582:
extensive evidence. Annunziato and
Grossman (2016) indicate that the homeostasis theory focuses on five feedback loops that form an insidious and vicious "Circle of Discontent". If, for any reason, high levels of dissatisfaction, negative affect, consumption, or increased body weight should arise, then interactivity through feedback loops creates a vicious circle, a disturbance to the stability of the system that controls weight gain. When it becomes activated, the system drifts away from equilibrium toward a dysfunctional state of non-control. The authors explain that Marks (2015) proposes a four-armed strategy to halt the obesity epidemic consists of (1) putting a stop to victim-blaming, stigma, and discrimination; (2) devalorizing the thin-ideal; (3) reducing consumption of energy-dense, low-nutrient foods, and drinks; and (4) improving access to plant-based diets. Annunziato and Grossman (2016) concluded: "If fully implemented, interventions designed to restore homeostasis have the potential to halt the obesity epidemic".
821:
increase in the average IQ of that population. Second, IQ gains should be most pronounced in the lower half of the IQ bell curve since this is the section of the population that, before education, would have obtained relatively lower scores due to their inability to comprehend the intelligence test's instructions. With increased literacy, you should expect to see a change in the skewness of the IQ distribution from positive to negative as a result of higher rates of literacy in the lower half of the IQ distribution (but very little change in the top half of the distribution). You should also expect differences on the particular intelligence test subscales, with increased literacy showing the strongest effects on verbal tests of intelligence and minimal differences on other intelligence tests. If all these predictions hold up, there would be support for the notion that secular IQ gains and race differences are not different phenomena but have a common origin in literacy.
829:: (i) The higher the literacy rate of a population, the higher that population's mean IQ, and the higher that population's mean IQ, the higher the literacy rate of that population. (ii) When literacy rates declined, mean IQ also declined, a reversed Flynn Effect. (iii) Unequal improvements occurred across the IQ spectrum, with the most significant increases occurring in the lower half of the IQ distribution. Kaufman pointed out that the evidence suggested that both the Flynn Effect and racial/national IQ differences showed the most extensive effects of literacy on verbal intelligence tests, with the perceptual tests of intelligence showing no consistent pattern.
570:, a property of all living things (Marks, 2015). Physiological homeostasis maintains equilibrium at set-points using feedback loops for the organism's optimum functioning. Long-term homeostatic imbalances arise through genetic, environmental, or biopsychosocial mechanisms causing illness and/or loss of well-being. Psychological homeostasis works similarly to maintain stability in emotion and behaviour. However, rapid environmental and economic changes generate challenging conditions for the human organism. Overconsumption of high-calorie, low-nutrient foods, combined with stressful living and working conditions, have caused imbalances in homeostasis,
623:
mental rotation performance. Lee, Kravitz, and Baker (2012) used fMRI and multi-voxel pattern analysis to investigate the specificity, distribution, and similarity of information for individual seen and imagined objects. Participants either viewed or imagined individual-named object images on which they had been trained before the scan. Correlation between fMRI and VVIQ scores showed that, in both object-selective and early visual cortex, Lee et al.'s (2012) measure of discrimination across imagery and perception correlated with the vividness of imagery.
786:
clinical psychology. Marks's challenge also goes against my own efforts to show that altered states of consciousness are the royal road to reliably reproducing lifting psi-in-the-wild to psi-in-the-lab. In particular, we developed a version of the ganzfeld using real-time recordings that could actually catch the sender's experiences of target film clips in the form of the receiver's imagery, since these ganzfeld images are often shown to follow in real time the changing scenes being watched in the target clip.
614:, a tool for the assessment of individual differences in visual imagery. Marks (1973) reported that high vividness scores correlate with the accuracy of recall of coloured photographs. In 1995 he published a new version of the VVIQ, the VVIQ2. This questionnaire consists of twice the number of items and reverses the rating scale so that higher scores reflect higher vividness. The VVIQ has been validated in about 2000 studies using perceptual and cognitive tasks.
