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signs as well as a comparison of gestural dialects in this population of captive chimpanzees and three populations of free-living chimpanzees. Before retirement, the
Foutses began a new research direction, studying four different free-living communities of chimpanzees in Africa to record and analyze
247:
The
Foutses were very active in their efforts to improve the living conditions and treatment of chimpanzees in captivity by developing and promoting humane care techniques and programs. In addition, they were active in efforts to protect the free-living chimpanzees in Africa. The Foutses played a
330:
Fouts, R.S., Jensvold, M.L.A. & Fouts, D.H. (2002). Chimpanzee signing: Darwinian realities and
Cartesian delusions. In M. Bekoff, C. Allen & G. Burghardt (Eds.) The cognitive animal: Empirical and theoretical perspectives in animal cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 654–672.
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Fouts, R. S., Fouts, D. H. and Waters, G. (2002). The ethics and efficacy of chimpanzees in HIV research. In A. Fuentes and L. Wolfe (Eds.). Conservation
Implications of Human and Nonhuman Primate Interconnections. Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–60.
180:
The
Foutses have been a part of Project Washoe since 1967. Project Washoe is the first and longest running project of its kind. Washoe was the very first nonhuman animal to acquire the rudiments of an otherwise fully complex human language,
4488:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
205:
and the other chimpanzees, becoming the first chimpanzee to acquire five signs of a human language from chimpanzees thus demonstrating the ability of the chimpanzee to culturally transmit five signs of a language across generations.
238:
focused on the private signing of the chimpanzees, imaginary play and signing, chimpanzee to chimpanzee conversations, conversation repair, representational drawing, and the symbolic representation of spatial relations with
213:
a non-profit organization dedicated to the welfare of chimpanzees. They have resided in
Ellensburg since 1980; and, with hundreds of students, they have conducted their research and enriched the lives of the chimpanzees at
349:
Fouts, R., Jensvold, M.L., & Fouts, D. ( In press). Taking chimpanzees on their own terms: Thirty-five years of non-invasive research. In D. Herzing (Ed). Crossing interspecies boundaries. Temple
University Press.
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Jensvold, M. L., Sanz, C., Fouts, R. S., & Fouts, D. H. (2001) Effect of enclosure size and complexity of the behaviors of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of
Applied Animal Welfare, 4(1), 53-69.
310:
Fouts, R. S. & Fouts, D. H. (1998). Chimpanzees. In M. Bekoff & C. Meaney (Eds.) Encyclopedia of animal rights and animal welfare. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Publishing Group, Inc., 105-107.
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Fouts, R. S. & Fouts, D. H. (1999). Chimpanzee sign language research. In P. Dolhinow & A. Fuentes (Eds.) The nonhuman primates. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co., 252-256.
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Fouts, R.S., Fouts, D.H. & Waters, G. (2003) Wrist-walking: A candidate for a culturally transmitted communicative gesture). International Primatological Society Bulletin, 29(2), 9.
197:
in their interactions with humans and with each other, to comment on their environment, but mostly to make requests, and sometimes answer questions and describe activities and objects.
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Fouts, D. H. & Fouts, R. S. (2000) Our emotional kin. In M. Bekoff (Ed.) The smile of a dolphin. New York: Discovery Books/ Random House, pp. 204–207.
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Fouts, R. S. & Fouts, D. H. (2004). Primate language. In R. Gregory (Ed.), The Oxford companion to the mind. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
53:
33:
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Fouts, R. Jensvold, M.L., & Fouts, D. (2004) Talking chimpanzees. In M. Bekoff (Ed.) Encyclopedia of animal behavior. Greenwood Publishing Group.
340:
Fouts, R. & Fouts, D. (2003) Chimpanzees. In The great ape project census: Recognition for the uncounted. Portland, OR: GAP Books, pp. 31–34
343:
Jensvold, M. L., Fouts, R. S., & Fouts, D. H. (2004). Assessment of species typical behaviours in captive chimpanzees. Animal Welfare, 13, S243.
