4771:
from the Soviet definition to the WHO one seems to have ranged from 13 per cent in
Moldova to 40 per cent in Latvia. In Poland, which has a much larger population than the two previously mentioned countries, it was about 21 per cent. Secondly, there seems to have been significant under-registration of deaths, particularly in certain regions, such as Central Asia and Azerbaijan. Estimates of 'true' infant mortality in 1987–2000 show very high increases over the official figures in Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Albania, Romania, and Bulgaria. In Russia – which was supposed to have adopted the WHO definition of 'birth' by 1993 and where under-registration is much less than in Central Asia or Azerbaijan – in 1987–2000 the estimated increase of the official figures to measure 'true' infant mortality is 26.5 percent.
5136:. "For an Anti-Stalinist Marxist, socialism is defined by the degree to which the society is planned. Planning here is understood as the conscious regulation of society by the associated producers themselves. Put it differently, the control over the surplus product rests with the majority of the population through a resolutely democratic process. The sale of labour power is abolished and labour necessarily becomes creative. Everyone participates in running their institutions and society as a whole. No one controls anyone else."
2721:
planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow-men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society.
2345:
4547:"Measures to overcome the shortcomings in the development, production and introduction of computers in the Armed Forces and national economy". Today this project is known among the specialists as the 'Red Book' project. It was the first project in the USSR, which proposed to combine all the computers in the country into a unified network of compter centers. In peacetime this network must have fulfilled both national economic and defense tasks .
3251:
3050:, the latter argued that the only way to satisfy individuals who have a constantly changing hierarchy of needs and are the only ones to possess their particular individual's circumstances is by allowing those with the most knowledge of their needs to have it in their power to use their resources in a competing marketplace to meet the needs of the most consumers most efficiently. This phenomenon is recognized as
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5334:. "It is perhaps less clearly understood that advocates of democratic socialism (who are committed to socialism in the above sense but opposed to Stalinist-style command planning) advocate a decentralized socialism, whereby the planning process itself (the integration of all productive units into one huge organisation) would follow the workers' self-management principle."
2976:
The state can begin building massive heavy industries at once in an underdeveloped economy without waiting years for capital to accumulate through the expansion of light industry and without reliance on external financing. This is what happened in the Soviet Union during the 1930s when the government
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I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate these grave evils, namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a
5312:
is added by democratic socialists to attempt to distinguish themselves from
Communists who also call themselves socialists. All but communists, or more accurately, Marxist-Leninists, believe that modern-day communism is highly undemocratic and totalitarian in practice, and democratic socialists wish
3895:
Traditional socialism strives to plan all economic activities comprehensively, both within and between enterprises. As such, it seeks to integrate the economic activities of society (the coordination of socially owned property) into a single coherent plan, rather than to rely upon the spontaneous or
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believed that those at the top of the chain of command, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and who understand/respond to local conditions and changes in the economy. Therefore, they would be
3138:
Planned economies contrast with command economies in that a planned economy is "an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc." whereas a command economy necessarily has substantial public ownership of industry while also having this type of
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decentralized planned economy, notes that even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and
5177:, a postcapitalist economy that retains market competition but socializes the means of production and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a nonmarket, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism".
4770:
For the USSR, the official Soviet statistics of infant mortality give too favourable a picture. There are two reasons for this. First, the USSR used a definition of 'birth' different from the WHO one (Chapter 8, pp. 321–322). The percentage increase in the infant mortality rate caused by switching
4104:
In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population
2785:
to install a telex machine in every corporation and organization in the economy for the communication of economic data between firms and the government. The data was also fed into a computer-simulated economy for forecasting. A control room was built for real-time observation and management of the
3237:
is a form of economic planning in market economies that directs the economy through incentive-based methods. Economic planning can be practiced in a decentralized manner through different government authorities. In some predominantly market-oriented and
Western mixed economies, the state utilizes
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to serve the economic objectives of the state. Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a desired pattern. In international comparisons, state-socialist nations have compared favorably with capitalist nations in health indicators such as
2865:
had proposed to the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a detailed plan for the re-organization of the control of the Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of a network of computing centers in 1959. Kitov's proposal was rejected, as later was the 1962
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grew. Under central planning neither planners, managers, nor workers had incentives to promote the social economic interest. Nor did impeding markets for final goods to the planning system enfranchise consumers in meaningful ways. But central planning would have been incompatible with economic
5250:
Realization of these facts led in the 1970s and 1980s to the development of new terms to describe what had previously been (and still were in United
Nations publications) referred to as the 'centrally planned economies'. In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the
3123:
Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better. But they could never have delivered economic self-management, they would always have been slow to innovate as apathy and
4501:
We have presented the view that planning and market mechanisms are instruments that can be used both in socialist and non-socialist societies. It was important to explode the primitive identification of central planning and socialism and to stress the instrumental character of
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is explicated accordingly to an economy-wide plan built and operatively coordinated through a distributed network of disparate economic agents or even production units itself. Decentralized planning is usually held in contrast to centralized planning, in particular the
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economic enterprises that make up the economy. More recent approaches to socialist planning and allocation have come from some economists and computer scientists proposing planning mechanisms based on advances in computer science and information technology.
3054:. Additionally, misallocation of resources would naturally ensue by redirecting capital away from individuals with direct knowledge and circumventing it into markets where a coercive monopoly influences behavior, ignoring market signals. According to
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dedicated to private consumption down from 80% to 50%. As a result of this development, the Soviet Union experienced massive growth in heavy industry, with a concurrent massive contraction of its agricultural sector due to the labor shortage.
2858:(1904–1965) argued that the computer is more efficient than the market process at solving the multitude of simultaneous equations required for allocating economic inputs efficiently (either in terms of physical quantities or monetary prices).
3299:'s command economy, where economic information is aggregated and used to formulate a plan for production, investment and resource allocation by a single central authority. Decentralized planning can take shape both in the context of a
4032:
Almost all industry in the Soviet Union is government owned and all production is directed, in theory, by a central plan (though in practice much is left for local discretion and much happens that is unplanned or not under government
2826:
claim to demonstrate how a democratically planned economy built on modern computer technology is possible and drives the thesis that it would be both economically more stable than the free-market economies and also morally desirable.
3210:, highlighting the role of centralized hierarchical decision-making in the absence of popular control over the economy. The possibility of a digital planned economy was explored in Chile between 1971 and 1973 with the development of
3198:. Since the 1980s, it has been contested that the Soviet economic model did not actually constitute a planned economy in that a comprehensive and binding plan did not guide production and investment. The further distinction of an
5251:'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population .
2522:
before most of these countries converted to market economies. This highlights the central role of hierarchical administration and public ownership of production in guiding the allocation of resources in these economic systems.
2729:
is not equivalent to economic planning or to the concept of a planned economy, an influential conception of socialism involves the replacement of capital markets with some form of economic planning in order to achieve
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3509:. Local level planning agencies assess the needs of people who are able to give their direct input through the Gram Sabhas (village-based institutions) and the planners subsequently seek to plan accordingly.
3129:
democracy even if it had overcome its information and incentive liabilities. And the truth is that it survived as long as it did only because it was propped up by unprecedented totalitarian political power.
