1098:
1053:. In English these nouns may be followed by a singular or a plural verb and referred to by a singular or plural pronoun, the singular being generally preferred when referring to the body as a unit and the plural often being preferred, especially in British English, when emphasizing the individual members. Examples of acceptable and unacceptable use given by Gowers in
2138:
Croft, William. 1993. "A noun is a noun is a noun – or is it? Some reflections on the universality of semantics". Proceedings of the
Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser, and Cheryl C. Zoll, 369–80. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics
1479:
Nominalization is a process whereby a word that belongs to another part of speech comes to be used as a noun. This can be a way to create new nouns, or to use other words in ways that resemble nouns. In French and
Spanish, for example, adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have
1318:
possession. An alienably possessed item (a tree, for example) can exist even without a possessor. But inalienably possessed items are necessarily associated with their possessor and are referred to differently, for example with nouns that function as kin terms (meaning "father", etc.), body-part
665:
Many such classifications are language-specific, given the obvious differences in syntax and morphology. In
English for example, it might be noted that nouns are words that can co-occur with definite articles (as stated at the start of this article), but this could not apply in
1216:
usually refers to something abstract ("Art is important in human culture"), but it can also refer to a concrete item ("I put my daughter's art up on the fridge"). A noun might have a literal (concrete) and also a figurative (abstract) meaning: "a brass
1717:
1978:. 1989. "Nominal Reference, Temporal Constitution and Quantification in Event Semantics". In R. Bartsch, J. van Benthem, P. von Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expression, Dordrecht: Foris Publication.
745:
do not have grammatical gender (their femininity has no relevance in syntax), though they denote persons or animals of a specific sex. The gender of a pronoun must be appropriate for the item referred to: "The
2748:
684:
In some languages common and proper nouns have grammatical gender, typically masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender of a noun (as well as its number and case, where applicable) will often require
646:
Nouns can have a number of different properties and are often sub-categorized based on various of these criteria, depending on their occurrence in a language. Nouns may be classified according to
638:
approach defines a noun as a word that can be the head of a nominal phrase, i.e., a phrase with referential function, without needing to go through morphological transformation.
88:
are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns. Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and
1685:(PC); see extended treatment in Chapter 4 ("The clause: complements") of Huddleston and Pullum (2002), pp. 213–321: for example in §5.1 at p. 253, where the NP
1420:, to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for other reasons (but as noted earlier, current theory often classifies pronouns as a subclass of nouns parallel to
34:
is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an
1669:
would be analysed variously under different linguistic theories. For example, some would classify it as a "predicate nominal over the subject" (as in the article
993:
differ from count nouns in precisely that respect: they cannot take plurals or combine with number words or the above type of quantifiers. For example, the forms
2185:
1886:
1005:
of furniture can be counted. The distinction between mass and count nouns does not primarily concern their corresponding referents but more how the nouns
3058:
726:
of the noun's referent, particularly in the case of nouns denoting people (and sometimes animals), though with exceptions (the feminine French noun
2082:
1758:
706:
for feminine). Grammatical gender often correlates with the form of the noun and the inflection pattern it follows; for example, in both
2052:
1948:
1880:
1145:
408:. Verbs and adjectives cannot. In the following, an asterisk (*) in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical.
2178:
2099:
3087:
1303:
3020:
3112:
1123:
3102:
3082:
2838:
3097:
2830:
625:
1820:
1803:
1480:
the characteristics denoted by the adjective. This sometimes happens in
English as well, as in the following examples:
2530:
2349:
2246:
2171:
1847:
1837:
1789:
1108:
3193:
3117:
3092:
2216:
1815:
3051:
1127:
1112:
1865:
932:
3188:
2940:
2440:
647:
190:
1341:
by a common noun, a proper noun, or a pronoun. The head may be the only constituent, or it may be modified by
3122:
3044:
2752:
2261:
1904:
1233:". Similarly, some abstract nouns have developed etymologically by figurative extension from literal roots (
862:). In Modern English, most proper nouns – unlike most common nouns – are capitalized regardless of context (
685:
542:). Such definitions tend to be language-specific, since different languages may apply different categories.
