M. (eds.).

5152:(1989). "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus". In Vardaman, J.; Yamauchi, E.M. (eds.). 976:

who held office that year — Dionysius himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of

620:'s reign, and the other by subtracting his stated age of "about 30 years" when he began preaching. 8217: 8186: 8162: 8147: 8066: 8056: 8042: 8022: 8012: 7982: 7962: 7891: 7622: 7451: 7378: 7208: 7137: 7064: 6946: 6908: 6747: 6447: 6118: 6037: 6033: 5943: 4681: 4288: 4118:

Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (2013). "Early Christian Chronology and the Origins of the Christmas Date".

3806: 1931: 1767: 1752: 1528: 1516: 1279: 1233: 1183: 1138: 1134: 1000: 977: 908: 783: 666: 575: 544: 452: 368: 309: 192: 4237: 3836:

Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things?: Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation

1465:

partly to give a pagan significance to a date he argues was already important for Christians. The

8061: 8007: 7918: 7908: 7699: 7614: 7563: 7173: 6637: 6622: 6617: 6504: 6483: 6304: 6294: 6167: 6111: 6091: 5211:

A Tribute to Geza Vermes: Essays on Jewish and Christian Literature and History (JSOT Suppl. 100)

4930: 4795: 4648: 4127: 3766: 3631: 3080: 1952: 1762: 1622: 1611: 1592: 1152: 1062: 965: 670: 519: 502: 474: 412: 407: 343: 229: 1724: 1678:

of January Our Lord Jesus Christ was born, during the consulate of Sulpicius and Camerinus [

855:

that he was "about 30 years of age" at that time. Jesus began to preach after being baptized by

771: 4605:

Calendar and Chronology, Jewish and Christian: Biblical, Intertestamental and Patristic Studies

1562:

as the birth day of Jesus is based on a date of a pagan feast rather than historical analysis.

8098: 7977: 7883: 7807: 7706: 7679: 7598: 7546: 7501: 7255: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7203: 7193: 7142: 6821: 6724: 6585: 6532: 6404: 6270: 6190: 6081: 6066: 6061: 6021: 5976: 5961: 5857: 5824: 5803: 5782: 5761: 5738: 5706: 5685: 5664: 5643: 5622: 5616: 5583: 5560: 5527: 5521: 5506: 5485: 5466: 5435: 5429: 5414: 5382: 5361: 5320: 5314: 5299: 5278: 5257: 5236: 5230: 5180: 5159: 5128: 5107: 5075: 5042: 5034: 5019: 5013: 4998: 4992: 4970: 4964: 4949: 4943: 4899: 4878: 4872: 4857: 4834: 4787: 4764: 4743: 4722: 4695: 4667: 4640: 4609: 4590: 4559: 4553: 4210: 4098: 4092: 4063: 4004: 3783: 3730: 3657: 3619: 3437: 3266: 3156: 3150: 3129: 3123: 2891: 2422: 2372: 2333: 2327: 2303: 2273: 2253: 1782: 1694:, as reported in Historia Ecclesiae Christi (or Centuriae Magdeburgenses, cent. II. chapter VI 1548: 1389: 1143: 1118: 1008: 945: 888: 879: 726: 718: 691: 687: 625: 609: 479: 334: 239: 204: 199: 187: 177: 5658: 5637: 5500: 5479: 5406: 5272: 5069: 4893: 4603: 4450: 3651: 3260: 2883: 2382: 7842: 7684: 7659: 7238: 7198: 6275: 6255: 6096: 6086: 6054: 6049: 6014: 5994: 5928: 5458: 4922: 4849: 4710: 4632: 4582: 4269: 4152: 4131: 3962: 3175:

Declercq, Georges(2000). "Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era" Turnhout, Belgium,

3072: 1879: 1792: 1757: 1509: 1495:, 1639. The presence of the shepherds is important in determining the date of Jesus's birth. 1413: 1356: 1283: 1256: 1213: 1191: 856: 604: 484: 373: 182: 81: 3976: 3184:

Wallraff, Martin: Julius Africanus und die Christliche Weltchronik. Walter de Gruyter, 2006

8051: 7957: 7748: 7446: 6988: 6600: 6563: 6150: 6128: 5983: 4493: 4425: 4244: 4088: 3983: 3637: 3511: 3106: 2314: 2280: 2224: 1706:. This would require that early Christians simply translated Kislev directly to December. 1703: 1631: 1621:

The earliest source stating 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus is likely a book by

1588: 1580: 1567: 1385: 1224:

Two main hypotheses have been offered as to the choice of the calendar date: 25 December.

1092: 969: 904: 884: 741: 617: 279: 219: 4913:

Evans, C.F. (1973). "Tertullian's reference to Sentius Saturninus and the Lukan Census".

3409: 2760: 1007:

briefly present arguments for 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the

900: 860: 3068: 1519:, argues for the veracity of 25 December as Jesus's date of birth. English assumes that 770:

mentions the reign of Herod shortly before the birth of Jesus. This Herod died in 4 BC.

8047: 7947: 7743: 7632: 7578: 7516: 7496: 7250: 7091: 6655: 6595: 6454: 6355: 6215: 6205: 6200: 6195: 5847: 5176:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan

5155:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan

5103:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan

5065: 4984: 4715: 4691:

The Oxford Companion to the Year: an exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning

4608:. Arbeiten Zur Geschichte Des Antiken Judentums Und Des Urchristentums, Bd. 33. Brill. 4035: 3858:

Rouwhorst, Gerard (2020). "The origins and transformations of early Christian feasts".

3314: 2964:

Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies Presented to Jack Finegan

2860: 2676: 2047: 1817: 1787: 1615: 1536: 1440: 1243: 1160: 1041: 953: 730: 701: 568: 457: 267: 162: 137: 111: 4850: 1959:, pp. 296–297) and most scholars have concluded that Luke's account is an error.( 704:, dates John's birth to the summer solstice and Jesus's birth to the winter solstice. 8211: 7972: 7903: 7753: 7461: 7101: 7096: 6414: 6399: 6177: 6155: 6123: 5948: 5217: 5206: 5194: 5149: 4988: 4824: 4811: 4689: 3084: 1973: 1729: 1720: 1599: 1524: 1492: 1323: 1307: 1291: 1270: 1195: 1179: 1096: 749: 722: 640: 289: 274: 254: 152: 90: 4717:

The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke

2962:

Vardaman, Jerry; Yamauchi, Edwin M., eds. (1989). "The Nativity and Herod's Death".

7785: 7733: 7664: 7654: 7335: 7267: 7132: 7028: 6705: 6537: 6515: 6488: 6360: 6317: 5956: 4807: 2695: 2043: 1571: 1540: 1426: 1339: 1338:('birthday of the Unconquered Sun'), held on the same date. It honored the sun god 1239: 1066: 973: 957: 838: 757: 556: 5526:. Calvin Institute of Christian Worship liturgical studies series. W.B. Eerdmans. 5818: 5797: 5776: 5376: 5355: 5293: 5251: 5209:(1990). "Reflections on the trials of Jesus". In P.R. Davies; R.T. White (eds.). 5174: 5153: 5122: 5101: 5090: 4828: 4758: 4661: 3998: 3504: 3434:

Mirror of His Beauty: Feminine Images of God from the Bible to the Early Kabbalah

2658: 814:

argued that a number of censuses were performed throughout the Roman world under

8087: 7837: 7800: 7649: 7506: 7476: 7373: 6837: 6521: 6382: 6372: 6106: 3378: 2051: 1851: 1747: 1591:, based on John's remark about Jesus that "He must increase; I must decrease." ( 1078: 1020: 994: 940: 745: 734: 442: 142: 3349: 3076: 918:

In 1998, David Beyer published that the oldest Latin manuscripts of Josephus’s

673:

explains why the winter solstice was a fitting day to celebrate Jesus's birth:

7935: 7674: 7471: 7127: 7059: 6831: 6542: 6042: 3099: 1772: 1639: 1563: 1532: 1350: 1302:

to conclude that Jesus was born on 25 December. The earliest evidence for the

1295: 1178:

The Talmudic claim that Yeshu was born c. 103 – 88 BC is also repeated in the

1087: 1050: 990: 811: 661: 5878: 5470: 5462: 4791: 4644: 4594: 4519: 1583:

entering the world. This symbolism applies equally to the celebration of the

1085:

and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus. The old

8181: 8092: 7940: 7775: 7765: 7758: 7716: 7711: 7511: 7466: 6607: 4926: 4739:

An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories

4586: 4135: 3533:

Bradshaw, Paul (2020). "The Dating of Christmas". In Larsen, Timothy (ed.).

