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while mechanical stimuli further promote rebuilding. This 6-8 week process results in an increase of the tendon's mechanical properties until it recovers its original strength. However, excessive loading during the recovery process may lead to material failure, i.e. partial tears or complete rupture. Additionally, studies show that tendons have a maximum modulus of approximately 800 MPa; thus, any additional loading will not result in a significant increase in modulus strength. These results may change current physical therapy practices, since aggressive training of the tendon does not strengthen the structure beyond its baseline mechanical properties; therefore, patients are still as susceptible to tendon overuse and injuries.
85:"Ligaments, or any soft tissue, when put under even a moderate degree of tension, if that tension is unremitting, will elongate by the addition of new material; on the contrary, when ligaments, or rather soft tissues, remain uninterruptedly in a loose or lax state, they will gradually shorten, as the effete material is removed, until they come to maintain the same relation to the bony structures with which they are united that they did before their shortening. Nature never wastes her time and material in maintaining a muscle or ligament at its original length when the distance between their points of origin and insertion is for any considerable time, without interruption, shortened."
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causes collagenous tissues to hypertrophy until the resulting increase in strength reduces elongation in tension to some minimum level". Similar to the behavior of bony tissues this adaptational response occurs only if the mechanical strain exceeds a certain threshold value. Harold Frost proposed that for dense collagenous connective tissues the related threshold values are around 23 Newton/mm2 or 4% strain elongation.
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were in the form of a sharp rebuke of lectures published by Louis Bauer of the
Brooklyn Medical and Surgical Institute in 1862. In his writing, Bauer claimed that "a contraction of ligaments is a physiological impossibility". Bauer sided with work published in 1851 by Julius Konrad Werner, director
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which was originally developed to describe the adaptational response of bones; however – as outlined by Harold Frost himself – it also applies to fibrous collagenous connective tissues, such as ligaments, tendons and fascia. The "stretch-hypertrophy rule" of that model states: "Intermittent stretch
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Conversely, tendons that have lost their original strength due to extended periods of inactivity can regain most of their mechanical properties through gradual re-loading of the tendon, due to the tendon's response to mechanical loading. Biological signaling events initiate re-growth at the site,
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strength loss of up to 58% over a 90-day period. Test subjects who were allowed to engage in resistance training displayed a smaller magnitude of tendon strength loss in the same micro-gravity environment, but modulus strength decrease was still significant.
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Frost, Harold "New targets for fascial, ligament and tendon research: A perspective from the Utah paradigm of skeletal physiology" J Musculoskel Neuron
Interact 2003; 3(3):201–209
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Frost, Harold "Does the anterior cruciate have a modeling threshold? A case for the affirmative". J Musculoskel Neuron
Interact 2001; 2(2):131–136
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R. James; G. Kesturu; G. Balian; B. Chhabra (2008). "Tendon: biology, biomechanics, repair, growth factors, and evolving treatment options".
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41:. It is a physiological principle stating that soft tissue heal according to the manner in which they are mechanically stressed.
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353:"Influence of 90-day simulated microgravity on human tendon mechanical properties and the effect of resistive countermeasures"
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of the
Orthopedic Institute of Konigsberg, Prussia. Bauer and Werner, in turn, were contradicting research published by
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This article is about anatomy and physiology. For the journalism maxim sometimes known as Davis's law, see
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Davis's writing on the subject exposes a long chain of competing theories on the subject of soft tissue
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T. Wren; S. Yerby; G. Beaupré; C. Carter (2001). "Mechanical properties of the human
Achilles tendon".
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Frost, Harold "The physiology of cartilagenous, fibrous, and bony tissue. C.C. Thomas, 1972, page 176
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Ellenbecker, Todd, "Effective
Functional Progressions in Sport Rehabilitation", Human Kinetics 2009,
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structures that respond to changes in mechanical loading. Bulk mechanical properties, such as
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Frost, Harold "The physiology of cartilagenous, fibrous, and bony tissue. C.C. Thomas, 1972
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Lectures on
Orthopaedic Surgery: Delivered at the Brooklyn Medical and Surgical Institute
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methods. Its earliest known appearance is in John Joseph Nutt's 1913 book
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Anatomical and physiological law describing soft tissue growth
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London
Medical Gazette: Or, Journal of Practical Medicine
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N. Reeves; C. Maganaris; G. Ferretti; M. Narici (2005).
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New York: E. B. Treat & Co.; 1915, pp. 157–158
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Cleveland: Ohio
College of Podiatric Medicine; 1978.
259:Kynett, H.H.; Butler, S.W.; Brinton, D.G. (1862).
29:is used in anatomy and physiology to describe how
504:Functional Progression for Sport Rehabilitation.
149:simulations, human test subjects can experience
33:models along imposed demands. It is similar to
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490:Available as a pdf in total via Google books
331:"Whonamedit – dictionary of medical eponyms"
502:Tippett, Steven R. and Michael L. Voight,
497:Practical podiatric orthopedic procedures.
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506:Champaigne IL: Human Kinetics; 1995,
484:Diseases and deformities of the foot.
477:New York: D. Appleton & Co.; 1867
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533:Anatomy articles about gross anatomy
242:Diseases and Deformities of the Foot
75:Diseases and Deformities of the Foot
93:Detailed description of Davis's law
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372:10.1152/japplphysiol.01266.2004
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418:10.1016/s0268-0033(00)00089-9
262:Medical and Surgical Reporter
21:Betteridge's law of headlines
245:. E.B. Treat & Company.
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265:. Vol. 8. p. 518
239:Nutt, John Joseph (1913).
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139:ultimate tensile strength
112:Jacques Mathieu Delpech
528:Musculoskeletal system
472:Davis, Henry Gassett,
105:. Davis's comments in
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406:Clinical Biomechanics
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475:Conservative Surgery
312:. Vol. 48. 1851
151:gastrocnemius tendon
118:Soft tissue examples
107:Conservative Surgery
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168:Hypertrophy
127:soft tissue
99:contracture
63:Davis's law
46:Mechanostat
35:Wolff's law
31:soft tissue
27:Davis's law
538:Physiology
522:Categories
337:2017-02-23
316:2017-02-23
293:2017-02-23
269:2017-02-23
174:References
145:level. In
133:, failure
114:in 1823.
103:scoliosis
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71:traction
131:modulus
123:Tendons
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