2147:
Baker, Mark. 2003, Lexical
Categories: verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
285:, which may be used for proper nouns or neuter nouns instead. In English, some modern authors use the word
2886:
2713:
2622:
1681:. Traditionally, and very commonly in mainstream linguistic analysis, it is classified as a complement or
1670:
1315:
1297:
635:
2957:
2848:
2843:
2820:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2582:
2375:
2211:
1773:
1119:
250:
172:
20:
2962:
2896:
2728:
2685:
2587:
2450:
2410:
1624:
Idioms often include nouns in a way that may be independent of any nominal meaning they may have: in
1436:
can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An example is given below:
539:
531:
527:
210:
2743:
806:, though the two terms normally have different meanings) is a noun that represents a unique entity (
2723:
2370:
700:
for feminine; adjectives and certain verb forms also change (sometimes with the simple addition of
143:
3071:
2909:
2876:
2802:
2787:
2772:
2762:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2455:
2385:
2380:
1794:
1338:
1034:
830:
779:
679:
535:
302:
202:
194:
151:
77:
1841:
2866:
2792:
2767:
2690:
2555:
2500:
2470:
2430:
2078:
2048:
2018:
1944:
1876:
1754:
711:
401:
69:
39:
1748:
1319:
nouns (meaning "shadow", "hair", etc.), or part–whole nouns (meaning "top", "bottom", etc.).
53:) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The
3183:
2904:
2797:
2777:
2627:
2592:
2510:
2305:
2143:
For an attempt to relate the concepts of identity criteria and prototypical referentiality:
1519:
1450:
can also stand in for larger parts of a noun phrase. For example, in the following example,
1307:
707:
667:
198:
35:
3137:
3036:
2812:
2733:
2695:
2680:
2560:
2550:
2465:
2460:
2400:
2266:
2236:
1861:
1825:
1799:
1678:
1190:
1162:
1087:
1025:
689:
156:
2163:
273:, "noun"). Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation
3198:
3152:
2994:
2952:
2914:
2816:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2420:
2415:
2395:
2390:
2319:
2194:
1975:
1559:
1474:
928:
101:
50:
1074:* "The committee were of one mind when I sat in on them." (unacceptable use of plural)
220:
includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the
English word
3177:
3162:
3142:
2919:
2871:
2738:
2718:
2597:
2515:
2495:
2445:
2425:
2405:
1923:
1811:
1633:
1083:
723:
193:
that they take. In
Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by
160:
131:
1349:. For example, "The dog sat near Ms Curtis and wagged its tail" contains three NPs:
878:), as are many of the forms that are derived from them (the common noun in "he's an
3147:
3008:
2982:
2972:
2945:
2807:
2540:
2505:
2480:
2435:
2256:
1524:
545:
Nouns are frequently defined, particularly in informal contexts, in terms of their
306:
254:
is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.)
2014:
608:). Moreover, other parts of speech may have reference-like properties: the verbs
167:. All of these terms for "noun" were also words meaning "name". The English word
3157:
2665:
2475:
2354:
2315:
2280:
2271:
2072:
1744:
1529:
1514:
1328:
1097:
793:
290:
81:
65:
61:
46:
3025:
2924:
2881:
2858:
2782:
2617:
2520:
2490:
2485:
2339:
2334:
2241:
2231:
2221:
1653:
1342:
1302:
Illustrating the wide range of possible classifying principles for nouns, the
1033:
are nouns that – even when they are treated in their morphology and syntax as
907:
106:
1597:
swimming, exercises, cough, explosions, flight, electrification, embezzlement
662: – how they combine with other words and expressions of various types.
3015:
2977:
2757:
2574:
2329:
2275:
2251:
1649:
1534:
1346:
911:
824:
577:, etc., but this manner of definition has been criticized as uninformative.
546:
405:
206:
73:
1016:
is countable in "give me three sodas", but uncountable in "he likes soda".
