33:
318:
271:, natural disaster, vandalism, accident, or other causes as well as works that made be considered hazardous, such as those containing drugs, chemicals, explosives, or asbestos should be disposed of via physical destruction. If dealing with hazardous materials, the proper authorities should be consulted to determine the best method of destruction. The method of destruction will depend on the type of material and completed in such a ways as to be irreversible. This is also the best method for works that are found to be fakes or
219:
195:
is not obliged by law to contact the donor of intent to deaccession, many museums contact donors or relatives out of courtesy. Museums may also confer with local community advisory groups, such as museum members, local collectors, other local museums, and volunteers about the deaccession to inform and gain community perspective on the work and its value to the collection.
358:: "Funds received from the disposal of a deaccessioned work shall not be used for operations or capital expenses. Such funds, including any earnings and appreciation thereon, may be used only for the acquisition of works in a manner consistent with the museum's policy on the use of restricted acquisition funds." This stipulation was relaxed in April 2020 due to the
171:
205:
terminated. The method chosen is determined by the physical condition of the work, the intrinsic value or cultural value of the work and extrinsic value or monetary value of the work. With all methods of disposal, museums are charged to maintain and retain all records of the object, its deaccession and disposal.
194:
Notification of donor and/or external stakeholders: Once the governing board and/or the CEO/museum director approves the deaccession the last step before beginning disposal is the notification of donor and external stakeholders of the deaccession. Although the museum holds clear title of the work and
157:
For example, the museum is looking to deaccession one piece of a set that was gifted and the donor's "deed of gift or bequest" included a request that the set remain together. In this case, the museum might need to seek legal counsel and take the documents to a judge to gain release from the deed of
416:
Deaccessioning is a controversial topic and activity, with diverging opinions from artists, arts professionals and the general public. Some commentators, such as Donn
Zaretsky of The Art Law Blog critique the notion of "the public trust" and argue that deaccessioning rules should probably be thrown
140:
Verification of legal status: Staff verifies that the museum possesses official legal title of the work and check their records in order to ascertain if there are any restrictions that exist in the original gift, bequest, or purchase which may hinder or limit disposal options, including transfer of
334:
Another method of disposal that is not the best option for museums. Museums hold collections in the public trust for public access. Though the best manner in which to generate funds from disposal for future accessions and care of current collection, disposal of works via sale or auction takes the
314:
Similar to the process of repatriation, if the work was donated to the museum and the donor or legal heir can be located at time of deaccession processing, the museum may elect to return the object to the donor. This is not the best option for museums for a few reasons. First, it removes the work
258:
Often works deaccession from the collection can be reallocated into educational programs, to be used for hands-on demonstrations, school outreach programs, or testing for conservation research. In this case it is understood that the work will be subject to physical destruction over time. In this
390:
These associations have each determined to their own degree that all proceeds from sale or auction should be restricted to the future acquisition of collection objects and/ or to the ongoing maintenance of current collection holdings. Their decision and perspective on the practice of deaccession
346:
Several professional museum associations have drafted codes of ethics governing the practice of deaccession. Two majors areas of ethical concern that are common in these codes of ethics are the prohibition of sale or transfer of collection items to museum trustees, staff, board members, or their
190:
Director and/or governing board approval: Following an internal review by all relevant staff, all documentation is presented to the governing board and/or the CEO/museum director for final approval. The workflow and final decision on deaccession is subject to the collection policies workflow and
302:. The illicit status of an object would be determined upon claim of repatriation via NAGPRA or claim by proper owner, in the case of Nazi looted or other stolen works. In either case, clear title and provenance would be determined during the step in which the legal status is verificated. See
204:
Disposal is defined as the transfer of ownership by the museum after a work has been deaccessioned. Following approval of deaccession from the governing board and/or the CEO/museum director, the work is disposed of and the title of ownership is completely transferred away from the museum or
80:
The process begins with the curator creating a document called a "statement of justification", which outlines their decision criteria and reasoning for presenting the work as a possible deaccession. To determine if a work should be deaccessioned from a museum's collection, a curator or
380:(the American Association for State and Local History): "Collections shall not be deaccessioned or disposed of in order to provide financial support for institutional operations, facilities maintenance, or any reason other than the preservation or acquisition of collections."
