25:
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which are true of exactly one object. It is thus undefined on the denotation of the predicate 'currently King of France', since the property of currently being King of France is true of no object; it is similarly undefined on the denotation of the predicate 'Senator of the US', since the property of
1248:
of a sentence containing a definite description, rather than part of the content asserted by such a sentence. The sentence 'The present King of France is bald', for example, is not used to claim that there exists a unique present King of France who is bald; instead, that there is a unique present
476:
The negation of this sentence, i.e. "The present King of France is not bald", is ambiguous. It could mean one of two things, depending on where we place the negation 'not'. On one reading, it could mean that there is no one who is currently King of France and bald:
189:, "The present King of France is not bald", is true. But this sentence does not seem to be true either: the present King of France is no more among the things that fail to be bald than among the things that are bald. We therefore seem to have a violation of the
1288:
be used to express a true proposition. The
Fregean can also hold on to a restricted version of the law of excluded middle: for any sentence whose presuppositions are met (and thus expresses a proposition), either that sentence or its negation is true.
1017:
1276:) that the Russellian analysis is designed to avoid. Since there is currently no King of France, the sentence 'The present King of France is bald' fails to express a proposition, and therefore fails to have a truth value, as does its
679:
is construed as taking wide scope (as in the first of the above), it is true, whereas if the negation is construed as taking narrow scope (as in the second of the above), it is false. In neither case does it lack a truth value.
1400:
861:
660:
563:
1214:
772:
457:
373:
More briefly put, the claim is that "The present King of France is bald" says that some x is such that x is currently King of France, and that any y is currently King of France only if y = x, and that x is bald:
1744:
1216:. On this view, definite descriptions like 'the present King of France' do have a denotation (specifically, definite descriptions denote a function from properties to truth valuesâthey are in that sense not
321:
3686:
200:. But on the other hand, the sentence "The present King of France is bald" (as well as its negation) seem perfectly intelligible, suggesting that "the present King of France" cannot be meaningless.
574:
On a second reading, the negation could be construed as attaching directly to 'bald', so that the sentence means that there is currently a King of France, but that this King fails to be bald:
367:
891:
1456:, and is undefined otherwise.) The presuppositional character of the existence and uniqueness conditions is here reflected in the fact that the definite article denotes a
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250:
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1515:
54:
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1583:
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1435:
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for any x and y, if x is currently King of France and y is currently King of France, then x=y (i.e. there is at most one thing which is currently King of France):
215:
structure into sentences in which it occurs. The sentence "the present King of France is bald", for example, is analyzed as a conjunction of the following three
1975:
1535:
4620:
3876:
128:
because the noun phrase X applies to more than one thing, and the definite descriptions "the first man on Mars" and "the
Senator from Washington D.C." are
3914:
3776:
1301:
4388:
1220:, or "incomplete symbols"); but the view retains the essentials of the Russellian analysis, yielding exactly the truth conditions Russell argued for.
780:
579:
482:
3638:
1485:, it is customary to use a definite description operator symbolized using the "turned" (rotated) Greek lower case iota character "â©". The notation â©
3881:
882:. On this view, 'the' is a quantificational determiner like 'some', 'every', 'most' etc. The determiner 'the' has the following denotation (using
1136:
694:
379:
3026:
2182:
3052:
1236:
among others, represents the primary alternative to the
Russellian theory. On the Fregean analysis, definite descriptions are construed as
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4256:
3923:
1945:
177:
The sentence does not seem to be true: if we consider all the bald things, the present King of France is not among them, since there is
90:
2223:
2142:
258:
1968:
76:
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196:
Is it meaningless, then? One might suppose so (and some philosophers have) since "the present King of France" certainly does
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2127:
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Thus, whether "the present King of France is not bald" is true or false depends on how it is interpreted at the level of
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3016:
2528:
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2167:
1961:
1280:, 'The present King of France is not bald'. The Fregean will account for the fact that these sentences are nevertheless
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37:
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47:
41:
33:
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1915:
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pointed out that this raises a puzzle about the truth value of the sentence "The present King of France is bald."
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2020:
1894:
Bradford, MIT Press. (Includes
Donnellan (1966), Chapter 3 of Neale (1990), Russell (1905), and Strawson (1950).)