3382: 2404:

Bradshaw, Paul (2020). "The Dating of Christmas". In Larsen, Timothy (ed.).

1559: 1500: 1443:, a fellow German scholar, in 1889 and adopted by many scholars thereafter. 1164: 779: 761: 633: 629: 539: 5336:"Dubious claims: Pope Julius I decided that Jesus was born on 25 December?" 4636: 2589: 2587: 2585: 1171:

2:2 also depicts Yeshu similarly, while also claiming that Yeshu became an

1163:

47a mention Yeshu taking refuge in Egypt during Alexander's persecution of

782:

was governing Judah. Some interpreters of Luke determine that this was the

752:, because Herod ordered the murder of all boys up to the age of two years ( 669:

as being eastward, towards the rising sun. A late fourth-century sermon by

656:... Further, others say that He was born on the 24th or 25th of Pharmuthi . 5124:

The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament

1947:, pp. 28–30 these arguments have been rejected by the mainstream as " 682:

Steven Hijmans of the University of Alberta wrote: "It is cosmic symbolism

7481: 7350: 6923: 6815: 4814:(1984). "Jesus from the Jewish point of view". In William Horbury (ed.). 3321:. Clarksville, Maryland: Jewish New Testament Publications. pp. 4–5. 3296: 3055:

Teres, Gustav (October 1984). "Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus".

1948: 1699: 1456: 1343: 1264: 1172: 1054: 1045: 986: 912: 787: 775: 767: 6666: 4934: 4799: 4652: 3977:

Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John

3457: 997:

of Augustus; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date."

7790: 7770: 7627: 7521: 6880: 6826: 6548: 6432: 1675: 1649: 1168: 613: 524: 3366:

in more detail but there the person in question is not given any name.

2950:

Imperial Rome and the Christians: From Herod the Great to About 200 AD

6612: 6568: 6185: 5074:. Contemporary evangelical perspectives. Zondervan Publishing House. 4660:

Borg, M.J.; Wright, N.T. (2009). "The Meaning of the Birth Stories".

4375:"Why do we celebrate Jesus' birth on December 25? - Catholic Answers" 4046:, part 1. Second edition. Verlag von Max Cohen & Sohn, Bonn 1911. 1716: 1660: 1607: 1362: 1148: 1023:

is synonymous with the conception, but some ancient writers, such as

600: 157: 5618:

An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity

2912: 2884:"Josephus Reexamined: Unraveling the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius" 3436:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 211f. 1208:"—in which Jesus is described as being the son of either Joseph or 7723: 7183: 7122: 7079: 6847: 5917: 4623:

Bernegger, P. M. (1983). "Affirmation of Herod's Death in 4 B.C".

1822: 1483: 1260: 1130: 829: 304: 120: 5037:. In Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (eds.). 1369: 1024: 7001: 6997: 6670: 5890: 4449:

Castro, Joseph; published, Jessica Leggett (19 November 2021).

3898:

Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History

2952:(Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1989), pp.1–43. 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 4994:

The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus

4520:"A Green Christmas: Jesus' Birthdate in the Islamic Tradition" 2521: 2519: 1318:

Theology professor Susan Roll writes: "No liturgical historian

866:

Luke's date is independently confirmed by John's reference in

756:), "in accordance with the time he had learned from the Magi" 740:

Both Luke and Matthew associate Jesus' birth with the time of

733:

do not mention a date or time of year for the birth of Jesus.

686:... which inspired the Church leadership in Rome to elect the 18: 5449:

Steinmann, Andrew (2009). "When Did Herod the Great Reign?".

4874:

An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies

4856:. Christianity in the Making. Grand Rapids: Wm B. Eerdmans. 2991:

Filmer, W. E. "Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great",

1698:

Lastly, 25 December might be a reference to the date of the

1645:

Other sources stating 25 December as the date of Jesus are:

1286:, was in her sixth month of pregnancy. English assumes that 1027:, considered incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity. 960:, as he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who 5277:. Tyndale New Testament commentaries. Inter-Varsity Press. 4573:

Barnes, T. D. (1 April 1968). "The Date of Herod's Death".

4266:

Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries

3959:

Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries

2821:

Bernegger, P. M. "Affirmation of Herod's Death in 4 B.C.",

2628: 2626: 4284:"Merry Christmas, Saturnalia or festival of Sol Invictus?" 3484: 3482: 2765:

A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ

2144: 2142: 2122:"Jesus - Jewish Palestine, Messiah, Nazareth | Britannica" 1267:

in the Hebrew calendar. This feast was referred to as the

899:

Most scholars concerning the date of Herod's death follow

5041:. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. 4221:

First, we should examine the biblical evidence regarding

3741:

First, we should examine the biblical evidence regarding

3042: 3030: 3006: 2593: 2536: 2534: 1455:

the celebration of Christmas". Thomas Talley argues that

1036:

There were confused summations of emperors' regnal years.

5886: 5121:

Köstenberger, A.J.; Kellum, L.S.; Quarles, C.L. (2009).

3195:

The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era

3125:

The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era

2744:"Common Errors in 'Star of Bethlehem' Planetarium Shows" 774:

also places the birth during a census decreed by Caesar

5523:

Christian Worship in Reformed Churches Past and Present

5431:

History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ

4895:

The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew-Luke

3221:

Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of The Dark Ages

2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2058:, 54, 56. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. 632:

portents in the gospels can be associated with certain

3410:

https://archive.org/details/didjesuslive100b00meaduoft

3335:, Mercer University Press, 1998. Howard cites Krauss, 2982:, Rev. ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998) 300, §516. 1638:

refers to the offering of incense by a high priest on

1566:, the Roman feast for Saturn, was associated with the 1512:

rules regarding sheep near Bethlehem before February.

1439:. The hypothesis was first developed substantially by 826:

Backdating from the beginning of the ministry of Jesus

5608:

Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament

5357:

Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi

4087:

Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (2000). "Christmas". In

2027: 2025: 4487:"On the Day of the Birth of Our Savior Jesus Christ" 4436: 3390: 2808:

Barnes, Timothy David. "The Date of Herod's Death,"

2726:

De Vero Jesu Christi, Mediatoris Nostri, Natali Anno

1951:

acrobatics", springing from the assumption that the

1332:) to appropriate the Roman winter solstice festival 1199: 1065:

states that Jesus was born during the consulship of

8125: 8080: 7998: 7882: 7873: 7828: 7613: 7577: 7537: 7437: 7418: 7364: 7321: 7266: 7172: 7151: 7110: 7078: 6955: 6922: 6879: 6846: 6805: 6704: 6578: 6497: 6423: 6346: 6303: 6246: 6176: 5942: 5756:. In Van Kooten, George H.; Barthel, Peter (eds.). 5316:

Christianity and the Roman Empire: Background Texts

5229:Mills, W.E.; Bullard, R.A.; McKnight, E.V. (1990). 5220:(2006), "The Greek World, the Jews, and the East", 2498: 2371:. Kok Pharos Publishing. p. 87, cf. note 173. 1472:According to C. Philipp E. Nothaft, a professor at 1392:associates Jesus's birth with the birthday of Sol: 1073:(AD 1), but the logic behind this is also unknown. 644:writers suggesting various options. Around AD 200, 4830:Explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac 4714: 2791: 2789: 1433:argued the date was chosen to correspond with the 1121:states that Dionysius Exiguus committed an error. 690:, December 25, as the birthday of Christ, and the 3947:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3780:The Sunday Lectionary: Ritual Word, Paschal Shape 2775: 2773: 1859: 1375:was a festival of the sun held at the end of the 4945:Stories of Jesus' Birth: A Critical Introduction 1823:Talmud's claim that Jesus was born before 88 BCE 1259:on a date they deemed equivalent to the 14th of 1081:. At the time, it was believed by some that the 1033:There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls. 16:Variety of proposed dates for the birth of Jesus 5199:A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus 4997:. A Polebridge press book. HarperSanFrancisco. 4760:The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? 3941:Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908). "Christmas". 3716: 3714: 3712: 3528: 3526: 3524: 2917:Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and Judaism 1418: 1396:Our Lord, too, is born in the month of December 1394: 1155:, who ruled from 103 BC to 76 BC. Furthermore, 675: 650: 6238:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament 5882:(1910): Chronology of the Life of Jesus Christ 4706:Corrected reprinting of original 1999 edition. 4391: 3915:. University of California Press. p. 287. 3303:. Tübingen, Germany: J.C.B. Mohr. p. 129. 2205:Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome, 1535:the year before Jesus's birth; he then traces 1147:to censor certain names. It is claimed in the 915:(AD 34), which implies his accession as 4 BC. 7897:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 7596: 7013: 6682: 5902: 5580:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 5253:The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi 5015:Herod the Great: Statesman, Visionary, Tyrant 4631:(2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 526–531. 4581:(1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 204–209. 4558:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Pub. House. 3284:is therefore to be placed a few years earlier 3235:"Pope Benedict Disputes Jesus' Date of Birth" 3208:Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era 3197:. Oxford University Press, pp. 254, 270, 328 2605: 2298:Sol, the sun in the art and religions of Rome 1911: 1575:Christian celebrations were sharply rebuked. 1400:... the eighth before the calends of January 1294:, as described in Luke 1:5–23, took place on 964:. The last year of the old table, Diocletian 576: 100:), depicting the birth of Jesus during Spring 8: 5597:Boyd, Gregory A.; Eddy, Paul Rhodes (2007). 5428:Schürer, E.; Vermès, G.; Millar, F. (1973). 5035:"The Expansion of the Empire Under Augustus" 4898:. Bible Knowledge Collection. Victor Books. 3928:The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity 3891: 3889: 3887: 3516:The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy of Worship 3128:. Oxford University Press. pp. 319–56. 74: 5840:The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide 5071:Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ 4833:. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. 2890:. Mercer University Press. pp. 85–96. 2799:(St. Louis: Concordia, 2011), pp. 235–238. 2797:From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology 2659:"Did Herod the 'Great' Really Die in 4 BC?" 2072:Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels 1460: 1434: 1376: 1367: 1348: 1333: 1327: 1268: 760:. In addition, if the phrase "about 30" in 695: 7879: 7434: 7169: 7020: 7006: 6998: 6689: 6675: 6667: 6233:New Testament places associated with Jesus 6228:Historical background of the New Testament 5909: 5895: 5887: 5434:. 175 B.C.-A.D. 135. Bloomsbury Academic. 5213:. Sheffield: JSOT Press. pp. 355–381. 3930:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. 3838:. Princeton University Press. p. 154. 2291: 2289: 2239: 2237: 1855: 1515:Adam C. English, professor of religion at 1278:Adam C. English, professor of religion at 1091:calendar theoretically commenced with the 887:who interpreted the account to describe a 583: 569: 119: 106: 80: 73: 4948:. Biblical seminar. Bloomsbury Academic. 4877:. Michael Glazier Bks. Liturgical Press. 4418:Hippolytus of Rome: Commentary on Daniel. 4094:The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought 3265:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 61–62. 3262:Jesus of Nazareth: The Infancy Narratives 2510: 2462: 2419:Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2408:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10. 2191: 60:Learn how and when to remove this message 6871:Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula 6560:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew) 5853:Jesus: Nativity – Passion – Resurrection 5639:The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide 4474: 4120:Questions Liturgiques/Studies in Liturgy 4097:. Oxford University Press. p. 114. 4059:The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome 3913:Sons of Hellenism, Fathers of the Church 3537:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5. 2933:Edwards, Ormond. "Herodian Chronology", 2525: 1875: 1342:, whose cult was revived by the emperor 1220:Two competing hypotheses for 25 December 1151:that Yeshu was born during the reign of 5018:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 4505: 4403: 4091:; Mason, Alistair; Pyper, Hugh (eds.). 3223:. Oxford University Press, pp 194 - 200 3155:. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 345. 2712: 2644: 2594:Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009 2016: 2009: 1863: 1840: 1107:calendar marking the end of the world. 5838:Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). 5722:Ancient Evidence for the Life of Jesus 4818:. Vol. 3: the Early Roman Period. 4524:Berkeley Institute for Islamic Studies 4333: 4176: 4044:Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen 3567:Bible Review & Bible History Daily 3518:, Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd., 2002. 3499: 3497: 3488: 2564: 2486: 2450: 2172: 2160: 2108: 1944: 1927: 1919: 1907: 1883: 1847: 1015:. Among the sources of confusion are: 5778:The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337 5729:Maisch, Ingrid; Vogle, Anton (1975). 4921:(1). Oxford University Press: 24–39. 4871:Espín, O.O.; Nickoloff, J.B. (2007). 4188: 3670:from the original on 31 December 2015 3577:from the original on 14 December 2012 3117: 3115: 3043:Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003 3031:Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003 3007:Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003 2877: 2875: 2873: 2767:, 5 vols. New York, Scribner's, 1896. 2632: 2617: 2576: 2552: 2540: 2438: 2346:from the original on 31 December 2015 2148: 1960: 1956: 1923: 1915: 1903: 1895: 1504:by citing the mildness of winters in 1467:Oxford Companion to Christian Thought 1099:. It was believed that, based on the 7: 5799:Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels 5754:"The Quest for the Historical Jesus" 5274:Luke: An Introduction and Commentary 4963:Freedman, D.N.; Myers, A.C. (2000). 4203:Christmas: Theological Anticipations 4201:English, Adam C. (14 October 2016). 4017:from the original on 2 November 2015 3819:Historical Dictionary of Catholicism 3723:Christmas: Theological Anticipations 3721:English, Adam C. (14 October 2016). 