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Most of a command economy is organized in a top-down administrative model by a central authority, where decisions regarding investment and production output requirements are decided upon at the top in the
4845:
3058:, "ithout a market in which allocations can be made in obedience to the law of supply and demand, it is difficult or impossible to funnel resources with respect to actual human preferences and goals".
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Critics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production (in a
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5265:
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The planning structure of a decentralized planned economy is generally based on a consumers council and producer council (or jointly, a distributive cooperative) which is sometimes called a
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3971:'ocialist planning', in the original sense of a national economy which replaced market relationships by direct calculation and direct product exchange, has nowhere been established .
4256:
3092:. Stalin's formulations of national plans in terms of physical quantity of output was also attributed by Daniels as a source for the stagnant levels of efficiency and quality.
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economic system. This form of economic planning implies some process of democratic and participatory decision-making within the economy and within firms itself in the form of
2736:
coordination of the economy. The goal of such an economic system would be to achieve conscious control over the economy by the population, specifically so that the use of the
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depicts a fictional planned economy in a United States around the year 2000 which has become a socialist utopia. Other literary portrayals of planned economies include
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4224:, a planned economy with national economic objectives – 'wealth', 'plenty' or simply 'welfare' within the framework of the nation and at the expense of other nations.
3935:
Planning is not equivalent to 'perfect' allocation of resources, nor 'scientific' allocation, nor even 'more humane' allocation. It simply means 'direct' allocation,
5286:. Information and technology: Moscow: Publishing House "Nauka", 1973. – Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of information transmission problems. p. 524.
4758:
4514:
Kitov, Vladimir A.; Shilov, Valery V.; Silantiev, Sergey A. (5 October 2016). "Trente ans ou la Vie d'un scientifique". In
Gadducci, Fabio; Tavosanis, Mirko (eds.).
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in the 1950s and 1960s by both
American and Eastern European economists found that contrary to the expectations of both groups they showed greater fluctuations in
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2678:, implemented from 1965 to 1974. Some decentralized participation in economic planning occurred across Revolutionary Spain, most notably in Catalonia, during the
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Kaplan, Robert – see reference to his work on
International Economics and Foreign Relations, where he addresses nature of "command economy", a Weberian term.
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frustration took their inevitable toll, and they would always have been susceptible to growing inequities and inefficiencies as the effects of differential
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overall economy. The prototype-stage of the project showed promise when it was used to redirect supplies around a trucker's strike, but after CIA-backed
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People's
Participation in Urban Governance: A Comparative Study of the Working of Wards Committees in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and West Bengal
4902:"From Red Spirit to Underperforming Pyramids and Coercive Institutions: Michael Polanyi Against Economic Planning," History of European Ideas, 2022"
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2455:
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3464:. Producers and consumers, or their representatives, negotiate the quality and quantity of what is to be produced. This structure is central to
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of 1917–1923. These policies began their formal consolidation under an official organ of government in 1921, when the Soviet government founded
2670:– government direction of the economy through non-coercive means. The Swedish government planned public-housing models in a similar fashion as
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made through a participatory form of decision-making by those at the most localized level of production. Moreover, organizations that utilize
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Some decentralized participation in economic planning has been implemented across
Revolutionary Spain, most notably in Catalonia, during the
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5603:
4416:
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4517:
History and Philosophy of Computing: Third International Conference, HaPoC 2015, Pisa, Italy, October 8–11, 2015, Revised Selected Papers
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3311:. Computer-based forms of democratic economic planning and coordination between economic enterprises have also been proposed by various
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has developed local projects that promote participatory planning on a community level. Members of communities make decisions regarding
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4520:. Volume 487 of IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Cham, Switzerland: Springer (published 2016). p. 191.
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3182:, with little input from lower levels. Advocates of economic planning have sometimes been staunch critics of these command economies.
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economy was a flexible type of command economy, centered around the movement and utilization of labor instead of goods. One view of
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Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; Kołodko, Grzegorz W.; Uvalić, Milica (eds.).
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Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; Kołodko, Grzegorz W.; Uvalić, Milica (eds.).
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was extensive, particularly rural regions, were run on the basis of decentralized planning resembling the principles laid out by
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is controlled by the producers. The specific forms of planning proposed for socialism and their feasibility are subjects of the
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5169:. Retrieved 6 August 2020. "Virtually all socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with
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regulation. In command economies, important allocation decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.
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In a command economy the most important allocation decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.
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critics argue that command economies under modern-day communism is highly undemocratic and totalitarian in practice.
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Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell (1998). "Definitions of Market and Socialism".
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period to represent an abrupt break with Lenin's government in terms of economic planning in which an deliberated,
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socialists who advocate a non-market form of socialism, in total rejection of the type of planning adopted in the
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The Early mercantilists: Thomas Mun (1571–1641), Edward Misselden (1608–1634), Gerard de Malynes (1586–1623)
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Some decentralized participation in economic planning has been implemented in various regions and states in
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has created a model of decentralized economic planning called "negotiated coordination" which is based upon
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and post-Hellenistic world, "compulsory state planning was the most characteristic trade condition for the
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economic planning in strategic industries such as the aerospace industry. Mixed economies usually employ
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emerged as a new designation in some academic circles for the economic system that existed in the former
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Eden Medina (2006). "Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile".
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5173:(i.e., the Soviet model of a nonmarket, centrally planned economy. Some have endorsed the concept of
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to emphasise by their name that they disagree strongly with the Marxist-Leninist brand of socialism."
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takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use
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The use of computers to coordinate production in an optimal fashion has been variously proposed for
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Theory of information. The identification of the images. Selected works in three volumes. Volume 3
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in decision-making and participation depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed.
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had been replaced with a hasty version of planning with unrealistic targets, bureaucratic waste,
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make decisions about production, distribution, pricing and investment. Market economies that use
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The Soviet-style planned economy in Soviet Russia evolved in the wake of a continuing existing
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Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy".
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Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy".
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A decentralized-planned economy, occasionally called horizontally planned economy due to its
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based on the Soviet model have used central planning, although a minority such as the former
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3319:. Proponents present decentralized and participatory economic planning as an alternative to
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is intended to serve this purpose). This difficulty was notably written about by economists
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5769:"The Stalin Model for the Control and Coordination of Enterprises in a Socialist Economy"
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designers and practice knowledge of workers to produce 150 alternative product designs.
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Halduskultuur: The Estonian Journal of Administrative Culture and Digital Governance
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which presented a critique of modern capitalism and advocated for a planned economy.
3035:, respectively. These distinct aspects were also present in the economic thought of
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Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia
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1941:
1936:
1921:
1878:
1863:
1833:
1758:
1743:
1718:
1678:
1638:
1613:
1578:
1493:
694:
570:
434:
429:
424:
409:
363:
338:
313:
308:
255:
109:
5518:"How to Reap the Benefits of the 'Digital Revolution'? Modularity and the Commons"
5073:
4917:
3446:
in their production processes may distribute problem solving and decision making.
3221:
While both economic planning and a planned economy can be either authoritarian or
1981:
5064:. Dictionary.com. Unabridged (v. 1.1). Random House, Inc. Retrieved 11 May 2008).