315:
from public accessibility and second, it can cause tax complications, as a deduction can be given for a portion of the work's value upon donation and the return of the work to the donor may result in an audit or at least IRS claim on the deduction value previously received.
243:
Museum should be able to justify the trade, including any exceptional circumstances that would favor one party over another. This is why obtaining an appraisal of the object from more than one appraiser is a mandatory step in the deaccession process. See
229:, an example of a deaccessioned work: Deaccessioned in 1988 from Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and purchased by Ball State University Museum of Art, Muncie, Indiana, from Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1989
441:
which was deaccessioned and sold to the Basil & Elise
Goulandris Foundation in Athens without a complete provenance. Also in 2023 a court in Indiana dismissed a lawsuit challenging the proposed sale of three works of art by Valparaiso University.
215:
This is the ideal disposal choice for museums as it assures that the object will remain accessible to the public. Museums seek out possible institutions where the object might a useful addition to the collection or is better equipped to maintain the
103:
The physical condition of the work is so poor that restoration is not practicable or would compromise the work's integrity or the artist's intent. Works damaged beyond reasonable repair that are not of use for study or teaching purposes may be
373:: "Proceeds from the sale of nonliving collections are to be used consistent with the established standards of the museum's discipline, but in no event shall they be used for anything other than acquisition or direct care of collections."
239:
This is another viable method for assuring that the object remains accessible to the public in some way. Exchanges are made in such a way that there is relatively equal value of the items involved, not just monetarily but historically.
67:
section of this article. Additionally, this section lays out the legal restrictions and ethical considerations associated with removal of the object and the types of disposal that are appropriate based on the reason for the deaccession.
417:
out altogether. Others, such as Susan Taylor, director of the New
Orleans Museum of Art and the AAMD's current president, believes that proceeds from the sale or funds from the deaccession can only be used to buy other works of art.
2442:
186:
Object evaluation: Acquiring through one or more appraisers reasonable evaluations of the work would be helpful especially if the work is to be disposed of via sale, auction, transfer or exchange for value in kind with another
962:
76:
Each museum establishes its own method and workflow for the deaccession process according to its organizational structure. However all object deaccessioning involves the two processing steps of deaccession and disposal.
350:
The first of these ethical concerns is rather straightforward. The second has become a point of contention in recent years since museums and cities, like
Detroit, have been struggling with financial shortfalls.
2900:
363:
153:
Donor restrictions are also uncovered at this stage of the process. Some donor restrictions determined at the gifting or bequest of the work or works may hinder the deaccession and/or the disposal process.
107:
The museum is unable to care adequately for the work because of the work's particular requirements for storage or display or its continuing need for special treatment for proper and long term conservation.
110:
The work is being sold as part of the museum's effort to refine and improve its collections, in keeping with the collecting goals reviewed and approved by the museum's board of trustees or governing body.
183:
Physical examination: A conservator conducts an assessment of the work to determine its current condition, future maintenance needs, and viable disposal options, such as possible sale or destruction.
2891:
2437:
391:
reflects a long-term view of museum collections as items held in public trust and preserved for access, appreciation, education, and enjoyment of not only today's public but the future public. See
2355:
1879:
1805:
294:
Repatriation is the process of returning an object to their place of origin or proper owner. This is method of disposal is used for objects found to be illicitly held by the museum, such as
167:
research should ideally be conducted, especially if the deaccession process was instigated by a claim of illicit title, such as in the case of a Nazi looted work or stolen work of antiquity.
2411:
1884:
2270:
2497:
144:
The need to establish clear and unrestricted title is important because it ensures the museum can dispose of the work the via legal sale without risk of improper title transfer. See
113:
The authenticity or attribution of the work is determined to be false or fraudulent and the object lacks sufficient aesthetic merit or art historical importance to warrant retention.