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1012:{\displaystyle \lambda f.\lambda g.\exists x(f(x)=1\land \forall y(f(y)=1\rightarrow y=x)\land g(x)=1)}
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of this statement, that is, "It is not the case that the present King of France is bald", or its
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124:", are proper. The definite descriptions "the person in space" and "the Senator from Ohio" are
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because X applies to nothing. Improper descriptions raise some difficult questions about the
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expression, as we might naively suppose, but rather an "incomplete symbol" that introduces
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by relying on speakers' knowledge of the conditions under which either of these sentences
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is that this individual is bald. If the presupposition fails, the definite description
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145:
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878:, among others, has defended Russell's theory, and incorporated it into the theory of
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1292:
On the
Fregean view, the definite article 'the' has the following denotation (using
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4045:
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2010:
1940:
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207:. A definite description like "the present King of France", he suggested, is not a
121:
117:
1395:{\displaystyle \lambda f:\exists x(f(x)=1\land \forall y(f(y)=1\rightarrow y=x)).}
4429:
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2005:
1905:
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1854:
856:{\displaystyle \lnot \exists x((Kx\land \forall y(Ky\rightarrow y=x))\land Bx)}
655:{\displaystyle \exists x((Kx\land \forall y(Ky\rightarrow y=x))\land \lnot Bx)}
558:{\displaystyle \lnot \exists x((Kx\land \forall y(Ky\rightarrow y=x))\land Bx)}
4574:
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1021:(That is, the definite article 'the' denotes a function which takes a pair of
137:
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1802:
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777:
The negation of this statement is the one in which 'not' takes wide scope:
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3831:
3522:
3143:
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3037:
1277:
1209:{\displaystyle \exists x((Kx\land \forall y(Ky\rightarrow y=x))\land Bx)}
1022:
867:
because there does not exist anything which is currently King of France.
767:{\displaystyle \exists x((Kx\land \forall y(Ky\rightarrow y=x))\land Bx)}
676:
452:{\displaystyle \exists x((Kx\land \forall y(Ky\rightarrow y=x))\land Bx)}
182:
3542:
3098:
1228:
The
Fregean analysis of definite descriptions, implicit in the work of
1953:
3622:
163:
108:
in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common
105:
1739:{\displaystyle \exists x(\forall y(\phi (y)\iff y=x)\land \psi (x))}
4156:
3108:
1460:
on the set of properties: it is only defined for those properties
1229:
1133:: 'The present King of France is bald' is true if, and only if,
109:
3896:
3687:
An Essay
Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
3041:
1957:
571:(since there is indeed no x that is currently King of France).
316:{\displaystyle \forall x\forall y((Kx\land Ky)\rightarrow x=y)}
116:
if X applies to a unique individual or object. For example: "
18:
1129:
we then get the
Russellian truth conditions via two steps of
1440:(That is, 'the' denotes a function which takes a property
774:) is false, because there is no present King of France.
325:
for every x that is currently King of France, x is bald:
668:(since there is no x that is currently King of France).
223:
there is an x such that x is currently King of France:
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1408:
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229:
181:. But if it is false, then one would expect that the
1897:
1465:
being a US Senator is true of more than one object.
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1998:
1991:
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1268:The Fregean view is thus committed to the kind of
1208:
1119:
1086:
1011:
855:
766:
654:
557:
451:
361:
315:
244:
122:the 42nd President of the United States of America
1261:, and the sentence as a whole fails to express a
4389:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
1244:. Existence and uniqueness are understood as a
252:(using 'Kx' for 'x is currently King of France')
203:Russell proposed to resolve this puzzle via his
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1036:, there exists something that has the property
3908:
3053:
1969:
1249:King of France is part of what this sentence
691:: "the present King of France is bald" (i.e.
8:
1874:, "Reference and Definite Descriptions," in
362:{\displaystyle \forall x(Kx\rightarrow Bx)}
4318:
4015:
3915:
3901:
3893:
3777:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
3060:
3046:
3038:
2567:
2352:
2249:
1995:
1976:
1962:
1954:
1705:
1701:
1789:Russell, Bertrand (1905). "On Denoting".
