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as well as a number of other cotton-producing countries. The use of defoliants aids in the effective harvesting of cotton and finer lint quality. The effectiveness of defoliant use in cotton harvesting depends on the type of defoliant(s) used, the number of applications, the amount applied, and
445:
Potter, Thomas L.; Marti, Luz; Belflower, Sally; Truman, Clint C. (2000). "Multiresidue
Analysis of Cotton Defoliant, Herbicide, and Insecticide Residues in Water by Solid-Phase Extraction and GC−NPD, GC−MS, and HPLC−Diode Array Detection".
709:
Kang, Han K.; Dalager, Nancy A.; Needham, Larry L.; Patterson, Donald G.; Lees, Peter S.J.; Yates, Katherine; Matanoski, Genevieve M. (2006). "Health status of Army
Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans who sprayed defoliant in Vietnam".
99:, an increase in agricultural production in mid-20th century. Defoliants have also been used in warfare as a means to deprive an enemy of food crops and/or hiding cover, most notably by the
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to fall off. Defoliants are widely used for the selective removal of weeds in managing croplands and lawns. Worldwide use of defoliants, along with the development of other herbicides and
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to defoliate regions of
Vietnam from 1961 to 1971, has been linked to several long-term health issues. Agent Orange contains a mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T as well as
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events in defoliated cotton fields, defoliant concentrations decreased exponentially within the test area and could negatively affect marine life in the runoff zones.
45:
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626:"Ecocide: From the Vietnam War to International Criminal Jurisdiction? Procedural Issues In-Between Environmental Science, Climate Change, and Law"
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600:"Industrial disasters from Bhopal to present day: why the proposal to make 'ecocide' an international offence is persuasive – The Leaflet"
237:(U.S. EPA) concluded that the use of agricultural defoliants led to increased risks of water contamination and dangers to freshwater and
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492:. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics and Economic Research Service. pg 141.
135:(2,4,5-T). 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are absorbed by broad-leafed plants, killing them by causing excessive hormonal growth. These
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were designed to selectively kill weeds and unwanted plants in croplands. They were first introduced at the beginning of
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The invention of ecocide: agent orange, Vietnam, and the scientists who changed the way we think about the environment
166:(NASS), tribufos and thidiazuron accounted for 60% of crop area that was treated by defoliants during that crop year.
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military. The environmental destruction caused by this defoliation has been described by
Swedish Prime Minister
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environmental variables. Common harvest-aiding chemical defoliants include tribufos, dimethipin, and
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have a higher incidence of diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and chronic respiratory diseases.
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A primary application of defoliants is the selective killing of plants. Two of the oldest chemical
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Snipes, Charles E.; Cathey, George W. (1992). "Evaluation of defoliant mixtures in cotton".
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This article is about chemicals used to remove leaves. For the animals that eat leaves, see
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115:. Defoliants were also used by Indonesian forces in various internal security operations.
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Among other occupations, farmers are at a significantly higher risk of developing
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Tyas, Suzanne L; Manfreda, Jure; Strain, Laurel A; Montgomery, Patrick R (2001).
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Defoliants have a practical use in the harvesting of certain crops, particularly
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Defoliants are used as an aid in the harvesting of certain crops such as cotton.
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and became widespread in use in agriculture following the end of the War.
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554:"Environmental Warfare and Ecocide — Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals"
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Chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause its leaves to fall off
249:. Dimethipin has also been labeled as a possible human carcinogen.
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2,4-D, one of the first chemical herbicides used as a defoliant.
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contaminants. Members of the Air Force Ranch Hand and the
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spraying Agent Orange over agricultural land during the
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Ch 6. Ninjas, Nanggalas, Monuments, and Mossad
Manuals
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by
Frederick M Fishel, Pesticide Information Office,
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Agricultural
Chemical Usage 1998 Field Crops Summary
241:. High doses of tribufos were labeled as a possible
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chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause their
213:were a group of tactical-use chemicals used by the
351:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
221:, lawyers, historians and other academics as an
305:due to a greater chance of defoliant exposure.
209:In Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, the
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810:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
448:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
254:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
38:. For the chemical weapons programme, see
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684:"Agent Orange Linked To Skin Cancer Risk"
164:National Agricultural Statistics Service
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712:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
506:. Athens, Ga.: Univ. of Georgia Press.
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245:and a toxin to freshwater and marine
34:. For the removal of skin cells, see
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670:"Vietnam's war against Agent Orange"
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376:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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235:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
159:. According to a 1998 report by the
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624:Giovanni, Chiarini (2022-04-01).
256:reported that through successive
133:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
229:Health and environmental effects
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325:Index of environmental articles
294:were occupationally exposed to
668:Tow Fawthrop (June 14, 2004).
372:Aditjondro, George J. (2000).
161:U.S. Department of Agriculture
129:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
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419:10.1016/0378-4290(92)90018-5
558:Bulletin of Peace Proposals
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570:10.1177/096701067300400105
266:, a defoliant used by the
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806:Defoliants and Desiccants
552:Falk, Richard A. (1973).
252:A published study in the
36:Exfoliation (cosmetology)
836:Environmental chemistry
812:, University of Florida
502:Zierler, David (2011).
347:Zierler, David (2011).
127:used as defoliants are
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170:Examples of defoliants
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274:in the 1950s and the
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349:Invention of Ecocide
18:Defoliants, chemical
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303:Alzheimer's disease
288:Army Chemical Corps
119:Use and application
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315:Rainbow Herbicides
290:who served in the
211:Rainbow Herbicides
189:. You can help by
137:phenoxy herbicides
95:, allowed for the
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131:(2,4-D) and
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292:Vietnam War
280:Vietnam War
278:during the
270:during the
239:marine life
198:August 2022
157:thidiazuron
113:Vietnam War
103:during the
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851:Pesticides
846:Herbicides
826:Defoliants
820:Categories
610:2023-06-21
538:2023-06-21
331:References
243:carcinogen
219:Olof Palme
125:herbicides
93:pesticides
85:herbicidal
781:1464-3685
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468:0021-8561
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150:, in the
81:defoliant
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309:See also
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