3653:Historical Dictionary of Catholicism 3057:Journal for the History of Astronomy 2783:(Dallas: St. John, 2012), pp. 35–65. 2474: 2246:Christmas: Theological Anticipations 2244:English, Adam C. (14 October 2016). 2056:An Introduction to the New Testament 2031: 1899: 1606:became a separate feast (now called 1489:The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds 972:years were identified by naming the 944:dating system was devised in 525 by 930:According to Dionysius Exiguus: the 874:Dates based on the Star of Bethlehem 391:Sources for the historicity of Jesus 5681:A New History of Early Christianity 5484:. A Pueblo book. Liturgical Press. 5089:Josephus (1854). W. Whiston (ed.). 4694:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4518:Muhammad, Bilal (16 January 2020). 4003:. Peeters Publishers. p. 130. 3233:Pollak, Sorcha (22 November 2012). 3152:The Handbook of Biblical Chronology 1702:, which occurs on 25 Kislev of the 1656:in his Ecclesiastical History II, 3 1384:A Christian treatise attributed to 612:: one based on the accounts in the 6775:Eastern Orthodoxy in North America 6551:(traditional maternal grandfather) 6545:(traditional maternal grandmother) 5578:. In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). 5481:The Origins of the Liturgical Year 5407:"A Chronology of the nativity Era" 5334:Pearse, Roger (21 December 2018). 5222:Rome, the Greek World and the East 4827:. In P. Kenneth Seidelmann (ed.). 4780:The Journal of Theological Studies 4625:The Journal of Theological Studies 4575:The Journal of Theological Studies 4555:Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties 4496:by St. John Chrysostom. 1, para. 1 4437:Mills, Bullard & McKnight 1990 4264:Bishop Jacob Bar-Salabi (cited in 3563:"How December 25 Became Christmas" 3547:Roll, pp. 88–90; Duchesne, Louis, 3021:Introduction and First Argumentum. 1808:Life of Jesus in the New Testament 1652:in an epistle reported in part by 1598:In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the 1585:Nativity of Saint John the Baptist 1499:Despite the modern celebration of 835:Dispute of Jesus and the Pharisees 628:and assuming that the accounts of 14: 6978:Zen Buddhism in the United States 4663:The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions 3782:. Liturgical Press. p. 114. 2700:International Planetarium Society 2499:Schürer, Vermès & Millar 1973 2329:Introduction to Christian Liturgy 1654:Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos 8192: 8191: 8180: 7308:State church of the Roman Empire 6651: 6650: 5724:. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Inc. 5502:The Nativity: History and Legend 5499:Vermes, Géza (2 November 2006). 5058:A Companion to the New Testament 4966:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 4816:The Cambridge History of Judaism 4282:Hyden, Marc (20 December 2021). 3618:. Liturgical Press. p. 60. 3535:The Oxford Handbook of Christmas 3100:The Calendar FAQ: Counting years 3019:Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius 2421:(Oxford University Press, 2005, 2406:The Oxford Handbook of Christmas 2218:How December 25 Became Christmas 952:. His system was to replace the 550: 538: 250:Apparitions and visions of Jesus 23: 7291:First seven ecumenical councils 6557:(paternal grandfather per Luke) 5636:Charlesworth, James H. (2008). 5224:, vol. 3, pp. 139–163 4757:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1984). 4000:Toward the Origins of Christmas 3549:Les Origines du Culte Chrétien, 3458:"Story of Jesus (Maaseh Yeshu)" 3319:Jewish New Testament Commentary 2979:Handbook of Biblical Chronology 2936:Palestine Exploration Quarterly 2696:"Yet Another Eclipse for Herod" 2368:Towards the Origin of Christmas 1558:argues that the celebration of 1451:celebration of Sol on that day 1314:History of religions hypothesis 883:first such attempt was made by 636:alignments or other phenomena. 616:of his birth with reference to 330:Background to the New Testament 8158:Relations with other religions 7564:Church of the East (Nestorian) 7559:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 6261:Quest for the historical Jesus 5820:The Historical Figure of Jesus 5621:. Cambridge University Press. 5398:The historical figure of Jesus 5232:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 5095:. Jas. B. Smith & Company. 4969:. Amsterdam University Press. 4915:Journal of Theological Studies 2994:Journal of Theological Studies 2911:Jachowski, Raymond J. (2015). 2823:Journal of Theological Studies 2810:Journal of Theological Studies 1692:Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea 1198:version of the text is titled 1186:(page 71) points out that the 379:Quest for the historical Jesus 1: 5378:The Life of Jesus of Nazareth 5060:. Cambridge University Press. 5039:The Cambridge Ancient History 3860:Rituals in Early Christianity 3650:Collinge, William J. (2012). 3193:Mosshammer, Alden A. (2009). 2657:Revillo, Juan; Keyser, John. 1860:Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998 1306:(or Incarnation) is from the 842: 804: 791: 786:, which the Jewish historian 94: 5781:. Harvard University Press. 5601:. Grand Rapids: Baker Books. 5256:. Rutgers University Press. 4347:"Sol Invictus and Christmas" 4317:"Sol Invictus and Christmas" 4223:the timing of the conception 3743:the timing of the conception 3571:Biblical Archaeology Society 3122:Mosshammer, Alden A (2009). 2886:. In Vardaman, Jerry (ed.). 1175:during his refuge in Egypt. 1095:based on information in the 8233:1st-century BC Christianity 7865:Views on poverty and wealth 6780:Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece 5413:. Mercer University Press. 5409:. In Jerry Vardaman (ed.). 5235:. Mercer University Press. 4721:. Doubleday & Company. 3391: 2867:, (Zondervan, 1980) p. 251. 1778:Detailed Christian timeline 1684:Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus 1406:Birthday of the Unconquered 1404:... But they call it the ' 1200: 1125:According to Jewish sources 660:The early Christian writer 8254: 8110:World Evangelical Alliance 8072:Traditionalist Catholicism 6211:Five Discourses of Matthew 5720:Habermas, Gary R. (1984). 5657:Edwards, James R. (2015). 4686:Holford-Strevens, Leofranc 4392:Espín & Nickoloff 2007 3697:Roll, p.89: "Duchesne adds 3259:Pope Benedict XVI (2012). 3206:Declercq, Georges (2000). 3077:10.1177/002182868401500302 2279:November 25, 2016, at the 2074:, Scribner's, 1977, p. 71. 1743:Adoration of the shepherds 1663:described a commentary by 1610:) and in the same century 1462:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti 1335:dies Natalis Solis Invicti 1231: 948:to enumerate the years in 790:described as taking place 597:date of the birth of Jesus 396:Reliability of the Gospels 8223:Timelines of Christianity 8175: 8105:World Council of Churches 7597: 7592:Latter Day Saint movement 7035: 6986: 6646: 5924: 5733:. In Rahner, Karl (ed.). 5684:. Yale University Press. 5678:Freeman, Charles (2009). 5615:Burkett, Delbert (2002). 5610:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 5582:. Vol. 4. Eerdmans. 5556:A High View of Scripture? 5553:Allert, Craig D. (2007). 5505:. Penguin Books Limited. 5405:Scarola, Jack V. (1998). 5201:. Vol. 1. Doubleday. 4848:Dunn, James D.G. (2003). 4207:Wipf and Stock Publishers 3982:18 September 2012 at the 3944:The Catholic Encyclopedia 3900:. Routledge. p. 141. 3778:Bonneau, Normand (1998). 3727:Wipf and Stock Publishers 3614:Kelly, Joseph F. (2004). 3105:24 September 2021 at the 2663:Hope of Israel Ministries 2606:Freedman & Myers 2000 2250:Wipf and Stock Publishers 1912:Davies & Sanders 1984 1902:, p. 344 Similarly, 1551:occurred on 25 December. 1545:birth of John the Baptist 1304:Feast of the Annunciation 1300:birth of John the Baptist 1129:Similarities between the 1005:Leofranc Holford-Strevens 878:Most scholars regard the 754:Massacre of the Innocents 79: 8133:Anti-Christian sentiment 7313:Christian biblical canon 6438:In comparative mythology 5735:Encyclopedia of Theology 5463:10.1163/156853608x245953 5292:Niswonger, R.L. (1992). 5056:Harvey, Anthony (2004). 5033:Gruen, Erich S. (1996). 