37:
316:
negative conclusions (i.e., failure to find lice present on actively infested children). For example, a 1998 Israeli study found that 76% of live lice infestations were missed by visual inspection (as verified by subsequent combing methods). Although lice cannot fly or jump, they are fast and agile in their native environment (i.e., clinging to hairs near the warmth of the scalp), and will try to avoid the light used during inspection. Louse colonies are also sparse (often fewer than 10 lice), which can contribute to difficulty in finding live specimens. Further, lice populations consist predominantly of immature nymphs, which are even smaller and harder to detect than adult lice.
2276:...It has been shown that at concentrations higher than 95%, commercial alcohol preserves DNA (Nagy 2010), but the use of highly concentrated commercial alcohol as a killing solution may be prohibitively expensive when needed in large quantities, such as in large-scale biodiversity sampling. In Brazil, for example, it is illegal to carry large amounts of commercial alcohol on long journeys, which could hinder its use in extensive field expeditions. Here we propose the use of ethanol fuel as a cheaper and logistically feasible alternative...
230:
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104:
hatching lice. If no living lice are found, the treatment was successful, even if nits (eggs) are visible on the hair. If living lice are still present, the treatment is repeated using an anti-louse product with a different active ingredient. This is kept in the hair for 2 hours and then rinsed out, with the head and hair cleaned before sleep. Prophylactic treatment with pediculicides is not recommended.
278:
88:) has increased worldwide since the mid-1960s, reaching hundreds of millions annually. There is no product or method that assures 100% destruction of the eggs and hatched lice after a single treatment. However, there are a number of treatment modalities that can be employed with varying degrees of success. These methods include chemical treatments, natural products, combs, shaving, hot air, and
206:
311:
A number of health researchers and organizations object to the no-nit policy. Opponents to the no-nit policy mention that visible nits may only be empty egg casings which pose no concern as transmission can only occur via live lice or eggs. This has led to the perception that the no-nit policy serves
243:
A special fine-toothed comb that can pick out lice is used. For a treatment with louse comb alone, it is recommended to comb the hair for an hour to an hour and a half (depending the length and type of the hair) daily or every second day for 14 days. Wetting the hair especially with water and shampoo
2300:
La cuasia amarga (palo amargo) se extrae de un arbusto que crece en el norte de la
Argentina. El principio activo que se extrae de la madera es la cuasina y químicamente es un hidrocarburo soluble en alcohol. Popularmente se lo usa como repelente de piojos y como pediculicida. Es efectiva únicamente
2217:
ALCOHOL. After water, this is probably the next most important solvent used pharmaceutically. Although ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is rarely used as a lone solvent for preparations for internal use, it is used in the manufacture of some of the galenicals used in pharmacy (e.g. tinctures, see
Chapter 2).
356:
for prevention or treatment of lice is dangerous due to the inherent fire hazard. Since 1989, there have been at least nine cases of children being severely burned during such attempts. These cases apparently occurred because, contrary to popular belief, it is the fumes of the gasoline, rather than
171:
A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance of lice was 77% globally, and even 100% in several countries (Australia, England, Israel, and Turkey). It concluded that treatment with current insecticides may not be effective and is likely the cause
103:
at least once after 10 days, when all lice have hatched. Between the two treatments (Days 2–9) the person will still be infested with lice that hatch from eggs not killed by the anti-louse product. Between the treatments, it is advised to wet the hair and comb daily with a louse-comb to remove the
247:
Electronic louse combs use a small electrical charge to kill lice. The metal teeth of the comb have alternating positively and negatively charged tines, which are powered by a small battery. When the comb is used on dry hair, lice make contact with multiple tines of the fine-toothed comb, thereby
315:
Proponents of the no-nit policy counter that only a consistently nit-free child can be reliably shown to be infestation-free. That is, the presence of nits serves as an indirect proxy for infestation status. Proponents argue that such a proxy is necessary because lice screening is prone to false