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893:
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581:
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330:
260:
228:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1841:Strawson, Peter (1950). "On referring".
664:On this disambiguation, the sentence is
567:On this disambiguation, the sentence is
1781:
1622:is equivalent to "There is exactly one
1044:, and that thing also has the property
16:Denoting phrase in the form of "the X"
4344:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
7:
1921:Strawson, P. F., "On Referring," in
4621:Formal semantics (natural language)
4257:Quantificational variability effect
3924:Formal semantics (natural language)
1946:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1680:
1671:
1344:
1314:
1161:
1140:
1040:, only one thing has the property
943:
913:
808:
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719:
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604:
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489:
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332:
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14:
3021:
3012:
3011:
1052:'present King of France' (again
23:
1892:Definite Descriptions: A Reader
1048:.) Given the denotation of the
871:Generalized quantifier analysis
4339:Combinatory categorial grammar
3717:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
2224:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
1733:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1702:
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112:. The definite description is
1:
4117:Antecedent-contained deletion
3598:Principle of compositionality
1890:Ostertag, Gary (ed.). (1998)
1444:and yields the unique object
473:is currently King of France.
3747:Philosophical Investigations
1242:quantificational expressions
1120:{\displaystyle \lambda x.Bx}
1087:{\displaystyle \lambda x.Kx}
3588:Modality (natural language)
245:{\displaystyle \exists xKx}
4637:
3998:Syntaxâsemantics interface
3727:Language, Truth, and Logic
3467:Theological noncognitivism
3352:Contrast theory of meaning
3347:Causal theory of reference
3078:Index of language articles
2123:Causal theory of reference
1613:{\displaystyle x(\phi x))}
1472:
1272:gaps (and failures of the
155:
4490:Question under discussion
4440:Conversational scoreboard
4217:Intersective modification
4202:Homogeneity (linguistics)
3867:
3812:Philosophy of information
3412:Mediated reference theory
3075:
3007:
1901:, Clarendon Press, Oxford
1510:{\displaystyle x(\phi x)}
1479:Following the example of
1475:Uniqueness quantification
179:no present King of France
118:the first person in space
4545:Distributional semantics
3737:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
2183:Scientific structuralism
1855:10.1093/mind/LIX.235.320
1642:and it has the property
1402:[The unique z such that
151:
32:This article includes a
4540:Computational semantics
4282:Subsective modification
4086:Propositional attitudes
3538:Useâmention distinction
3382:Direct reference theory
1899:Descriptions and Beyond
1056:for short) and 'bald' (
880:generalized quantifiers
61:more precise citations.
4616:Philosophy of language
4570:Philosophy of language
4212:Inalienable possession
4192:Free choice inferences
4187:Faultless disagreement
3958:Generalized quantifier
3472:Theory of descriptions
3407:Linguistic determinism
3069:Philosophy of language
2239:Reflective equilibrium
1816:Stephen Neale (1990).
1803:10.1093/mind/XIV.4.479
1760:Philosophy of language
1740:
1656:
1636:
1614:
1579:
1578:{\displaystyle \psi (}
1554:
1553:{\displaystyle \phi x}
1531:
1511:
1431:
1430:{\displaystyle f(z)=1}
1396:
1274:law of excluded middle
1232:and later defended by
1210:
1121:
1088:
1013:
857:
768:
689:Law of Excluded Middle
687:have a failure of the
656:
559:
453:
369:(using 'B' for 'bald')
363:
317:
246:
205:theory of descriptions
191:law of excluded middle
158:Theory of descriptions
134:law of excluded middle
95:philosophy of language
4470:Plural quantification
4364:Inquisitive semantics
4329:Alternative semantics
3583:Mental representation
3518:Linguistic relativity
3402:Inquisitive semantics
2910:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2365:David Malet Armstrong
1755:Lambert's law (logic)
1741:
1657:
1655:{\displaystyle \psi }
1637:
1635:{\displaystyle \phi }
1615:
1580:
1555:
1532:
1512:
1482:Principia Mathematica
1452:, if there is such a
1432:
1397:
1238:referring expressions
1211:
1122:
1089:
1014:
858:
769:
657:
560:
454:
364:
318:
247:
4455:Function application
4262:Responsive predicate
4252:Privative adjectives
3767:Naming and Necessity
3677:De Arte Combinatoria
3476:Definite description
3437:Semantic externalism
1914:14 (1905): 479â493.