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Fouts, R. & Fouts, D. (2005). Captive chimpanzees. In Andrew Linzey (Ed.) The international animal world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Fouts, R. S. & Fouts, D. H. (1999). My brother’s keeper. In M. Rowe (Ed.) The way of compassion. New York: Stealth Technologies, 192-194
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Associated Students of Central Washington University “Prominent Figure Award”, for outstanding service to Central Washington Univ., 1991-92.
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The 1989 Recognition and Appreciation Award presented by the Progressive Animal Welfare Society, Seattle, Washington, March 1989.
185:(ASL). The project later focused on the signing of its four sign language using chimpanzees who lived together as a social group:
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264:). They were active as well in promoting basic rights for Great Apes, as founding members of, and signatory contributors to, the
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The 1996 Humane Achievement Award, presented by the Performing Animals Welfare Society, Los Angeles, California, November 1996.
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to communicate with each other and their human caregivers. She is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of Psychology (Research) at
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movement to provide for chimpanzees used in and retired from the Air Force Space program and other biomedical research (see
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The 1992 Award of Recognition presented by the Performing Animals Welfare Society, Sacramento, California, May 1992.
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Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
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Together the Foutses have more than 100 articles published in scientific journals and books. In 1981 they founded
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a memoir of their lives with Washoe. It was selected by The Los Angeles Times as one of top 100 books of 1997.
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is dedicated to the protection of chimpanzees, the education of students and public alike. Recent research at
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both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
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and Deborah Fouts were co-directors and co-founders of the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute.
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150:, the first non-human to acquire a human language, and three other chimpanzees who use the signs of
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National Association of Biology Teachers Distinguished Service Award 2000, Orlando, Florida.
4523:
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302:“PAL” Award for Chimpanzee Conservation and Awareness, 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
4369:
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4000:
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252:, raising chimpanzees in Africa from "Threatened" to "Endangered" species status (see
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201:
acquired a total of about five signs from his adoptive mother
63:
from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
18:
4391:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
162:. She is married to former co-director, now retired
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395:The Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute
4406:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
4396:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
420:
8:
363:Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute
224:Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute
193:. The chimpanzees used some of the signs of
144:Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute
4153:
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1740:
1281:
1063:
976:
925:
784:
703:
661:
599:
466:
427:
413:
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56:about living persons that is unsourced or
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4201:Manually coded language in South Africa
256:). The Foutses were very active in the
244:their behavior for gestural dialects.
7:
1238:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
183:American Sign Language for the Deaf
4569:People involved with sign language
2551:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
2165:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
14:
4133:
3924:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
306:Selected publications since 1998
230:), a sanctuary for chimpanzees.
