45:"Dear Colleague" letters are often used to encourage others to cosponsor, support, or oppose a bill. "Dear Colleague" letters concerning a bill or resolution generally include a description of the legislation or other subject matter along with a reason or reasons for support or opposition. Senders or signatories of such letters become identified with the particular issue. "Dear Colleague" letters can also create an "unofficial link" in the Capitol Hill information chain.
170:
A reduction in electronic "Dear
Colleague" letters sent in August may occur because of the month-long district work period or recess that normally occurs in August. Following the August recess, especially in an election year, the number of "Dear Colleague" letters decreases. The decrease may occur as
71:
required measures to be introduced only in a manner involving the "explicit approval of the full chamber", Representatives needed permission to introduce legislation. A not uncommon communication medium for soliciting support for this action was a letter to colleagues. Representative
Abraham Lincoln,
187:
Similar to the House paper system, "Dear
Colleague" letters in the Senate are written on official letterhead and address official business, but there is not a central distribution policy. In general, when using the paper system, Senators and chamber officers create their own "Dear Colleague" letters
166:
Since 2003, 46,072 "Dear
Colleague" letters have been sent electronically. In 2007, 12,297 "Dear Colleague" letters were sent electronically. Figure 1 shows the total number of "Dear Colleague" letters sent electronically between 2003 and 2007. The disparity in the number of "Dear Colleague" letters
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Internal mail circulation is handled by the House Postal
Operations Office and the Senate Printing Graphics and Direct Mail Division. Electronic distribution of House "Dear Colleague" letters is available through a web-based e-"Dear Colleague" distribution system. Instructions on sending electronic
212:
The choice to send "Dear
Colleague" letters electronically is at the discretion of the individual Senate office. There is no central distribution system for electronic Senate "Dear Colleague" letters. While no central distribution system for electronic "Dear Colleague" letters exists in the Senate,
162:
An increasing number of congressional offices transmit "Dear
Colleague" letters electronically. Pursuant to the House Members' Congressional Handbook, the rules regulating a paper "Dear Colleague" letter sent via internal mail are also applicable to a letter sent electronically. Electronic versions
128:
In the House, Members may choose to send "Dear
Colleague" letters through internal mail, through the e-"Dear Colleague" system, or both. Regardless of distribution method, House "Dear Colleague" letters are required to address official business and must be signed by a Member or officer of Congress.
670:
The 43,977 "Dear
Colleague" letters sent electronically between 2003 and 2007 include individual letters that are sent multiple times by an office. For example, if a Member electronically sent a "Dear Colleague" letter at 9:00 a.m. and sent the same letter again at 2:00 p.m., it would be counted
48:
Additionally, "Dear
Colleague" letters are used to inform Members and their offices about events connected to congressional business or modifications to House or Senate operations. The Committee on House Administration and the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, for example, routinely
163:
of "Dear Colleague" letters sent prior to August 12, 2008, are stored in a Microsoft Exchange public folder that is accessible to all House Members and staff. Electronic versions of "Dear Colleague" letters sent on or after August 12, 2008, are archived on the House e-"Dear Colleague" website.
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Congress has since expanded its use of the Internet and electronic devices to facilitate distribution of legislative documents. Electronic "Dear Colleague" letters can be disseminated via internal networks in the House and Senate, supplementing or supplanting paper forms of the letters. Such
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e-"Dear Colleague" distribution system. The e-"Dear Colleague" system replaced the email-based system. Under the e-"Dear Colleague" system, Members and staff "will be able to compose e-Dear Colleagues online, and associate them with up to three issue areas. Members and staff will be able to
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of the House for customer solutions, with specific distribution instructions and authorization as to the number to be distributed. The deadline for morning distribution is 9:45 a.m. and for afternoon mail delivery 1:45 p.m.
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circulate "Dear Colleague" letters to Members concerning matters that affect House or Senate operations, such as House changes to computer password policies or a reminder about Senate restrictions on mass mailings prior to elections.