1904:Russell, Bertrand, "
1877:Philosophical Review
1668:
1646:
1626:
1589:
1566:
1541:
1521:
1489:
1406:
1302:
1137:
1131:function application
1099:
1066:
892:
863:. This statement is
781:
695:
580:
483:
380:
329:
259:
227:
168:currently a republic
99:definite description
4535:Cognitive semantics
4450:Existential closure
4394:Situation semantics
4297:Temperature paradox
4267:Rising declaratives
4232:Modal subordination
4207:Hurford disjunction
4167:Discourse relations
3817:Philosophical logic
3807:Analytic philosophy
3613:Sense and reference
3492:Verification theory
3447:Situation semantics
2732:Patricia Churchland
2663:Christine Korsgaard
2549:Logical positivists
2441:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2218:paradox of analysis
1985:Analytic philosophy
1925:59 (1950): 320â344.
1880:75 (1966): 281â304.
469:the case that some
4601:Syntactic entities
4580:Semantics of logic
4505:Strict conditional
4480:Quantifier raising
4445:Downward entailing
4425:Autonomy of syntax
4354:Generative grammar
4334:Categorial grammar
4272:Scalar implicature
4177:Epistemic modality
4152:De dicto and de re
3667:Port-Royal Grammar
3563:Family resemblance
3482:Theory of language
3457:Supposition theory
2905:William Lane Craig
2623:Friedrich Waismann
2580:Carl Gustav Hempel
2539:Timothy Williamson
2499:Alasdair MacIntyre
2357:Australian realism
2337:Russ Shafer-Landau
2198:Analytical Thomism
2153:Logical positivism
1887:, MIT Press, 1990.
1736:
1652:
1632:
1610:
1575:
1550:
1527:
1517:means "the unique
1507:
1469:Mathematical logic
1448:that has property
1427:
1392:
1206:
1117:
1084:
1009:
853:
764:
652:
555:
449:
359:
313:
242:
187:logical equivalent
170:, it has no king.
152:Russell's analysis
34:list of references
4588:
4587:
4560:Logic translation
4523:
4522:
4515:Universal grinder
4500:Squiggle operator
4460:Meaning postulate
4399:Supervaluationism
4369:Intensional logic
4349:Dynamic semantics
4310:
4309:
4142:Crossover effects
4091:Tenseâaspectâmood
4071:Lexical semantics
3890:
3889:
3392:Dynamic semantics
3035:
3034:
3003:
3002:
2719:Pittsburgh School
2709:Peter van Inwagen
2643:Roderick Chisholm
2631:
2630:
2524:Richard Swinburne
2459:G. E. M. Anscombe
2295:
2294:
2193:Analytic theology
2168:Ordinary language
2106:
2105:
1820:. The MIT Press.
1530:{\displaystyle x}
87:
86:
79:
4628:
4611:Bertrand Russell
4565:Linguistics wars
4495:Semantic parsing
4384:Montague grammar
4319:
4162:Deontic modality
4016:
4003:Truth conditions
3938:Compositionality
3931:Central concepts
3917:
3910:
3903:
3894:
3852:Formal semantics
3800:Related articles
3792:
3782:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3722:
3712:
3702:
3692:
3682:
3672:
3662:
3432:Relevance theory
3427:Phallogocentrism
3062:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3025:
3024:
3015:
3014:
2954:Nancy Cartwright
2795:Nicholas Rescher
2772:Bas van Fraassen
2762:Nicholas Rescher
2585:Hans Reichenbach
2568:
2534:Bernard Williams
2431:Bertrand Russell
2353:
2287:Rigid designator
2250:
1996:
1992:Related articles
1978:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1950:
1937:Zalta, Edward N.
1883:Neale, Stephen,
1872:Donnellan, Keith
1859:
1858:
1849:(235): 320â344.