23:
4514:
4505:
4483:
4451:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
3535:Far North Queensland Indigenous
2157:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
300:Chimfunshi Chimpanzee Sanctuary
4559:American women anthropologists
4272:Bilingual–bicultural education
3592:Western Torres Strait Islander
2666:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
643:Western Torres Strait Islander
1:
3344:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2492:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2354:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2103:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
1610:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
216:Central Washington University
156:Central Washington University
146:(CHCI). CHCI was the home of
1930:Providence Island (Provisle)
1580:North West Frontier Province
142:was the co-director of the
34:biography of a living person
4574:21st-century American women
3530:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
271:In 1997, Roger Fouts wrote
61:must be removed immediately
4590:
4401:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
3610:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
3540:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
2326:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
2180:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
1600:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
994:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
218:. In 1992 they founded at
4479:
4156:
3646:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2085:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
1895:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
1743:
1302:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
1066:
979:
928:
797:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
787:
706:
664:
452:List by number of signers
442:
4564:Animal cognition writers
4554:American anthropologists
4211:Paget Gorman Sign System
3665:Samoa and American Samoa
2455:Sign languages by region
2240:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
1966:Albarradas Sign Language
1956:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
1789:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
1641:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
1605:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
857:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
471:Sign languages by family
4456:Monastic sign languages
4304:Television shows (list)
4277:Manually coded language
4110:Hamburg Notation System
1903:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
1149:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
872:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
809:Northern Ireland (NISL)
250:U. S. Fish and Wildlife
170:Professional background
16:American anthropologist
4427:CHCI chimpanzee center
4196:Manually coded English
3894:Henniker Sign Language
3560:Warumungu (Warramunga)
3545:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
2539:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
447:List of sign languages
254:Endangered Species Act
160:Ellensburg, Washington
152:American Sign Language
48:Please help by adding
4251:Signing Exact English
4191:Indian Signing System
3914:Plateau Sign Language
3288:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
2865:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2395:Amami Shuwa languages
2068:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
2008:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
1987:Caucasian (Harsneren)
1935:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
1463:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
1435:French Belgian (LSFB)
867:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
4549:Animal communication
4499:French Sign Language
4206:Manually Coded Malay
4014:British (two-handed)
3950:Bimodal bilingualism
3580:Far North Queensland
2888:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2410:Sri Lankan languages
2341:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
2245:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
1756:Chaticks si Chaticks
1736:Plains Sign Language
1654:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
1156:Indonesian (Bisindo)