672:. After Puthoff and Targ refused to give David Marks access to their remote viewing data, Marks approached the judge of the transcripts, Arthur Hastings, who allowed him full access. In his analysis, Marks found multiple clues in the unedited transcripts that allowed the target descriptions to be correctly matched to the listing of target sites, showing them in the actual order in which they had been visited. Marks subsequently published an article in
32:
160:
474:(2014) confirmed Marks' theory in a computational realization by demonstrating that: "Reference points cued by the form of comparative questions systematically modulate the precision of magnitudes represented in working memory, yielding the semantic congruity effect" (Chen, Lu and Holyoak, 2014, p. 46).
928:
The GTB asserts that organisms are not adapted to each other and the environment because natural selection made them that way, but they are made that way owing to an inbuilt striving towards stability and equilibrium. The GTB has the potential to advance understanding of human nature and to integrate
845:
and racial differences in measured IQ are artefacts of literacy differences. As the literacy of
Western populations declines, as appears to be the case currently, then Marks' literacy theory of IQ scores predicts that average IQ test scores are expected to decrease, and the Flynn effect will reverse,
591:(Marks, 2016). The book's dedication states: "To the two-point-one billion people who are overweight or living with obesity. Please take note. It is not your fault. You are not to blame. You are the victims. Be informed, be empowered, and, above all else, resist. This book is for you." (Marks, 2016).
750:
in advocating "zeteticism". Marks' 2020 book "Psychology and the
Paranormal: Exploring Anomalous Experience" presents a new theory holding that, if they occur at all, paranormal experiences such as telepathy and clairvoyance are never under conscious control and only happen spontaneously. The theory
785:
that by piecing together numerous factors and personality- traits, a degree of control over psi can eventually be achieved. This is the successful working model used throughout applied psychology where psychological testing predicts job performance and is used even to some extent for diagnostics in
893:
Many psychological theories are species-specific, situation-specific, or sub-area-specific, so they cannot be general theories. 'A General Theory of
Behaviour applies to all sub-areas, situations, species, ages, stages, genders, and cultures. The only proviso for the GTB is that the organism must
840:
both have a similar explanation: literacy differences across race and across time are, Marks believes, the cause of both. Racial IQ differences are converging as the literacy skills within two populations become more equal. Thus, racial differences have an environmental cause, just like the Flynn
824:
Kaufman described how Marks tested these predictions by looking at samples representative of whole populations (rather than individuals) and used ecological methods to compute statistical associations between IQ and literacy rates across different countries. Kaufman's (2010) review suggested that
622:
data for mental rotation from individuals reporting vivid and poor imagery on the VVIQ. Groups differed in brain activation patterns, suggesting that the groups performed the same tasks differently. These findings help to explain the lack of association previously reported between VVIQ scores and
820:
Kaufmann (2010) explained the significance of Marks' study as follows. If increasing literacy explained several seemingly different IQ trends, you would expect to see a few other phenomena. First, within a population, you should expect increased literacy skills education to be associated with an
581:
Annunziato and
Grossman (2016) explain that Marks' homeostasis theory attributes the obesity imbalance to a "Circle of Discontent", a system of feedback loops linking weight gain, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and overconsumption. These authors state that the theory is consistent with
457:
Switching to another aspect of judgement, Marks then ran an experiment on relative, subjective probability judgements demonstrating that relative judgements of the more probable of two statements are quicker if the statements are both probable rather than improbable. For judgements of the less
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in which he has taken a softer position concerning the paranormal. He argues that the phenomena may occur, but that they are inherently spontaneous and elusive, and because of this they cannot be captured in the lab. According to Marks, parapsychologists and their critics should resolve their
617:
Rodway, Gillies, and
Schepman (2006) found that high-vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures than low-vividness participants, replicating an earlier study by Gur and Hilgard (1975). Recently, Cui et al. (2007) found that reported image
618:
vividness correlates with increased activity in the visual cortex. This study shows that increased visual cortical activity reflects the subjective experience of forming a mental image. Logie, Pernet, Buonocore, and Della Sala (2011) used behavioural and
486:, Marks advocated a greater understanding of the socio-political context affecting individual behaviour (Marks et al., 2005). With Michael Murray and colleagues, he actively promoted a critical-theoretical approach, including the foundation of the
518:, to carry out double-anonymized, randomised controlled trials to investigate the acute effects of cannabis intoxication, e.g., "Cannabis and Temporal Disintegration in Experienced and Naive Subjects", subsequently published in
558:
The discipline of psychology has faced a complex challenge in conceptualizing methods for the design, description, and evaluation of interventions. Marks (2009) published a
Taxonomic System for psychological interventions.