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1528:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1458:partial function
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1224:Fregean analysis
1218:syncategorematic
1215:
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1123:
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1093:
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368:
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322:
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314:
251:
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213:quantificational
172:Bertrand Russell
91:formal semantics
82:
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68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
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26:
19:
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4374:Lambda calculus
4306:
4277:Sloppy identity
4237:Opaque contexts
4172:Donkey anaphora
4137:Counterfactuals
4105:
4007:
3926:
3921:
3891:
3886:
3863:
3842:School of Names
3795:
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3780:
3770:
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3757:Of Grammatology
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3740:
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3690:
3680:
3670:
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3496:
3442:Semantic holism
3422:Non-cognitivism
3362:Conventionalism
3333:
3080:
3071:
3066:
3036:
3031:
3022:
2999:
2990:Jan Ćukasiewicz
2978:
2946:Stanford School
2940:
2926:Paul Feyerabend
2914:
2900:Alvin Plantinga
2888:
2874:James F. Conant
2860:
2804:
2776:
2767:Wilfrid Sellars
2757:Alexander Pruss
2737:Paul Churchland
2713:
2692:
2648:Donald Davidson
2627:
2589:
2566:
2543:
2469:Michael Dummett
2445:
2436:Frank P. Ramsey
2389:
2351:
2327:Jaakko Hintikka
2312:Keith Donnellan
2291:
2248:
2202:
2163:Neurophilosophy
2148:Logical atomism
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1034:if, and only if
1031:
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83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
38:related reading
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4567:
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4557:
4555:Inferentialism
4552:
4550:Formal grammar
4547:
4542:
4537:
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4525:
4524:
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4520:
4518:
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4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:Possible world
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4415:
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4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4359:Glue semantics
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4322:Formal systems
4316:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4247:Polarity items
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4132:Conservativity
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4096:Quantification
4093:
4088:
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4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
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4013:
4009:
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4000:
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3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3973:Presupposition
3970:
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3801:
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3733:
3723:
3713:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3663:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3593:Presupposition
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
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3550:
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3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Deconstruction
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
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3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
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3141:
3136:
3131:
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3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2974:Patrick Suppes
2971:
2966:
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2956:
2950:
2948:
2942:
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2933:
2928:
2922:
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2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2856:Michael Walzer
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2742:Adolf GrĂŒnbaum
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Robert Brandom
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2683:W. V. O. Quine
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:Nelson Goodman
2655:
2653:Daniel Dennett
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:Moritz Schlick
2615:
2610:
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2599:
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2590:
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2587:
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2574:
2565:
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2529:Charles Taylor
2526:
2521:
2519:P. F. Strawson
2516:
2511:
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2501:
2496:
2491:
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2481:
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2416:Norman Malcolm
2413:
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2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
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2387:
2385:J. J. C. Smart
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:David Chalmers
2367:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
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2332:Giuseppe Peano
2329:
2324:
2322:Edmund Gettier
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
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2277:Possible world
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2256:
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2231:
2229:Counterfactual
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2120:
2114:
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2095:
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2088:Paraconsistent
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1999:Areas of focus
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1941:"Descriptions"
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1797:(4): 479â493.