834:South African (SASL)
557:Far North Queensland
54:Contentious material
2421:Tanzanian languages
2400:Ethiopian languages
2367:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
1458:Icelandic (Táknmál)
1173:Francophone African
1131:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
989:Swiss-German (DSGS)
920:Chilean-Paraguayan-
368:Washoe (chimpanzee)
4422:Baby sign language
4320:Jabbar Baghtcheban
3801:International Sign
3704:Brazilian (Libras)
3618:New Zealand (NZSL)
3565:Mudbura (Mudburra)
3493:Sandy River Valley
3472:Keresan (Keresign)
3063:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
2434:International Sign
2415:Sudanese languages
2038:Navajo/Diné Family
1852:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
1690:Original Thai Sign
1468:Danish (Tegnsprog)
1011:Brazilian (Libras)
824:New Zealand (NZSL)
4531:
4530:
4524:extinct languages
4446:Legal recognition
4325:Jeanette Berglind
4285:
4284:
3986:Nonmanual feature
3899:Martha's Vineyard
3824:
3823:
3478:Martha's Vineyard
2973:Faroese (Teknmál)
2695:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
2505:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
2442:
2441:
2427:Zimsign languages
2405:Laotian languages
2289:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
2048:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
1993:Azerbaijani (AİD)
1914:
1913:
1512:
1511:
1355:
1354:
1271:
1270:
1261:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
966:
965:
894:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
880:
879:
774:
773:
744:
743:
651:
650:
506:Eltye eltyarrenke
486:
485:multiple families
400:Friends of Washoe
378:Mary Lee Jensvold
266:Great Ape Project
211:Friends of Washoe
137:
136:
129:
111:
37:needs additional
4581:
4518:
4509:
4487:
4375:Pierre Pélissier
4360:Thomas Gallaudet
4335:Thomas Braidwood
4166:Initialized sign
4154:
4137:
3622:Papua New Guinea
3525:Australian-Irish
3231:Plains Sign Talk
3111:Northern Ireland
3107:Northern Ireland
2630:Hong Kong (HKSL)
2451:
2230:Nicaraguan (ISN)
2145:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
1961:Albanian (AlbSL)
1741:
1555:Bangalore-Madras
1536:Israeli (Shassi)
1504:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
1414:Honduran (LESHO)
1282:
1140:Singapore (SgSL)
1076:Black ASL (BASL)
1064:
1004:Australian-Irish
977:
926:
902:Hong Kong (HKSL)
862:Portuguese (LGP)
852:Eritrean (EriSL)
785:
704:
662:
600:
484:
467:
429:
422:
415:
406:
189:, Tatu, Dar and
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
50:reliable sources
27:
26:
19:
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4584:
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4580:
4579:
4578:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4512:
4503:
4481:
4475:
4461:Tactile signing
4410:
4379:
4308:
4281:
4260:
4236:Signed Japanese
4182:
4175:
4148:
4141:
4115:Stokoe notation
4093:
3995:
3955:Phonology (ASL)
3933:
3868:
3862:
3820:
3789:
3688:Argentine (LSA)
3673:
3505:
3328:New Costa Rican
3323:Old Costa Rican
3223:
3221:
3215:
3099:North Macedonia
2900:
2591:
2526:Bamako (LaSiMa)
2456:
2438:
2388:Other groupings
2383:
2235:Old Costa Rican
2210:Burkina (Mossi)
2190:Mauritian (MSL)
2063:Ghardaia (AJSL)
1976:Argentine (LSA)
1939:
1921:
1910:
1875:
1858:
1730:
1712:
1684:
1648:
1614:
1586:
1547:
1540:
1508:
1475:
1445:Danish (Tegnic)
1439:
1418:
1397:
1376:
1351:
1326:Yugoslavic Sign
1321:
1292:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
1277:
1267:
1256:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
1241:
1231:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
1224:
1207:
1194:Bamako (LaSiMa)
1175:(Françafrosign)
1174:
1168:
1144:
1116:Malaysian (BIM)
1058:
1051:
1026:Valencian (LSV)
962:
953:Paraguay (LSPY)
944:
937:
921:
915:
876:
838:
770:
740:
715:
699:
693:
657:Arab (Ishaaric)
647:
626:
598:
511:Iltyeme iltyeme
482:
479:
472:
462:
456:
438:
433:
391:
359:
308:
281:
172:
133:
122:
116:
113:
76:"Deborah Fouts"
70:
68:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4587:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4370:William Stokoe
4367:
4362:
4357:
4355:Valerie Sutton
4352:
4347:
4345:Abbé de l'Épée
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4256:Signed Swedish
4253:
4248:
4246:Signed Spanish
4243:
4238:
4233:
4231:Signed Italian