549:
properties (their meanings). Nouns are described as words that refer to a
3004:
2999:
1567:
1424:). For example, in the sentence "Gareth thought she was weird", the word
581:
114:
110:
2989:
2705:
2310:
2226:
1563:
1409:
1403:
818:
812:
258:
119:
85:
27:
2110:
For definitions of nouns based on the concept of "identity criteria":
2967:
2652:
2344:
2324:
1778:
The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language
1588:
924:
659:
655:
651:
54:
1165:
that can, in principle at least, be observed by at least one of the
963:(in languages that have such articles). Examples of count nouns are
2157:
1041:
consisting of more than one individual or entity. Examples include
1604:
colors, lengths, porosity, weights, roundness, symmetry, solidity,
1584:
1166:
1012:
Many nouns have both countable and uncountable uses; for example,
139:
2290:
1556:
Living creatures (including people, alive, dead, or imaginary):
289:
to refer to a class that includes both nouns (single words) and
213:, adjectives typically were placed in the same class as nouns.
89:
3040:
2167:
1576:
hammers, pencils, Earth, guitars, atoms, stones, boots, shadows
1750:
Language
Unlimited: The science behind our most creative power
1252:
Many abstract nouns in
English are formed by adding a suffix (
1091:
774:" (three nouns; and three gendered pronouns: or four, if this
719:
2134:
For the concept that nouns are "prototypically referential":
1804:
1693:" contrasting with its role as an object (O) in "Ed attacked
1873:
Foundations of language: brain, meaning, grammar, evolution
692:
for example, the singular form of the definite article is
457:
is a verb: cannot co-occur with the attributive adjective
149:, and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in
1734:
Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2002, p. 327.
1911:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 215–254.
526:
Nouns have sometimes been characterized in terms of the
305:(main word) of a noun phrase and a noun being used as a
189:
The word classes were defined partly by the grammatical
443:
is a noun: can co-occur with the attributive adjective
127:) is one of the four main categories of words defined.
84:. According to traditional and popular classification,
1673:); but all would agree that it is not an object since
1428:
is a pronoun that refers to a person just as the noun
2045:
The McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage
1212:
Some nouns have both concrete and abstract meanings:
1185:), as items supposed to exist in the physical world.
301:
when distinguishing between a noun being used as the
16:
Part of speech that names an object or set of objects
1408:
Nouns and noun phrases can typically be replaced by
620:; and there is little difference between the adverb
471:
is a noun: can co-occur with the indefinite article
2933:
2895:
2857:
2829:
2704:
2651:
2573:
2363:
2298:
2289:
2202:
1941:
Non-verbal predication: theory, typology, diachrony
1628:there is no reference to any "rock" or any "roll";
688:in words that modify or are used along with it. In
433:
is a verb: cannot co-occur with a definite article)
1483:This legislation will have the most impact on the
485:is an adjective: cannot co-occur with the article
718:are feminine. Gender can also correlate with the
384:, rob, murder, and commit / The oldest
113:grammarians from at least the 5th century BC. In
1505:is a worldwide association of political parties.
1377:). "You became their teacher" contains two NPs:
419:is a noun: can co-occur with a definite article
2066:. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1753:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78.
1064:appointed to consider this subject." (singular)
2071:Gowers, Ernest (2014). Gowers, Rebecca (ed.).
1997:
1995:
1732:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
1583:closets, temples, rivers, Antarctica, houses,
955:), and can take an indefinite article such as
57:occurrence of nouns differs among languages.
3052:
2179:
1840:, "5.10: Noun-equivalents and substantives",
8:
2130:New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
1963:
1730:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum.
1636:that refers only to a figurative sense of a
171:is derived from the Latin term, through the
2160:– Nouns described by The Idioms Dictionary.
2100:Mass nouns, Count nouns and Non-count nouns
1126:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
297:). It can also be used as a counterpart to
293:(multiword units that are sometimes called
3059:
3045:
3037:
2295:
2186:
2172:
2164:
894:milk"; the second verb in "they sought to
733:In Modern English, even common nouns like
1611:jealousy, sleep, joy, headache, confusion
1146:Learn how and when to remove this message
730:can refer to a male or a female person).