303:
commonly exclude infested students, and prevent return of those students until all lice, eggs, and nits are removed. This is the basis of the "no-nit policy". Data from a primarily
American study during 1998–1999 found that no-nit policies were present at 82% of the schools attended by children
256:
Shaving the head or cutting the hair extremely short can be used to control lice infestation. Short hair, baldness, or a shaven scalp are generally seen as a preventive measure against louse infestation. This will also eliminate – particularly if maintained for the length of the parasites'
357:
the liquid itself, that are flammable. These fumes can ignite due to the presence of even a small spark or open flame - such as those caused by electrical appliances, cigarette lighters, or pilot lights in stoves and water heaters. The use of gasoline to treat lice also carries a high risk of
332:, and because of a lack of knowledge about the oil's safety and effectiveness. Other home remedies such as putting vinegar, isopropyl alcohol, olive oil, mayonnaise, or melted butter in the hair have been partially disproven, The use of plastic bags may be dangerous. Similarly, the
151:
Many of the pediculicides in the market are either not fully effective or are ineffective when they are used according to the instructions. Pediculicides may rapidly lose their efficacy because of the development of resistance. Resistance of head lice to insecticides such as
327:
has been promoted as a treatment for head lice; however, evidence of its effectiveness is weak. A 2012 review of head lice treatment recommended against the use of tea tree oil for children because it could cause skin irritation or allergic reactions, because of
2218:
In extemporaneous dispensing it is normally used for the production of lotions for external application to unbroken skin. It is particularly useful if rapid evaporation is required (e.g. for insecticidal lotions applied to hair for the treatment of lice)...
1327:
Bingham, P; Kirk, S; Hill, N; Figueroa, J (2000). "The methodology and operation of a pilot randomized control trial of the effectiveness of the bug busting method against a single application insecticide product for head louse treatment".
260:
Infestation with lice is not a serious disease and the medical symptoms are normally minimal. In any case, health providers and parents should try not to create emotional problems for children during examination and treatment.
217:
will kill 96.7% of eggs with proper technique. To be effective, the blow dryer must be used repeatedly (every 1 to 7 days since eggs hatch in 7 to 10 days) until the natural life cycle of the lice is over (about 4 weeks).
727:
Pollack RJ, Kiszewski A, Armstrong P, Hahn C, Wolfe N, Rahman HA, Laserson K, Telford SR, Spielman A (September 1999). "Differential
Permethrin Susceptibility of Head Lice Sampled in the United States and Borneo".
264:
Shaving of the area above and behind the ears and the upper part of the neck while leaving the crown of the head with hair is commonly used to prevent lice among tribes in Africa, Asia, and
America (in America –
965:
Munirathinam A, Sunish IP, Rajendran R, Tyagi BK (November 2009). "Impact of ivermectin drug combinations on
Pediculus humanus capitis infestation in primary schoolchildren of south Indian rural villages".
248:
closing the circuit and receiving an electrical charge. A non-peer-reviewed letter has been published in a dermatology journal claiming effectiveness based on personal experience (total of 6 uses).
827:
Yoon, Kyong Sup; Gao, Jian-Rong; Lee, Si Hyeock; Clark, J. Marshall; Brown, Leon; Taplin, David (August 2003). "Permethrin-Resistant Human Head Lice, Pediculus capitis, and Their
Treatment".
2054:
535:
Roberts, RJ; Casey D; Morgan DA; Petrovic M (12 August 2000). "Comparison of Wet
Combing With Malathion for Treatment of Head Lice in the UK: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial".
1435:
2610:
875:
Mohammadi, Jalal; Azizi, Kourosh; Alipour, Hamzeh; Kalantari, Mohsen; Bagheri, Masoumeh; Shahriari-Namadi, Marzieh; Ebrahimi, Saeedeh; Moemenbellah-Fard, Mohammad D. (2021).
2301:
en solución alcohólica y no en solución acuosa. Así es tan efectiva como una solución pura de alcohol por lo cual se duda de su efecto pediculicida "per sé" y es irritativa
1958:
Mumcuoglu KY, Miller J, Gofin R, et al. (September 1990). "Epidemiological studies on head lice infestation in Israel. I. Parasitological examination of children".
1363:
Plastow, Liz; Luthra, Manjo; Powell, Roy; Wright, Judith; Russell, David; Marshall, Martin (April 2001). "Head lice infestation: bug busting vs. traditional treatment".
