264:. Non-pharmacologic treatments that have shown some degree of efficacy are electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), supportive psychotherapy, family and environment therapy, rehousing, risk management and treating underlying disorders in cases of secondary erotomania. ECT may provide temporary remission of delusional beliefs; antipsychotics help attenuate delusions and reduce agitation or associated dangerous behaviors, and SSRIs may be used to treat secondary depression. In delusional disorder there is some evidence that pimozide has superior efficacy compared with other antipsychotics. Psychosocial psychiatric interventions can enhance the quality of life through allowing some social functioning, and treating comorbid disorders is a priority for secondary erotomania. Family therapy, adjustment of socio-environmental factors, and replacing delusions with something positive may be beneficial to all. In most cases, harsh confrontation should be avoided. Structured risk assessment helps to manage risky behaviors in those individuals more likely to engage in actions that include violence, stalking, and crime. For particularly troublesome cases, neuroleptics and enforced separation may be moderately effective.
190:, and grandiose ideas, and has a more gradual onset. Patients with a "fixed" condition are more seriously ill with constant delusions and are less responsive to treatment. These individuals are usually timid, dependent women that are often sexually or socially inexperienced. In those with a more mild, recurrent condition, delusions are shorter-lived and the disorder can exist undetected by others for years. Problematic behaviors include actions like calling and texting, sending letters and unwanted gifts, persistent internet harassment via social media and email, making unannounced house visits, contacting or attempting to contact the individuals friends, family or co-workers and other persistent stalking behaviors.
53:
316:. Parisian physician, Bartholomy Pardoux (1545-1611) covered the topics of nymphomania and erotomania. In 1623, erotomania was referred to in a treatise by Jacques Ferrand (Maladie d'amour ou Mélancolie érotique) and has been called "erotic paranoia" and "erotic self-referent delusion" until the common usage of the terms erotomania and de Clérambault's syndrome. In 1971 and 1977, M.V. Seeman referred to the disorder as "phantom lover syndrome" and "psychotic erotic transference reaction and delusional loving". Emil Kraepelin and Bernard also wrote of erotomania and more recently, Winokur, Kendler, and Munro have contributed to knowledge on the disorder.
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unattainable person who is usually an acquaintance or someone the person has never met. They may also experience other types of delusions concurrently with erotomania, such as delusions of reference, wherein the perceived admirer secretly communicates their love by subtle methods such as body posture, arrangement of household objects, colors, numbers, license plates on cars from specific states and other seemingly innocuous
431:
238:
explained erotomania as a defense mechanism to ward off homosexual impulses which can lead to strong feelings of paranoia, denial, displacement and projection. Similarly, it has been explained as a way to cope with severe loneliness or ego deficit following a major loss. Erotomania may also be linked
169:
or, if the person is a public figure, through clues in the media such as coded social media posts and meaningful clothing choices. Some delusions may be extreme such as the conception, birth, and kidnapping of children that never existed or the belief that the individual was predestined or chosen by
157:
The core symptom of erotomania is that the individual holds an unshakable belief that another person is secretly in love with them. In some cases, the person with the condition may believe several people at once are "secret admirers". Most commonly, the individual has delusions of being loved by an
137:
This disorder is most often seen (though not exclusively) in female patients who are shy, dependent, and sexually inexperienced. The object of the delusion is typically a male who is unattainable due to high social or financial status, marriage, or lack of interest. The object of obsession may also
251:
Prognosis differs from person to person, and the ideal treatment is not completely understood. Treatment for this disorder gains the best results when tailored specifically for each individual. To date, the mainline pharmacological treatments have been
210:, substance abuse (including cannabis use) and the use of antidepressants. There may be a potential genetic component involved as family histories of first degree relatives (parents, siblings) with histories of psychiatric disorders and/or
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for hours at a time, believing that the king was communicating his desire for her by moving the curtains. Parallels were drawn between this and a 2011 case where the body of a homeless
American man was found on a secluded island in
626:, the title character expresses the view that Daisy, his obsession, might, at most, have loved her husband "just for a minute, when they were first married" but that she loved him, Gatsby, "more even then".
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is characteristic with this disorder as the patients do not accept the fact that their object of delusion may be married, unavailable, or uninterested. The phantom lover may also be imaginary or deceased.
608:
features a character who displays symptoms of de Clérambault's syndrome (although correctly not described as such, since the programme is set in 1907, 14 years before de Clérambault himself described the
243:. Some research shows brain abnormalities occurring in patients with erotomania such as heightened temporal lobe asymmetry and greater volumes of lateral ventricles than those with no mental disorders.