4243:13 December 2011 at the 3926:Remijsen, Sofie (2015). 3636:19 February 2017 at the 3616:The Origins of Christmas 3333:Hebrew Gospel of Matthew 2223:14 December 2012 at the 1388:and dating to the early 1083:resurrection of the dead 335:Language spoken by Jesus 8228:Historiography of Jesus 8187:Christianity portal 7346:Investiture Controversy 6866:Science and engineering 6591:Interactions with women 5796:Perkins, Pheme (2009). 5775:Millar, Fergus (1993). 5574:Blomberg, C.E. (1995). 5396:Sanders, E. P. (1993). 5360:. Bloomsbury Academic. 5319:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4602:Beckwith, R.T. (2001). 4550:Archer, Gleason Leonard 4424:5 November 2021 at the 4415:Schmidt, T. C. (2010). 4136:10.2143/QL.94.3.3007366 3997:Roll, Susan K. (1995). 3896:Forsythe, Gary (2012). 3432:Schäfer, Peter (2002). 2677:"Where Was Jesus Born?" 2429:), article "Christmas". 2365:Roll, Susan K. (1995). 2326:Senn, Frank C. (2012). 1930:, pp. 355–381 and 1686:was consul in AD 9] 1252:Sextus Julius Africanus 800:Antiquities of the Jews 545:Christianity portal 32:Some of this article's 8138:Christian universalism 7529:Western Rite Orthodoxy 7374:Protestant Reformation 6601:Mary, sister of Martha 6221:Oral gospel traditions 5817:Sanders, E.P. (1995). 5752:Merz, Annette (2015). 5127:. B & H Academic. 4823:Doggett, L.E. (2006). 4763:. InterVarsity Press. 4451:"When Was Jesus Born?" 4153:"When was Jesus born?" 4056:Hijmans, S.E. (2009). 3510:9 January 2017 at the 3406:Did Jesus Live 100 BC? 3387:Did Jesus Live 100 BC? 3350:"Mishnah Chagigah 2:2" 3149:Finegan, Jack (2015). 2997:ns 17 (1966), 283–298. 2825:ns 34 (1983), 526–531. 2090:17 (1998) No. 3:12–20. 1856:Borg & Wright 2009 1669:Alexander of Jerusalem 1496: 1474:Trinity College Dublin 1461: 1435: 1423: 1410: 1377: 1368: 1349: 1334: 1328: 1269: 1228:Calculation hypothesis 956:that had been used in 848: 696: 680: 658: 349:Mental health of Jesus 7796:Anointing of the Sick 6785:Roman Catholic Church 6698:Timelines of religion 6328:Life of Christ Museum 6323:Life of Christ in art 5880:Catholic Encyclopedia 5478:Talley, T.J. (1991). 5295:New Testament History 5271:Morris, L.L. (1988). 5250:Molnar, M.R. (1999). 4927:10.1093/jts/XXIV.1.24 4587:10.1093/jts/xix.1.204 3911:Elm, Susanna (2012). 3219:Halsall, Guy (2013). 2882:Beyer, David (1998). 2812:ns 19 (1968), 204–219 2730:Astronomi Opera Omnia 2086:, "Primary Sources," 1813:Timeline of the Bible 1803:Jesus in Christianity 1604:Resurrection of Jesus 1587:on 24 June, near the 1572:Natalis Solis Invicti 1487: 1436:Natalis Solis Invicti 1425:In the 17th century, 1232:Further information: 1093:creation of the world 962:persecuted Christians 895:Date of Herod's death 894: 833: 646:Clement of Alexandria 599:is not stated in the 515:Life of Christ Museum 436:Perspectives on Jesus 131:Jesus in Christianity 8117:Nondenominationalism 7990:Role in civilization 7457:Independent Catholic 7399:Relations with Islam 7379:Catholic Reformation 6144:Sayings on the cross 6102:Entry into Jerusalem 5699:Green, Joel (1997). 5606:Bruce, F.F. (1974). 5520:Vischer, L. (2003). 5313:Novak, R.M. (2001). 4942:Freed, E.D. (2001). 4892:Evans, C.A. (2003). 4742:. Liturgical Press. 4736:Brown, R.E. (1978). 4637:10.1093/jts/34.2.526 4351:Encyclopaedia Romana 4321:Encyclopaedia Romana 4308:Biblical Archaeology 4304:Dionysius bar-Salibi 4272:. Yale:1997, p. 155) 4238:"Medieval Christmas" 3965:. Yale:1997, p. 155. 3862:. Brill. p. 43. 3551:Paris, 1902, 262 ff. 3389:, which treated the 3210:. Turnhout Belgium. 2084:Ben Witherington III 1798:Historicity of Jesus 1665:Victorinus of Pettau 1554:Alexander Murray of 1431:Paul Ernst Jablonski 1416:. The scribe wrote: 1329:dies Natalis Christi 8163:Unlimited atonement 8148:Cultural Christians 7587:Jehovah's Witnesses 7209:Sermon on the Mount 7138:Christian tradition 7065:Lists of Christians 6834:(creator of humans) 6797:Syro-Malabar Church 6733:English Reformation 6633:Race and appearance 6571:(traditional uncle) 6477:Jesus the Splendour 6119:Agony in the Garden 6034:Sermon on the Mount 5354:Rahner, K. (1975). 4492:18 May 2021 at the 4406:, pp. 400–401. 4289:Newnan Times-Herald 4236:Murray, Alexander, 4191:, pp. 136–137. 3656:. Scarecrow Press. 3503:Bradshaw, Paul F., 3404:Mead, George R.S., 3069:1984JHA....15..177T 2795:Steinmann, Andrew. 2742:Mosley, J. (1981). 2635:, pp. 302–303. 2528:, pp. 133–165. 2465:, pp. 526–531. 2453:, pp. 204–209. 2313:10 May 2013 at the 2231:, 12 February 2016. 2229:Bible History Daily 2151:, pp. 113–129. 1932:A. N. Sherwin-White 1768:Chronology of Jesus 1753:Ante Christum Natum 1700:Feast of Dedication 1517:Campbell University 1280:Campbell University 1257:Jesus's crucifixion 1234:Chronology of Jesus 1139:Jesus in the Talmud 1135:rabbinic literature 1001:Bonnie J. Blackburn 958:older Easter tables 909:Philip the Tetrarch 784:Census of Quirinius 667:direction of prayer 193:Sermon on the Mount 76: 8008:Crusading movement 7276:Ante-Nicene period 6738:Intelligent design 6618:Rejection of Jesus 6295:Christ myth theory 6112:Farewell Discourse 5702:The Gospel of Luke 5660:The Gospel of Luke 5642:. Abingdon Press. 5457:(1). Brill: 1–29. 5375:Rhees, R. (2007). 4209:. pp. 70–71. 4040:Das Weihnachtsfest 3729:. pp. 70–71. 3595:Roll (1995), p. 88 3097:Tøndering, Claus, 3045:, pp. 778–79. 2779:Marshall, Taylor. 2332:. Fortress Press. 2252:. pp. 70–71. 2194:, p. 121–124. 2126:www.britannica.com 1763:Christ myth theory 1723:, the sixth imam, 1623:Hippolytus of Rome 1527:, as described in 1497: 1381:in late December. 1153:Alexander Jannaeus 1133:mentioned in some 1113:Historia Brittonum 1063:Chronograph of 354 982:Jesus' incarnation 849: 816:Sentius Saturninus 605:historical sources 8238:Nativity of Jesus 8205: 8204: 8171: 8170: 8099:Charta Oecumenica 7609: 7608: 7599:Iglesia ni Cristo 7414: 7413: 7394:French Revolution 7384:Thirty Years' War 7256:Apostolic fathers 7224:Great Commandment 6995: 6994: 6664: 6663: 6586:Language of Jesus 6533:Brothers of Jesus 6405:Session of Christ 6281:Mara bar Serapion 6082:Great Commandment 5977:Flight into Egypt 5737:. A&C Black. 5628:978-0-521-00720-7 5533:978-0-8028-0520-1 5512:978-0-14-191261-5 5491:978-0-8146-6075-1 5451:Novum Testamentum 5441:978-0-567-02242-4 5420:978-0-86554-582-3 5388:978-1-4068-3848-0 5367:978-0-86012-006-3 5326:978-1-56338-347-2 5305:978-0-310-31201-7 5284:978-0-8028-0419-8 5263:978-0-8135-2701-7 5242:978-0-86554-373-7 5186:978-0-931464-50-8 5165:978-0-931464-50-8 5134:978-0-8054-4365-3 5113:978-0-931464-50-8 5081:978-0-310-26211-4 5025:978-1-4422-1067-7 5012:Gelb, N. (2013). 5004:978-0-06-062979-3 4976:978-90-5356-503-2 4955:978-1-84127-132-3 4905:978-0-7814-3868-1 4884:978-0-8146-5856-7 4825:"Ch.12 Calendars" 4770:978-0-87784-691-8 4682:Blackburn, Bonnie 4673:978-0-06-193482-7 4666:. HarperCollins. 4615:978-0-391-04123-3 4565:978-0-310-43570-9 4251:, December 1986, 4216:978-1-4982-3933-2 4104:978-0-19-860024-4 4069:978-90-367-3931-3 4010:978-90-390-0531-6 3789:978-0-8146-2457-9 3736:978-1-4982-3933-2 3663:978-0-8108-5755-1 3625:978-0-8146-2984-0 3491:, pp. 88–91. 3272:978-1-4081-9454-6 3162:978-1-61970-641-5 2948:Keresztes, Paul. 2897:978-0-86554-582-3 2715:, pp. 61–81. 2647:, pp. 29–37. 2620:, pp. 67–69. 2579:, pp. 87–88. 2543:, pp. 24–39. 2489:, pp. 93–94. 2427:978-0-19-280290-3 2378:978-90-390-0531-6 2339:978-1-4514-2433-1 2308:978-90-367-3931-3 2259:978-1-4982-3933-2 2216:McGowan, Andrew, 2088:Christian History 1953:Bible is inerrant 1866:, pp. 85–88 1783:Dionysius Exiguus 1547:to conclude that 1390:fourth century AD 1263:, the day before 1144:damnatio memoriae 1119:Pope Benedict XVI 1019:In modern times, 991:year of the world 946:Dionysius Exiguus 889:great conjunction 880:Star of Bethlehem 713:Nativity accounts 692:northern solstice 688:southern solstice 626:ministry of Jesus 593: 592: 408:Jesus myth theory 105: 104: 70: 69: 62: 8245: 8195: 8194: 8185: 8184: 8028:Environmentalism 7978:Church buildings 7880: 7695:Eastern Orthodox 7690:Eastern Catholic 7602: 7601: 7569:Eastern Catholic 7547:Eastern Orthodox 7435: 7356:Age of Discovery 7341:East–West Schism 7239:Great Commission 7170: 7022: 7015: 7008: 6999: 6807:Greek polytheism 6727: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6668: 6654: 6653: 6529:(alleged father) 6383:Person of Christ 6256:Historical Jesus 6087:Olivet Discourse 6015:Great Commission 5911: 5904: 5897: 5888: 5867: 5843: 5834: 5813: 5792: 5771: 5748: 5725: 5716: 5695: 5674: 5653: 5632: 5611: 5602: 5593: 5570: 5537: 5516: 5495: 5474: 5445: 5424: 5401: 5392: 5381:. 