547:, where they developed the Isis Smoking Cessation Programme (Sulzberger & Marks, 1977). After returning to England in 1986, Marks developed a UK version of the programme, which was initially published by the
509:
use, which, in the 1970s, was an illegal substance in the majority of
Western countries and a subject of social concern, especially when mixed with alcohol and driving. With Professor Peter McKellar at the
490:. This organisation has included the consideration of social justice, community approaches, and art projects to reduce health inequalities. Marks has also been interested in new research methods for
815:
IQ differences across time, race and nationality are all caused by differences in literacy because intelligence test performance requires literacy skills not present in all people to the same extent
781:
differences and accept this. Such a challenge obviously goes against all the ethos and efforts of academic parapsychology at UK Universities, such as
Northampton, which follow the basic belief of
789:
Nevertheless, there may be some truth in Marks's assertion. Some of the best cases of ESP seem to occur before controls can be brought in, only to disappear when they are brought in".
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has no general theory. In his 2018 monograph, 'A General Theory of
Behaviour' (GTB), David Marks (2018) attempts to fill that gap with a central theory covering all discipline areas.
551:
in 1993 as The QUIT FOR LIFE Programme (Marks 1993, 2005). The approach was developed further and re-published in the 'Overcoming' series by Robinson as "Overcoming Your Smoking
703:
and describes case studies of paranormal claims and principles for explaining how people may come to believe so strongly in the paranormal claims. This includes the concept of
458:
probable, the reverse result is obtained. Marks proposed a theory that judgement involves a relation between a stimulus and a word acting as a reference point, and he followed
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2000:
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were actually "pseudoskeptics", i.e. disbelievers, who were never open to the possibility of the paranormal in the first place. Their disbelief would be as susceptible to
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was able to hoodwink scientists, journalists and the many members of the public with a series of simple but audacious sleights of hand. In that book, which investigates
1980:
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1946:
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The theory consists of 20 principles and 80 propositions, 100 empirically falsifiable propositions. These 100 propositions make the GTB transparent and capable of
1975:
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His habitual attitude of open skepticism was later applied to the self-proclaimed 'skeptics' themselves. Marks became convinced that the leading members of the
1970:
925:, and others, David Marks advocates the usefulness of the concept of 'Psychological Homeostasis' and explains the implications for the Science of Behaviour.
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Gur, R. C.; Hilgard, E. R. (1975). "Visual Imagery and Discrimination of Differences Between Altered Pictures Simultaneously and Successively Presented".
60:
40:
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was a jazz musician. He has two children. David Marks retired from his university post in 2010 and lives in Arles, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.
244:
917:, the GTB is non-reductive while, at the same time, drawing upon principles from other sciences, in particular, Biology and Physiology. Following
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Marks further elaborated the theory of Psychological Homeostasis in a General Theory of Behaviour, which he published as a book in 2018.
1936:
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the discipline of Psychology. The following steps involve rigorous testing of the principles and hypotheses of the General Theory.
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Marks, David F. (June 2010). "IQ Variations Across Time, Race, and Nationality: An Artifact of Differences in Literacy Skills".
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1985:
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Casswell, Sally; Marks, David F. (23 February 1973). "Cannabis and Temporal Disintegration in Experienced and Naive Subjects".
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2010:
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claims. He and his colleague Richard Kammann became associated with the committee of professional skeptics now called
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587:
82:
45:
817:. In eight different analyses, mean full-scale IQ and literacy scores yielded correlations ranging from .79 to .99.
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as a lecturer and then senior lecturer in psychology. He returned to the UK as Head of the School of Psychology at
49:
2005:
883:
1247:
Rodway, Paul; Gillies, Karen; Schepman, Astrid (2006). "Vivid imagers are better at detecting salient changes".
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to manage probability revision in a Bayesian decision task (Marks and Clarkson, 1972). In 1968, Marks contacted
325:, author and editor of numerous articles and books concerned mainly with five areas of psychological research –
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Marks conducted laboratory studies on subjective probability judgements for his doctoral research at the
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466:. Marks' (1972) reference point theory of relative judgement is found to be consistent with results in
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381:
1290:"The Flynn Effect and IQ Disparities Among Races, Ethnicities, and Nations: Are There Common Links?"