2507:
2396:
299:
283:
120:
2432:
556:
Malaro, M. and I.P. DeAngelis (2012). A Legal Primer on
Managing Museum Collections. Chp. 5: The Disposal of Objects. pp.248–272. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
2647:
2457:
2371:
2612:
2592:
2542:
469:
2923:
2908:
2472:
2059:
1874:
1749:
1528:
2946:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2642:
2502:
2391:
2386:
952:
377:
282:
Human remains or certain items of religious or cultural sensitivity might need to be handled in a prescribed way to meet legal requirements or cultural standards. See
2941:
2913:
2597:
2582:
2567:
2562:
2527:
2447:
1798:
1478:
1278:
2877:
2617:
2401:
2034:
639:
408:
to an unnamed buyer despite protests from local residents and the
Egyptian government. In 2014, Arts Council England deleted the museum from its accredited list.
2627:
2622:
2607:
2602:
2552:
2512:
2492:
2482:
640:"Association Of Art Museum Directors' Board Of Trustees Approves Resolution to Provide Additional Financial Flexibility to Art Museums During Pandemic Crisis"
2547:
717:
2928:
2657:
2652:
2587:
2532:
2522:
2477:
175:
63:. The terms under which an object may be considered for removal, as well as the individuals with the authority to approve the process are outlined in the
2918:
1791:
501:
968:. Vol. XXII: 119: Stephens, Heather Hope. 2011. "All in a Days Work: How Museums may approach Deaccessioning as a necessary Collections Management Tool.
85:
completes and documents a series of justification steps and then present their findings to the museum director and governing board for final approval.
2632:
2577:
2557:
1989:
1533:
839:
530:
2637:
2487:
2462:
2427:
1889:
119:
The work may have been stolen or illegally imported in violation of applicable laws of the jurisdiction in which the museum is located, such as the
2572:
2517:
2376:
1241:
93:
There are a number of reasons why deaccessioning might be considered. The following is a typical list of criteria for deaccession and disposal:
2882:
2537:
2452:
259:
case, the work would be re-accessioned into a study or educational collection that is not as closely monitored as that of the main collection.
582:
2467:
1555:
1677:
993:
355:
2074:
1687:
1577:
401:
172:
UNESCO Convention on the Means of
Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property
1745:
1511:
433:
in an attempt to block the deaccessioning of their father's artworks. In 2023 the heirs of Hedwig Stern filed a lawsuit concerning
476:
2804:
2094:
1741:
1712:
1655:
668:
384:
366:
on museum revenues, permitting some degree of deaccession through 2022 to "support the direct care of the museum's collection".
32:
2039:
1939:
370:
813:
1979:
956:
898:
2320:
2250:
2207:
1959:
1919:
1665:
1354:
2682:
2255:
2029:
1944:
1929:
1682:
1516:
1318:
865:
60:
59:
The process undertaken by a museum to deaccession a work involves several steps that are usually laid out in a museum's
2335:
1672:
1650:
1471:
405:
317:
924:
2799:
2069:
1697:
1582:
222:
146:
728:
2977:
2839:
1954:
1949:
706:
A Statement of
Professional Ethics, American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee, 1992.
2104:
1736:
1729:
1707:
1330:
2844:
2829:
2275:
2167:
1969:
1909:
1834:
1660:
1521:
1178:
986:
2936:
2340:
2197:
2162:
1914:
1844:
1692:
1635:
1459:
953:
An
Example Collection Management Policy. See Section H. for policies governing the process of deaccession
2859:
2824:
2330:
2192:
2079:
1964:
1818:
1719:
1640:
1625:
1386:
1273:
1236:
393:
174:
and AAM statement on the "Standards
Regarding the Unlawful Appropriation of Objects During the Nazi Era"
1505:
347:
relatives and the need to restrict the use of proceeds from any works disposed of via sale or auction.
2300:
2245:
2157:
1984:
1592:
1545:
1342:
1231:
1050:
136:
The typical steps that need to be taken to justify the deaccession and disposal of the work include:
48:
2951:
2814:
2714:
2295:
2212:
2187:
2177:
2084:
2009:
1899:
1869:
1839:
1645:
1609:
1587:
1466:
1381:
1020:
218:
577:(5 ed.). Washington, D.C.: The AAM Press, American Association of Museums. pp. 100–107.