4515:
4196:
3042:
Whereas the former stressed the theoretical underpinnings of a market economy to
2798:
under his rule the program was abolished and Pinochet moved Chile towards a more
2694:
Albert Einstein advocated for a socialist planned economy with his 1949 article "
2470:
with direct calculation as the means to coordinate the activities of the various
5709:(2nd ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
3665:
3367:
2855:
2628:
2574:
2571:
2560:
2214:
2096:
1931:
1893:
1873:
1813:
1773:
1738:
1673:
1663:
1643:
1598:
1513:
1483:
1445:
1340:
1183:
1113:
979:
759:
714:
677:
655:
650:
263:
238:
4459:
3242:
planning while micro-economic affairs are left to the market and price system.
5361:
5220:
5146:
4575:
4192:
4074:
3443:
3419:
3343:
3151:
3119:
just than mainstream notions of economic freedom. Furthermore, Hahnel states:
3077:
2934:
2903:
of computed organisational structure of autonomous operative units through an
2514:
and uses Soviet-type economic planning which was characteristic of the former
2184:
2091:
1828:
1658:
1360:
1315:
89:
57:
5369:
4535:
4384:
4220:
To this approach belongs at least in part an attempt to view mercantilism as
4163:"The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy: Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand"
3374:, some areas where anarchist and libertarian socialist influence through the
5742:
5636:
4684:
How not to network a nation : the uneasy history of the Soviet internet
3810:
3790:
3755:
3570:
3473:
3263:
3147:
3115:
3089:
3074:
3066:
2770:) with a focus on the management of the Soviet economy. Opposition from the
2726:
2667:
2179:
2021:
1853:
1563:
1400:
1385:
1275:
1255:
1245:
890:
779:
303:
268:
203:
67:
62:
4487:
Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb
3735:, a project for a computer network controlling the economy of Chile under
3405:
period to counter structural inefficiency and the problem of bureaucracy.
834:
5308:. "Sometimes simply called socialism, more often than not, the adjective
2878:
argued that his OGAS information network would have delivered a fivefold
156:
5377:
5345:
5324:
Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism
4136:(2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 1970). p.
3881:
Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism
3729:, a plan for creating a computer network to supervise the Soviet economy
2356:
2327:
4959:
Liberty and Research and Development: Science Funding in a Free Society
3143:
3081:
2899:
in an attempt to move towards a decentralized planned economy with the
2879:
2732:
2586:
1911:
1390:
1370:
512:
288:
4659:
How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet
3789:, an industrial plan which combined the theoretical understanding of
3398:
2552:
1916:
640:
4344:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
4010:
Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (1988).
2907:
setting and bottom-up participative decision-making in the form of
2615:
was one of the earliest proponents of economic planning during the
4162:
3502:
3254:
Leon Trotsky was among the earliest Soviet figures that supported
2834:
2689:
1728:
5485:
5263:"Machine of communism. Why the USSR did not create the Internet"
3726:
3027:, who referred to subtly distinct aspects of the problem as the
2867:
1161:
5647:
3218:, head of the Department of Technical Physics in Kiev in 1962.
2892:'s socialist government pioneered the 1970 Chilean distributed
3430:
by those affected by the use of the assets involved, with the
5637:"The Economic Calculation Controversy: Unravelling of a Myth"
3939:. As such, it is the opposite of market allocation, which is
3342:
have been promoted by various political groups, most notably
2762:
proposed a distributed computing system (Project "Red Book",
2965:
infant mortality and life expectancy. However, according to
2627:
and the use of planning could "raise in the near future the
4629:"Kitov Anatoliy Ivanovich. Russian Virtual Computer Museum"
4000:. (Nottingham, England: Spokesman. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
3896:
anarchic ordering of the market system to coordinate plans.
3146:. Decentralized planning has been proposed as a basis for
2543:, and to a lesser degree the more barbaric regions of the
4013:
Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach
2639:
of 6% and, perhaps, even higher". According to historian
5486:"Participatory Planning Through Negotiated Coordination"
4952:"Some Skeptical Reflections on Research and Development"
4201:. Pioneers in economics. E. Elgar Pub. Co. p. 136.
3187:
unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity.
5435:. Membres.multimania.fr. 7 January 1936. Archived from
5549:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 140.
3856:
Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century
5236:
Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti
5099:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
5025:
5023:
4090:
Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti
3096:
Suppression of economic democracy and self-management
4280:
Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation
2635:not only two, but even three times higher than the
4847:Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth
4784:
3190:Historians have associated planned economies with
2607:) intervened before the planned system of regular
1146:
5149:. In Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G., eds.
5097:Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J. Barkley (2003).
3334:. Variations of decentralized planning such as
2666:(1939–1945) France and Great Britain practiced
2581:(1918–1921), shaped to the requirements of the
3003:than market economies during the same period.
5692:Grossman, Gregory (1987): "Command economy".
5461:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
5282:Kharkevich, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1973).
5126:Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists
4242:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
3326:Decentralized planning has been a feature of
2381:
859:
8:
5238:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22.
4092:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22.
4044:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3987:Cottrell, Allin; Cockshott, W. Paul (1993).
3858:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 23–24.
3854:Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003).
3274:, is a type of planned economy in which the
5747:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
5695:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
5151:Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice
4747:. Cambridge University Press. p. 372.
4570:(38). Cambridge University Press: 571–606.
4489:. Cambridge University Press. p. 174.
4283:. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
3959:. Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
3816:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
2870:economy management network project. Soviet
1151:
5346:"Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment"
4706:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4431:
4429:
4414:"Workers Power and the Spanish Revolution"
2388:
2374:
877:
866:
852:
31:
4686:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 114.
4408:
4406:
3702:Analysis of Soviet-type economic planning
27:Type of economic system based on planning
5764:"The Myth of the Permanent Arms Economy"
5724:Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010),
5401:"What Economic Structure for Socialism?"
4321:. New York, Vintage Books. p. 468.
4234:
4232:
3249:
2886:over the first fifteen-year investment.
2567:sees it as involving planned economies.
2559:empires". Scholars have argued that the
2456:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
4441:(1st ed.). Free Life Editions. p. 114.
4318:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929
3883:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 72.
3803:
889:
43:
4699:
4037:
2822:and the economist Allin Cottrell from
2486:, where autonomous firms operating in
5298:Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey
5185:
5183:
4820:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4787:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
4595:
4593:
4557:
4555:
4367:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010).
3744:Case studies (mixed-market economies)
3472:and the economic theories related to
2157:International socialist organizations
1105:To each according to his contribution
7:
5707:Theory of National Economic Planning
5570:Crittenden, Ann (18 December 1977).
5034:. London: Pluto Press. p. 262.
4391:from the original on 3 February 2024
4173:from the original on 19 October 2020
3983:
3981:
3979:
3906:
3904:
3695:Case studies (Soviet-type economies)
3150:and has been variously advocated by
2995:Studies of command economies of the
2577:as well as other policies, known as
4992:The End of the Communist Revolution
4818:Economic Reforms in Polish Industry
4791:. New York: Random House. pp.
4635:. Translated by Alexander Nitusov.
4346:. Mehring Books. pp. 404–405.
4342:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
3722:Five-year plans of the Soviet Union
3216:Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Kharkevich
2842:was an early form of computational
2643:, the scholarly consensus was that
5326:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 72.