1754:
1783:
Mumcuoglu KY, Friger M, Ioffe-Uspensky I, Ben-Ishai F, Miller J (2001). "Louse comb versus direct visual examination for the diagnosis of head louse infestations".
730:
36:
1469:
Mumcuoglu, Kosta Y.; Meinking, Terri A; Burkhart, Craig N; Burkhart, Craig G. (2006). "Head Louse
Infestations: The "No Nit" Policy and Its Consequences".
2346:
333:
1596:
2603:
1241:
Abdel-Ghaffar, Fathy; Semmler, Margit (10 August 2006). "Efficacy of Neem Seed
Extract Shampoo on Head Lice of Naturally Infected Humans in Egypt".
1135:
Goates, Brad M.; Atkin, Joseph S.; Wilding, Kevin G.; Birch, Kurtis G.; Cottam, Michael R.; Bush, Sarah E.; Clayton, Dale H. (5 November 2006).
2908:
1764:
1702:
1112:
502:
Mumcuoglu, Kosta Y.; Barker, CS; Burgess, IF; Combescot-Lang, C; Dagleish, RC; Larsen, KS; Miller, J; Roberts, RJ; Taylan-Ozkan, A. (2007).
390:
2438:
2313:
2596:
95:
Treatment is recommended only after a clear diagnosis since all treatments have potential side effects. Louse eggs hatch 6–9 days after
1512:
Pollack RJ, Kiszewski AE, Spielman A (2000). "Overdiagnosis and consequent mismanagement of head louse infestations in North America".
590:
423:
Frankowski, Barbara L; Bocchini, Joseph A.; Council on School Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases (August 2010). "Head Lice".
2202:
1595:
Frankowski, Barbara L.; Leonard B. Weiner; the Committee on School Health; the Committee on Infectious Diseases (September 2002).
680:
Meinking, Terri L.; Entzel, Pamela; Villar, Maria Elena; Vicaria, Maureen; Lemard, Glendene A; Porcelain, Sherri L. (March 2001).
508:
472:
340:(ethyl alcohol, common alcohol) is toxic to arthropods including lice and an external application of it is harmless to humans.
2155:
1555:
Price JH, Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG, Islam R (April 1999). "School nurses' perceptions of and experiences with head lice".
2514:
1077:
842:
743:
699:
187:
1698:
2957:
2925:
2075:
Eisenhower, Christine; Farrington, Elizabeth Anne (2012). "Advancements in the Treatment of Head Lice in Pediatrics".
1071:
1136:
2029:
368:
was used as fuel, it was sold in small bottles as a treatment against lice and their eggs. At that time, the word
2354:
1662:
403:
336:
reports that swimming has no effect on treating lice, and can in fact harm the treatment by commercial products.
80:
parasites from human hair. It has been debated and studied for centuries. However, the number of cases of human
2431:
2169:
774:
640:
1640:
1050:
2913:
829:
686:
627:
2038:
All in all, the evidence for alternative treatments, such as tea tree oil and neem seed oil, remains weak.
2111:
2192:
179:
877:"Frequency of pyrethroid resistance in human head louse treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis"
221:
A number of commercial head lice treatment companies across the country offer a heated air treatment.
2871:
2499:
2239:
1663:"American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for the prevention and treatment of head lice infestation"
1144:
786:
197:, topical ivermectin lotion, lindane, malathion, permethrin, and piperonyl butoxide with pyrethrins.
2424:
229:
1983:
1940:
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991:
570:
448:
129:
1284:
Mumcuoglu, Kosta Y. (July–September 1999). "Prevention and Treatment of Head Lice in Children".
503:
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2010:
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652:
644:
554:
432:
329:
266:
775:"Relationship of Treatment-Resistant Head Lice to the Safety and Efficacy of Pediculicides"
308:
felt that "forced absenteeism of any child who has any nits in their hair is a good idea."
2847:
2837:
2686:
1826:
Hootman J (April 2002). "Quality improvement projects related to pediculosis management".
681:
237:
1796:
2243:
2007:
The Louse; an account of the lice which infest man, their medical importance and control
312:
only to ease the workload of school nurses and punish the parents of infested children.