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included the text of a "Dear Colleague" letter written by Representative William P. Borland and distributed to colleagues on the House floor. The letter provided an explanation of an amendment he had offered to a House bill.
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137:(1967-1969). H.Res. 42 amended House rules to permit bill cosponsors, but limited the number to 25. In 1979, the House agreed to H.Res. 86, which further amended House rules to permit unlimited numbers of cosponsors.
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Members of the House often send out "Dear Colleague" letters to recruit cosponsors for their measures. The practice of recruiting cosponsors has become more important since the passage of H.Res. 42 in the
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268:, House, Office of the Chief Administrative Officer, HouseSmart: Reference Guide to Information and Services, 109th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: 2005), p. 29. (Hereafter HouseSmart.)
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Division. Once reproduced, letters are delivered to the Senate Mailroom by the sending office, accompanied by a distribution form or cover letter with specific distribution instructions.
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in which Gray outlined his "conceptions of a fit and proper manner" in which Members of the House should "show their respect for the President" and "express their well wishes" to
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612:(1979-1981) in January 1979. Prior to this rules change, if a measure had more than 25 cosponsors, additional bills were introduced for each group of 25 cosponsors. See Rep.
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Michael L. Koempel and Judy Schneider, Congressional Deskbook: The Practical and Comprehensive Guide to Congress (Alexandria, Virginia: TheCapitol.Net, 2007), p. 257.
145:"Dear Colleague" letters sent through internal mail must be written on official letterhead, address official business, and be signed by a Member or officer of Congress. A
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These letters frequently begin with the salutation "Dear Colleague". The length of such correspondence varies, with a typical "Dear Colleague" running one to two pages.
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616:, "Amending Rules Concerning Cosponsorship of Public Bills and Resolutions", Congressional Record, vol. 124, part 26 (October 10, 1978), pp. 34929-34930.
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Several agencies of the federal government have made use of "Dear Colleague" letters to disseminate information to the public, including those of the
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The phrase "Dear Colleague" has been used to refer to a widely distributed letter among Members at least since early in the 20th century. In 1913,
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348:'Dear Colleague' letter from Daniel Beard, chief administrative officer of the House, "Computer Password Protection Update", August 22, 2008.
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other organizations (i.e., party organizations and informal caucuses) may choose to distribute "Dear Colleague" letters to their membership.
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sent electronically between 2003-2006 and 2007 might be explained in part by increased use of electronic communications tools in the House.
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in 1849, formally notified his colleagues in writing that he intended to seek their authorization to introduce a bill to abolish slavery in
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In the contemporary Congress, Members use both printed copy distribution and electronic delivery for sending "Dear Colleague" letters.
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697:, chair, Committee on House Administration, "New Web-based e-Dear Colleague System went live today, August 12, 2008", August 12, 2008.
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H.Res. 86 (95th Cong.), agreed to October 10, 1978. The provisions of H.Res. 86 did not become effective until the beginning of the
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and which is distributed in bulk to other congressional offices. A "Dear Colleague" letter may be circulated in paper form through
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independently manage their subscription to various issue areas and receive e-Dear Colleagues according to individual interest."
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Walter Kravitz, Congressional Quarterly's American Congressional Dictionary, 3rd ed. (Washington: CQ Press, 2001), p. 75.
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HouseSmart, p. 25. Officers include the chief administrative officer, the clerk of the House of Representatives, the
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The power to introduce a bill was not regarded as the authority of any single Member. See Joseph Cooper, "Origins of the
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289:. The e-"Dear Colleague" website is available only to Members of the House of Representatives and their staff.
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has used "Dear Colleague" letters to issue statements on policy regarding the interpretation of
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2005:
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1950:
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has increased the speed and facilitated the process of distributing "Dear Colleague" letters.
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Member-to-Member correspondence has long been used in Congress. For example, given that early
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558:. Access to the e-"Dear Colleague" system is restricted to the House of Representatives.
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2015:
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764:"'Dear Colleague' letter from Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Russlynn Ali (PDF)"
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is an official correspondence which is sent by a Member, committee, or officer of the
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710:, accessed August 20, 2008. Webster is available only to Senators and their staff.