2972:
2809:
2152:
2049:
2044:
1904:
1767:
1550:
1376:
1226:
979:
673:
82:
37:
753:
2794:
2310:
1994:
1934:
1924:
1814:
1783:
1724:
1702:
1630:
1371:
1185:
1104:
1035:
873:
788:
578:
495:
359:
780:
2789:
2699:
2381:
2019:
1604:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1190:
1060:
434:
430:
2849:
2759:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2315:
2230:
2202:
1974:
1762:
1572:
1540:
1434:
1411:
1126:
426:
516:
387:: Proceeds should be applied solely to the purchase of additions to museum collections.
236:
Exchange of the object for another object with another museum or non-profit institution
2834:
2819:
2754:
2704:
2325:
2240:
2014:
1859:
1426:
1416:
1313:
1195:
1030:
601:
212:
Donation of the object to another museum, library, or archive for educational purposes
2966:
2764:
2694:
2260:
2114:
2024:
1565:
1454:
1444:
1366:
1205:
1200:
1099:
322:
268:
123:
in the United States; or the work may be subject to other legal claims, such as with
97:
The work is no longer consistent with the mission or collecting goals of the museum.
47:
is the process by which a work of art or other object is permanently removed from a
2774:
2729:
2305:
2265:
1449:
1131:
1055:
295:
124:
2709:
2345:
2290:
2235:
2182:
2142:
1999:
1849:
1772:
1560:
1439:
1361:
1325:
1308:
1298:
1263:
1141:
1114:
1109:
1070:
1065:
1002:
971:
925:"Lawsuit Seeking to Stop Deaccessioning of Paintings at Valparaiso is Dismissed"
840:"As Museums Try To Make Ends Meet, 'Deaccession' Is The Art World's Dirty Word"
531:"As Museums Try to Make Ends Meet, 'Deaccession' is the Art World's Dirty Word"
2769:
2749:
2280:
2147:
2137:
2089:
1894:
1599:
1494:
1349:
1337:
1303:
1258:
1248:
1151:
1146:
335:
work away from public access and places it into the hands of private citizens.
164:
877:
792:
467:. The Association of American Museum Directors, June 9, 2010. Retrieved from
100:
The work is of poor quality and lacks value for exhibition or study purposes.
17:
2854:
2779:
2132:
1268:
1158:
1075:
1006:
2784:
2744:
2739:
2285:
2109:
1499:
1396:
1136:
1121:
1092:
1045:
2172:
1854:
1253:
1163:
1040:
1025:
272:
899:"Was Van Gogh's olive grove landscape another Nazi-era 'forced sale'?"
2064:
2054:
1221:
1173:
1168:
1087:
754:"Sekhemka statue: Northampton Museum loses Art Council accreditation"
573:
Buck, Rebecca A.; Gilmore, Jean Allman (2010). "3I: Deaccessioning".
866:"Rockwell's Children Sue Berkshire Museum to Stop Sale of His Works"
208:
The process of disposal is completed through the following methods:
2099:
2004:
1082:
316:
217:
31:
1864:
669:"Brooklyn Museum to Sell 12 Works as Pandemic Changes the Rules"
1787:
975:
965:
DePaul Journal of Art, Technology and Intellectual Property Law
116:
The work is a duplicate that has no value as part of a series.
814:"AAMD Rules Need to be Deaccessioned – News – Art in America"
1880:
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
400:
An example of a recent controversy over deaccessioning was
1885:
Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
463:
Report from the AAMD Task Force on Deaccessioning. 2010.
27:
Permanent removal of an object from a museum's collection
2271:
Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
2919:
Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
629:
Washington, DC: American Association of Museums, 1997.
121:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
903:
The Art Newspaper - International art news and events
718:"Deaccessioning and ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums"
2868:
2681:
2410:
2354:
2221:
2123:
1825:
1618:
1487:
1425:
1289:
1214:
1013:
602:"National Park Service - Museum Management Program"
2924:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
2060:Mold control and prevention (library and archive)
1875:Conservation and restoration of cultural property
2947:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies
2937:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence
2901:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's
2942:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative
2914:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
1479:Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America
781:"Museums Draw Scrutiny When They Sell Artworks"
2878:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
2035:Integrated pest management (cultural property)
298:and objects requested for return according to
1799:
987:
267:Objects that may have deteriorated due to an
8:
163:In the process of determining clear title,
2443:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
1806:
1792:
1784:
994:
980:
972:
1990:Disaster preparedness (cultural property)
1890:Conservation science (cultural property)
451:
51:to sell it or otherwise dispose of it.