5128:. New York: Routledge. pp. 58–59.
4657:Peters, Benjamin (25 March 2016).
4608:from the original on 17 April 2021
3913:"In Defence of Socialist Planning"
25:
5582:from the original on 29 June 2018
5572:"The Cuban Economy: How It Works"
5085:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
4167:Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange
3933:from the original on 2008-05-16.
3576:Commanding heights of the economy
3401:regions and factories during the
3073:of planning that featured former
3007:Inefficient resource distribution
2647:appropriated the position of the
840:Business and economics portal
5714:In Defence of Socialist Planning
5350:Studies in East European Thought
4978:from the original on 2006-10-31.
4016:. Harcourt College Pub. p.
3542:Community participatory planning
2901:experimental viable system model
2478:Planned economies contrast with
2355:
2343:
2326:
897:
833:
5655:Democracy and Economic Planning
5545:Sivaramakrishnan, K.C. (2006).
5498:from the original on 2011-08-17
5458:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
5413:from the original on 2011-01-02
5009:from the original on 2023-11-07
4932:from the original on 2022-08-16
4761:from the original on 2024-02-07
4639:from the original on 2023-02-04
4297:from the original on 2023-07-26
4259:from the original on 2023-07-26
4134:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
3831:Democracy and Economic Planning
3758:(indicative planning in France)
3323:for a post-capitalist society.
2814:(1993), the computer scientist
2748:Computational economic planning
5032:The ABC's of Political Economy
3782:Five-year plans of South Korea
1:
5153:. Sage Publications. p. 448.
4995:. Routledge. pp. 90–92.
4918:10.1080/01916599.2021.2009359
4882:Hayek, Friedrich A. (1945). "
4602:"The Computer and the Market"
4458:Einstein, Albert (May 1949).
4118:Heichelheim, Friedrich Moritz
3656:Social peer-to-peer processes
3591:Critique of political economy
3393:. Trotsky had urged economic
3293:Soviet-type economic planning
3200:administrative-command system
2702:In the May 1949 issue of the
2601:
2594:
2589:. However, the period of the
2512:administrative-command system
2494:are variously referred to as
990:Critique of political economy
735:Commons-based peer production
455:Socialism of the 21st century
5623:Resources in other libraries
4161:La Lone, Darrell E. (1982).
3777:Five-year plans of Argentina
3537:Similar concepts in practice
3029:economic calculation problem
2911:by the Cyberfolk component.
2742:socialist calculation debate
2619:period. Trotsky argued that
2458:have adopted some degree of
2260:Socialist calculation debate
2230:List of socialist economists
2205:Economic calculation problem
1090:Socialist mode of production
947:Socialist calculation debate
5836:Schools of economic thought
5745:(1987). "Planned economy".
5464:. BRILL. pp. 105–106.
5322:Prychito, David L. (2002).
5145:Schweickart, David (2007).
4989:Daniels, Robert V. (2002).
4122:"Commerce, Greek and Roman"
3879:Prychito, David L. (2002).
3813:(1987). "Planned Economy".
3491:People's Planning in Kerala
3338:, industrial democracy and
3172:economy of the Soviet Union
2952:The government can harness
2686:Relationship with socialism
5867:
5821:Former communist economies
5679:Cambridge University Press
5516:Kostakis, Vasilis (2019).
4855:Ludwig von Mises Institute
4731:. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
4435:Dolgoff, Sam, ed. (1974).
4245:. Brill. pp. 88–113.
3545:
3531:Spanish Revolution of 1936
3522:
3516:
3497:District planning in India
3494:
3488:
3453:
3364:revolutionary syndicalists
3142:This is contested by some
3099:
2751:
2680:Spanish Revolution of 1936
5618:Resources in your library
5296:Busky, Donald F. (2000).
5221:10.1080/09668138508411571
4906:History of European Ideas
4816:Zielinski, J. G. (1973).
4682:Peters, Benjamin (2016).
4576:10.1017/S0022216X06001179
4485:Feinstein, C. H. (1975).
4438:The Anarchist Collectives
4315:Deutscher, Isaac (1965).
4239:Twiss, Thomas M. (2014).
4075:10.1080/09668138508411571
3626:Material balance planning
2767:
2255:Socialism and LGBT rights
1199:Socialist-oriented market
1147:Socialist planned economy
1050:Material balance planning
229:Socialist-oriented market
5648:"The Economy of Freedom"
5101:. MIT Press. p. 7.
5087:. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
4888:American Economic Review
4741:Ellman, Michael (2014).
4277:Day, Richard B. (1973).
3955:Ellman, Michael (1989).
3751:Five-year plans of China
3685:– an article written by
3671:Workers' self-management
3606:Economic interventionism
2496:planned market economies
1194:Socialist market economy
1119:Workers' self-management
1085:Socialism in one country
932:Age of the Enlightenment
5712:Mandel, Ernest (1986).
5705:Landauer, Carl (1947).
5362:10.1023/A:1008651325136
4890:. XXXV: 4. pp. 519–530.
4126:Hammond, Nicholas G. L.
3990:Towards a New Socialism
3911:Mandel, Ernest (1986).
3525:Revolutionary Catalonia
3513:Revolutionary Catalonia
3470:participatory economics
3456:Participatory economics
3414:Negotiated coordination
3387:Diego Abad de Santillan
3340:participatory economics
3192:Marxist–Leninist states
3112:participatory economics
3044:subjective value theory
3033:local knowledge problem
2909:participative democracy
2894:decision support system
2854:. The Polish economist
2811:Towards a New Socialism
2754:Government by algorithm
2623:, the concentration of
2195:Criticism of capitalism
1206:Participatory economics
1040:Labour-time calculation
5646:Damier, Vadim (2012).
5433:"After the Revolution"
5344:Van Ree, Erik (1998).
5147:"Democratic Socialism"
5030:Hahnel, Robin (2002).
4950:Machan, Tibor (2002).
4783:Kennedy, Paul (1987).
4373:London Review of Books
3717:Economy of North Korea
3707:Eastern Bloc economies
3651:Resource-based economy
3548:Participatory planning
3519:Collectivist anarchism
3462:consumers' cooperative
3450:Participatory planning
3360:libertarian socialists
3267:
3246:Decentralized planning
3131:
3063:Robert Vincent Daniels
2973:definitions are used.
2847:
2824:Wake Forest University
2779:Allende administration
2777:In 1971 the socialist
2723:
2699:
2504:mixed market economies
2416:and the allocation of
2200:Criticism of socialism
1152:Decentralized planning
1055:Peer‑to‑peer economics
18:Decentralized planning
5846:Socialist calculation
4600:Lange, Oskar (1979).
3558:community development
3348:democratic socialists
3253:
3196:Soviet economic model
3121:
3048:labor theory of value
2979:gross national income
2915:Portrayals in Fiction
2861:In the Soviet Union,
2838:
2820:University of Glasgow
2796:military dictatorship
2774:killed Kitov's plan.
2752:Further information:
2718:
2693:
5653:Devine, Pat (2010).
5399:Kotz, David (2008).
5300:. Praeger. pp. 7–8.