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as the positive beliefs of non-skeptics. Thus, Marks came to adopt a position similar to that of
707:, a process through which people find a correspondence between randomly paired events, including
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448:
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71:
1029:
IQ variations across time, race, and nationality: an artifact of differences in literacy skills
691:(1980, 2nd edn. 2000; co-authored with the late Richard Kammann; forewords to both editions by
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Morris, Robert L. (1980). "Some comments on the assessment of parapsychological studies"
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Marks, David F. (February 1973). "Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures".
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In 2010, David Marks systematically analysed the association between literacy skills and
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Overcoming Your Smoking Habit: A Self-Help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioral Techniques
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Overcoming Your Smoking Habit: A Self-Help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioral Techniques
801:(IQ) across time, nationality, and race. Marks (2010) published a sceptical theory of
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cannot produce paranormal effects in the laboratory and why laboratory experiments in
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1509:
Improving the Health of the Nation: The Failure of the Government's Health Reforms
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Improving the Health of the Nation: The Failure of the Government's Health Reforms
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stemming from uncontrolled literacy differences. Marks (2010) hypothesized that
793:
Intelligence – Literacy theory of IQ test score variations across time and space
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716:
567:
1260:
1684:
1534:
The Quit for Life Programme: An Easier Way to Quit Smoking and Not Start Again
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The Quit for Life Programme: An Easier Way to Quit Smoking and Not Start Again
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735:
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about his findings. Kahneman and Tversky published a paper reporting the same
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543:. This research began with another doctoral student, Paul Sulzberger, at the
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The Homeostasis Theory of Obesity was further elaborated in his 2016 book,
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462:'s suggestion that stimuli differ in their discriminal dispersions; see
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Marks, David F.; Murray, Michael; Estacio, Emee Vida (February 2020).
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Cannabis and Temporal Disintegration in Experienced and Naive Subjects
422:
Committee for the Scientific Investigation of the Paranormal (now the
365:, England, to Victor W.F. Marks and Mary Dorothy (née Goodman) Marks.
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914:
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in 1970. From there, he moved to New Zealand, where he taught at the
349:
and has curated exhibitions and books about artists and their works.
263:
1927:
ISCHP2011: 7th Biennial ISCHP Conference, Adelaide (South Australia)
1165:"Disentangling visual imagery and perception of real-world objects"
711:(Marks, 2000). In 1986, while working in New Zealand with the late
776:"The veteran psi-critic David Marks has recently published a book
439:. He found that subjects typically used a simplifying strategy or
1108:"Integrating intervention targets offered by homeostatic theory"
619:
946:
with Michael Murray and Emee Vida Estacio (Sixth Edition, 2020)
827:
Marks' findings were completely consistent with the predictions
1714:
Marks, David F. (March 1986). "Investigating the paranormal".
1106:
Annunziato, Rachel A; Grossman, Stephanie L (1 January 2016).
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from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
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1084:
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1080:
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651:. While in the US, Marks also visited two researchers at the
647:
on a six-month sabbatical in 1976 to carry out research with
762:
Regarding Marks' book, Adrian Parker ('Informal Psi Tests',
532:
submitted this research for their PhD or MSc dissertations.
802:
1163:
Lee, S-H.; Kravitz, D.J.; Baker, C.I. (15 February 2012).
682:
experiments were based on flawed experimental procedures.
562:
In 2015, Marks published a new theoretical explanation of
307:
1942:
PDF of controlled trial of the QUIT FOR LIFE Programme
1911:
The Society for Psychical Research (SPR), 74, 425–443.
1909:
Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research
1837:
Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research
1482:
Marks, David F.; Sykes, Catherine Marie (9 May 2000).
524:. A series of masters and doctoral students including
269:
An Investigation of Subjective Probability Judgements
1582:
Marks, David F.; Kammann, Richard (1 December 2000).
1041:
Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures
1417:
Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology
962:
Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology
846:which is precisely what recent studies have found.