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The current distribution numbers for "Dear Colleague" letters in the Senate are
658:
59:, often to make statements on policy or to otherwise disseminate information.
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U.S. Congress, Chief Administrative Officer of the House of Representatives,
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1990:
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314:(New York: Franklin Watts, 1983), p. 203. See also Susan Webb Hammond,
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included the text of a "Dear Colleague" letter written by Representative
1898:
392:"CSBG Dear Colleague State Plan Revisions: Second Open Comment Period"
2764:
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816:"New OCR Title IX Dear Colleague Letter Withdraws Obama Era Guidance"
534:
Issues: An Overview of the Effects on Institutional Operations, the
149:
must accompany the "Dear Colleague" letter, addressed to the deputy
2959:
First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
548:
279:
2241:
538:, and Future Planning, by Jeffrey W. Seifert and R. Eric Petersen.
751:. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights. May 13, 2016.
16:
Type of official correspondence used in the US federal government
2010:
2406:
1729:
920:
839:
723:, accessed August 20, 2008. Officers of the Senate include the
419:"Federal Student Aid - IFAP: iLibrary - Dear Colleague Letters"
333:
The Young Oxford Companion to the Congress of the United States
593:
et al., "To Amend the Rules of the House of Representatives",
2938:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
188:
and have them reproduced at the Senate Printing Graphics and
55:"Dear Colleague" letters have also been used by a number of
589:
H.Res. 42 (90th Cong.), agreed to April 25, 1967. See Rep.
491:(New York: David McKay Company Inc., 1963), pp. 57-58.
719:
Senate "Dear Colleague" distribution form is available at
42:, distributed on a chamber floor, or sent electronically.
1731:
Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media
599:, vol. 113, part 8 (Apr. 25, 1967), pp. 10708-10712.
171:
the result of Congress typically adjourning in the fall.
731:, secretary of the majority, secretary of the minority,
721:
http://webster.senate.gov/uploads/dearcolleagueform.pdf
447:"Dear Colleague Letter on Risk-Based Reporting Policy"
322:, 1998), pp. 90, 94, 128, 167, 175, 184, and 215.
2861:
List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
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1 each for the officers of the Senate (total of 7).
637:U.S. Congress, Committee on House Administration,
2980:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
2547:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations
771:Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights
489:Forge of Democracy: The House of Representatives
316:Congressional Caucuses in National Policy Making
202:20 for standing, select, and special committees;
746:"Dear Colleague Letter on Transgender Students"
547:To access the e-"Dear Colleague" system, visit
331:Donald A. Ritchie, "'Dear Colleague' letters",
233:. In particular, the Department of Education's
19:For other types of Dear Colleague letter, see
851:
791:"The path to Obama's 'Dear Colleague' letter"
530:CRS Report RL31103, House of Representatives
8:
814:Kosanovich Dickerson, Amy; Warner, Scott L.
3008:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
369:on Rules and Administration, July 30, 2008.
300:Congressional Quarterly's Guide to Congress
174:On August 12, 2008, the House introduced a
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693:Dear Colleague Letter from Representative
474:and the Development of the Modern House",
3223:Terminology of the United States Congress
478:Studies, vol. 56, summer 1970, p. 3.
3194:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
1961:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)
648:, p. 41, accessed August 20, 2008.
624:
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312:The American Congress: The First Branch
258:
227:Department of Health and Human Services
1438:Caucuses of the United States Congress
441:
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386:
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32:United States House of Representatives
500:"Discord in House over Wilson Gift",
413:
411:
361:, chair, and Senator Robert Bennett,
7:
1069:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded
357:Dear Colleague letter from Senator
762:Ali, Russlynn (October 26, 2010).
396:Office of Community Services | ACF
278:"Dear Colleagues" can be found at
14:
2952:Progress of Civilization Pediment
2806:Congressional Pictorial Directory
1659:By length of service historically
735:, sergeant at arms, and chaplain.