5165:17 June 2012 at the
4900:Biro, Gabor (2022).
4884:The Use of Knowledge
4723:. Project Cybersyn.
3829:Devine, Pat (2010).
3767:Economy of Singapore
3661:Steady-state economy
3636:Peer-to-peer economy
3601:Economic equilibrium
3586:Creative destruction
3391:After the Revolution
3356:libertarian Marxists
3309:industrial democracy
3231:democratic socialist
3160:libertarian Marxists
3046:while attacking the
2991:Economic instability
2977:forced the share of
2674:in a project called
2350:Communism portal
2333:Socialism portal
1025:Industrial democracy
975:Collective ownership
765:Newly industrialized
508:Collective ownership
369:Vertical archipelago
5806:Economic ideologies
5796:Anarcho-syndicalism
5753:. pp. 879–885.
5728:, Wiley-Blackwell,
5702:. pp. 494–495.
5635:Cox, Robin (2005).
4864:on 16 December 2014
4727:12 May 2011 at the
3772:First Malaysia Plan
3611:Inclusive democracy
3596:Distributed economy
3428:means of production
3397:between the state,
3384:anarcho-syndicalist
3332:socialist economics
3313:computer scientists
3235:Indicative planning
3102:Socialist democracy
2852:socialist economies
2794:that established a
2651:on such matters as
2591:New Economic Policy
2492:indicative planning
2480:unplanned economies
2466:socialism replaces
2464:Market abolitionist
2235:Market abolitionism
2220:Left-libertarianism
1157:Inclusive Democracy
1124:Workplace democracy
970:Calculation in kind
952:Socialist economics
942:Revolutions of 1848
750:Inclusive Democracy
5774:2021-01-26 at the
5674:Socialist Planning
5576:The New York Times
5523:2023-06-19 at the
5268:2022-03-08 at the
5079:2007-01-24 at the
5060:2007-02-28 at the
4744:Socialist Planning
4633:computer-museum.ru
4604:. Calculemus.org.
4465:2011-03-17 at the
4419:2020-11-07 at the
3996:2018-06-27 at the
3957:Socialist Planning
3641:Production for use
3616:Input–output model
3505:, most notably in
3372:Spanish Revolution
3336:economic democracy
3317:radical economists
3268:
3156:council communists
2905:algedonic feedback
2848:
2781:of Chile launched
2700:
2641:Sheila Fitzpatrick
2240:Marxist philosophy
1060:Production for use
1030:Input–output model
995:Economic democracy
688:Material balancing
170:Buddhist economics
5811:Economic planning
5791:Anarcho-communism
5735:978-0-470-59619-7
5604:Library resources
5471:978-90-04-26953-8
5439:on 29 August 2012
5245:978-0-230-54697-4
5134:978-0-415-91967-8
5108:978-0-262-18234-8
5074:"Command economy"
5055:"Planned economy"
5002:978-1-134-92607-7
4842:Von Mises, Ludwig
4353:978-1-893638-97-6
4328:978-0-394-70747-1
4290:978-0-521-52436-0
4252:978-90-04-26953-8
4099:978-0-230-54697-4
4027:978-0-15-512403-5
3865:978-0-618-26181-9
3819:. vol. 3. p. 879.
3676:The Venus Project
3256:economic planning
3071:scientific system
3052:spontaneous order
3017:free price system
2844:economic planning
2676:Million Programme
2653:industrialisation
2633:industrial growth
2611:started in 1928.
2583:Russian Civil War
2541:Hellenistic India
2539:countryside, for
2438:economic planning
2398:
2397:
2190:Communist society
2162:Socialist parties
1421:Saint-Simonianism
1010:Equal opportunity
1000:Economic planning
937:French Revolution
876:
875:
386:By regional model
180:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
5858:
5831:Marxism–Leninism
5816:Economic systems
5738:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5542:
5536:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5497:
5491:. 1 March 2002.
5490:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5412:
5405:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5341:
5335:
5320:
5314:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5279:
5273:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5192:Writings 1932–33
5187:
5178:
5175:market socialism
5143:
5137:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5094:
5088:
5071:
5065:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4961:. Hoover Press.
4956:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4897:
4891:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4857:. Archived from
4852:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4790:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4738:
4732:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4697:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4564:J. Lat. Am. Stud
4559:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4482:
4476:
4460:"Why Socialism?"
4456:
4450:
4433:
4424:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4222:economic dirigee
4217:
4215:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
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4152:
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4114:
4108:
4107:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4043:
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4007:
4001:
3985:
3974:
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3945:
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3899:
3898:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3826:
3820:
3808:
3762:Economy of India
3737:Salvador Allende
3733:Project Cybersyn
3646:Public ownership
3424:social ownership
3395:decentralisation
3352:guild socialists
3321:market socialism
3303:as well as in a
3262:but opposed the
3260:decentralization
3212:Project Cybersyn
3180:chain of command
3021:Ludwig von Mises
2943:Central planning
2931:Yevgeny Zamyatin
2922:Looking Backward
2897:Project Cybersyn
2890:Salvador Allende
2840:Project Cybersyn
2788:Augusto Pinochet
2783:Project Cybersyn
2772:Defence Ministry
2769:
2657:collectivisation
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2484:market economies
2460:market socialism
2452:Socialist states
2446:decentralization
2390:
2383:
2376:
2362:Organized Labour
2360:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2331:
2330:
2275:Workers' council
1912:Gracchi Brothers
1436:Social democracy
1179:Market socialism
1167:Project Cybersyn
1095:Soviet democracy
1080:Social ownership
1035:Internationalism
1015:Free association
985:Common ownership
901:
878:
868:
861:
854:
838:
837:
596:Municipalization
581:Financialization
551:Collectivization
533:Social ownership
523:Private property
517:Common ownership
475:Common ownership
289:Closed (autarky)
246:State capitalism
224:Socialist market
209:Market socialist
45:Economic systems
32:
21:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5781:
5780:
5776:Wayback Machine
5760:
5736:
5723:
5718:New Left Review
5669:Ellman, Michael
5629:
5628:
5627:
5612:
5611:
5609:Planned economy
5607:
5600:
5598:Further reading
5595:
5585:
5583:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5525:Wayback Machine
5515:
5511:
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5488:
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5403:
5398:
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5393:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5321:
5317:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5270:Wayback Machine
5261:
5257:
5246:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5190:Trotsky, Leon.
5189:
5188:
5181:
5167:Wayback Machine
5144:
5140:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5081:Wayback Machine
5072:
5068:
5062:Wayback Machine
5053:
5049:
5042:
5029:
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5021:
5012:
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5003:
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4867:
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4840:
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4835:
4828:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4764:
4762:
4755:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4729:Wayback Machine
4719:
4715:
4698:
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4508:
4497:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4467:Wayback Machine
4457:
4453:
4434:
4427:
4421:Wayback Machine
4411:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4366:
4365:
4361:
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4253:
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4230:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4130:Scullard, H. H.