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Baker Books. 5552: 5548: 5546:Further reading 5543: 5541: 5534: 5519: 5513: 5498: 5492: 5477: 5448: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5404: 5395: 5389: 5374: 5368: 5353: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5327: 5312: 5306: 5291: 5285: 5270: 5264: 5249: 5243: 5228: 5216: 5205: 5193: 5187: 5179:. Eisenbrauns. 5172: 5166: 5158:. Eisenbrauns. 5148: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5120: 5114: 5106:. 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2905: 2898: 2881: 2880: 2871: 2861:Hoehner, Harold 2859: 2855: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2816: 2807: 2803: 2794: 2787: 2778: 2771: 2759: 2755: 2748:The Planetarian 2741: 2740: 2736: 2732:, vol. 4, 178." 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2385:on 9 April 2021 2379: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2340: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2315:Wayback Machine 2295:Hijmans, S.E., 2294: 2287: 2281:Wayback Machine 2271: 2267: 2260: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2225:Wayback Machine 2215: 2211: 2203:Hijmans, S.E., 2202: 2198: 2190: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2094: 2082: 2078: 2066: 2062: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1942: 1938: 1926:, p. 213, 1922:, p. 221, 1918:, p. 554, 1906:, p. 157, 1894: 1890: 1886:, p. 366) 1874: 1870: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1738: 1712: 1704:Jewish calendar 1632:John Chrysostom 1589:summer solstice 1581:Light of Christ 1568:winter solstice 1482: 1459:instituted the 1401: 1397: 1386:John Chrysostom 1319: 1316: 1236: 1230: 1222: 1127: 970:Julian calendar 936: 897: 885:Johannes Kepler 876: 845: 828: 807: 794: 742:Herod the Great 715: 710: 683: 671:Saint Augustine 653: 589: 551: 549: 537: 530: 529: 505: 495: 494: 438: 428: 427: 364: 354: 353: 325: 315: 314: 270: 260: 259: 133: 101: 97: 66: 55: 49: 46: 43: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8251: 8249: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8210: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8189: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8090: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8045: 8040: 8038:Fundamentalism 8035: 8033:Existentialism 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8004: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7924:God the Father 7921: 7916: 7911: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7888: 7886: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7845: 7840: 7834: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7810: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7744:Body of Christ 7741: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7709: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7619: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7581: 7579:Restorationist 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7543: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7443: 7441: 7432: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7370: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7288: 7283: 7281:Late antiquity 7278: 7272: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7251:Church fathers 7248: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7180: 7178: 7167: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6889:Jewish history 6885: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6856:Muslim history 6852: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6768:Book of Mormon 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6596:Mary Magdalene 6588: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6566: 6561: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6519: 6518:(legal father) 6513: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6352: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6263: 6252: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6216:Gospel harmony 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6182: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5934:List of topics 5931: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5874: 5873:External links 5871: 5869: 5868: 5862: 5856:. Penguin UK. 5844: 5835: 5829: 5823:. Penguin UK. 5814: 5808: 5793: 5787: 5772: 5766: 5749: 5743: 5731:"Jesus Christ" 5726: 5717: 5711: 5696: 5690: 5675: 5669: 5654: 5648: 5633: 5627: 5612: 5603: 5594: 5588: 5571: 5565: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5517: 5511: 5496: 5490: 5475: 5446: 5440: 5425: 5419: 5402: 5393: 5387: 5372: 5366: 5351: 5331: 5325: 5310: 5304: 5289: 5283: 5268: 5262: 5247: 5241: 5226: 5218:Millar, Fergus 5207:Millar, Fergus 5203: 5195:Meier, John P. 5191: 5185: 5170: 5164: 5150:Maier, Paul L. 5146: 5133: 5118: 5112: 5097: 5086: 5080: 5062: 5053: 5047: 5030: 5024: 5009: 5003: 4981: 4975: 4960: 4954: 4939: 4910: 4904: 4889: 4883: 4868: 4862: 4845: 4839: 4820: 4812:Sanders, E. P. 4804: 4775: 4769: 4754: 4748: 4733: 4727: 4707: 4700: 4678: 4672: 4657: 4620: 4614: 4599: 4570: 4564: 4552:(April 1982). 4545: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4510: 4508:, p. 591. 4498: 4479: 4467: 4441: 4439:, p. 142. 4429: 4408: 4396: 4394:, p. 237. 4384: 4366: 4338: 4326: 4274: 4257: 4229: 4215: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4144: 4110: 4103: 4079: 4068: 4048: 4036:Hermann Usener 4028: 4009: 3989: 3967: 3950: 3933: 3918: 3903: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3850: 3841: 3823: 3810: 3799: 3788: 3770: 3759: 3735: 3708: 3690: 3681: 3662: 3642: 3624: 3606: 3604:Hijmans, p.584 3597: 3588: 3553: 3540: 3520: 3493: 3478: 3466: 3449: 3442: 3424: 3414: 3397: 3370: 3341: 3337:Das Leben Jesu 3324: 3306: 3288: 3271: 3251: 3225: 3212: 3199: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3161: 3141: 3135:978-0191562365 3134: 3111: 3090: 3047: 3035: 3033:, p. 778. 3023: 3011: 3009:, p. 767. 2999: 2984: 2969: 2954: 2941: 2926: 2903: 2896: 2869: 2853: 2840: 2827: 2814: 2801: 2785: 2769: 2753: 2734: 2717: 2705: 2686: 2681:Koinonia House 2668: 2649: 2637: 2622: 2610: 2608:, p. 249. 2598: 2596:, p. 114. 2581: 2569: 2567:, p. 366. 2557: 2545: 2530: 2515: 2511:Steinmann 2009 2503: 2501:, p. 328. 2491: 2479: 2477:, p. 140. 2467: 2463:Bernegger 1983 2455: 2443: 2441:, p. 119. 2431: 2411: 2396: 2377: 2357: 2338: 2318: 2302:2009, p. 595. 2285: 2265: 2258: 2233: 2209: 2196: 2192:Niswonger 1992 2177: 2165: 2163:, p. 104. 2153: 2138: 2113: 2111:, p. 731. 2092: 2076: 2060: 2048:Douglas J. Moo 2036: 2034:, p. 344. 2021: 2019:, p. 579. 