488:
International Society of Critical Health Psychology
302:
288:
278:
262:
239:
231:
208:
198:
169:
150:
470:. Four decades later, Dawn Chen, Hongjing Lu, and
1333:Health Psychology: Theory, Research and Practice
944:Health Psychology: Theory, Research and Practice
1484:Dealing with Dementia: Recent European Research
974:Dealing with Dementia: Recent European Research
514:, Marks obtained funding from the Medical, now
1053:On the review of The Psychology of the Psychic
854:All sciences are founded on general theories:
809:and the alleged racial variations in IQ as an
751:explains why self-proclaimed psychics such as
539:concerned designing psychological therapy for
1611:. Dunedin, New Zealand: Isis Research Centre.
8:
1802:"New Directions for Mental Imagery Research"
1536:. Leicester: British Psychological Society.
1507:Francome, C.; Marks, D.F. (1 January 1996).
1922:Standing against racism | The Psychologist
1831:Marks, David F. (1981). "On the review of
1047:New Directions for Mental Imagery Research
678:demonstrating that the original claims of
158:
147:
63:about living persons that is unsourced or
2001:Academic staff of the University of Otago
1647:
1188:
1139:
627:Parapsychology, skepticism and zeteticism
612:Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire
245:Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
662:who had carried out multiple studies of
635:, Marks adopted a skeptical analysis of
19:For other people named David Marks, see
1981:Academics of City, University of London
1932:Review of The Psychology of the Psychic
1414:Marks, David F.; Yardley, Lucy (2004).
1366:Reussir a surmonter le Reflex cigarette
1288:Kaufman, Scott Barry (23 August 2010).
1070:
950:Reussir a surmonter le Reflex cigarette
505:area was concerned with the effects of
1937:Review of The Health Psychology Reader
1511:. London: Middlesex University Press.
1486:. London: Middlesex University Press.
516:Health Research Council of New Zealand
357:Marks was born on 12 February 1945 in
345:. Marks is also the originator of the
1976:Alumni of the University of Sheffield
1622:Marks, David F. (January–June 2015).
1607:Sulzberger, P.; Marks, D. F. (1977).
1000:(editor with David G. Russell) (1985)
988:(Stuart MacGregor, Illustrator)(1993)
876:theory of molecular quantum mechanics
805:score variations explaining both the
7:
1609:The Isis Smoking Cessation Programme
1010:The Isis Smoking Cessation Programme
1006:with Richard Kammann (1980 and 2000)
1971:Alumni of the University of Reading
1389:Marks, David F. (13 January 2005).
1277:. Skeptical Inquirer. 3 April 2019.
1779:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01322.x
1586:(2nd ed.). Prometheus Books.
1315:Marks, David F. (September 2018).
1226:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01470.x
1095:(MLA 7th Edition). 15 August 2002.
501:David Marks' first project in the
388:from 2000 to 2010. He founded the
14:
1249:Journal of Individual Differences
976:with Catherine Marie Sykes (2000)
685:Marks also published evidence in
578:in more than two billion people.
243:The General Theory of Behaviour,
1800:Marks, David F. (January 1995).
1181:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.055
832:The alleged association between
30:
1624:"Homeostatic Theory of Obesity"
1393:. London: Robinson Publishing.
1055:: A reply to Dr. Morris" (1981)
728:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
721:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
641:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
588:Obesity. Comfort vs. Discontent
424:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
83:"David Marks" psychologist
1561:. Bronx, N.Y.: Brandon House.
1532:Marks, David F. (April 1993).
1368:. Paris: InterEditions-Dunod.
771:Society for Psychical Research
666:, which they had published in
610:led to the development of the
1:
1833:The Psychology of the Psychic
1767:British Journal of Psychology
1584:The Psychology of the Psychic
1557:Marks, David F., ed. (1986).
1454:. London: Sage Publications.
1420:. London: Sage Publications.
1317:A General Theory of Behaviour
1214:British Journal of Psychology
1023:Homeostatic theory of obesity
1004:The Psychology of the Psychic
939:A General Theory of Behaviour
850:A General Theory of Behaviour
778:Psychology and the Paranormal
688:The Psychology of the Psychic
549:British Psychological Society
498:(Marks & Yardley, 2004).