2919:
2588:
2288:
2262:
2231:
2110:
Takano-Lee, Miwa; Edman, John D.; Mullens, Bradley A.; Clark, John M. (December 2004).
1971:
1912:
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1226:
1201:
901:
876:
657:
622:
305:
42:
2479:
2230:
Szinwelski, N; Fialho, V. S.; Yotoko, K. S. C.; L. R., Seleme; C. F., Sperber (2012).
1398:
Resnik, Kenneth (February 2005). "A non-chemical therapeutic modality for head lice".
558:
2952:
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1944:
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1482:
1376:
1297:
979:
588:
Mumcuoglu, KY; Miller, J. (October 1991). "The Efficacy of Pediculicides in Israel".
304:
suspected of louse infestation. A separate 1998 survey revealed that 60% of American
292:
286:
1987:
1898:
1855:
1812:
1727:
1498:
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995:
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2527:
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324:
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or conditioner will facilitate the combing and the removal of lice, eggs and nits.
141:
100:
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277:
1839:
2790:
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2504:
2494:
2088:
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1009:
Foucault C, Ranque S, Badiaga S, Rovery C, Raoult D, Brouqui P (February 2006).
790:
96:
85:
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2725:
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2548:
2542:
2537:
2522:
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2464:
2459:
1936:
1890:
1433:
Mumcuoglu, Kosta Y. (1991). "Head Lice in Drawings of Kindergarten Children".
1254:
621:
Vander Stichele, Robert H; Dezeure Els M; Bogaert Marc G. (2 September 1999).
537:
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214:
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165:
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137:
133:
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2252:
2212:
1706:
1620:
648:
2884:
2855:
2738:
2716:
2708:
2694:
2623:
2232:"Ethanol fuel improves arthropod capture in pitfall traps and preserves DNA"
1217:
623:"Systematic Review of Clinical Efficacy of Topical Treatments for Head Lice"
599:
546:
300:
157:
125:
117:
77:
2271:
2135:
2096:
2014:
1847:
1804:
1756:
Staying Healthy in Child Care: Preventing infectious diseases in child care
1678:
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1612:
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1490:
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1305:
1262:
1165:
1157:
1036:
987:
951:
910:
858:
806:
759:
707:
566:
521:
504:"International Guidelines for Effective Control of Head Louse Infestations"
485:
444:
436:
2402:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Division of Parasitic Diseases
1979:
1448:
1341:
942:
926:"Oral ivermectin versus malathion lotion for difficult-to-treat head lice"
925:
666:
607:
209:
A heated air device designed by Larada Sciences to kill headlice by drying
62:
2810:
2795:
2712:
2649:
1728:"NPA's No Nit Policy: A Healthy Standard for Children and their Families"
682:"Comparative Efficacy of Treatments for Pediculosis Capitis Infestations"
550:
365:
353:
349:
145:
121:
89:
17:
1177:
205:
2877:
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2658:
2567:
2532:
838:
739:
695:
337:
153:
113:
2800:
2776:
798:
636:
399:
296:
1916:
1137:"An Effective Nonchemical Treatment for Head Lice: A Lot of Hot Air"
2116:
Journal of Pediatric Nursing: Nursing Care of Children and Families
1104:
Hair and Scalp Diseases: Medical, Surgical, and Cosmetic Treatments
1027:
1010:
99:. Therefore, a common recommendation is to repeat treatment with a
2577:
276:
228:
204:
81:
2314:"Indiana teenager burned trying to kill head lice with gasoline"
193:
Agents approved by the FDA for treatment of pediculosis include
2592:
2420:
924:
Chosidow O, Giraudeau B, Cottrell J, et al. (March 2010).
2329:"Is Gasoline a Recommended Treatment for Getting Rid of Lice?"
1753:
National Health and Medical Research Council (December 2005).
2401:
1051:"Highlights of Prescribing Information: Sklice (ivermectin)"
2170:"Healthy Water: Healthy Swimming: Lice, Pinworms, and MRSA"
2156:"Massachusetts toddler dies after lice treatment goes awry"
1597:"Head Lice: American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report"
392:
Human lice, their prevalence and resistance to insecticides
2411:
1699:"Pediculosis in the School Community: Position Statement"
112:
Insecticides used for the treatment of head lice include
2055:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
2009:(2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. pp. 24–72.