2008: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1988: 1978: 1965: 1963:, p. 17) 1936: 1910:, p. 96, 1888: 1868: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1818:Venerable Bede 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1788:Gospel harmony 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1730:spring equinox 1725:Jafar As Sadiq 1711: 1708: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1657: 1627:Spring equinox 1616:Western Church 1481: 1480:Day and season 1478: 1454: 1450: 1441:Hermann Usener 1315: 1312: 1244:Louis Duchesne 1229: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1126: 1123: 1042:Gospel of Luke 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 966:Anno Martyrium 954:Diocletian era 935: 928: 896: 893: 875: 872: 827: 824: 714: 711: 709: 706: 702:fourth century 610:birth of Jesus 591: 590: 588: 587: 580: 573: 565: 562: 561: 560: 559: 547: 532: 531: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 506: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 466: 465: 455: 450: 445: 439: 434: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 399: 398: 393: 383: 382: 381: 371: 365: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 346: 337: 332: 326: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 271: 268:Jesus in Islam 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 196: 195: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 163:Gospel harmony 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 134: 129: 128: 125: 124: 116: 115: 103: 102: 85: 75:Birth of Jesus 68: 67: 34:listed sources 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8250: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8198: 8190: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7973:Popular piety 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7754:People of God 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7600: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7420:Denominations 7417: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7389:Enlightenment 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7159: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7102:New Testament 7100: 7098: 7097:Old Testament 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6937:Hindu history 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6680: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6657: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628:Mental health 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6448:In the Talmud 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6415:Cosmic Christ 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6400:Second Coming 6398: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6388:Pre-existence 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6178:New Testament 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6055:Lord's Prayer 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5990:Unknown years 5988: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:Date of birth 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5872: 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Zondervan. 5297: 5296: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5066:Hoehner, H.W. 5063: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5048:9780521264303 5044: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4989:Jesus Seminar 4986: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4863:9780802839312 4859: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808:Davies, W. D. 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4749:9780814609972 4745: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4728:9780385059077 4724: 4719: 4718: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4701:0-19-214231-3 4697: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4480: 4477:, p. 72. 4476: 4475:Beckwith 2001 4471: 4468: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4249:History Today 4246: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4179:, p. 93. 4178: 4173: 4170: 4158: 4157:Bibleinfo.com 4154: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3443:0-691-09068-8 3439: 3435: 3428: 3425: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3392:Toledot Yeshu 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3252: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3063:(3): 177–88. 3062: 3058: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865:Herod Antipas 2862: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761:Schürer, Emil 2757: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2694:Pratt, John. 2690: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2555:, Section 54. 2554: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526:Kokkinos 1989 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2361: 2358: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2207:2009, p. 584. 2206: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:Michael Grant 2064: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2003: 1992: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1974:Jane Schaberg 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876:Josephus 1854 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1721:Tuhaf al-Uqul 1718: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1667:on papers by 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556:History Today 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1494: 1493:Govert Flinck 1490: 1486: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1409: 1407: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1361:Hymn to King 1359:wrote in his 1358: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1330: 1325: 1324:solar worship 1313: 1311: 1309: 1308:sixth century 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271:Quartodeciman 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180:Toledot Yeshu 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:Old Testament 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 996: 992: 988: 983: 979: 978:Probus Junior 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942: 933: 929: 927: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 892: 890: 886: 881: 873: 871: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 840: 836: 832: 825: 823: 821: 817: 813: 802: 801: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:New Testament 720: 712: 708:Year of birth 707: 705: 703: 698: 693: 689: 679: 674: 672: 668: 663: 657: 649: 647: 642: 641:Pope Julius I 637: 635: 631: 627: 621: 619: 615: 611: 606: 602: 598: 586: 581: 579: 574: 572: 567: 566: 564: 563: 558: 548: 546: 541: 536: 535: 534: 533: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 504: 499: 498: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 464: 461: 460: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 437: 432: 431: 424: 421: 419: 418:Unknown years 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 387: 384: 380: 377: 376: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 363: 358: 357: 350: 347: 345: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 324: 319: 318: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 269: 264: 263: 256: 255:Second Coming 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 153:Life of Jesus 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 135: 132: 127: 126: 122: 118: 117: 113: 109: 108: 92: 91:Robert Campin 88: 83: 78: 72: 64: 61: 53: 50:December 2023 41: 40: 35: 30: 26: 21: 20: 8097: 7892:Architecture 7786:Confirmation 7734:Ecclesiology 7665:Original sin 7655:Nicene Creed 7452:Old Catholic 7336:Papal States 7268:Great Church 7234:Resurrection 7176:Christianity 7133:New Covenant 7084:(Scriptures) 7029:Christianity 6914:Antisemitism 6894:Hebrew Bible 6814: 6706:Christianity 6538:Holy Kinship 6489:Master Jesus 6467:Baháʼí Faith 6361:Christianity 6348:Christianity 6318:Christ Child 6313:Bibliography 6163:Resurrection 6077:Homelessness 5986:(apocryphal) 5971: 5967:Virgin birth 5957:Annunciation 5949:Jesus's life 5879: 5852: 5848:Vermes, Géza 5839: 5819: 5802:. Eerdmans. 5798: 5777: 5757: 5734: 5721: 5705:. Eerdmans. 5701: 5680: 5663:. Eerdmans. 5659: 5638: 5617: 5607: 5598: 5579: 5555: 5540: 5522: 5501: 5480: 5454: 5450: 5430: 5410: 5397: 5377: 5356: 5343:. Retrieved 5340:Roger Pearse 5339: 5315: 5294: 5273: 5252: 5231: 5221: 5210: 5198: 5175: 5154: 5138:. Retrieved 5123: 5102: 5091: 5070: 5057: 5038: 5014: 4993: 4965: 4944: 4918: 4914: 4894: 4873: 4851: 4829: 4815: 4783: 4779: 4759: 4738: 4716: 4690: 4662: 4628: 4624: 4604: 4578: 4574: 4554: 4527:. Retrieved 4523: 4513: 4506:Chapman 1907 4501: 4482: 4470: 4458:. Retrieved 4454: 4444: 4432: 4417: 4411: 4404:Vischer 2003 4399: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4361: 4354:. Retrieved 4350: 4341: 4329: 4320: 4300: 4293:. Retrieved 4287: 4277: 4265: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4202: 4196: 4184: 4172: 4160:. Retrieved 4156: 4147: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4093: 4082: 4074:the original 4058: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4019:. Retrieved 3999: 3992: 3975: 3970: 3958: 3953: 3942: 3936: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3897: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3818: 3813: 3802: 3793: 3779: 3773: 3762: 3742: 3740: 3722: 3693: 3688:Roll, p. 87. 