4116:
4115:
4111:
4100:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4036:
4028:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3998:Wayback Machine
3986:
3977:
3967:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3930:
3920:New Left Review
3915:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3891:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3741:
3712:Economy of Cuba
3692:
3687:Albert Einstein
3631:Nationalization
3581:Communist state
3566:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3482:
3466:guild socialism
3458:
3452:
3416:
3411:
3305:post-capitalist
3248:
3136:
3134:Command economy
3110:, who supports
3104:
3098:
3037:Michael Polanyi
3025:Friedrich Hayek
3009:
2993:
2988:
2950:
2945:
2919:The 1888 novel
2917:
2876:Viktor Glushkov
2833:
2756:
2750:
2738:surplus product
2714:Albert Einstein
2688:
2649:Left Opposition
2609:five-year plans
2604:
2597:
2551:, the southern
2529:
2508:command economy
2500:mixed economies
2482:, specifically
2440:. The level of
2406:economic system
2402:planned economy
2394:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2270:Socialist state
2265:Socialist Party
2210:Economic system
2175:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2142:
2141:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1286:Democratic road
1221:
1211:
1210:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1075:Social dividend
1065:Sharing economy
965:
957:
956:
927:
919:
872:
832:
825:
824:
790:Post-industrial
785:Post-capitalist
745:Hunter-gatherer
730:
722:
721:
636:
628:
627:
606:Nationalization
566:Demutualization
561:Corporatization
546:
538:
537:
528:State ownership
503:
495:
494:
470:
462:
461:
387:
379:
378:
349:Robinson Crusoe
284:
283:By coordination
276:
275:
260:Traditionalist
120:Neomercantilist
80:
72:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5864:
5862:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5766:
5759:
5758:External links
5756:
5755:
5754:
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5734:
5721:
5710:
5703:
5690:
5666:
5663:978-0745634791
5651:
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5332:978-1840645194
5315:
5306:978-0275968861
5289:
5274:
5255:
5244:
5226:
5215:(1): 118–130.
5208:Soviet Studies
5197:
5179:
5159:978-1452265650
5138:
5117:
5107:
5089:
5066:
5047:
5040:
5019:
5001:
4981:
4967:
4942:
4912:(6): 811–847.
4892:
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4754:978-1107427327
4753:
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4713:
4693:978-0262034180
4692:
4674:
4668:978-0262034180
4667:
4649:
4619:
4589:
4551:
4527:978-3319472867
4526:
4506:
4495:
4477:
4472:Monthly Review
4451:
4447:978-0914156024
4425:
4402:
4359:
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4327:
4307:
4289:
4269:
4251:
4228:
4208:978-1852784669
4207:
4195:, ed. (1991).
4184:
4153:
4146:
4109:
4098:
4080:
4069:(1): 118–130.
4062:Soviet Studies
4051:
4026:
4002:
3975:
3966:978-0521358668
3965:
3947:
3900:
3890:978-1840645194
3889:
3871:
3864:
3846:
3840:978-0745634791
3839:
3821:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3787:The Lucas Plan
3784:
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3698:
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3696:
3691:
3690:
3682:Why Socialism?
3678:
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3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
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3567:
3565:
3562:
3554:United Nations
3546:Main article:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3517:Main article:
3514:
3511:
3489:Main article:
3486:
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3412:
3410:
3407:
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3244:
3135:
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3126:economic power
3100:Main article:
3097:
3094:
3013:market economy
3008:
3005:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2967:Michael Ellman
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2927:Edward Bellamy
2916:
2913:
2884:Soviet economy
2880:savings return
2832:
2829:
2816:Paul Cockshott
2808:In their book
2803:market economy
2749:
2746:
2710:Why Socialism?
2705:Monthly Review
2696:Why Socialism?
2687:
2684:
2672:urban planning
2621:specialization
2528:
2525:
2472:socially owned
2468:factor markets
2442:centralization
2396:
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2378:
2370:
2367:
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2352:
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2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Libertarianism
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:Related topics
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
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2159:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
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2099:
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2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
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1934:
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1209:
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1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
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1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1045:Labour voucher
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
918:
917:
912:
906:
903:
902:
894:
893:
887:
886:
874:
873:
871:
870:
863:
856:
848:
845:
844:
843:
842:
827:
826:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
800:Resource-based
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
697:
692:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
665:
664:
663:
658:
653:
643:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
624:
623:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
586:Liberalization
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
510:
504:
502:Property types
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
458:
457:
451:Latin America
449:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
272:
271:
266:
258:
253:
248:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
191:
190:
189:
184:
183:
182:
172:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
138:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
87:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
71:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5863:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5597:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5494:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5454:
5451:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5356:(2): 77–117.
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5201:
5198:
5194:. p. 96.
5193:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5043:
5041:0-7453-1858-4
5037:
5033:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4985:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4968:0-8179-2942-8
4964:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4943:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4829:
4827:0-19-215323-4
4823:
4819:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4802:0-394-54674-1
4798:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4734:
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4661:. MIT Press.
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4496:0-521-29007-4
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4412:Wetzel, Tom.
4409:
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4382:
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4370:
4369:"The Old Man"
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3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Laissez-faire
3619:
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3609:
3607:
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3602:
3599:
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3484:
3479:
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3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:capital goods
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3370:. During the
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:mixed economy
3298:
3294:
3289:
3288:capital goods
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:horizontalism
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3240:macroeconomic
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:participatory
3224:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
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3175:
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3113:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:regarded the
3064:
3059:
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3049:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:Disadvantages
2985:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
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2947:
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2910:
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2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2872:cybernetician
2869:
2864:
2863:Anatoly Kitov
2859:
2857:
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2804:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
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2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:Красная книга
2765:
2761:
2760:Anatoly Kitov
2755:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
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2734:
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2634:
2630:
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2614:
2610:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:war communism
2576:
2573:
2568:
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2562:
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2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2526:
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2509:
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2457:
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2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:participatory