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:Serbo-Croatian
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
4001:Fingerspelling
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3587:Western Desert
3584:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3438:American (ASL)
3435:
3432:
3430:Old Salvadoran
3427:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:Maritime (MSL)
3275:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3247:American (ASL)
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:Central Taurus
3190:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2948:United Kingdom
2946:
2944:French Belgian
2941:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2744:Kazakh-Russian
2741:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2648:Indo-Pakistani
2645:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2260:Peruvian (LSP)
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Miyakubo Shuwa
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:Dogon/Douentza
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1865:American (ASL)
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1726:Namibian (NSL)
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:Indo-Pakistani
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1393:Tunisian (TSL)
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1347:Yugoslav (YSL)
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:Croatian (HZJ)
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1204:Sierra Leonean
1202:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1127:Filipino (FSL)
1124:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1071:American (ASL)
1067:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1047:Romanian (LSR)
1044:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:
996:
991:
986:
984:Algerian (LSA)
980:
974:
968:
967:
964:
963:
961:
960:
955:
949:
947:
945:Uruguayan Sign
939:
938:
936:
935:
933:Chilean (LSCh)
929:
923:
922:Uruguayan Sign
917:
916:
914:
913:
912:
911:
910:
909:
908:
907:
890:
888:
882:
881:
878:
877:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
848:
846:
840:
839:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
819:Maritime (MSL)
816:
813:
812:
811:
801:
800:
799:
788:
782:
776:
775:
772:
771:
769:
768:
763:
758:
752:
750:
746:
745:
742:
741:
739:
738:
735:
732:
729:
725:
723:
717:
716:
714:
713:
707:
701:
695:
694:
692:
691:
686:
684:Qatari Unified
681:
676:
671:
665:
659:
653:
652:
649:
648:
646:
645:
640:
634:
632:
631:Zendath Kesign
628:
627:
625:
624:
619:
614:
608:
606:
604:Western Desert
597:
596:
591:
586:
583:
581:Worora Kinship
578:
573:
566:
561:
560:
559:
549:
544:
537:
532:
527:
520:
513:
508:
503:
498:
490:
488:
474:
473:
470:
464:
458:
457:
455:
454:
449:
443:
440:
439:
434:
432:
431:
424:
417:
409:
403:
402:
397:
390:
389:External links
387:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
358:
355:
307:
304:
280:
277:
262:Animal Testing
171:
168:
135:
134:
58:poorly sourced
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4586:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:Living people
4542:
4541:
4539:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:Miscellaneous
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:Organisations
4382:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Laurent Clerc
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Pär Aron Borg
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:Signed Polish
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Signed German
4224:
4222:
4221:Signed French
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:Grammar (ASL)
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:International
3792:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:South America
3676:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Rossel Island
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Mount Avejaha
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
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3533:
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3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:Navajo Family
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3434:United States
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