530:by which they may be varied (for example
2104:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1314:is assigned: as alienable possession or
580:Several English nouns lack an intrinsic
313:can be said to be used substantively in
1866:"§5.5 Semantics as a generative system"
1792:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
1709:
1546:
1393:Nouns in relation to other word classes
842:), which describe a class of entities (
658:they take, and also their relations in
224:, the two types being distinguished as
49:, nouns constitute a lexical category (
42:within a phrase, clause, or sentence.
2001:
1987:
1928:. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.
7:
2043:Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005).
1902:pages 218 and 225, and elsewhere in
1124:adding citations to reliable sources
882:"; the adjectival forms in "he's of
109:(parts of speech) were described by
513:cannot co-occur with the adjective
319:the patient needed knee replacement
159:(2nd century BC). The term used in
60:In English, prototypical nouns are
1595:Actions of individuals or groups:
670:, which has no definite articles.
14:
1310:regiments nouns according to how
1078:Concrete nouns and abstract nouns
923:are common nouns that can take a
396:? Henry IV Part 2, act 4 scene 5.
1892:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1720:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024.
1096:
499:can co-occur with the adjective
2122:For more on identity criteria:
2064:In Name Only. Structuring Sense
1925:Oxford Handbook of Word Classes
1922:Rijkhoff, Jan (2022). "Nouns".
1689:is taken as a PC in "Ed became
1414:he, it, she, they, which, these
1365:(complement of the preposition
1292:Alienable vs. inalienable nouns
522:Characterization and definition
1189:, on the other hand, refer to
902:Countable nouns and mass nouns
257:Many European languages use a
1:
2102:", Draft version of entry in
1943:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1907:(2013) . "7 Ontic Decision".
1461:This new car is cheaper than
400:A noun can co-occur with an
62:common nouns or proper nouns
1875:. Oxford University Press.
1848:University of Chicago Press
1843:The Chicago Manual of Style
1229:in the pipe" and "a mental
1001:are not used – even though
3217:
3021:Syntax–semantics interface
2128:The logic of common nouns.
1805:
1472:
1401:
1326:
1295:
1264:) to adjectives or verbs (
1081:
1071:unable to agree." (plural)
1023:
905:
834:) – as distinguished from
791:
714:most nouns ending in
677:
216:Similarly, the Latin term
102:History of parts of speech
99:
76:, and can function as the
18:
3133:
3078:
2118:Cornell University Press.
2116:Reference and Generality.
1609:Mental or bodily states:
1439:John's car is newer than
650:properties such as which
2441:Exceptional case-marking
2098:Laycock, Henry (2005). "
1964:Lester & Beason 2005
1939:Hengeveld, Kees (1992).
1905:Quine, Willard Van Orman
1494:, nor the battle to the
696:for masculine nouns and
309:. For example, the noun
138:(ὄνομα), referred to by
1838:Chicago Manual of Style
1821:A Greek–English Lexicon
1630:lock, stock, and barrel
1490:The race is not to the
786:Proper and common nouns
317:, but attributively in
2247:Initial-stress-derived
1683:predicative complement
1671:Predicative expression
1353:(subject of the verbs
1337:) is a phrase usually
1298:Inalienable possession
890:physics", but not in "
741:and proper nouns like
528:grammatical categories
269:(for example, Spanish
265:as the basic term for
211:grammatical categories
74:attributive adjectives
2758:Inclusive / Exclusive
2062:Borer, Hagit (2005).
1812:Liddell, Henry George
1774:Bimal Krishna Matilal
1193:: ideas or concepts (
1082:Further information:
616:, or adjectives like
406:attributive adjective
178:(other forms include
21:Noun (disambiguation)
2114:Geach, Peter. 1962.