198:
Erotomania may present as a primary mental disorder, or as a symptom of another psychiatric illness. With secondary erotomania, the erotomanic delusions are due to other mental disorders such as
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are common, as the erotomanic individual often perceives that they are being sent messages from the secret admirer through innocuous events such as seeing license plates from specific regions.
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Foster, David & Levinson, Arlene. Suicide on a railroad track ends a celebrity-stalker's inner agony
Archived 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine., Associated Press, October 11, 1998
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McDonnell, Margaux, and Mike McPadden. "9 Stalkers That Make Us Glad We're Not Famous". CrimeFeed, 12 Nov. 2013, crimefeed.com/2013/10/9-stalkers-that-make-us-glad-were-not-famous/.
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G. E. Berrios and N. Kennedy outlined in "Erotomania: a conceptual history" (2002) several periods of history through which the definition of erotomania has changed considerably:
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Erotomania has two forms: primary and secondary. Primary erotomania is also commonly referred to as de
Clerambault's syndrome and old maid's insanity and it exists alone without
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Frank Bruni, Behind the Jokes, a Life Of Pain and
Delusion; For Letterman Stalker, Mental Illness Was Family Curse and Scarring Legacy, New York Times, November 22, 1998
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God to be with the object of their obsession. The delusional objects may be replaced by others over time, and some may be chronic in fixed forms.
182:, has a sudden onset and a chronic outcome. The secondary form is found along with mental disorders like paranoid schizophrenia, often includes
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Anderson, CA; Camp, J; Filley, C.M. (1998). "Erotomania after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: case report and literature review".
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In his paper that described the syndrome, de Clérambault referenced a patient he had counselled who was obsessed with
British monarch
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Anderson CA, Camp J, Filley CM (1998). "Erotomania after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: case report and literature review".
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Anderson CA, Camp J, Filley CM (1998). "Erotomania after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: case report and literature review".
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Oliveira, C.; Alves, S.; Ferreira, C.; Agostinho, C.; Avelino, M.J. (2016). "Erotomania-A review of De
Clerambault's Syndrome".
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This article is about a delusional disorder around an unrequited love. For abnormally strong or persistent sexual desires, see
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Oliveira C., Alves S., Ferreira C., Agostinho C., Avelino M.J. (2016). "Erotomania-A review of De
Clerambault's Syndrome".
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Stalker, Hacker, Voyeur, Spy: A Psychoanalytic Study of
Erotomania, Voyeurism, Surveillance, and Invasions of Privacy
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Stalker, Hacker, Voyeur, Spy: A Psychoanalytic Study of
Erotomania, Voyeurism, Surveillance, and Invasions of Privacy
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256:(a typical antipsychotic which was also approved for treating Tourette's syndrome), and atypical antipsychotics like
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445:
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617:(2021) Joe Goldberg experiences erotomania in most of his interactions with women he's meeting for the first time
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Erotomania is more common in women, but may be more dangerous among men due to the increased risk of violent and
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Many cases of obsession or stalking can be linked to erotomania but do not always necessarily go hand in hand.
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Remington GJ, Jeffries JJ (1994). "Erotomanic delusions and electroconvulsive therapy: a case series".
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Jordan, H.W.; Lockert, E.W.; Johnson-Warren, M.; Cabell, C.; Cooke, T.; Greer, W.; Howe, G. (2006).
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Early nineteenth century – beginning twentieth century: Unrequited love as a form of mental disease
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Valadas, Maria Teresa
Tavares Rodrigues Tomaz; Eduarda Abrantes Bravo, Lucilia (23 October 2020).
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Jordan H.W., Lockert E.W., Johnson-Warren M., Cabell C., Cooke T., Greer W., Howe G. (2006).
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Early eighteenth-beginning of nineteenth century: Practise of excess physical love (akin to
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In one case, erotomania was reported in a patient who had undergone surgery for a ruptured
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features a character with erotomania, referred to in the show as de Clérambault's syndrome
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Classical times – early eighteenth century: General disease caused by unrequited love
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condition that is characterized by an individual's delusions of another person being
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845:"De Clérambault's syndrome revisited: a case report of Erotomania in a male"
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Michael David Barrett allegedly had erotomania, stalking ESPN correspondent
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has been reported to have been driven by an erotomaniac fixation on actress
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134:. Commonly, the onset of erotomania is sudden, and the course is chronic.
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Segal, J.H. (1989). "Erotomania revisited: From Kraepelin to DSM-III-R".
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Segal J.H. (1989). "Erotomania revisited: From Kraepelin to DSM-III-R".