667:Pogrebin, Robin (September 16, 2020).
500:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
493:
125:works misappropriated under Nazi rule
7:
779:Pogrebin, Robin (January 26, 2011).
596:
594:
568:
566:
564:
562:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
459:
457:
455:
647:Association of Art Museum Directors
356:Association of Art Museum Directors
2075:Preservation (library and archive)
1578:Index of painting-related articles
864:Stevens, Matt (October 21, 2017).
402:Northampton Museum and Art Gallery
255:Educational and research programs
25:
331:Private sale and public auction.
2929:Conservation-restoration of the
2805:Indigenous intellectual property
716:Lewis, Geoffrey (January 2003).
697:, AAM. Washington DC. 1994, p. 9
404:'s sale of its ancient Egyptian
385:International Council of Museums
2040:Inventory (library and archive)
1940:Cultural property documentation
371:American Association of Museums
132:Deaccession justification steps
2438:Bone, horn, and antler objects
1980:Digital photograph restoration
957:Whitney Museum of American Art
1:
2623:South Asian household shrines
2321:Reconstruction (architecture)
2251:Cultural property radiography
2208:Registrar (cultural property)
1960:Cultural resources management
1920:Collections management system
465:AAMD Policy on Deaccessioning
342:Deaccession and museum ethics
158:gift or bequest restrictions.
2892:Conservation-restoration of
2883:Conservation-restoration of
2256:Detachment of wall paintings
2030:Intangible cultural heritage
1945:Cultural property exhibition
1930:Cultural heritage management
1517:Museum collection management
1440:Art history (academic study)
1319:alternative exhibition space
818:www.artinamericamagazine.com
304:verification of legal status
61:collection management policy
2336:Transfer of panel paintings
1678:Colossal sculptures in situ
1382:Artist-in-residence program
575:Museum Registration Methods
517:"Definition of DEACCESSION"
506:Accessed November 14, 2015.
421:Deaccessioning and lawsuits
2994:
2800:Heritage language learning
2070:Optical media preservation
1688:Contemporary art galleries
1583:Outline of the visual arts
695:Code of Ethics for Museums
147:tangible personal property
2840:Oral history preservation
1955:Cultural property storage
1950:Cultural property imaging
1758:
425:In 2017, the children of
191:charters for each museum.
2887:by ElĂas GarcĂa MartĂnez
2105:Sustainable preservation
1742:Most expensive paintings
1529:Conservation-restoration
1331:Contemporary art gallery
141:copyright or trademark.
2845:Preservation of meaning
2830:Language revitalization
2498:Illuminated manuscripts
2276:Historic paint analysis
2168:Conservation technician
1970:Deaccessioning (museum)
1910:Collections maintenance
1835:Agents of deterioration
1750:works by living artists
1512:Classificatory disputes
412:Views on deaccessioning
2855:Tradition preservation
2508:Iron and steel objects
2397:Outdoor bronze objects
2341:UVC-based preservation
2198:Photograph conservator
2163:Conservation scientist
1915:Collections management
1845:Archaeological science
325:
286:from more information.
230:
41:
2860:Traditional knowledge
2825:Language preservation
2433:Ancient Greek pottery
2331:Textile stabilization
2193:Paintings conservator
2080:Preservation metadata
1965:Database preservation
1819:historic preservation
1387:Artist-run initiative
1274:Visual arts education
627:A Deaccession Reader.
394:public trust doctrine
320:
264:Physical destruction
221:
40:examines an artifact.
