51:
1171:
913:
227:
2216:
611:
785:
when he asks whether God knows and sees all, or does man have free will. On human nature, Boethius says that humans are essentially good, and only when they give in to "wickedness" do they "sink to the level of being an animal." On justice, he says criminals are not to be abused, but rather treated
876:
The philosophical message of the book fits well with the religious piety of the Middle Ages. Boethius encouraged readers not to pursue worldly goods such as money and power, but to seek internalized virtues. Evil had a purpose, to provide a lesson to help change for good; while suffering from evil
938:
was one of the most popular and influential philosophical works, read by statesmen, poets, historians, philosophers, and theologians. It is through
Boethius that much of the thought of the Classical period was made available to the Western Medieval world. It has often been said Boethius was the
1280:(Glossa, 2018). The detective story behind the recovery of these lost songs is told in a documentary film, and a website launched by the University of Cambridge in 2018 provides further details of the reconstruction process, bringing together manuscripts, reconstructions, and video resources.
877:
was seen as virtuous. Because God ruled the universe through Love, prayer to God and the application of Love would lead to true happiness. The Middle Ages, with their vivid sense of an overruling fate, found in
Boethius an interpretation of life closely akin to the spirit of Christianity. The
753:
Boethius writes the book as a conversation between himself and a female personification of philosophy, referred to as "Lady
Philosophy". Philosophy consoles Boethius by discussing the transitory nature of wealth, fame, and power ("no man can ever truly be secure until he has been forsaken by
2219:
1260:. The music of this song repertory had long been considered irretrievably lost because the notational signs indicated only melodic outlines, relying on now-lapsed oral traditions to fill in the missing details. However, research conducted by Sam Barrett at the
754:
Fortune"), and the ultimate superiority of things of the mind, which she calls the "one true good". She contends that happiness comes from within, and that virtue is all that one truly has because it is not imperiled by the vicissitudes of fortune.
1021:
are themes that have echoed throughout the
Western canon: the female figure of wisdom that informs Dante, the ascent through the layered universe that is shared with Milton, the reconciliation of opposing forces that find their way into Chaucer in
1268:, has shown that principles of musical setting for this period can be identified, providing crucial information to enable modern realisations. Sequentia performed the world premiere of the reconstructed songs from Boethius's
1468:
regard faith and reason as independent but parallel and compatible ways of attaining to higher metaphysical truths, and the independent validity of logical reasoning is also an underlying presupposition throughout
861:
tradition. He believed in the correspondence between faith and reason. The truths found in
Christianity would be no different from the truths found in philosophy. In the words of Henry Chadwick, "If the
816:
Building on the ideas laid out in the previous book, Philosophy explains how wisdom has a divine source; she also demonstrates how many earthly goods (e.g., wealth, beauty) are fleeting at best.
326:
2121:
1546:
2246:, Translated by: W.V. Cooper : J.M. Dent and Company London 1902 The Temple Classics, edited by Israel Golancz M.A. Online reading and multiple ebook formats at Ex-classics.
866:
contains nothing distinctively
Christian, it is also relevant that it contains nothing specifically pagan either... is a work written by a Platonist who is also a Christian."
904:
and
Christian ethical messages, although current scholarly research is still far from clear exactly why and how the work became so vastly popular in the Middle Ages.
1689:
1882:
2173:
810:
Philosophy illustrates the capricious nature of Fate by discussing the "wheel of
Fortune"; she further argues that true happiness lies in the pursuit of wisdom.
2279:
738:, and was brought down by treachery. This experience inspired the text, which reflects on how evil can exist in a world governed by God (the problem of
1808:
2230:
639:
742:), and how happiness is still attainable amidst fickle fortune, while also considering the nature of happiness and God. In 1891, the academic
576:
256:
1155:. Shippey says that Tolkien knew well the translation of Boethius that was made by King Alfred and he quotes some "Boethian" remarks from
716:
was written in AD 523 during a one-year imprisonment
Boethius served while awaiting trial—and eventual execution—for the alleged crime of
786:
with sympathy and respect, using the analogy of doctor and patient to illustrate the ideal relationship between prosecutor and criminal.