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465:, since it is
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156:Main article:
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146:mental content
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42:external links
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4242:Performatives
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4222:Logophoricity
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:Evidentiality
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Scholasticism
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Structuralism
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Descriptivism
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Contrastivism
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3028:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3006:
2996:
2995:Alfred Tarski
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Peter Galison
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Nathan Salmon
2849:
2847:
2846:Richard Rorty
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Alonzo Church
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Ruth Millikan
2750:
2748:
2747:John McDowell
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Hilary Putnam
2676:
2674:
2673:Robert Nozick
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Rudolf Carnap
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2595:Vienna Circle
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2572:Berlin Circle
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Philippa Foot
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Graham Priest
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Charlie Broad
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Gottlob Frege
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2244:Supervenience
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Functionalism
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Descriptivism
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Philosophical
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Non-classical
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1775:
1771:
1770:Vacuous truth
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1663:
1649:
1629:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1569:
1561:
1547:
1544:
1524:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1389:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1132:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1051:
1035:
1024:
1003:
1000:
994:
988:
985:
979:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
937:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
887:
885:
881:
877:
876:Stephen Neale
870:
868:
866:
847:
844:
841:
832:
829:
826:
820:
817:
811:
805:
802:
799:
790:
775:
758:
755:
752:
743:
740:
737:
731:
728:
722:
716:
713:
710:
701:
690:
686:
681:
678:
674:
669:
667:
646:
643:
637:
628:
625:
622:
616:
613:
607:
601:
598:
595:
586:
575:
572:
570:
549:
546:
543:
534:
531:
528:
522:
519:
513:
507:
504:
501:
492:
478:
474:
468:
464:
443:
440:
437:
428:
425:
422:
416:
413:
407:
401:
398:
395:
386:
375:
353:
350:
344:
341:
335:
324:
307:
304:
301:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
271:
265:
254:
239:
236:
233:
222:
221:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
198:fail to refer
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
159:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4510:Type shifter
4485:Quantization
4435:Continuation
4302:Veridicality
4182:Exhaustivity
4147:Cumulativity
4066:Indexicality
4046:Definiteness
4041:Conditionals
3968:Logical form
3785:
3775:
3765:
3755:
3745:
3735:
3725:
3715:
3695:
3685:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3637:
3578:Metalanguage
3573:Logical form
3528:Truth-bearer
3487:Unilalianism
3475:
3397:Expressivism
3224:Wittgenstein
3169:von Humboldt
3086:Philosophers
2884:Cora Diamond
2800:Morton White
2668:Thomas Nagel
2613:Otto Neurath
2562:Ernest Nagel
2509:Gilbert Ryle
2504:Derek Parfit
2464:J. L. Austin
2411:Casimir Lewy
2380:Peter Singer
2375:J. L. Mackie
2347:Barry Stroud
2307:Noam Chomsky
2300:Philosophers
2234:Natural kind
2118:Anti-realism
2078:Mathematical
2052:Performative
2011:Epistemology
1944:
1922:
1909:
1898:
1891:
1885:Descriptions
1884:
1875:
1866:Bibliography
1846:
1842:
1836:
1818:Descriptions