468:"Effective Treatment of Head Louse with Pediculicides"
1436:
The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences
41:
Mother hunting for headlice, detail of a painting by
2407:
MedicineNet.com: Head Lice Infestation (Pediculosis)
2864:
2846:
2828:
2809:
2775:
2757:
2724:
2707:
2685:
2667:
2648:
2635:
2560:
2513:
2487:
2452:
1869:Bacot A (1917). "Contributions to the bionomics of
49:
29:
2197:(2nd ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 77.
1590:
1588:
1586:
1778:
1776:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
870:
868:
731:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
2030:"The Basics – The management of head lice"
1011:"Oral ivermectin in the treatment of body lice"
1400:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2604:
2432:
1101:Amy J. McMichael; Maria K. Hordinsky (2008).
257:reproductive cycle – louse infestation.
8:
1734:. The National Pediculosis Association. 2008
178:by mouth has been shown to reduce levels of
2001:Buxton, Patrick A. (1947). "The biology of
1759:(4th ed.). Commonwealth of Australia.
2721:
2645:
2611:
2597:
2589:
2439:
2425:
2417:
334:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
35:
2347:"History of Carless, Capel & Leonard"
2261:
2251:
2194:Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing
1661:Frankowski, Barbara L. (September 2004).
1225:
1026:
941:
900:
656:
1514:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
2327:Mikkelson, Barbara (26 February 2009).
381:
2289:"Actualización en pediculosis capitis"
2158:. Yahoo News/Reuters. 5 February 2015.
2028:Jacobi, Tillmann (22 September 2011).
1107:. Informa Health Care. pp. 289–.
26:
2316:. The Mercury News. 26 February 2009.
1703:National Association of School Nurses
497:
495:
172:of increased levels of infestations.
7:
2122:(6). Pediatricnursing.org: 393–398.
1960:International Journal of Dermatology
1797:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2001.018001009.x
1667:The American Journal of Managed Care
1471:International Journal of Dermatology
602:: Weizmann Science Press: 562–565.
58:
1972:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1990.tb04845.x
1569:10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb04174.x
591:Israel Journal of Medical Sciences
25:
2478:
2412:National Pediculosis Association
2077:Journal of Pediatric Health Care
1526:10.1097/00006454-200008000-00003
1483:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02827.x
1377:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2001.00541.x
1298:10.2165/00128072-199901030-00005
1206:Archives of Disease in Childhood
980:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.04059.x
361:(i.e. irritation of the scalp).
2296:Sociedad Argentina de Pediatria
773:Burkhart, Craig G. (May 2004).
509:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
473:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
466:Mumcuoglu, Kosta (1 May 2006).
404:World Health Organization (WHO)
1871:Pediculus humanus (vestimenti)
1072:"Drug Trial Snapshot: Xeglyze"
1:
1828:The Journal of School Nursing
559:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02578-2
281:Head louse nits on human hair
1840:10.1177/10598405020180020401
1557:The Journal of School Health
1078:Food and Drug Administration
843:American Medical Association
744:American Medical Association
700:American Medical Association
188:Food and Drug Administration
2089:10.1016/j.pedhc.2012.05.004
1705:. July 2004. Archived from
1701:. Silver Spring, Maryland:
1365:Journal of Clinical Nursing
2974:
2447:Human lice and pediculosis
2128:10.1016/j.pedn.2004.11.002
1412:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.07.032
851:10.1001/archderm.139.8.994
752:10.1001/archpedi.153.9.969
284:
2903:
2476:
2191:Marriott, John F (2010).
2083:(6): 451–61, quiz 462–4.
1937:10.1017/S0031182000004194
1891:10.1017/S0031182000006065
1255:10.1007/s00436-006-0264-2
389:Gratz, Norman G. (1998),
59:
34:
2253:10.3897/zookeys.196.3130
893:10.1051/parasite/2021083
649:10.1136/bmj.311.7005.604
641:BMJ Publishing Group Ltd
186:is approved by the U.S.