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Seeman, M.V. (2016). "Erotomania and recommendations for treatment".
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Seeman M.V. (2016). "Erotomania and recommendations for treatment".
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A 2019 episode (season 1, episode 2) of the British-Austrian series
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from whom erotomania gets its other name, de Clérambault's syndrome.
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Berrios GE, Kennedy N (2002). "Erotomania: a conceptual history".
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Berrios GE, Kennedy N (2002). "Erotomania: a conceptual history".
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Berrios GE, Kennedy N (2002). "Erotomania: a conceptual history".
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Kelly, B.D. (2005). "Erotomania: Epidemiology and management".
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Kelly B.D. (2005). "Erotomania: Epidemiology and management".
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A 2011 episode (season 5, episode 3) of the British TV series
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across the country, trying to see her and taking lewd videos.
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Early references to the condition can be found in the work of
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be imaginary, deceased, or someone the patient has never met.
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are common. The disorder also has behavioral similarities to
1238:"HINKLEY IS CLEARED BUT IS HELD INSANE IN REAGAN ATTACK"
60:
M.S.P. "Female patient suffering from erotomania", from
497:(1947) Sister Ruth exhibits erotomania towards Mr Dean
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The Journal of the European Psychiatric Association
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The Journal of the European Psychiatric Association
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239:to unsatiated urges dealing with homosexuality or
1365:"Erotomania revisisted: Thirty-four years later"
994:"Erotomania revisisted: Thirty-four years later"
1223:"9 Stalkers That Make Us Glad We're Not Famous"
632:(2022) an animated horror film about erotomania
591:– season 6, episode 3: "The Tameness of a Wolf"
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583:– season 1, episode 18: "Somebody's Watching"
8:
1470:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1369:Journal of the National Medical Association
998:Journal of the National Medical Association
532:A main character in the American TV series
459:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
392:, whom Hinckley was attempting to impress.
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599:– season 3, episode 18: "Animal Instinct"
479:Learn how and when to remove this message
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206:. Symptoms may also be precipitated by
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1221:McDonnell; Margaux; McPadden. (2013).
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575:– season 1, episode 5: "Broken Mirror"
1347:Helen K. Gediman (14 December 2016).
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808:Helen K. Gediman (14 December 2016).
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457:adding citations to reliable sources
1142:. 13 (52, pt4) (52 Pt 4): 381–400.
1518:The American Journal of Psychiatry
903:The American Journal of Psychiatry
373:over the previous fifteen years.
66:The Physiognomy of Mental Diseases
25:
1623:Ideas and delusions of reference
1426:10.2165/00023210-200519080-00002
1351:. Karnac Books. pp. 21–34.
1066:10.2165/00023210-200519080-00002
812:. Karnac Books. pp. 21–34.
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1718:Mirrored-self misidentification
1270:J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
1179:J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
725:J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
216:early onset Alzheimer's disease
126:with them. It is listed in the
1723:Syndrome of subjective doubles
547:He Loves Me... He Loves Me Not
18:De Clérambault's syndrome
1:
1602:Delusional companion syndrome
1794:Psychopathological syndromes
1614:(Shared delusional disorder)
302:Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault
277:Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault
27:Romantic delusional disorder
380:of United States president
118:, is a relatively uncommon
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1325:10.1177/0957154X0201305202
1148:10.1177/0957154X0201305202
864:10.1186/s12888-020-02921-5
786:10.1177/0957154X0201305202
395:Late-night TV entertainer
29:
1493:10.1007/s11126-015-9392-0
1109:10.1007/s11126-015-9392-0
857:(1): Article number 516.
116:de Clérambault's syndrome
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1655:Reduplicative paramnesia
360:. She had stood outside
1530:10.1176/ajp.146.10.1261
915:10.1176/ajp.146.10.1261
679:Obsessive love disorder
535:Orange Is the New Black
378:attempted assassination
407:, who had erotomania.
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140:Delusions of reference
1640:Monothematic delusion
1481:Psychiatric Quarterly
1313:History of Psychiatry
1140:History of Psychiatry
1097:Psychiatric Quarterly
403:were both stalked by
399:and former astronaut
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184:persecutory delusions
1779:Delusional disorders
1665:Thought broadcasting
1650:Persecutory delusion
1635:Clinical lycanthropy
1576:Delusional disorders
1282:10.1176/jnp.10.3.330
1191:10.1176/jnp.10.3.330
737:10.1176/jnp.10.3.330
453:improve this section
1618:Grandiose delusions
620:In Chapter VIII of
132:delusional disorder
1713:Intermetamorphosis
1675:Thought withdrawal
1243:The New York Times
371:Queen Elizabeth II
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200:bipolar I disorder
130:as a subtype of a
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1670:Thought insertion
1660:Somatoparaphrenia
1597:Cryptic pregnancy
1592:Cotard's syndrome
1357:978-1-78181-706-3
909:(10): 1261–1266.