3684: 3672:. Retrieved 3652: 3645: 3630:Online here 3615: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3579:. Retrieved 3566: 3556: 3548: 3543: 3534: 3515: 3474: 3469: 3461: 3452: 3433: 3427: 3417: 3405: 3400: 3386: 3385:, published 3373: 3364: 3357:. Retrieved 3353: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3318: 3315:Stern, David 3309: 3300: 3291: 3283: 3276:. Retrieved 3261: 3254: 3242:. Retrieved 3238: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3207: 3202: 3194: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3151: 3144: 3124: 3098: 3093: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2992: 2987: 2978: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2949: 2944: 2934: 2929: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2887: 2864: 2856: 2848: 2843: 2838:, 1.631–632. 2835: 2830: 2822: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2796: 2780: 2764: 2756: 2747: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2713:Scarola 1998 2708: 2699: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2652: 2645:Hoehner 1977 2640: 2613: 2601: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2399: 2387:. Retrieved 2383:the original 2367: 2360: 2348:. Retrieved 2328: 2321: 2296: 2268: 2245: 2228: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2168: 2156: 2129:. Retrieved 2125: 2116: 2087: 2079: 2071: 2063: 2055: 2044:D. A. Carson 2039: 2017:Doggett 2006 2012: 1991: 1981: 1968: 1939: 1891: 1871: 1864:Sanders 1993 1843: 1719:compilation 1713: 1710:Islamic view 1697: 1679: 1644: 1620: 1597: 1577: 1555: 1553: 1549:the Nativity 1541:Annunciation 1539:through the 1514: 1498: 1488: 1471: 1466: 1445: 1427:Isaac Newton 1424: 1419: 1411: 1395: 1383: 1360: 1340:Sol Invictus 1317: 1277: 1249: 1240:Annunciation 1237: 1223: 1201:Maaseh Yeshu 1184:Baring-Gould 1177: 1142: 1128: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1086: 1075: 1039: 999: 939: 937: 931: 923: 919: 917: 901:Emil Schürer 898: 877: 865: 850: 839:James Tissot 834: 819: 808: AD 93 798: 797:in his book 766: 758:Matthew 2:16 739: 716: 681: 676: 659: 651: 638: 634:astronomical 630:astrological 622: 596: 594: 490:Bar-Serapion 342: / 245:Intercession 225:Resurrection 173:Virgin birth 86: 71: 56: 47: 36: 8153:Persecution 8088:Christendom 8081:Cooperation 8018:Charismatic 7929:Holy Spirit 7838:Natural law 7801:Holy orders 7650:Christology 7643:Holy Spirit 7517:Pentecostal 7497:Evangelical 7492:Charismatic 7331:Monasticism 7323:Middle Ages 7286:Constantine 7229:Crucifixion 7111:Foundations 6973:Scientology 6942:Hindu texts 6838:Ages of Man 6753:Joan of Arc 6564:Descendants 6522:Holy Family 6505:Genealogies 6472:Manichaeism 6378:Incarnation 6373:Christology 6366:1st century 6248:Historicity 6139:Crucifixion 6107:Last Supper 5842:. Eerdmans. 5576:"Quirinius" 4786:(32): 591. 4711:Brown, R.E. 4529:28 December 4356:17 February 4334:Talley 1991 4295:17 February 4177:Morris 1988 3881:Kelly, p.80 3872:Roll, p.107 3848:Roll, p.105 3807:Luke 1:5–23 3674:23 December 3581:24 February 3505:"Christmas" 3489:Talley 1991 3383:theosophist 3379:G.R.S. Mead 3359:20 February 2565:Archer 1982 2487:Martin 1989 2451:Barnes 1968 2350:23 December 2272:Augustine, 2173:Pearse 2018 2161:Molnar 1999 2109:Rahner 1975 2052:Leon Morris 1945:Vermes 2006 1928:Millar 1990 1920:Harvey 2004 1908:Vermes 2006 1884:Archer 1982 1852:Marcus Borg 1848:Rahner 1975 1748:Anno Domini 1636:Luke 1:8–11 1529:Luke 1:5–23 1521:Zechariah's 1288:Zechariah's 1250:In AD 221, 1021:Incarnation 1013:Incarnation 995:regnal year 941:Anno Domini 932:Anno Domini 924:Antiquities 920:Antiquities 846: 1890 795: AD 6 746:Matthew 2:1 735:Karl Rahner 725:gospels of 510:Life in art 386:Historicity 340:Jesus' race 210:Humiliation 143:Christology 98: 1420 37:may not be 8218:Chronology 8212:Categories 8067:Prosperity 8043:Liberation 7983:Cathedrals 7968:Pilgrimage 7953:Literature 7830:Philosophy 7766:Sacraments 7739:Four marks 7700:Protestant 7675:Born again 7472:Anabaptist 7462:Protestant 7404:Influences 7366:Modern era 7070:By country 6832:Prometheus 6410:Son of God 6305:Depictions 6043:Beatitudes 6000:Temptation 5944:Chronology 5400:. Penguin. 5345:30 January 4985:Funk, R.W. 4840:1891389459 4189:Freed 2001 4162:1 December 3817:Collinge, 2847:Josephus, 2834:Josephus, 2633:Novak 2001 2618:Evans 2003 2577:Bruce 1984 2553:Rhees 2007 2541:Evans 1973 2439:Freed 2001 2274:Sermon 192 2149:Maier 1989 2054:. 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BRILL. 5471:0048-1009 5215:repr. in 4792:0022-5185 4645:0022-5185 4595:0022-5185 3957:Cited in 3767:Luke 1:26 3702:fractions 3377:In 1903, 3297:Ilan, Tal 3085:117094612 2724:"Kepler, 2475:Gelb 2013 2131:6 January 2032:Dunn 2003 2004:Citations 1900:Dunn 2003 1593:John 3:30 1560:Christmas 1501:Christmas 1453:antedated 1449:religious 1366:that the 1188:Wagenseil 1165:Pharisees 1159:107b and 1157:Sanhedrin 905:Archelaus 868:John 2:20 853:Luke 3:23 803:(written 780:Quirinius 762:Luke 3:23 678:increase. 520:Depiction 443:Christian 413:Criticism 403:Mythology 344:genealogy 310:End times 295:Disciples 235:Obedience 230:Ascension 215:Execution 8197:Category 8062:Pacifism 7876:features 7860:Politics 7813:Ablution 7781:Marriage 7685:Catholic 7615:Theology 7507:Lutheran 7502:Holiness 7487:Reformed 7477:Anglican 7447:Catholic 7351:Crusades 7296:Nicaea I 7246:Apostles 7219:Miracles 7214:Parables 7204:Ministry 7194:Nativity 7158:timeline 7055:Prophets 7050:Glossary 6968:Buddhism 6924:Hinduism 6816:Theogony 6790:Opus Dei 6758:Missions 6714:Timeline 6656:Category 6527:Panthera 6512:(mother) 6271:Josephus 6124:Betrayal 6067:Miracles 6062:Parables 6022:Ministry 6005:Apostles 5962:Nativity 5850:(2010). 5197:(1991). 5068:(1977). 4991:(1998). 4935:23959449 4800:23949148 4713:(1977). 4688:(2003). 4653:23963471 4490:Archived 4460:23 April 4422:Archived 4241:Archived 4015:Archived 3980:Archived 3834:(2015). 3668:Archived 3634:Archived 3575:Archived 3508:Archived 3475:op. cit. 3422:"Joshua" 3317:(1992). 3299:(2002). 3278:9 August 3244:9 August 3239:TIME.com 3103:Archived 2966:: 85–92. 2344:Archived 2311:Archived 2277:Archived 2221:Archived 1736:See also 1612:Epiphany 1543:and the 1510:rabbinic 1457:Aurelian 1344:Aurelian 1265:Passover 1196:Yemenite 1173:apostate 1055:Eusebius 1046:Tiberius 1009:Nativity 987:Olympiad 913:Tiberius 788:Josephus 776:Augustus 768:Luke 1:5 719:nativity 480:Josephus 475:Mandaean 205:Parables 200:Miracles 188:Ministry 178:Nativity 112:a series 110:Part of 87:Nativity 39:reliable 8126:Related 7919:Trinity 7884:Culture 7848:Science 7818:Hygiene 7808:Mission 7791:Penance 7771:Baptism 7707:Worship 7680:Liturgy 7628:Trinity 7539:Eastern 7522:Quakers 7482:Baptist 7439:Western 7429:members 7199:Baptism 7153:History 7143:Worship 7045:Outline 6947:Jainism 6909:Zionism 6881:Judaism 6827:Chronos 6579:Related 6549:Joachim 6443:Judaism 6433:Jesuism 6333:Statues 6286:Gospels 6276:Tacitus 6266:Sources 6191:Matthew 6186:Gospels 6097:Passion 6050:Prayers 5995:Baptism 5984:Infancy 5929:Outline 4542:Sources 4130:: 248. 4128:Peeters 4021:20 June 3065:Bibcode 2923:: 9–18. 2851:, 2.26. 2389:9 April 1676:calends 1650:Evodius 1210:Pandera 1169:Hagigah 1071:Paullus 974:consuls 778:, when 727:Matthew 648:wrote: 614:Gospels 601:gospels 525:Jesuism 485:Tacitus 458:Islamic 183:Baptism 158:Gospels 7843:Ethics 7724:Saints 7633:Father 7552:Church 7164:spread 7128:Gospel 7118:Church 7060:People 6963:Baháʼí 6725:Ussher 6613:Easter 6569:Clopas 6516:Joseph 6498:Family 6395:Relics 6356:Christ 6151:Burial 6129:Arrest 5860: 5827: 5806: 5785: 5764: 5741: 5709: 5688: 5667: 5646: 5625: 5586: 5563: 5530: 5509: 5488: 5469: 5438: 5417: 5385: 5364: 5323: 5302: 5281: 5260: 5239: 5183: 5162: 5140:3 June 5131: 5110: 5078: 5045: 5022: 5001: 4973: 4952: 4933: 4902: 4881: 4860: 4837: 4798: 4790: 4767: 4746: 4725: 4698: 4670: 4651: 4643: 4612: 4593: 4562: 4213: 4101: 4066: 4042:. 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