2264:
2105:
2091:
2019:
2073:
2037:
2003:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1946:
1854:
1791:
1646:
1571:
1493:
1442:
881:
stands, by its note of fatalism and its affinities with the
Christian doctrine of humility, midway between the pagan philosophy of
196:
1276:, in April 2016, bringing to life music not heard in over 1,000 years; a number of the songs were subsequently recorded on the CD
857:, Boethius answered religious questions without reference to Christianity, relying solely on natural philosophy and the Classical
421:
1830:
1345:
35:
581:
2294:
2274:
1125:
822:
Philosophy and Boethius discuss the nature of good and evil, with Philosophy offering several explanations concerned with
590:
493:
341:
537:
508:
380:
161:
1170:
179:
2025:
1289:
1273:
596:
2143:
1256:
from the ninth century through to the thirteenth century, including settings of the poetic passages from Boethius's
1350:
632:
1237:
In the 20th century, there were close to four hundred manuscripts still surviving, a testament to its popularity.
1039:. Of Boethius, Dante remarked: "The blessed soul who exposes the deceptive world to anyone who gives ear to him."
50:
2284:
1305:
1141:
448:
2045:
1380:
placed Boethius the "last of the Romans and first of the Scholastics" among the doctors in his Paradise (see
1938:
1426:
1340:
1265:
1261:
1188:
1084:
301:
1626:
1066:
386:
346:
1397:
2051:
1151:
625:
443:
428:
210:
82:
1627:"Boethius in Medieval France: Translations of the De consolatione philosophiae and Literary Influence"
1548:
The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: From the Beginnings to the Cycles of Romance
1926:
1534:
1458:
Chadwick, Henry (1998). "Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (c.480-525/6)". In Craig, Edward (ed.).
1072:
1054:
1048:
983:
959:
503:
438:
351:
1078:
1060:
743:
734:
725:
686:
478:
463:
396:
1434:
2269:
1735:
1130:
1115:
1110:
999:
940:
924:
882:
458:
411:
129:
886:
2197:
912:
2289:
2159:
2101:
2087:
2069:
2033:
2015:
1999:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1942:
1883:"First performance in 1,000 years: 'lost' songs from the Middle Ages are brought back to life"
1850:
1826:
1787:
1727:
1671:
1642:
1604:
1567:
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1438:
1382:
1220:
1011:
897:
837:
747:
729:
682:
615:
2165:
998:
was translated into Italian by Alberto della Piagentina (1332), Anselmo Tanso (Milan, 1520),
804:
Boethius laments his imprisonment before he is visited by Philosophy, personified as a woman.
2236:
2209:
2185:
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858:
551:
546:
356:
251:
97:
77:
17:
2148:
1710:"The Fate of Fortune in the Early Middle Ages: The Boethian Tradition. Jerold C. Frakes".
1377:
1102:
1030:
991:
823:
766:
689:, it is often described as the last great Western work of the Classical Period. Boethius'
488:
483:
473:
468:
336:
331:
246:
31:
2175:
First Performance in 1000 years: lost songs from the Middle Ages are brought back to life
2044:
2205:
2189:
2181:
1773:. "Blessed souls" inhabit Dante's Paradise, and appear as flames. (See the note above.)
1244:
wrote: "To acquire a taste for it is almost to become naturalised in the Middle Ages."
1204:
1183:
1007:
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758:
694:
658:
513:
498:
152:
2253:
1803:
1622:
1530:
1321:
1035:
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920:
833:
566:
1226:
Edward Gibbon described the work as "a golden volume not unworthy of the leisure of
2259:
2201:
2193:
1995:
1869:
The Melodic Tradition of Boethius' "De consolatine philosophiae" in the Middle Ages
1208:
1207:. In the course of the text, Boethius displays a virtuosic command of the forms of
987:
963:
916:
770:
561:
218:
92:
87:
1421:
King, Peter (2013). "Boethius on the Problem of Desert". In Pasnau, Robert (ed.).
1956:
1754:
1633:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 30. pp. 319–355.
840:. Boethius then asks Philosophy about the compatibility of an omniscient God and
2241:
2061:
1663:
1311:
1299:
1241:
1196:
1136:
979:
931:
901:
782:
702:
281:
102:
1638:
1600:
1294:
967:
951:
721:
391:
185:
1731:
1675:
1608:
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plays in the order of everything. Philosophy argues that Chance is guided by
1174:
Miniatures of Boethius teaching and in prison from a 1385 Italian manuscript
1160:
870:
841:
762:
533:
453:
406:
2170:
in the original Latin with English comments at the University of Georgetown
2066:
The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature
1847:
The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature
900:(as was Boethius himself). Its popularity can in part be explained by its
2225:
2153:
1316:
1216:
739:
698:
678:
556:
433:
376:
271:
226:
64:
2126:
2112:
1538:
1739:
778:
717:
416:
401:
321:
291:
286:
2162:, HTML conversion, originally translated by H. R. James, London 1897.