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3379:
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3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
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3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
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3289:
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3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
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3162:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3098:
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3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
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3032:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
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2990:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2976:
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2969:
2966:
2963:
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2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
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2940:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2753:
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2747:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:South African
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Yoruban (YSL)
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Bura (Burasl)
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:West African
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Ugandan (USL)
2334:
2332:
2331:Turkish (TİD)
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Spanish (LSE)
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Rossel Island
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:Qahveh Khaneh
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Mount Avejaha
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Maltese (LSM)
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Atgangmuurniq
2096:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:Guinea-Bissau
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1679:Cepeda Peraza
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:Highland Maya
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1592:Japanese Sign
1589:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:Flemish (VGT)
1428:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Mexican (LSM)
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:Italian (LIS)
1386:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1317:Russian (РЖЯ)
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Latvian (LSL)
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:Catalan (LSC)
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
978:
975:
973:
969:
959:
958:Uruguay (LSU)
956:
954:
951:
950:
948:
946:
940:
934:
931:
930:
927:
924:
918:
905:
904:
903:
900:
899:
897:
896:
895:
892:
891:
889:
887:
883:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
845:
841:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
814:
810:
807:
806:
805:
804:British (BSL)
802:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
783:
781:
777:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
751:
747:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:
724:
722:
718:
712:
709:
708:
705:
702:
696:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
663:
660:
658:
654:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
633:
629:
623:
622:Ngaatjatjarra
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
607:
605:
601:
595:
592:
590:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
571:
567:
565:
562:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
542:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
525:
521:
519:
518:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
496:
492:
491:
489:
481:
475:
468:
465:
459:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
441:
437:
436:Sign language
430:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
410:
407:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
388:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
351:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
314:
311:
305:
303:
301:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
278:
276:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
245:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
178:
176:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:Deborah Fouts
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
45:
44:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4519:
4513:
4504:
4502:
4482:
4299:Films (list)
4216:Signed Dutch
4161:Contact sign
3606:Hawaii (USA)
3499:
3492:
3477:
3302:
3293:
3185:Swiss-German
2821:Saudi Arabia
2559:South Africa
2293:
2276:
2150:Somali (SSL)
2077:
1985:
1920:Providencia–
1899:Nesilextcl'n
1872:Oneida (OSL)
1834:Tickanwa•tic
1822:Schitsu'umsh
1804:Nųmą́khų́·ki
1718:Paget Gorman
1639:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1583:Punjab-Sindh
1531:Polish (PJM)
1526:German (DGS)
1402:Mexican Sign
1381:Italian Sign
1285:Russian Sign
1248:French (LSF)
1221:Oneida (OSL)
1135:Quebec (LSQ)
1120:Oneida (OSL)
1037:
1033:French (LSF)
886:Chinese Sign
844:Swedish Sign
568:
539:
522:
515:
493:
352:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
272:
270:
248:role in the
246:
208:
179:
173:
139:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
60:
43:verification
36:
4441:Open Outcry
4365:Abbé Sicard
4350:Roger Fouts
4181:Signed Oral
4120:SignWriting
3968:Orientation
3938:Linguistics
3919:Pitha Pitha
3614:New Zealand
3550:Manjiljarra
3421:El Salvador
3181:Switzerland
3091:Netherlands
2931:Azerbaijani
2873:Old Bangkok
2813:Philippines
2501:Ivory Coast
2295:Sandy River
2033:Cuban (LSC)
1922:Cayman Sign
1771:Hinono'eino
1762:Coahuilteco
1747:Anishinaabe
1708:Old Bangkok
1629:Old Kentish
1558:Beluchistan
1518:German Sign
1499:Ho Chi Minh
1423:Old Belgian
1367:Dutch (NGT)
1106:Costa Rican
999:Irish (ISL)
943:Paraguayan-
734:Palestinian
617:Manjiljarra
612:Kartutjarra
547:Rdaka rdaka
541:Pitha Pitha
383:Roger Fouts
273:Next of Kin
164:Roger Fouts
4538:Categories
4466:Protactile
4105:ASL-phabet
4089:Portuguese
3991:Sign names
3976:Expression
3904:Old French
3889:Kalkutungu
3858:Name signs
3848:Literature
3785:Venezuelan
3759:Inmaculada
3751:Paraguayan
3743:Ecuadorian
3597:Yir Yoront
3448:Protactile
3425:Salvadoran
3417:Panamanian
3404:Nicaraguan
3381:Albarradas
3352:Guatemalan
3309:Costa Rica
3304:Old Cayman
3257:Protactile
3135:Portuguese
3103:Macedonian
3079:Lithuanian
2927:Azerbaijan
2896:Vietnamese
2853:Tajikistan
2841:Sri Lankan
2740:Kazakhstan
2710:Kafr Qasem
2661:Indonesian
2363:Mofu-Gudur
2301:Salvadoran
2278:Rennellese
2265:Inmaculada
2220:Mozambican
2170:Macedonian
2140:Kata Kolok
2130:Kafr Qasim
2089:Creole HSL
1840:Tsuu T'ina
1801:Niitsítapi
1795:Ni Mii Puu
1786:Maagiadawa
1750:Apsáalooke
1676:Trascorral
1360:Dutch Sign
1163:Yogyakarta
1123:Panamanian
1081:Protactile
1039:Old French
1016:Lithuanian
972:Francosign
589:Yir Yoront
576:Warramunga
524:Kalkutungu
480:Aboriginal
478:Australian
87:newspapers
4522:indicate
4183:Languages
4084:Ukrainian
4044:Hungarian
4029:Esperanto
3960:Handshape
3929:Warluwara
3869:languages
3853:Profanity
3816:Signalong
3781:Venezuela
3777:Uruguayan
3730:Colombian
3684:Argentina
3555:Warlmanpa
3516:Australia
3454:Blackfeet
3443:Black ASL
3400:Nicaragua
3348:Guatemala
3340:Greenland
3263:Blackfoot
3252:Black ASL
3220:North and
3211:Ukrainian
3169:Valencian
3151:Slovenian
3119:Norwegian
3075:Lithuania
3039:Icelandic
3031:Hungarian
2878:Chiangmai
2849:Taiwanese
2837:Sri Lanka
2833:Singapore
2829:Singapore
2786:Mongolian
2760:Malaysian
2657:Indonesia
2626:Hong Kong
2614:Cambodian
2571:Tanzanian
2447:By region
2003:Bhutanese
1798:Niimíipuu
1780:Karankawa
1703:Hai Phong
1698:Chiangmai
1489:Hai Phong
1481:Viet-Thai
1343:Slovenian
1312:Mongolian
1278:Hungarian
1214:Hand Talk
1181:Ethiopian
1109:Dominican
1103:Cambodian
898:Shanghai
728:Jordanian
721:Levantine
700:Levantine
585:Yan-nhaŋu
570:Warluwara
564:Warlmanpa
530:Miriwoong
258:Sanctuary
117:June 2007
39:citations
4171:Mouthing
4147:Language
4130:ASLwrite
4054:Japanese
4009:American
3981:Mouthing
3972:Movement
3964:Location
3909:Old Kent
3875:Chilmark
3811:Monastic
3764:Peruvian
3747:Paraguay
3735:Provisle
3726:Colombia
3696:Bolivian
3656:Sinasina
3500:Henniker
3460:Cheyenne
3412:Chiriqui
3373:Honduran
3369:Honduras
3239:Belizean
3147:Slovenia
3131:Portugal
2997:Ghardaia
2981:Estonian
2960:Croatian
2923:Austrian
2915:Armenian
2869:Thailand
2817:Filipino
2809:Nepalese
2794:Ghandruk