417:British Psychological Society
1876:10.1126/science.179.4075.803
1451:The Health Psychology Reader
1035:Investigating the paranormal
968:The Health Psychology Reader
391:Journal of Health Psychology
249:Journal of Health Psychology
247:, Quit for Life Programme,
235:Psychologist, author, editor
41:biography of a living person
21:David Marks (disambiguation)
1559:Theories of Image Formation
1093:Contemporary Authors Online
1012:with Paul Sulzberger (1977)
992:Theories of Image Formation
653:Stanford Research Institute
464:Law of comparative judgment
400:, an open-access journal.
347:General Theory of Behaviour
68:must be removed immediately
2027:
1835:: A reply to Dr. Morris".
1261:10.1027/1614-0001.27.4.218
1061:with Sally Casswell (1973)
982:with Colin Francome (1996)
18:
1996:Critics of parapsychology
1806:Journal of Mental Imagery
1685:10.2466/pr0.106.3.643-664
1091:"David (Francis) Marks".
884:theory of plate tectonics
769:6, 16), President of the
298:
255:
157:
1640:10.1177/2055102915590692
1448:Marks, David F. (2002).
1364:Marks, David F. (2009).
1319:. SAGE Publications Ltd.
1296:. Sussex Publishers, LLC
1124:10.1177/2055102916634361
964:with Lucy Yardley (2004)
719:. He is a fellow of the
566:based on the concept of
1275:"CSI Fellows and Staff"
715:, Marks co-founded the
437:University of Sheffield
374:University of Sheffield
222:University of Sheffield
1986:Anomalistic psychology
1634:(1): 205510291559069.
1118:(1): 205510291663436.
1112:Health Psychology Open
952:(French Edition)(2009)
701:anomalistic psychology
598:Consciousness research
535:His second project in
397:Health Psychology Open
386:City University London
368:Marks earned a BSc at
55:Please help by adding
1991:British psychologists
1673:Psychological Reports
1336:. SAGE Publications.
834:race and intelligence
799:intelligence quotient
744:subjective validation
705:subjective validation
602:Marks' research into
372:in 1966 and a PhD at
370:University of Reading
216:University of Reading
868:theory of relativity
645:University of Oregon
643:. Marks visited the
460:Louis Leon Thurstone
382:Middlesex University
190:Liphook, Hampshire,
164:David F. Marks, 2015
61:Contentious material
16:British psychologist
2011:People from Liphook
1868:1973Sci...179..803C
1728:1986Natur.320..119M
860:theory of evolution
545:University of Otago
512:University of Otago
492:clinical psychology
378:University of Otago
319:David Francis Marks
174:David Francis Marks
783:Joseph Banks Rhine
449:representativeness
384:before working at
1862:(4075): 803–805.
1628:Health Psychology
1593:978-1-573-92798-7
1568:978-0-913-41218-3
1543:978-1-854-33150-2
1518:978-1-898-25305-1
1493:978-1-898-25332-7
1461:978-0-761-97271-6
1427:978-0-761-97191-7
1400:978-1-845-29067-2
1375:978-2-72960-979-5
1017:Selected articles
764:Paranormal Review
541:smoking cessation
537:health psychology
530:Annette Beautrais
503:health psychology
496:health psychology
484:health psychology
478:Health psychology
468:psycholinguistics
331:health psychology
321:(born 1945) is a
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44:needs additional
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1961:1945 births
1349:28 February
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740:James Randi
717:NZ Skeptics
568:homeostasis
411:Memberships
308:davidfmarks
199:Nationality
152:David Marks
1955:Categories
1843:: 197–203.
1816:28 October
1467:28 October
1433:28 October
1300:28 October
1169:NeuroImage
1066:References
888:Psychology
753:Uri Geller
736:Paul Kurtz
697:Uri Geller
637:paranormal
572:overweight
180:1945-02-12
94:newspapers
1812:: 153–167
1132:2055-1029
872:Chemistry
732:Ray Hyman
649:Ray Hyman
454:in 1972.
452:heuristic
441:heuristic
431:Judgement
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405:Jon Marks
363:Hampshire
353:Biography
327:judgement
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874:has the
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1864:Bibcode
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1724:Bibcode
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911:purpose
880:Geology
864:Physics
856:Biology
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576:obesity
564:obesity
521:Science
359:Liphook
303:Website
203:English
192:England
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759:fail.
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669:Nature
574:, and
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