532:Information Technology Management
2820:Official Congressional Directory
2439:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)
549:http://e-dearcolleague.house.gov
306:, Inc., 2000), p. 645; and
280:http://e-dearcolleague.house.gov
2629:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper
1476:Arab and Middle Eastern members
1373:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group
908:Lists of United States Congress
506:, October 31, 1913, p. 10.
205:5 for the joint leadership; and
116:Use of "Dear Colleague" letters
2731:Congressional Research Service
2478:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)
1481:Asian Pacific American members
320:Johns Hopkins University Press
1:
2966:Surrender of General Burgoyne
2323:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)
1486:Asian Pacific American Caucus
1079:Lost re-election in a primary
2973:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
2916:The Apotheosis of Washington
2650:Chief Administrative Officer
2488:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)
521:, March 14, 1916, p. 5.
298:"'Dear Colleague' Letters",
223:Department of Transportation
151:chief administrative officer
3138:Health and Fitness Facility
2930:Declaration of Independence
1699:Killed or wounded in office
1520:Congressional Jewish Caucus
1493:Hispanic and Latino members
706:"Dear Colleagues" webpage,
661:, accessed August 20, 2008.
3239:
2552:Interparliamentary Affairs
2473:Congr. Budget Office (CBO)
2109:Riddick's Senate Procedure
1536:Gender and sexual identity
659:"Search e-Dear Colleagues"
18:
3158:Old Supreme Court Chamber
2871:Congressional Prayer Room
2420:
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2318:Congress Hall (1790–1800)
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1664:Current members by wealth
1089:Elected but did not serve
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158:e-"Dear Colleague" System
2451:Architect of the Capitol
2313:Federal Hall (1789–1790)
1454:African-American members
878:House of Representatives
124:House of Representatives
110:electronic communication
74:the District of Columbia
3001:Washington at Princeton
2945:Apotheosis of Democracy
2365:Congressional Quarterly
2054:Executive communication
2044:Blue slip (U.S. Senate)
2001:Suspension of the rules
1527:Native American members
953:By shortness of service
733:secretary of the Senate
725:President of the Senate
708:Webster Senate Intranet
628:HouseSmart, p. 25.
515:"Hears Borland Today",
337:Oxford University Press
304:Congressional Quarterly
302:, 2 vols. (Washington:
235:Office for Civil Rights
231:Department of Education
28:"Dear Colleague" letter
3168:Webster Page Residence
3143:House Recording Studio
2987:Revolutionary War Door
2748:Register of Copyrights
2329:Biographical Directory
1798:"Necessary and Proper"
1338:Policy Committee Chair
1316:Policy Committee Chair
867:United States Congress
2493:Technology Assessment
1914:Dear Colleague letter
1909:Continuing resolution
1904:Concurrent resolution
1383:Republican Conference
1323:Republican Conference
1284:President pro tempore
1016:Born outside the U.S.
199:100 for all Senators;
21:Dear Colleague letter
3057:Mountains and Clouds
2813:Congressional Record
2670:Floor Services Chief
2557:Law Revision Counsel
2308:Continental Congress
1803:Power of enforcement
1766:Contempt of Congress
1669:From multiple states
1622:Mormon (LDS) members
1430:Congressional caucus
1074:Served a single term
1006:Expelled or censured
948:By length of service
596:Congressional Record
339:, 1993), p. 67.
310:and Patti B. Saris,
36:United States Senate
3081:Building Commission
2562:Legislative Counsel
2483:Library of Congress
2444:Comptroller General
2434:Congressional staff
2119:Senatorial courtesy
1508:Hispanic Conference
923:Members and leaders
795:The Washington Post
684:missing footnote 29
571:, and the chaplain.