1817:
1811:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1621:
1480:
1478:
1439:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1240:rather than
1227:
1128:
1020:
874:
864:
776:
684:
682:
673:logical form
670:
665:
663:
573:
568:
566:
475:
466:
462:
460:
372:
219:statements:
202:
195:
176:
161:
129:
125:
113:
98:
88:
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
4430:Context set
4404:Type theory
4287:Subtrigging
4051:Disjunction
3978:Proposition
3822:Linguistics
3787:Limited Inc
3707:On Denoting
3533:Proposition
3184:de Saussure
3149:Ibn Khaldun
2983:Lwow-Warsaw
2969:Ian Hacking
2936:Karl Popper
2931:Thomas Kuhn
2879:Alice Crary
2841:Saul Kripke
2836:Jaegwon Kim
2831:David Lewis
2821:Jerry Fodor
2790:Susan Haack
2704:Robert Audi
2514:John Searle
2484:Peter Geach
2474:Antony Flew
2421:G. E. Moore
2342:Ernest Sosa
2272:Possibility
2021:Mathematics
2006:Metaphysics
1916:Online text
1906:On Denoting
1765:John Searle
1296:notation):
1270:truth value
1263:proposition
1251:presupposes
1060:for short)
886:notation):
59:introducing
4595:Categories
4575:Pragmatics
4227:Mirativity
3993:Speech act
3948:Entailment
3943:Denotation
3882:Discussion
3877:Task Force
3827:Pragmatics
3618:Speech act
3548:Categories
3462:Symbiosism
3417:Nominalism
3329:Watzlawick
3209:Bloomfield
3129:Chrysippus
2959:John Dupré
2826:Kurt Gödel
2782:Pragmatism
2697:Notre Dame
2688:John Rawls
2557:A. J. Ayer
2494:R. M. Hare
2489:Paul Grice
2401:Arif Ahmed
2188:Sense data
2173:Pragmatism
2047:Linguistic
1827:0262640317
1776:References
1537:such that
1282:meaningful
1050:predicates
1023:properties
217:quantified
138:denotation
4606:Semantics
4379:Mereology
4315:Formalism
4197:Givenness
4122:Cataphora
4110:Phenomena
4101:Vagueness
4031:Ambiguity
3983:Reference
3963:Intension
3953:Extension
3859:Semiotics
3847:Semantics
3697:Alciphron
3633:Statement
3568:Intension
3508:Ambiguity
3387:Dramatism
3367:Cratylism
3119:Eubulides
3114:Aristotle
3094:Confucius
2809:Princeton
2608:Hans Hahn
2394:Cambridge
2267:Necessity
2262:Actualism
2133:Emotivism
2098:Predicate
2068:Classical
1722:ψ
1719:∧
1703:⟺
1690:ϕ
1681:∀
1672:∃
1650:ψ
1630:ϕ
1599:ϕ
1570:ψ
1545:ϕ
1499:ϕ
1372:→
1345:∀
1342:∧
1315:∃
1306:λ
1195:∧
1177:→
1162:∀
1159:∧
1141:∃
1103:λ
1070:λ
1032:to truth
986:∧
971:→
944:∀
941:∧
914:∃
905:λ
896:λ
842:∧
824:→
809:∀
806:∧
788:∃
785:¬
753:∧
735:→
720:∀
717:∧
699:∃
683:So we do
675:: if the
641:¬
638:∧
620:→
605:∀
602:∧
584:∃
544:∧
526:→
511:∀
508:∧
490:∃
487:¬
438:∧
420:→
405:∀
402:∧
384:∃
348:→
333:∀
299:→
287:∧
269:∀
263:∀
231:∃
209:referring
67:June 2016
4528:See also
4418:Concepts
4292:Telicity
4127:Coercion
4081:Negation
4076:Modality
4026:Anaphora
3872:Category
3832:Rhetoric
3657:Cratylus
3628:Sentence
3603:Property
3523:Language
3501:Concepts
3339:Theories
3304:Strawson
3289:Davidson
3279:Hintikka
3274:Anscombe
3219:Vygotsky
3174:Mauthner
3144:Averroes
3134:Zhuangzi
3124:Diodorus
3104:Cratylus
3017:Category
2893:Reformed
2866:Quietism
2254:Modality
2214:Analysis
2207:Concepts
2178:Quietism
2138:Feminism
2111:Theories
2016:Language
1749:See also
1278:negation
1234:Strawson
677:negation
461:This is
183:negation
142:modality
130:improper
126:improper
103:denoting
4036:Binding
3639:more...
3543:Concept
3284:Dummett
3259:Gadamer
3254:Chomsky
3239:Derrida
3229:Russell
3214:Bergson
3199:Tillich
3159:Leibniz
3099:Gorgias
2919:Science
2636:Harvard
2282:Realism
2158:Marxism
2073:Deviant
2042:Aretaic
2026:Science
1939:(ed.).
1560:", and
120:" and "
55:improve
4465:Monads
4012:Topics
3791:(1988)
3781:(1982)
3771:(1980)
3761:(1967)
3751:(1953)
3741:(1951)
3731:(1936)
3721:(1921)
3711:(1905)
3701:(1732)
3691:(1668)
3681:(1666)
3671:(1660)
3661:(n.d.)
3623:Symbol
3324:Searle
3314:Putnam
3264:Kripke
3249:Austin
3234:Carnap
3179:RicĆur
3164:Herder
3154:Hobbes
2451:Oxford
1908:," in
1824:
1294:lambda
884:lambda
164:France
144:, and
114:proper
106:phrase
4157:De se
4061:Focus
4019:Areas
3988:Scope
3649:Works
3558:Class
3319:Lewis
3309:Quine
3294:Grice
3244:Whorf
3204:Sapir
3189:Frege
3139:Xunzi
3109:Plato
3027:Index
2061:Logic
2035:Turns
1286:could
1230:Frege
666:false
463:false
101:is a
40:, or
3608:Sign
3513:Cant
3299:Ryle
3269:Ayer
3194:Boas
1923:Mind
1911:Mind
1843:Mind
1822:ISBN
1791:Mind
1255:says
1028:and
865:true
569:true
110:noun
97:, a
93:and
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467:not
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