2782:Mongolia
2778:Maldives
2774:Maldives
2770:Selangor
2756:Malaysia
2728:Miyakubo
2718:Japanese
2700:Ghardaia
2610:Cambodia
2567:Tanzania
2480:Cameroon
2476:Ghardaia
2471:Algerian
2306:Sinasina
2079:Henniker
2058:Ghandruk
1998:Belizean
1981:Armenian
1944:Isolates
1891:Kalispel
1888:A'aninin
1846:Wazhazhe
1843:Umatilla
1825:Shiwinna
1816:Piipaash
1765:Dane-zaa
1759:Cheyenne
1664:Yucatec
1635:Chilmark
1569:Calcutta
1453:Malagasy
1297:Georgian
1201:Nigerian
1198:Moroccan
1187:Ghanaian
1112:Jamaican
1098:Mandalay
1087:Bolivian
1057:American
749:Possible
731:Lebanese
669:Egyptian
535:Mudburra
501:Djingili
463:families
461:Language
357:See also
65:libelous
4520:Italics
4471:Tic-tac
4313:Persons
4149:contact
4098:Writing
4079:Spanish
4069:Russian
4024:Chilean
4019:Catalan
3884:Jaralde
3867:Extinct
3838:Grammar
3806:Makaton
3773:Uruguay
3739:Ecuador
3722:Chilean
3714:Ka'apor
3692:Bolivia
3510:Oceania
3396:Mexican
3386:Chatino
3365:Haitian
3294:Plateau
3224:America
3222:Central
3207:Ukraine
3203:Turkish
3177:Swedish
3164:Spanish
3159:Catalan
3143:Russian
3087:Russian
3083:Moldova
3071:Latvian
3055:Italian
3043:Ireland
3035:Iceland
3027:Hungary
3011:Germany
2989:Finnish
2985:Finland
2977:Estonia
2964:Denmark
2956:Croatia
2952:British
2939:Flemish
2935:Belgium
2919:Austria
2911:Armenia
2892:Vietnam
2857:Russian
2799:Jhankot
2752:Laotian
2705:Israeli
2687:Kurdish
2674:Persian
2643:Bengali
2622:Chinese
2606:Bengali
2587:Zambian
2579:Ugandan
2543:Senegal
2530:Nigeria
2497:Nanabin
2467:Algeria
2379:Zambian
2255:Persian
2161:Kisindo
2120:Ka'apor
2110:Jhankot
2028:Chatino
1881:Plateau
1863:Mixed,
1855:Wyandot
1849:Wichita
1837:Tháumgá
1819:Ppáⁿkka
1807:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
1783:Liksiyu
1774:Hiraacá
1753:Arikara
1620:Kentish
1562:Bengali
1472:Teknmál
1372:Gambian
1340:Serbian
1337:Kosovar
1276:Austro-
1246:Mixed,
1229:Mixed,
1212:Mixed,
1190:Guinean
1184:Chadian
1160:Jakarta
1091:Burmese
1059:(ASLic)
756:Emirati
674:Kuwaiti
517:Jaralde
101:scholar
4435:Loulis
4431:Washoe
4265:Others
4064:Polish
4059:Korean
4039:German
4034:French
3879:Diyari
3843:Idioms
3700:Brazil
3669:Samoan
3631:Kailge
3575:Umpila
3520:Auslan
3483:Navajo
3467:Oneida
3463:Ojibwa
3408:Panama
3377:Mexico
3318:Brunca
3313:Bribri
3299:Cayman
3283:Quebec
3273:Oneida
3269:Ojibwa
3243:Canada
3235:Belize
3198:Mardin
3189:Turkey
3173:Sweden
3139:Russia
3127:Polish
3123:Poland
3115:Norway
3067:Latvia
3059:Kosovo
3019:Greece
3015:German
3002:French
2993:France
2968:Danish
2905:Europe
2845:Taiwan
2765:Penang
2736:Korean
2723:Koniya
2691:Israel
2638:Alipur
2602:Bengal
2583:Zambia
2575:Uganda
2555:Somali
2513:Kenyan
2484:Maroua
2461:Africa
2417:(~150)
2250:Penang
2195:M'bour
2185:Mardin
2135:Kailge
2125:Kajana
2094:Inuit
2018:Brunca
2013:Bribri
1971:Alipur
1951:Afghan
1907:Sqeliz
1792:Nakota
1670:Nohkop
1667:Chicán
1576:Nepali
1566:Bombay
1095:Yangon
829:Samoan
815:Fijian
792:Auslan
780:BANZSL
737:Syrian
698:Iraqi–
689:Yemeni
679:Libyan
638:Meriam
552:Umpila
495:Diyari
373:Loulis
279:Awards
203:Washoe
199:Loulis
191:Loulis
187:Washoe
148:Washoe
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
4291:Media
4049:Irish
3769:Sivia
3718:Chile
3661:Wanib
3636:Mehek
3602:Yolŋu
3570:Ngada
3391:Mayan
3361:Haiti
3357:Mayan
3336:Cuban
3155:Spain
3095:Dutch
3051:Italy
3047:Irish
3023:Greek
3007:Lyons
2861:Tibet
2825:Saudi
2804:Jumla
2790:Nepal
2732:Korea
2714:Japan
2682:Iraqi
2634:India
2618:China
2547:Mbour
2521:Tebul
2509:Kenya
2488:Ghana
2346:Wanib
2321:Tebul
2311:Sivia
2200:Mehek
2115:Jumla
1828:Sioux
1813:Palus
1810:Omaha
1673:Nohya
1572:Delhi
1494:Hanoi
906:Macau
766:Omani
761:Saudi
711:Iraqi
594:Yolŋu
175:Roger
108:JSTOR
94:books
32:This
4493:and
4125:si5s
3755:Peru
3709:Cena
3626:Enga
3457:Cree
3332:Cuba
3266:Cree
2883:Thai
2748:Laos
2678:Iraq
2670:Iran
2653:Naga
2596:Asia
2534:Bura
2517:Mali
2423:(7+)
2225:Naga
2053:Enga
2023:Cena
1831:Taos
1777:Icāk
1768:Diné
1548:Sign
298:The
236:CHCI
232:CHCI
228:CHCI
222:the
80:news
41:for
4495:BSL
4491:ASL
3830:ASL
241:ASL
220:CWU
195:ASL
158:in
4540::
4515:^c
4506:^b
4501:.
4484:^a
4433:,
3974:/
3970:/
3966:/
3962:/
268:.
166:.
52:.
4526:.
4437:)
4429:(
4138:)
4132:(
487:)
483:(
428:e
421:t
414:v
226:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
67:.
46:.
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