35:
2648:Time-based media art
2458:Copper-based objects
2372:Archaeological sites
2301:Mass deacidification
2246:Cradling (paintings)
2158:Conservator-restorer
1985:Digital preservation
1683:Contemporary artists
1546:Destination painting
1343:Single-artist museum
1232:Conservator-restorer
963:An Article from the
277:physical examination
89:Deaccession criteria
2952:World Heritage Site
2815:Indigenous language
2715:Endangered language
2613:Shipwreck artifacts
2593:Photographic plates
2543:Musical instruments
2296:Lining of paintings
2213:Textile conservator
2188:Objects conservator
2178:Exhibition designer
2085:Preservation survey
2010:Found in collection
1900:Collection (museum)
1870:Calendar (archives)
1840:Archival processing
1673:Art reference books
1467:History of painting
1051:Fine-art photograph
49:museum's collection
2810:Indigenous culture
2153:Collection manager
2050:Media preservation
2045:Inventory (museum)
1905:Collection catalog
1768:Visual arts portal
1698:National galleries
1551:Eclecticism in art
1506:Catalogue raisonné
1377:Artist cooperative
905:. January 27, 2023
870:The New York Times
785:The New York Times
674:The New York Times
406:statue of Sekhemka
326:
231:
55:Deaccession policy
42:
2960:
2959:
2909:Pompeian frescoes
2795:Heritage language
2685:cultural heritage
2473:Flags and banners
2418:cultural property
2382:Heritage railways
2362:cultural property
2311:Paleo-inspiration
1995:Film preservation
1935:Cultural property
1925:Cultural heritage
1815:Cultural heritage
1781:
1780:
1372:Artist collective
1186:Site-specific art
1036:Cultural artifact
625:Weil, Stephen E.
584:978-0-8389-1122-8
482:on August 3, 2014
383:According to the
376:According to the
369:According to the
360:COVID-19 pandemic
354:According to the
311:Return to donor.
246:object evaluation
16:(Redirected from
2985:
2978:Collections care
2896:by Thomas Eakins
2894:The Gross Clinic
2790:Folklore studies
2700:Applied folklore
2673:Wooden furniture
2668:Wooden artifacts
2663:Woodblock prints
2643:Tibetan thangkas
2503:Insect specimens
2392:Outdoor artworks
2387:Historic gardens
2020:Heritage science
1808:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1737:Stolen paintings
1605:Sociology of art
1556:Economics of art
1407:Sculpture garden
1392:Artist-run space
1191:Social sculpture
1061:Installation art
996:
989:
982:
973:
940:
939:
937:
935:
921:
915:
914:
912:
910:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
836:
830:
829:
827:
825:
820:. March 26, 2009
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
776:
770:
769:
767:
765:
760:. August 1, 2014
750:
744:
743:
741:
739:
734:on March 4, 2016
733:
727:. Archived from
722:
713:
707:
704:
698:
692:
686:
685:
683:
681:
664:
658:
657:
655:
653:
644:
636:
630:
623:
617:
616:
614:
612:
598:
589:
588:
570:
557:
554:
539:
538:
527:
521:
520:
513:
507:
505:
499:
491:
489:
487:
481:
475:. Archived from
474:
461:
435:Vincent Van Gogh
431:Berkshire Museum
223:Antonio Molinari
72:Decision process
38:museum registrar
21:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2903:The Last Supper
2870:
2864:
2850:Primitive music
2760:Folk instrument
2735:Family folklore
2725:Ethnomusicology
2720:Ethnochoreology
2687:
2684:
2677:
2598:Plastic objects
2583:Performance art
2568:Panel paintings
2563:Painting frames
2528:Leather objects
2448:Ceramic objects
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:and restoration
2413:
2406:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:and restoration
2357:
2350:
2316:Paper splitting
2231:Aging (artwork)
2223:
2217:
2203:Preservationist
2125:
2119:
1975:Digital library
1827:
1821:
1812:
1782:
1777:
1763:Painting portal
1754:
1661:sculpture parks
1614:
1573:Elements of art
1541:Cultural policy
1483:
1435:Timeline of art
1421:
1412:Sculpture trail
1291:
1285:
1210:
1127:Performance art
1009:
1000:
949:
944:
943:
933:
931:
923:
922:
918:
908:
906:
897:
896:
892:
882:
880:
863:
862:
858:
848:
846:
838:
837:
833:
823:
821:
812:
811:
807:
797:
795:
778:
777:
773:
763:
761:
752:
751:
747:
737:
735:
731:
720:
715:
714:
710:
705:
701:
693:
689:
679:
677:
666:
665:
661:
651:
649:
642:
638:
637:
633:
624:
620:
610:
608:
600:
599:
592:
585:
572:
571:
560:
555:
542:
529:
528:
524:
515:
514:
510:
492:
485:
483:
479:
472:
470:"Archived copy"
468:
462:
453:
448:
427:Norman Rockwell
423:
414:
364:negative impact
344:
296:Nazi looted art
202:
134:
91:
74:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Living history
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Language death
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Folk etymology
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Dance notation
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Silver objects
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2402:Outdoor murals
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:Rissverklebung
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Arrested decay
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2224:and techniques
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Heritage asset
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Bioarchaeology
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1713:by nationality
1710:
1700:
1695:
1693:Modern artists
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1636:Art techniques
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1522:deaccessioning
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1427:History of art
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1417:Virtual museum
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1314:Art exhibition
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1196:Soft sculpture
1193:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:Conceptual art
1028:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1001:
999:
998:
991:
984:
976:
970:
969:
960:
948:
947:External links
945:
942:
941:
916:
890:
856:
831:
805:
771:
745:
708:
699:
687:
659:
631:
618:
590:
583:
558:
540:
522:
508:
450:
449:
447:
444:
439:Oliver Pickers
422:
419:
413:
410:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
336:
329:
328:
327:
321:An auction at
309:
308:
307:
291:Repatriation.