2098:
The Prisoner's Philosophy: Life and Death in Boethius's Consolation,
1231:
1182:
are cited frequently by the main character Ignatius J. Reilly in the
1164:
774:
296:
1756:
Boethius, "De consolatione philosophiae": Consolation, Book I and II
1723:
2030:
Boethius: The Consolations of Music, Logic, Theology and Philosophy
1587:
Gibson, Margaret T. (1982). "Boethius in the Carolingian Schools".
1486:
Boethius: The Consolations of Music, Logic, Theology and Philosophy
1278:
Boethius: Songs of Consolation. Metra from 11th-Century Canterbury
1253:
1227:
1200:
1156:
1026:, and the Wheel of Fortune so popular throughout the Middle Ages.
893:
571:
276:
261:
115:
1908:
885:
and the later Christian philosophy of consolation represented by
266:
125:
1984:
Trans. Richard H. Green, (Library of the Liberal Arts), 1962.
746:
described the work as "by far the most interesting example of
1199:
text, meaning that it is written in alternating sections of
1909:"Restoring Lost Songs: Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy"
1629:. In Kaylor, Noel Harold; Phillips, Philip Edward (eds.).
826:
events and why the wicked can never attain true happiness.
1264:, extended in collaboration with medieval music ensemble
1129:(1972–73), which was commissioned for the opening of the
2122:
The Cambridge History of English and American Literature
1539:"VI. Alfred and the Old English Prose of his Reign, §5.
1145:
says how "Boethian" much of the treatment of evil is in
873:
model of the Earth in the center of a spherical cosmos.
1508:, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1998), pp. 114, 123.
1363:
The Consolation of Philosophy (Oxford World's Classics)
1123:
quoted parts of it in his opera or music theatre work
1974:
Trans. P. G. Walsh, (Oxford World's Classics), 2001.
1042:
Boethian influence can be found nearly everywhere in
1964:
Trans. Joel C. Relihan, (Hackett Publishing), 2001.
1664:"Review of: Boethius: The Consolation of Philosophy"
1402:. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 109
1566:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 11–13.
677:, is a philosophical work by the Roman philosopher
191:
171:
159:
145:
135:
121:
111:
70:
60:
1506:Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe
1343:(1967). "Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus",
231:Reconstructed bust believed to represent Plotinus
934:epoch to the end of the Middle Ages and beyond,
728:. Boethius was at the very heights of power in
685:and awaiting execution by the Ostrogothic King
1373:
1371:
781:. He speaks about the nature of free will and
633:
8:
1589:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1525:
1523:
43:
177:
2235:, many translations and commentaries from
2046:"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius"
1631:A Companion to Boethius in the Middle Ages
640:
626:
205:
55:Page from a 15th century French manuscript
49:
42:
1825:. Syracuse University Press. p. 91.
1435:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661848.003.0001
1252:Hundreds of Latin songs were recorded in
1113:used some of the text in his choral work
1809:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1169:
954:were done by famous notables, including
911:
832:Boethius asks Philosophy about the role
1333:
1088:and some of the shorter poems, such as
217:
1029:Citations from it occur frequently in
923:in a medieval manuscript of a work by
1423:Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy
1100:. Chaucer translated the work in his
1082:, in the character of Lady Nature in
693:heavily influenced the philosophy of
7:
2055:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1460:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
757:Boethius engages with the nature of
732:, holding the prestigious office of
577:Allegorical interpretations of Plato
2012:Christianity and Classical Culture
1937:. Oxford Early Christian Studies.
1690:"The National Archives - Homepage"
892:The book is heavily influenced by
25:
2280:Medieval philosophical literature
2117:an analysis and commentary. 1996.
2043:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1662:Relihan, Joel C. (January 2000).
2214:
2144:On the Consolation of Philosophy
1119:(1938). The Australian composer
795:On the Consolation of Philosophy
714:On the Consolation of Philosophy
654:On the Consolation of Philosophy
609:
225:
2198:Middle (originally Old) French
2068:, Cambridge University Press,
1346:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
44:The Consolation of Philosophy
36:The Consolations of Philosophy
27:Philosophical work by Boethius
1:
2243:The Consolation of Philosophy
2232:The Consolation of Philosophy
2221:The Consolation of Philosophy
1958:The Consolation of Philosophy
1935:of Boethius as Poetic Liturgy
1551:. Cambridge University Press.