1602:Physical qualities:
1272:from the adjectives
1120:improve this section
802:(sometimes called a
626:prepositional phrase
437:constant circulation
341:Please hand in your
64:that can occur with
19:For other uses, see
2638:Relative subsective
2531:Regular / Irregular
2376:Andative / Venitive
2212:Abstract / Concrete
2126:Gupta, Anil. 1980,
1553:Example nouns for:
927:, can combine with
451:*constant circulate
369:was an influential
2197:and their features
2195:Lexical categories
2015:"Inalienable Noun"
2004:, pp. 189–190
1795:A Latin Dictionary
1780:, 1990 (Chapter 3)
1574:Physical objects:
1422:prototypical nouns
1333:A noun phrase (or
780:possessive pronoun
680:Grammatical gender
209:share these three
197:and inflected for
152:The Art of Grammar
3194:Autological words
3171:
3170:
3072:world's languages
3034:
3033:
2839:Casally modulated
2744:Formal / Informal
2633:Pure intersective
2583:Anti-intersective
2569:
2568:
2516:Preterite-present
2106:Oxford: Elsevier.
2084:978-0-141-97553-5
2021:. 3 December 2015
2019:SIL International
1760:978-0-19-882809-9
1665:In this position
1558:mushrooms, dogs,
1454:can stand in for
1163:physical entities
1156:
1155:
1148:
840:appellative nouns
234:substantive nouns
226:nouns substantive
3206:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3038:
2613:Non-intersective
2296:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2088:
2067:
2058:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1870:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1834:
1828:
1808:
1807:
1787:
1781:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1698:
1663:
1657:
1622:
1616:
1551:
1520:Grammatical case
1308:Papua New Guinea
1225:to success"; "a
1191:abstract objects
1151:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1100:
1092:
1031:Collective nouns
1020:Collective nouns
1009:those entities.
999:three furnitures
778:is counted as a
705:
507:*terrible afraid
295:noun equivalents
155:, attributed to
3216:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3189:Parts of speech
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3129:
3074:
3065:
3035:
3030:
2929:
2891:
2853:
2825:
2753:Gender-specific
2700:
2647:
2565:
2451:Germanic strong
2359:
2285:
2198:
2192:
2154:
2095:
2093:Further reading
2085:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2047:. McGraw-Hill.
2042:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1976:Krifka, Manfred
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1909:Word and Object
1903:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1868:
1862:Jackendoff, Ray
1860:
1859:
1855:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1826:Perseus Project
1800:Perseus Project
1788:
1784:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1664:
1660:
1623:
1619:
1560:Afro-Caribbeans
1552:
1548:
1543:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1444:
1432:does. The word
1406:
1400:
1395:
1331:
1325:
1300:
1294:
1152:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1117:
1101:
1090:
1088:Abstract object
1080:
1075:
1072:
1067:"The committee
1065:
1028:
1026:Collective noun
1022:
921:countable nouns
914:
906:Main articles:
904:
886:heritage" and "
796:
788:
701:
682:
676:
644:
606:for the sake of
524:
509:(the adjective
493:terrible fright
327:
238:adjective nouns
230:nouns adjective
157:Dionysius Thrax
134:equivalent was
104:
98:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2997:
2995:Procedure word
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Complementizer
2950:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:Gender-neutral
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2714:Bound variable
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Ambitransitive
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:External links
2150:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2077:. Particular.
2068:
2059:
2053:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2006:
1991:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1949:
1931:
1914:
1895:
1881:
1853:
1829:
1782:
1766:
1759:
1736:
1723:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1658:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1579:
1572:
1562:, rosebushes,
1545:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1501:The Socialist
1500:
1489:
1482:
1475:Nominalization
1473:Main article:
1470:
1469:Nominalization
1467:
1460:
1443:that Bill has.