536:Legislative Process
518:The Washington Post
472:Standing Committees
423:Federal Student Aid
100:The Washington Post
3153:Old Senate Chamber
3019:VP Bust Collection
2843:United States Code
2775:Jefferson Building
2468:Cap. Guide Service
2335:Divided government
2252:Seal of the Senate
2216:Select and special
2181:Discharge petition
2134:Tie-breaking votes
2099:Recess appointment
2039:Advice and consent
1919:Discharge petition
1862:Appropriation bill
1771:Declaration of war
963:Non-voting members
644:2009-06-12 at the
554:2013-08-01 at the
503:The New York Times
285:2013-08-01 at the
217:Executive agencies
89:to Representative
82:The New York Times
57:executive agencies
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2923:Statue of Freedom
2887:Statue of Freedom
2866:Brumidi Corridors
2838:Statutes at Large
2792:Publishing Office
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2296:election disputes
2284:speaker elections
2247:Mace of the House
2094:Presiding Officer
2059:Executive session
2006:Unanimous consent
1966:Multiple referral
1951:Lame-duck session
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1447:Ethnic and racial
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1378:Democratic Caucus
1301:Democratic Caucus
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639:Members' Handbook
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2853:Capitol Building
2827:U.S. Gov. Manual
2780:Madison Building
2743:Copyright Office
2707:Sergeant at Arms
2665:Floor Operations
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2084:Morning business
1971:House procedures
1934:Joint resolution
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1607:Buddhist members
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1084:Switched parties
1031:Switched parties
968:Unseated members
958:Youngest members
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359:Dianne Feinstein
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241:with respect to
95:the first family
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2692:Parliamentarian
2633:
2624:Parliamentarian
2571:
2530:
2497:
2426:
2416:
2409:Capitol Complex
2390:
2344:
2340:Party divisions
2256:
2230:
2148:
2032:Senate-specific
2027:
1882:Closed sessions
1850:Act of Congress
1838:
1812:
1808:Taxing/spending
1732:
1713:
1704:Party switchers
1673:Died in office
1643:
1595:
1579:
1548:Equality Caucus
1531:
1503:Hispanic Caucus
1442:
1417:
1387:
1344:
1249:
1093:
1035:
972:
925:
912:
869:
864:
834:
833:
824:
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813:
812:
808:
799:
797:
789:
788:
784:
775:
773:
766:
761:
760:
756:
748:
744:
743:
739:
718:
714:
705:
701:
695:Robert A. Brady
692:
688:
683:
679:
669:
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646:Wayback Machine
636:
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584:
579:
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556:Wayback Machine
546:
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529:
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486:
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476:Rice University
469:
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428:
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409:
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287:Wayback Machine
276:
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264:
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143:
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65:
24:
17:
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5:
3236:
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3200:
3199:
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3185:
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3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Senate chamber
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Botanic Garden
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:office lottery
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2994:Columbus Doors
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2910:Visitor Center
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
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2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2800:Public Printer
2796:
2794:
2786:
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2783:
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2772:
2770:Adams Building
2767:
2762:
2757:
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2740:
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2305:
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2303:
2298:
2291:Senate history
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2166:ranking member
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2129:Standing Rules
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:Reconciliation
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Nuclear option
2086:
2081:
2078:Senate Journal
2074:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2016:Line-item veto
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Reconciliation
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1872:Budget process
1869:
1864:
1859:
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1846:
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1831:
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1795:
1793:Naturalization
1790:
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1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1632:Quaker members
1629:
1627:Muslim members
1624:
1619:
1617:Jewish members
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1578:
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1570:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1515:Jewish members
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1413:Gerrymandering
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
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1352:
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1346:
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1313:
1308:
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1268:
1266:
1259:
1255:
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1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
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1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
992:
991:
980:
978:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
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955:
950:
944:
942:
935:
927:
926:
921:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
890:
885:
880:
874:
871:
870:
865:
863:
862:
855:
848:
840:
832:
831:
806:
782:
754:
737:
712:
699:
686:
677:
663:
650:
630:
618:
601:
591:William Colmer
582:
573:
560:
540:
523:
508:
493:
487:Neil MacNeil,
480:
463:
435:
407:
380:
371:
363:ranking member
350:
341:
324:
308:Abner J. Mikva
291:
270:
257:
256:
254:
251:
247:sexual assault
218:
215:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
184:
181:
159:
156:
142:
139:
125:
122:
117:
114:
91:Robert N. Page
64:
61:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3235:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
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2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
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2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Statuary Hall
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
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2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
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2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Poet Laureate
2758:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Reading Clerk
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Congr. Ethics
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:House history
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2226:Subcommittees
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:List (Senate)
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2144:Treaty Clause
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:Joint session
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Enrolled bill
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:Hindu members
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1573:current House
1571:
1569:
1568:Issues Caucus
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Apportionment
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
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1956:Magic minute
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1709:Slave owners
1692:2000–present
1638:Sikh members
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1543:LGBT members
1469:Black Caucus
1245:118th (2023)
1240:117th (2021)
1235:116th (2019)
1230:115th (2017)
1225:114th (2015)
1220:113th (2013)
1215:112th (2011)
1210:111th (2009)
1205:110th (2007)
1200:109th (2005)
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1190:107th (2001)
1185:106th (1999)
1180:105th (1997)
1175:104th (1995)
1170:103rd (1993)
1165:102nd (1991)
1160:101st (1989)
1155:100th (1987)
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2755:Law Library
2456:Cap. Police
2425:Legislative
2114:Senate hold
2021:Pocket veto
1996:Sponsorship
1976:Quorum call
1776:Impeachment
1150:99th (1985)
1145:98th (1983)
1140:97th (1981)
1135:96th (1979)
1130:95th (1977)
1125:94th (1975)
1120:93rd (1973)
1115:92nd (1971)
1110:91st (1969)
1105:90th (1967)
1098:New members
729:pro tempore
614:Gillis Long
335:(New York:
190:Direct Mail
69:House rules
63:Development
3126:facilities
2833:Serial Set
2721:Library of
2697:Postmaster
2660:Doorkeeper
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2176:Conference
2154:Committees
2139:Traditions
2064:Filibuster
1817:Privileges
1591:Physicians
1584:Occupation
1333:Vice-Chair
934:Membership
825:2018-07-20
800:2018-07-20
776:2018-07-19
457:2018-07-20
429:2018-07-19
401:2018-07-20
229:, and the
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3031:buildings
3014:VP's Room
2675:Historian
2614:Librarian
2609:Historian
2594:Secretary
2580:Employees
2385:Roll Call
2196:Oversight
2124:Seniority
1991:Saxbe fix
1929:Expulsion
1843:Procedure
1781:Inquiries
1761:(Dormant)
1753:Copyright
1748:Article I
1687:1950–1999
1682:1900–1949
1677:1790–1899
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1311:Secretary
1272:President
1052:seniority
1026:Appointed
989:seniority
176:web-based
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1600:Religion
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820:Lexology
673:data set
642:Archived
552:Archived
283:Archived
239:Title IX
3182:Related
3111:Rayburn
3106:O'Neill
3065:Russell
3046:Dirksen
2895:Rotunda
2736:reports
2604:Curator
2567:Library
2526:Library
2516:Curator
2502:Offices
2427:offices
2301:memoirs
2279:memoirs
2262:History
2049:Classes
1899:Cloture
1877:Censure
1652:Related
1368:Leaders
1356:Speaker
1296:Leaders
1258:Leaders
1047:Members
1011:Classes
984:Members
941:Members
3173:Subway
3091:Cannon
3039:Senate
3029:Office
2765:THOMAS
2587:Senate
2509:Senate
2360:C-SPAN
2242:Gavels
2191:Markup
2071:Manual
1892:Senate
1741:Powers
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1422:Groups
1265:Senate
1064:Former
1001:Former
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883:Senate
425:. 2018
225:, the
183:Senate
3124:Other
3074:House
2876:Crypt
2685:Board
2680:Pages
2655:Clerk
2638:House
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2535:House
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1986:Rider
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1786:Trial
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253:Notes
3096:Ford
3051:Hart
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2011:Veto
1944:list
1867:Bill
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