818:978-1-78181-706-3
704:J Clin Psychiatry
510:Play Misty for Me
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362:Buckingham Palace
346:cerebral aneurysm
154:-like behaviors.
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40:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1375:(5): 787–93.
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1276:(3): 330–70.
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1249:September 11,
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564:Enduring Love
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540:Lorna Morello
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469:December 2023
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438:This section
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382:Ronald Reagan
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367:St James Park
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237:
236:Sigmund Freud
233:
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204:schizophrenia
201:
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180:comorbidities
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1612:Folie Ă deux
1606:
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1466:cite journal
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1413:
1399:cite journal
1372:
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1298:cite journal
1273:
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1262:Bibliography
1247:. Retrieved
1241:
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753:cite journal
731:(3): 330–7.
728:
724:
710:(7): 306–8.
707:
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605:Vienna Blood
604:
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562:
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533:
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509:
500:
492:
475:
466:
451:Please help
439:
416:
412:Erin Andrews
409:
394:
390:Jodie Foster
375:
355:
343:
318:
306:Erasistratus
299:psychiatrist
289:
284:psychiatrist
250:
197:
177:
156:
149:
136:
115:
111:
110:
65:
1743:Formication
1735:parasitosis
1681:Truman Show
630:Erotomaniac
526:Nurse Betty
328:nymphomania
292:Hippocrates
258:risperidone
220:mood swings
1768:Categories
1753:Morgellons
1733:Delusional
1693:Delusional
1607:Erotomania
825:References
659:Erotolepsy
644:Adèle Hugo
588:Doc Martin
502:Girls Town
332:satyriasis
241:narcissism
208:alcoholism
124:infatuated
112:Erotomania
78:Psychiatry
46:Erotomania
1799:Delusions
1774:Psychosis
1629:Idée fixe
1414:CNS Drugs
1054:CNS Drugs
674:Monomania
664:Limerence
609:syndrome)
440:does not
262:clozapine
247:Treatment
228:confusion
224:judgement
73:Specialty
1789:Stalking
1683:delusion
1509:13059293
1501:26442945
1442:24253038
1434:16097848
1391:16749657
1341:24663481
1333:12638595
1164:24663481
1156:12638595
1125:13059293
1117:26442945
1082:24253038
1074:16097848
1020:16749657
883:33097035
802:24663481
794:12638595
689:Stalking
654:Delusion
637:See also
421:In media
358:George V
310:Plutarch
304:(1942),
254:pimozide
212:dementia
146:Symptoms
120:paranoid
102:Duration
93:Symptoms
1584:General
1538:2675641
1460:: S664.
1382:2569288
1290:9706541
1199:9706541
1011:2569288
923:2675641
874:7585286
745:9706541
716:8071292
461:removed
446:sources
268:History
222:, poor
166:
162:
152:stalker
105:Chronic
1536:
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1331:
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1080:
1072:
1018:
1008:
944:: 664.
921:
881:
871:
816:
800:
792:
743:
714:
567:(1997)
550:(2002)
529:(2000)
521:(1987)
513:(1971)
505:(1959)
296:French
281:French
172:Denial
80:
1505:S2CID
1438:S2CID
1337:S2CID
1160:S2CID
1121:S2CID
1078:S2CID
830:Notes
798:S2CID
556:Lewis
314:Galen
194:Cause
128:DSM-5
1784:Love
1534:PMID
1497:PMID
1472:link
1430:PMID
1405:link
1387:PMID
1353:ISBN
1329:PMID
1304:link
1286:PMID
1251:2024
1195:PMID
1152:PMID
1113:PMID
1070:PMID
1016:PMID
919:PMID
879:PMID
814:ISBN
790:PMID
759:link
741:PMID
712:PMID
444:any
442:cite
376:The
312:and
260:and
160:acts
1526:doi
1522:146
1489:doi
1422:doi
1377:PMC
1321:doi
1278:doi
1187:doi
1144:doi
1105:doi
1062:doi
1006:PMC
911:doi
907:146
869:PMC
859:doi
782:doi
733:doi
614:You
455:by
384:by
330:or
234:).
202:or
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476:(
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334:)
218:(
164:—
20:)
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