1396:Stewart, Hugh Fraser (1891).
1270:The Consolation of Philosophy
1258:The Consolation of Philosophy
936:The Consolation of Philosophy
769:and the "problem of desert",
668:The Consolation of Philosophy
494:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
342:The Consolation of Philosophy
197:The Consolation of Philosophy
180:The Consolation of Philosophy
2129:De Consolatione Philosophiae
1998:, (Penguin Classics), 2000.
1541:De Consolatione Philosophiae
1248:Reconstruction of lost songs
663:De consolatione philosophiae
18:De consolatione philosophiae
2224:public domain audiobook at
2180:Medieval translations into
2114:The Consolation of Boethius
2010:Cochrane, Charles Norris.,
1290:Allegory in the Middle Ages
1274:Pembroke College, Cambridge
1133:but was not ready in time.
582:Plato's unwritten doctrines
2311:
2265:6th-century books in Latin
1823:Orpheus in the Middle Ages
1718:(2): 403–405. April 1991.
1668:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
750:the world has ever seen."
29:
1639:10.1163/9789004225381_010
1601:10.1017/S0080440100017333
996:Consolation of Philosophy
147:Published in English
48:
2084:Ancient Menippean Satire
1784:The Road to Middle-earth
1759:(in Latin). M. Niemeyer.
1211:. It is classified as a
1142:The Road to Middle-earth
797:is laid out as follows:
449:Johannes Scotus Eriugena
327:De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum
2167:Consolatio Philosophiae
2155:Consolatio Philosophiae
1939:Oxford University Press
1887:University of Cambridge
1821:Friedman, John (2000).
1753:Notker (Labeo) (1986).
1562:Marenbon, John (2003).
1427:Oxford University Press
1262:University of Cambridge
1189:A Confederacy of Dunces
1180:Consolatio Philosophiae
1085:The Parliament of Fowls
683:while he was imprisoned
302:Microcosm and macrocosm
34:published in 2000, see
1871:. Kassel: Bärenreiter.
1517:Sanderson Beck (1996).
1223:, and lyrical poetry.
1175:
950:Translations into the
927:
662:
347:De Coelesti Hierarchia
178:
2052:Catholic Encyclopedia
1867:Barrett, Sam (2013).
1365:, Introduction (2000)
1173:
1152:The Lord of the Rings
1109:The Italian composer
1010:(Florence, 1551) and
943:and the first of the
915:
869:Boethius repeats the
616:Philosophy portal
444:Maximus the Confessor
429:Simplicius of Cilicia
2295:Visionary literature
2275:Prose texts in Latin
1322:The Wheel of Fortune
1098:Lak of Stedfastnesse
1049:Troilus and Criseyde
984:Early Modern English
921:the Wheel of Fortune
504:Cambridge Platonists
439:David the Invincible
352:De divisione naturae
1386:) (see also below).
1079:The Tale of Melibee
1067:The Franklin's Tale
1046:'s poetry, e.g. in
744:Hugh Fraser Stewart
735:magister officiorum
726:Theodoric the Great
665:), often titled as
479:Thierry of Chartres
464:Solomon ibn Gabirol
397:Julian the Apostate
45:
2096:Relihan, Joel C.,
2082:Relihan, Joel C.,
1927:Blackwood, Stephen
1625:(1 January 2012).
1399:Boethius, An Essay
1306:Metres of Boethius
1176:
1131:Sydney Opera House
1116:Canti di prigionia
1111:Luigi Dallapiccola
1006:(Florence, 1551),
1002:(Florence, 1550),
1000:Lodovico Domenichi
941:last of the Romans
928:
883:Seneca the Younger
538:in the Renaissance
459:Brethren of Purity
412:Augustine of Hippo
151:Mid-14th century (
130:Christian theology
83:Henry Rosher James
2160:Project Gutenberg
2127:Volume I Ch.6.5:
1771:The Divine Comedy
1623:Cropp, Glynnis M.
1429:. pp. 1–22.
1383:The Divine Comedy
1221:platonic dialogue
1073:The Parson's Tale
1055:The Knight's Tale
1024:The Knight's Tale
1017:Found within the
1014:(Palermo, 1657).