1438:
1402:Main article:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1327:Main article:
1324:
1321:
1296:Main article:
1293:
1290:
1284:from the verb
1187:Abstract nouns
1159:Concrete nouns
1154:
1153:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1024:Main article:
1021:
1018:
903:
900:
792:Main article:
787:
784:
678:Main article:
675:
672:
643:
642:Classification
640:
584:of their own:
523:
520:
519:
518:
504:
490:
476:
462:
448:
434:
424:
398:
397:
378:
364:
354:
339:
326:
323:
97:
94:
51:part of speech
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Orthographies
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Interrogative
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Interrogative
2875:
2873:
2872:Demonstrative
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2821:Prepositional
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Strong / Weak
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Interrogative
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Demonstrative
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Prepositional
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Interrogative
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Demonstrative
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Germanic weak
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Frequentative
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Autocausative
2384:
2382:
2381:Anticausative
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Transgressive
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2054:0-07-144133-6
2050:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1950:9783110883282
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1882:0-19-827012-7
1878:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1816:Scott, Robert
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:their teacher
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:dead metaphor
1631:
1627:
1626:rock and roll
1621:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:International
1497:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1387:their teacher
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1147:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1105:This section
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Physical body
1077:
1070:
1063:
1060:"A committee
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
909:
901:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:
827:
826:
821:
820:
815:
814:
809:
805:
801:
795:
790:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
724:social gender
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
681:
673:
671:
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:morphological
641:
639:
637:
632:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
516:
512:
508:
505:
502:
498:
494:
491:
488:
484:
480:
477:
474:
470:
466:
463:
460:
456:
452:
449:
446:
442:
438:
435:
432:
428:
425:
422:
418:
414:
411:
410:
409:
407:
403:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
365:
362:
358:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
329:
328:
324:
322:
320:
316:
315:my knee hurts
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
252:
248:). (The word
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:Latin grammar
158:
154:
153:
148:
146:
141:
137:
133:
132:Ancient Greek
128:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
108:
103:
95:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
3113:Prepositions
3107:
3067:
3009:Pro-sentence
2983:Onomatopoeia
2973:Interjection
2946:Measure word
2729:Distributive
2623:Postpositive
2603:Intersective
2556:Unaccusative
2501:Performative
2471:Intransitive
2431:Ditransitive
2257:Noun adjunct
2203:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2073:
2063:
2044:
2037:Bibliography
2023:. Retrieved
2009:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1940:
1934:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1898:
1872:
1856:
1842:
1832:
1819:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1749:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1712:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1582:
1575:
1566:, bacteria,
1557:
1549:
1525:Phi features
1502:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1386:
1382:
1381:(subject of
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1334:
1332:
1323:Noun phrases
1311:
1304:Awa language
1301:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1157:
1142:
1136:January 2023
1133:
1118:Please help
1106:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:or counting
920:
916:
915:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:common nouns
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
807:
803:
799:
797:
789:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
732:
727:
715:
702:
697:
693:
683:
664:
645:
633:
628:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:on behalf of
589:
585:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
544:
525:
514:
510:
506:
500:
496:
492:
486:
482:
478:
472:
468:
464:
458:
454:
450:
444:
440:
436:
430:
427:*the baptise
426:
420:
416:
412:
399:
393:
389:
385:
381:
374:
370:
366:
360:
356:
350:
346:
342:
335:
331:
318:
314:
310:
307:noun adjunct
298:
294:
291:noun phrases
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:of the word
256:
249:
245:
242:substantives
241:
240:, or simply
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
188:
183:
179:
175:
173:Anglo-Norman
168:
164:
150:
144:
135:
129:
124:
123:, the noun (
118:
107:Word classes
105:
59:
44:
31:
25:
3103:Determiners
3083:Phonologies
2958:Conjunction
2724:Disjunctive
2661:Conjunctive
2608:Nominalized
2511:Predicative
2355:Verbal noun
2306:Attributive
2074:Plain Words
2002:Gowers 2014
1966:, p. 4
1745:David Adger
1530:Punctuation
1515:Description
1373:(object of
1343:determiners
1329:Noun phrase
1316:inalienable
1282:circulation
1221:" and "the
1055:Plain Words
1037:– refer to
995:a furniture
983:uncountable
933:quantifiers
917:Count nouns
896:Americanize
892:pasteurized
804:proper name
800:proper noun
794:Proper noun
441:circulation
388:the newest
373:in ancient
371:philosopher
359:is next to
357:Cleanliness
343:assignments
334:sat on the
299:attributive
287:substantive
281:instead of
263:substantive
82:noun phrase
66:determiners
47:linguistics
3178:Categories
3098:Adjectives
3026:Yes and no
2941:Classifier
2925:Possessive
2887:Quantifier
2882:Possessive
2859:Determiner
2831:Adposition
2803:Resumptive
2788:Reciprocal
2783:Possessive
2763:Indefinite
2691:Pronominal
2643:Subsective
2618:Possessive
2588:Collateral
2561:Unergative
2551:Transitive
2466:Inchoative
2461:Impersonal
2401:Catenative
2340:Participle
2335:Infinitive
2267:Relational
2237:Collective
2217:Adjectival
2025:6 February
1988:Borer 2005
1705:References
1695:a minister
1691:a minister
1687:a minister
1679:transitive
1654:hendiatris
1412:, such as
1347:adjectives
1203:solubility
1047:government
979:Mass nouns
908:Count noun
636:functional
598:by dint of
495:(the noun
479:*an afraid
380:Revel the
271:sustantivo
246:adjectives
207:adjectives
205:. Because
3138:Bulgarian
3016:Prop-word
2978:Ideophone
2905:Discourse
2844:Inflected
2793:Reflexive
2768:Intensive
2575:Adjective
2546:Stretched
2536:Separable
2526:Reflexive
2421:Denominal
2416:Defective
2396:Captative
2391:Auxiliary
2330:Gerundive
2320:Nonfinite
2242:Countable
1650:hendiadys
1535:Reference
1363:Ms Curtis
1312:ownership
1286:circulate
1266:happiness
1161:refer to
1107:does not
1057:include:
1043:committee
987:non-count
912:Mass noun
888:Newtonian
825:Confucius
770:was from
760:boyfriend
754:was from
750:said the
686:agreement
629:with glee
622:gleefully
614:to mother
567:substance
455:circulate
361:godliness
186:itself).
100:See also
55:syntactic
3153:Romanian
3118:Pronouns
3093:Grammars
3005:Pro-verb
3000:Pro-form
2897:Particle
2849:Stranded
2798:Relative
2778:Personal
2696:Relative
2681:Locative
2671:Genitive
2496:Negative
2426:Deponent
2406:Compound
2139:Society.
1887:Archived
1864:(2002).
1747:(2019).
1581:Places:
1568:Klingons
1509:See also
1496:powerful
1463:that one
1410:pronouns
1398:Pronouns
1371:its tail
1270:serenity
1239:fraction
1235:drawback
1207:duration
1035:singular
973:occasion
929:numerals
884:Albanian
880:Albanian
739:princess
728:personne
712:Romanian
656:suffixes
652:prefixes
624:and the
582:referent
575:quantity
547:semantic
515:terrible
501:terrible
465:a fright
459:constant
445:constant
413:the name
325:Examples
145:Cratylus
111:Sanskrit
96:History
86:pronouns
70:articles
3184:Grammar
3163:Tlingit
3143:English
3070:of the
2990:Preverb
2867:Article
2813:Subject
2706:Pronoun
2541:Stative
2506:Phrasal
2481:Lexical
2436:Dynamic
2411:Copular
2311:Converb
2227:Animacy
1824:at the
1677:is not
1564:Mandela
1456:new car
1441:the one
1404:Pronoun
1385:); and
1369:); and
1351:the dog
1243:holdout
1195:justice
1128:removed
1113:sources
1007:present
945:several
935:(e.g.,
876:America
872:Pasteur
864:Albania
844:country
819:Jupiter
813:Pegasus
766:denied
708:Italian
668:Russian
610:to rain
600:), and
588:(as in
571:quality
431:baptise
402:article
349:of the
345:by the
259:cognate
251:nominal
142:in the
120:Nirukta
40:subject
28:grammar
3148:German
2968:Coverb
2963:Copula
2817:Object
2734:Donkey
2653:Adverb
2628:Proper
2593:Common
2476:Labile
2345:Supine
2325:Gerund
2316:Finite
2281:Verbal
2272:Strong
2262:Proper
2081:
2051:
1947:
1879:
1757:
1718:"Noun"
1675:became
1648:. See
1646:barrel
1613:, etc.
1599:, etc.
1592:, etc.
1589:utopia
1578:, etc.
1571:, etc.