289:
288:
287:
280:
262:
261:
260:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
234:
233:
232:
201:
198:
197:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
161:
160:
159:
151:
133:
130:
129:
128:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
90:
87:
73:
70:
56:
53:
45:Deaccessioning
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2990:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Folk medicine
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Ancient music
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Stained glass
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Road vehicles
2606:
2604:
2603:Rail vehicles
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:New media art
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Ivory objects
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Human remains
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Glass objects
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:of immovable
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Desmet method
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:and expertise
2122:
2116:
2115:Web archiving
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Inherent vice
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Photographers
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:single artist
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Art movements
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Art magazines
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1566:art valuation
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Art movements
1448:
1446:
1445:Art manifesto
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Arts festival
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1206:Artwork title
1204:
1202:
1201:Stained glass
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:New media art
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:Appropriation
1019:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
992:
990:
985:
983:
978:
977:
974:
967:
966:
961:
958:
954:
951:
950:
946:
930:
926:
920:
917:
904:
900:
894:
891:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
857:
845:
841:
835:
832:
819:
815:
809:
806:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
759:
755:
749:
746:
730:
726:
719:
712:
709:
703:
700:
696:
691:
688:
680:September 16,
676:
675:
670:
663:
660:
652:September 16,
648:
641:
635:
632:
628:
622:
619:
607:
603:
597:
595:
591:
586:
580:
576:
569:
567:
565:
563:
559:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
541:
536:
532:
526:
523:
518:
512:
509:
503:
497:
478:
471:
466:
460:
458:
456:
452:
445:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
418:
411:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
395:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
348:
341:
333:
332:
330:
324:
319:
313:
312:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:
290:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
269:inherent vice
266:
265:
263:
257:
256:
254:
247:
242:
241:
238:
237:
235:
228:
224:
220:
214:
213:
211:
210:
209:
206:
199:
193:
189:
185:
182:
176:
173:
169:
168:
166:
162:
156:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
131:
126:
122:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
95:
94:
88:
86:
84:
78:
71:
69:
66:
62:
54:
52:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Deaccessioned
2930:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2775:Folk process
2730:Ethnopoetics
2688:preservation
2548:Neon objects
2421:by item type
2412:Conservation
2365:by item type
2356:Conservation
2306:Overpainting
2266:Display case
2095:Repatriation
1656:most visited
1504:
1132:Plastic arts
1056:Found object
964:
934:December 17,
932:. Retrieved
928:
919:
909:December 17,
907:. Retrieved
902:
893:
883:December 17,
881:. Retrieved
869:
859:
849:December 12,
847:. Retrieved
843:
834:
824:December 12,
822:. Retrieved
817:
808:
798:December 12,
796:. Retrieved
784:
774:
762:. Retrieved
757:
748:
736:. Retrieved
729:the original
724:
711:
702:
694:
690:
678:. Retrieved
672:
662:
650:. Retrieved
646:
634:
626:
621:
611:November 26,
609:. Retrieved
605:
574:
534:
525:
511:
484:. Retrieved
477:the original
464:
438:
424:
415:
399:
392:
389:
382:
375:
368:
353:
349:
345:
303:
276:
245:
227:Adam and Eve
226:
207:
203:
187:institution.