1012:Tommaso Tamburini
980:Queen Elizabeth I
748:prison literature
681:. Written in 523
650:
649:
204:
203:
16:(Redirected from
2302:
2237:Internet Archive
2218:
2217:
2210:Geoffrey Chaucer
2186:Alfred the Great
2111:Sanderson Beck,
2078:
2056:
2048:
1952:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
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1801:
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1612:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1527:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1504:S.C. McCluskey,
1502:
1496:
1484:Henry Chadwick,
1482:
1476:
1475:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1393:
1387:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1338:
1213:Menippean satire
1126:Rites of Passage
1121:Peter Sculthorpe
1061:The Clerk's Tale
1044:Geoffrey Chaucer
1004:Benedetto Varchi
972:Geoffrey Chaucer
642:
635:
628:
614:
613:
612:
591:Neoplatonism and
552:Middle Platonism
547:Platonic Academy
424:
423:Pseudo-Dionysius
357:Chaldean Oracles
252:Form of the Good
229:
206:
183:
137:Publication date
98:Geoffrey Chaucer
78:Alfred the Great
53:
46:
30:For the book by
21:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2285:Prison writings
2250:
2249:
2215:
2190:Old High German
2149:Standard Ebooks
2139:
2076:
2060:
2042:
1949:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1889:. 23 April 2016
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1724:10.2307/2864168
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1561:
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1537:, eds. (1907).
1529:
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1483:
1479:
1471:De consolatione
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1357:
1353:, v. 1, p. 329.
1339:
1335:
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1286:
1250:
1036:Divina Commedia
992:Old High German
910:
887:Thomas Ă Kempis
851:
792:
767:problem of evil
711:
646:
610:
608:
603:
602:
599:
592:
586:
529:
528:
519:
518:
489:Marsilio Ficino
484:Gemistus Pletho
474:Michael Psellos
469:Isaac the Blind
422:
372:
371:
362:
361:
337:The City of God
332:Liber de Causis
317:
316:
307:
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247:Theory of forms
242:
241:
232:
174:
164:
148:
138:
107:
56:
39:
32:Alain de Botton
28:
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2248:
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2239:
2228:
2212:
2206:Middle English
2178:
2171:
2163:
2151:
2138:
2137:External links
2135:
2134:
2133:
2118:
2109:
2106:978-0872205833
2094:
2092:978-0801845246
2080:
2074:
2058:
2040:
2026:Henry Chadwick
2023:
2020:978-0865974135
2008:
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1466:Opuscula sacra
1450:
1443:
1425:. Oxford, UK:
1413:
1388:
1367:
1355:
1341:Knowles, David
1332:
1331:
1329:
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1325:
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1203:and metered
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593:Christianity
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219:Neoplatonism
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2182:Old English
2062:Lewis, C.S.
1933:Consolation
1893:18 February
1786:, pg. 140,
1695:18 February
1531:Ward, A. W.
1312:Prosimetrum
1300:Girdle book
1242:C. S. Lewis
1217:allegorical
1137:Tom Shippey
1019:Consolation
960:Old English
956:King Alfred
945:Scholastics
932:Carolingian
902:Neoplatonic
879:Consolation
864:Consolation
855:Consolation
783:determinism
722:Ostrogothic
709:Description
703:Renaissance
691:Consolation
674:Consolation
282:Anima mundi
192:Translation
103:Elizabeth I
71:Translators
2254:Categories
1955:Boethius,
1832:0815628250
1328:References
1295:Consolatio
968:Old French
952:vernacular
838:Providence
720:under the
701:and early
597:Gnosticism
567:Isma'ilism
392:Iamblichus
257:Hypostasis
186:Wikisource
2270:Dialogues
1794:, (1983).
1732:0038-7134
1676:1055-7660
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1595:: 54–56.
1266:Sequentia
1186:-winning
1161:Treebeard
930:From the
925:Boccaccio
908:Influence
898:dialogues
871:Macrobius
842:free will
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184:at Latin
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2086:, 1993,
2064:(1964),
2032:, 1990,
2014:, 1940,
1929:(2015).
1857:, pg. 75
1849:, 1964,
1712:Speculum
1564:Boethius
1488:, 1990,
1406:1 August
1317:Stoicism
1284:See also
1195:It is a
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896:and his
820:Book IV:
808:Book II:
740:theodicy
699:Medieval
679:Boethius
557:Kabbalah
434:Boethius
387:Porphyry
381:students
377:Plotinus
272:Demiurge
240:Concepts
211:a series
209:Part of
112:Language
65:Boethius
1994:Trans.
1920:Sources
1769:Dante,
1740:2864168
1147:Tolkien
853:In the
830:Book V:
802:Book I:
790:Outline
779:justice
718:treason
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1228:Plato
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894:Plato
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2102:ISBN
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