2427:
2426:decentralized
2423:
2419:
2418:capital goods
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:is a type of
2403:
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2294:
2293:Related lists
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2273:
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2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
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2250:Progressivism
2248:
2246:
2245:Nanosocialism
2243:
2241:
2238:
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2170:
2163:
2160:
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2151:
2150:Organizations
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:Ocasio-Cortez
2135:
2133:
2130:
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2123:
2120:
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2110:
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2083:
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2057:van der Lubbe
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2030:
2028:
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2010:
2008:
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1980:
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1955:
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1950:
1948:
1945:
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1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
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1902:
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1597:
1595:
1594:Chernyshevsky
1592:
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1478:Intellectuals
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1414:
1412:
1411:Revolutionary
1409:
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1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
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1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Laissez-faire
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
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1319:
1317:
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1259:
1257:
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1251:Authoritarian
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1125:
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1120:
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1110:
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1103:
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1100:Strike action
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1021:
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1008:
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1005:Equal liberty
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
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879:
869:
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849:
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841:
836:
831:
830:
829:
828:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:Post-scarcity
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:Expeditionary
738:
736:
733:
732:
726:
725:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
698:
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693:
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669:
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659:
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654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
632:
631:
622:
619:
618:
617:
616:Socialization
614:
612:
611:Privatization
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:Mutualization
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Marketization
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Expropriation
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Communization
554:
552:
549:
548:
542:
541:
534:
531:
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526:
524:
521:
518:
514:
511:
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401:
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330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:Decentralized
292:
290:
287:
286:
280:
279:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Social credit
249:
247:
244:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Participatory
217:
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155:
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150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
136:
133:
131:
130:Social market
128:
126:
125:Protectionist
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
105:Laissez-faire
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
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69:
66:
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56:
55:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5750:
5746:
5725:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5693:
5673:
5654:
5641:Common Voice
5640:
5608:
5584:. Retrieved
5575:
5565:
5546:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5480:
5460:
5453:
5443:12 September
5441:. Retrieved
5437:the original
5427:
5417:12 September
5415:. Retrieved
5394:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5323:
5318:
5309:
5297:
5292:
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5112:
5098:
5092:
5084:
5069:
5050:
5031:
5011:. Retrieved
4991:
4984:
4958:
4945:
4934:. Retrieved
4909:
4905:
4895:
4887:
4878:
4866:. Retrieved
4859:the original
4846:
4836:
4817:
4811:
4786:
4778:
4769:
4763:. Retrieved
4743:
4736:
4716:
4683:
4677:
4658:
4652:
4641:. Retrieved
4632:
4622:
4612:12 September
4610:. Retrieved
4567:
4563:
4546:
4541:12 September
4539:. Retrieved
4516:
4509:
4500:
4486:
4480:
4470:
4454:
4436:
4393:. Retrieved
4376:
4372:
4362:
4343:
4337:
4317:
4310:
4299:. Retrieved
4279:
4272:
4261:. Retrieved
4241:
4221:
4219:
4212:. Retrieved
4197:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4166:
4156:
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4112:
4103:
4089:
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3814:
3806:
3680:
3551:
3528:
3500:
3459:
3417:
3390:
3389:in the book
3325:
3297:Soviet Union
3269:
3220:
3208:Eastern Bloc
3204:Soviet Union
3189:
3184:Leon Trotsky
3176:
3141:
3137:
3122:
3114:, a form of
3108:Robin Hahnel
3105:
3060:
3056:Tibor Machan
3041:
3010:
2997:Eastern Bloc
2994:
2975:
2951:
2935:
2920:
2918:
2888:
2860:
2849:
2809:
2807:
2792:coup in 1973
2776:
2757:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2703:
2701:
2664:World War II
2661:
2637:pre-war rate
2613:Leon Trotsky
2569:
2565:mercantilism
2530:
2520:Eastern Bloc
2516:Soviet Union
2477:
2450:
2401:
2399:
1306:Evolutionary
1226:21st-century
1020:Freed market
705:Peer-to-peer
700:Self-managed
635:Coordination
571:Deregulation
343:
256:Distributist
110:Mercantilist
29:
5851:Syndicalism
5677:(3rd ed.).
4868:8 September
4721:"Cyberfolk"
4627:Kitova, O.
4214:7 September
4193:Blaug, Mark
4177:17 December
3666:Technocracy
3368:Trotskyists
3168:libertarian
3086:bottlenecks
2856:Oskar Lange
2831:Cybernetics
2800:liberalized
2629:coefficient
2605: 1928
2598: 1921
2575:war-economy
2572:World War I
2549:Pergamenian
2533:Hellenistic
2510:follows an
2434:Soviet-type
2422:centralized
2337:WikiProject
2215:French Left
2007:Spiridonova
1906:Politicians
1819:Castoriadis
1499:Saint-Simon
1451:Third World
1446:Syndicalism
1381:Nationalist
1356:Libertarian
1321:Free-market
1184:Lange model
1172:Soviet-type
1142:Communalism
1114:Vanguardism
1070:Spontaneism
980:Cooperative
926:Development
810:Traditional
760:Manorialism
755:Information
729:Other types
715:Open access
678:Cybernetics
420:Anglo-Saxon
405:Singaporean
364:Underground
359:Subsistence
264:Corporatist
239:Syndicalist
199:Communalist
85:Associative
79:By ideology
52:Major types
5785:Categories
5743:Nove, Alec
5687:1107427320
5657:. Polity.
5556:8180693260
5535:(1): 4–19.
5502:30 October
5310:democratic
5013:2023-10-30
4936:2022-08-16
4765:2020-11-02
4643:2021-10-11
4395:3 February
4301:2023-10-27
4263:2023-10-27
4147:0198691173
3833:. Polity.
3799:References
3560:directly.
3523:See also:
3495:See also:
3454:See also:
3444:modularity
3432:allocation
3420:Pat Devine
3418:Economist
3344:anarchists
3280:allocation
3276:investment
3223:democratic
3164:democratic
3162:and other
3152:anarchists
3106:Economist
3078:economists
3061:Historian
2948:Advantages
2625:production
2555:, and the
2414:production
2410:investment
2308:Socialists
2303:By country
2185:Capitalism
2067:Mitterrand
2032:Gerhardsen
1977:Liebknecht
1962:Markievicz
1889:Varoufakis
1839:Fotopoulos
1509:Saint-Just
1504:Buonarroti
1489:Campanella
1426:Scientific
1361:Marhaenism
1316:Fourierism
1301:Ecological
1281:Democratic
815:Transition
775:Plantation
683:Indicative
545:Transition
395:East Asian
166:Religious
142:Democratic
115:Neoliberal
100:Democratic
90:Capitalist
58:Capitalism
5841:Socialism
5801:Communism
5386:146375012
5370:0925-9392
5171:socialism
4926:225260656
4702:cite book
4536:1868-4238
4502:planning.
4385:0260-9592
4040:cite book
4033:control).
3811:Alec Nove
3791:aerospace
3756:Dirigisme
3571:Adhocracy
3474:anarchism
3328:anarchist
3264:Stalinist
3148:socialism
3116:socialist
3090:shortages
3075:Menshevik
3067:Stalinist
2939:(1924).
2818:from the
2727:socialism
2668:dirigisme
2436:forms of
2180:Anarchism
2102:Gorbachev
1952:Malatesta
1947:Bernstein
1724:Pankhurst
1704:Pannekoek
1694:Luxemburg
1649:Plekhanov
1624:Carpenter
1619:Kropotkin
1416:Ricardian
1406:Religious
1401:Reformism
1386:Nkrumaism
1376:Municipal
1276:Communism
1271:Christian
1256:Blanquism
1246:Anarchism
1189:Mutualism
891:Socialism
780:Plutonomy
661:Regulated
490:Voluntary
416:European
269:Feudalism
214:Mutualist
204:Communist
194:Socialist
175:Christian
95:Corporate
68:Communism
63:Socialism
5772:Archived
5671:(2014).
5580:Archived
5521:Archived
5493:Archived
5408:Archived
5378:20099669
5266:Archived
5163:Archived
5077:Archived
5058:Archived
5007:Archived
4973:Archived
4930:Archived
4844:(1990).
4759:Archived
4725:Archived
4637:Archived
4606:Archived
4584:26484124
4463:Archived
4417:Archived
4389:Archived
4295:Archived
4257:Archived
4171:Archived
4132:(eds.).
4120:(1949).
3994:Archived
3928:Archived
3926:: 5–37.