1430:Gareth
1416:, and
1383:became
1375:wagged
1359:wagged
1339:headed
1278:serene
1247:uptake
1167:senses
1051:police
1049:, and
1039:groups
1003:pieces
971:, and
925:plural
898:us").
868:Newton
856:person
852:planet
848:animal
831:Pequod
762:, but
743:Alicia
690:French
674:Gender
660:syntax
586:behalf
551:person
540:number
538:, and
532:gender
511:afraid
497:fright
483:afraid
469:fright
404:or an
375:Greece
203:number
195:gender
182:, and
147:dialog
36:object
3199:Nouns
3158:Sotho
3123:Verbs
3108:Nouns
3068:Nouns
2934:Other
2915:Modal
2739:Dummy
2491:Modal
2486:Light
2364:Types
2299:Forms
2222:Agent
2158:Nouns
1890:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1806:ὄνομα
1790:nōmen
1642:stock
1632:is a
1585:Uluru
1541:Notes
1492:swift
1418:those
1274:happy
1254:-ness
1231:block
1227:block
1199:anger
1179:Janet
1175:apple
1171:chair
991:nouns
965:chair
949:every
808:India
563:event
559:thing
555:place
382:night
367:Plato
336:chair
218:nōmen
191:forms
180:nomme
165:nōmen
140:Plato
136:ónoma
115:Yāska
90:verbs
80:of a
2920:Noun
2666:Flat
2521:Pure
2291:Verb
2276:Weak
2252:Mass
2232:Bare
2204:Noun
2079:ISBN
2049:ISBN
2027:2020
1945:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1652:and
1638:lock
1606:etc.
1485:poor
1446:But
1367:near
1357:and
1345:and
1276:and
1268:and
1262:-ion
1258:-ity
1183:atom
1111:any
1109:cite
1086:and
1069:were
1014:soda
997:and
969:nose
953:most
910:and
860:ship
838:(or
758:new
752:ring
748:girl
737:and
710:and
602:sake
594:dint
536:case
417:name
394:ways
390:kind
386:sins
351:week
330:The
311:knee
303:head
267:noun
244:and
236:and
232:(or
228:and
222:noun
201:and
199:case
184:noun
169:noun
163:was
130:The
125:nāma
78:head
72:and
32:noun
30:, a
1802:.;
1798:on
1644:or
1640:or
1452:one
1448:one
1434:one
1426:she
1379:you
1361:);
1355:sat
1306:of
1288:).
1249:).
1223:key
1219:key
1214:art
1209:).
1122:by
1062:was
981:or
959:or
941:two
937:one
919:or
782:).
776:her
772:him
756:her
735:hen
722:or
720:sex
654:or
618:red
612:or
592:),
421:the
392:of
347:end
332:cat
279:sb.
277:or
176:nom
117:'s
45:In
38:or
26:In
3180::
3007:/
2819:/
2815:/
2751:/
2318:/
2274:/
2017:.
1994:^
1885:.
1871:.
1846:,
1818:;
1814:;
1810:.
1776:,
1697:".
1587:,
1458:.
1389:.
1335:NP
1280:;
1260:,
1256:,
1245:,
1241:,
1237:,
1205:,
1201:,
1197:,
1181:,
1177:,
1173:,
1045:,
989:)
975:.
967:,
961:an
951:,
947:,
943:,
939:,
874:,
870:,
866:,
858:,
854:,
850:,
846:,
828:,
822:,
816:,
810:,
798:A
768:it
764:he
716:-a
703:-e
698:la
694:le
634:A
631:.
573:,
569:,
565:,
561:,
557:,
553:,
534:,
321:.
283:n.
275:s.
92:.
68:,
3060:e
3053:t
3046:v
2187:e
2180:t
2173:v
2087:.
2057:.
2029:.
1953:.
1850:.
1763:.
1656:.
1498:.
1487:.
1465:.
1169:(
1149:)
1143:(
1138:)
1134:(
1130:.
1116:.
985:(
957:a
604:(
596:(
517:)
503:)
489:)
487:a
481:(
475:)
473:a
467:(
461:)
453:(
447:)
439:(
429:(
423:)
415:(
377:.
363:.
353:.
338:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.