145:
135:
92:
79:
75:
64:
58:
44:
43:
29:
2931:H.L. Hunley
2710:Early music
2658:Vinyl discs
2653:Totem poles
2588:Photographs
2533:Lighthouses
2523:Lacquerware
2478:Fur objects
2416:of movable
2346:VisualAudio
2291:Leafcasting
2236:Anastylosis
2183:Mount maker
2143:Art handler
2000:Finding aid
1850:Archaeology
1773:Arts portal
1646:Art museums
1561:art finance
1362:Arts centre
1326:Art gallery
1309:Art commune
1299:Art auction
1142:Printmaking
1071:Mixed media
1066:Kinetic art
1003:Visual arts
738:December 7,
606:www.nps.gov
65:deaccession
2967:Categories
2770:Folk music
2750:Folk dance
2683:Intangible
2281:Inpainting
2148:Auctioneer
2138:Art dealer
2090:Provenance
1895:Collecting
1828:and issues
1746:sculptures
1600:Provenance
1495:Art market
1402:Commission
1350:Art school
1338:Art museum
1304:Art colony
1292:and events
1152:street art
1147:Public art
446:References
323:Christie's
165:provenance
104:destroyed.
2973:Museology
2885:Ecce Homo
2780:Folk play
2633:Taxidermy
2578:Parchment
2558:Paintings
2133:Archivist
1725:Sculptors
1631:Art media
1593:sculpture
1534:paintings
1455:Criticism
1237:paintings
1227:Collector
1159:Sculpture
1076:bricolage
1007:art world
955:from the
878:0362-4331
793:0362-4331
764:March 14,
725:ICOM News
429:sued the
273:forgeries
83:registrar
2871:projects
2785:Foodways
2745:Folk art
2740:Folklore
2638:Textiles
2488:Herbaria
2463:Feathers
2428:Aircraft
2286:Kintsugi
2110:Treasure
1703:Painters
1588:painting
1500:The arts
1460:feminist
1397:Biennale
1137:Portrait
1122:Painting
1093:graffiti
1046:Fine art
1005:and the
929:JD Supra
758:BBC News
496:cite web
362:and its
200:Disposal
2869:Notable
2573:Papyrus
2518:Judaica
2377:Frescos
2222:Methods
2173:Curator
1855:Archive
1708:by name
1651:largest
1488:Related
1472:outline
1254:Curator
1242:frescos
1179:tallest
1164:carving
1115:virtual
1110:digital
1105:history
1041:Drawing
1026:Collage
1014:Artwork
844:NPR.org
535:NPR.org
216:object.
2538:Metals
2453:Clocks
2065:Museum
2055:Midden
1826:Topics
1730:female
1355:Europe
1290:Places
1279:Europe
1269:Patron
1259:Dealer
1249:Critic
1222:Artist
1174:statue
1169:relief
1088:fresco
876:
791:
581:
486:May 1,
306:above.
300:NAGPRA
284:NAGPRA
279:above.
275:. See
248:above.
2124:Roles
2100:Ruins
2005:Fonds
1619:Lists
1610:Style
1264:Model
1215:Roles
1083:Mural
732:(PDF)
721:(PDF)
643:(PDF)
480:(PDF)
473:(PDF)
378:AASLH
2468:Film
1865:Book
1817:and
936:2023
911:2023
885:2023
874:ISSN
851:2015
826:2015
800:2015
789:ISSN
766:2015
740:2015
682:2020
654:2020
613:2015
579:ISBN
502:link
488:2015
170:See
437:'s
2969::
1748:,
1744:,
927:.
901:.
872:.
868:.
842:.
816:.
787:.
783:.
756:.
723:.
671:.
645:.
604:.
593:^
561:^
543:^
533:.
498:}}
494:{{
454:^
397:.
225:–
36:A
1807:e
1800:t
1793:v
995:e
988:t
981:v
959:.
938:.
913:.
887:.
853:.
828:.
802:.
768:.
742:.
684:.
656:.
615:.
587:.
537:.
519:.
504:)
490:.
150:.
127:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