3564:See also
3480:Practice
3436:consumer
3284:consumer
3194:and the
3144:Marxists
2882:for the
2758:In 1959
2708:titled "
2557:Parthian
2545:Seleucid
2537:Egyptian
2527:Overview
2298:Category
2037:Erlander
1997:Kerensky
1967:Connolly
1824:Thompson
1809:Bookchin
1799:Montseny
1749:Vanzetti
1714:Einstein
1684:Landauer
1589:Saltykov
1584:Lassalle
1544:Proudhon
1326:Gandhian
1311:Feminist
1261:Buddhist
1241:Agrarian
1219:Variants
883:a series
881:Part of
668:Planning
319:Informal
304:Dirigist
157:Georgist
152:Feminist
37:a series
35:Part of
5826:Marxism
5586:29 June
4793:322–323
4169:: 292.
3941:ex post
3937:ex ante
3426:of the
3295:of the
3214:and by
3082:Gosplan
2962:capital
2764:Russian
2733:ex-ante
2716:wrote:
2587:Gosplan
2553:Arabian
2531:In the
2488:markets
2132:Sánchez
2117:Sankara
2077:Mandela
2062:Kreisky
2052:Allende
2047:Senghor
2042:Douglas
2027:Durruti
1992:Trotsky
1884:Graeber
1864:Hampton
1834:Chomsky
1779:Marcuse
1764:Gramsci
1754:Bordiga
1744:Polanyi
1699:Russell
1689:Berkman
1679:Goldman
1669:Du Bois
1639:Kautsky
1634:Bellamy
1599:Tolstoy
1574:Wallace
1559:Bakunin
1549:Greeley
1539:Blanqui
1519:Fourier
1466:Zionist
1456:Utopian
1396:Popular
1391:Owenism
1371:Marxism
1351:Liberal
1336:Islamic
1296:Ethical
1291:Digital
1266:Chinese
1231:African
915:Outline
910:History
710:Sharing
673:In kind
621:Marxist
513:Commons
480:Private
469:Sectors
440:Rhenish
410:Keralan
400:Chinese
374:Virtual
354:Sharing
344:Planned
334:Natural
299:Digital
187:Islamic
147:Fascist
135:Welfare
5732:
5720:(159).
5685:
5661:
5606:about
5553:
5468:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5330:
5304:
5242:
5157:
5132:
5105:
5038:
4999:
4965:
4924:
4824:
4799:
4751:
4690:
4665:
4582:
4534:
4524:
4493:
4445:
4383:
4350:
4325:
4287:
4249:
4205:
4144:
4096:
4024:
3963:
3887:
3862:
3837:
3507:Kerala
3485:Kerala
3409:Models
3399:oblast
3266:model.
3001:output
2960:, and
2790:led a
2725:While
2662:After
2645:Stalin
2547:, the
2408:where
2127:Marcos
2122:Chávez
2112:Corbyn
2087:Manley
2082:Dubček
2072:Nasser
2012:Makhno
2002:Attlee
1987:Martov
1972:Gandhi
1927:Babeuf
1917:Mazdak
1879:Hedges
1859:Öcalan
1844:Newton
1804:Sartre
1794:Guérin
1789:Orwell
1739:Korsch
1734:Lukács
1719:Keller
1709:Rocker
1654:Ferrer
1609:Morris
1604:Michel
1579:Lavrov
1569:Engels
1554:Herzen
1529:Leroux
1461:Yellow
1366:Market
1341:Jewish
1136:Models
770:Palace
646:Market
641:Barter
485:Public
445:Soviet
430:Nordic
425:German
391:Asian
324:Market
5496:(PDF)
5489:(PDF)
5411:(PDF)
5404:(PDF)
5382:S2CID
5374:JSTOR
4976:(PDF)
4955:(PDF)
4922:S2CID
4862:(PDF)
4851:(PDF)
4580:S2CID
4379:(8).
4124:. In
3931:(PDF)
3916:(PDF)
3503:India
2958:labor
2561:Incan
2313:Songs
2287:Lists
2092:Palme
1942:Bebel
1932:Blanc
1894:Saito
1869:Žižek
1849:Wolff
1784:James
1769:Sacco
1759:Serge
1729:Volin
1674:Gorky
1664:Wells
1659:Dewey
1644:Wilde
1629:Sorel
1614:Jones
1524:Cabet
1494:Paine
1441:State
1431:Sewer
1331:Guild
1109:needs
964:Ideas
820:World
805:Token
695:Price
435:Dutch
329:Mixed
234:State
162:Green
5730:ISBN
5683:ISBN
5659:ISBN
5643:(3).
5588:2018
5551:ISBN
5504:2011
5466:ISBN
5445:2012
5419:2012
5366:ISSN
5328:ISBN
5302:ISBN
5240:ISBN
5155:ISBN
5130:ISBN
5103:ISBN
5036:ISBN
4997:ISBN
4963:ISBN
4870:2008
4822:ISBN
4797:ISBN
4749:ISBN
4708:link
4688:ISBN
4663:ISBN
4614:2012
4543:2021
4532:ISSN
4522:ISBN
4491:ISBN
4443:ISBN
4397:2024
4381:ISSN
4348:ISBN
4323:ISBN
4285:ISBN
4247:ISBN
4216:2018
4203:ISBN
4179:2018
4142:ISBN
4094:ISBN
4046:link
4022:ISBN
3961:ISBN
3885:ISBN
3860:ISBN
3835:ISBN
3727:OGAS
3552:The
3438:and
3378:and
3366:and
3330:and
3315:and
3286:and
3278:and
3258:and
3225:and
3206:and
3166:and
3088:and
3031:and
3023:and
3015:, a
2954:land
2868:OGAS
2655:and
2518:and
2506:. A
2502:and
2107:Lula
2022:Nagy
2017:Tito
1982:Blum
1957:Debs
1937:Hong
1922:Roux
1874:West
1829:Ward
1814:Zinn
1564:Marx
1514:Owen
1484:More
1236:Arab
1162:OGAS
656:Open
651:Free
339:Open
314:Gift
309:Dual
5358:doi
5217:doi
4914:doi
4886:".
4572:doi
4138:274
4071:doi
3924:159
3434:of
3403:NEP
3380:UGT
3376:CNT
3282:of
3080:at
2971:WHO
2933:'s
2925:by
2712:",
2631:of
2617:NEP
2600:to
2444:or
2432:or
2097:Che
1854:Ali
1774:Day
1534:Sue
5787::
5749:.
5716:.
5698:.
5681:.
5639:.
5578:.
5574:.
5533:20
5531:.
5527:.
5406:.
5380:.
5372:.
5364:.
5354:50
5352:.
5348:.
5248:.
5213:37
5211:.
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5161:.
5111:.
5083:.
5022:^
5005:.
4971:.
4957:.
4928:.
4920:.
4910:48
4908:.
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4853:.
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4578:.
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4469:,
4428:^
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4387:.
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4375:.
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4218:.
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4128:;
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4067:37
4065:.
4042:}}
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3893:.
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3362:,
3358:,
3354:,
3350:,
3346:,
3229:,
3174:.
3158:,
3154:,
3039:.
2956:,
2936:We
2874:,
2805:.
2766::
2744:.
2682:.
2659:.
2602:c.
2595:c.
2498:,
2462:.
2428:,
2424:,
2412:,
2400:A
885:on
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5751:3
5739:.
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