2561:Other terms of interest
1218:10.1136/adc.2006.113431
1202:"Hot air for head lice"
830:Archives of Dermatology
779:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
687:Archives of Dermatology
628:British Medical Journal
190:(FDA) for pediculosis.
74:treatment of human lice
30:Treatment of human lice
2353:. 2008. Archived from
2172:. Cdc.gov. 16 May 2022
1921:, Supplementary notes"
1613:10.1542/peds.110.3.638
1212:(3): 241. 2007-03-01.
1158:10.1542/peds.2005-1847
437:10.1542/peds.2010-1308
282:
240:
210:
1913:Nuttall, George H. F.
1785:Pediatric Dermatology
1342:10.1038/sj.ph.1900645
1243:Parasitology Research
943:10.1056/NEJMoa0905471
280:
232:
208:
2813:-containing products
2779:-containing products
2652:-containing products
2500:Pediculosis corporis
2380:"Head lice and nits"
787:Rochester, Minnesota
344:Gasoline or kerosene
320:Alternative medicine
2357:on 29 December 2014
2244:2012ZooK..196...11S
168:has been reported.
2958:Medical treatments
2930:Never to phase III
2382:. NHS. 17 May 2016
1183:on 11 October 2010
372:was a trade name.
283:
241:
211:
130:piperonyl butoxide
76:is the removal of
55:infectious disease
2940:
2939:
2899:
2898:
2703:
2702:
2620:Ectoparasiticides
2586:
2585:
2003:Pediculus humanus
1919:Pediculus humanus
1875:Pediculus capitis
1766:978-0-642-45631-1
1114:978-1-57444-822-1
366:gasoline (Petrol)
330:contraindications
180:louse infestation
84:infestations (or
70:
69:
16:(Redirected from
2965:
2759:Chloride channel
2722:
2669:Chloride channel
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2337:
2336:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2265:
2255:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1917:"The biology of
1909:
1903:
1902:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1673:(9): S269–S272.
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1592:
1581:
1580:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1286:Paediatric Drugs
1281:
1275:
1274:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1176:. Archived from
1152:(5): 1962–1970.
1141:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1006:
1000:
999:
968:Int. J. Dermatol
962:
956:
955:
945:
921:
915:
914:
904:
872:
863:
862:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
799:10.4065/79.5.661
770:
764:
763:
724:
718:
717:
715:
714:
677:
671:
670:
660:
618:
612:
611:
585:
579:
578:
532:
526:
525:
499:
490:
489:
463:
457:
456:
420:
414:
413:
412:
410:
397:
386:
273:School treatment
213:A standard home
92:-based lotions.
63:edit on Wikidata
39:
27:
21:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2920:Clinical trials
2895:
2865:Other/ungrouped
2860:
2848:Organophosphate
2842:
2838:Benzyl benzoate
2824:
2805:
2771:
2753:
2699:
2687:Organophosphate
2681:
2663:
2631:
2617:
2587:
2582:
2556:
2509:
2483:
2474:
2448:
2445:
2398:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2373:Further reading
2370:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2205:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1709:on 13 July 2007
1697:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1594:
1593:
1584:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1008:
1007:
1003:
964:
963:
959:
936:(10): 896–905.
930:N. Engl. J. Med
923:
922:
918:
874:
873:
866:
826:
825:
821:
811:
809:
772:
771:
767:
726:
725:
721:
712:
710:
679:
678:
674:
620:
619:
615:
587:
586:
582:
534:
533:
529:
501:
500:
493:
465:
464:
460:
422:
421:
417:
408:
406:
395:
388:
387:
383:
378:
346:
322:
291:Schools in the
289:
275:
254:
238:Adriaen Brouwer
227:
203:
110:
66:
45:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2971:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2396:External links
2394:
2393:
2392:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2351:Vintage Garage
2338:
2319:
2305:
2298:(in Spanish).
2280:
2238:(196): 11–22.
2222:
2203:
2183:
2161:
2147:
2102:
2067:
2051:"Tea tree oil"
2042:
2020:
1993:
1950:
1931:(2): 201–221.
1904:
1885:(2): 228–258.
1861:
1818:
1772:
1765:
1745:
1719:
1690:
1653:
1607:(3): 638–643.
1582:
1547:
1504:
1477:(8): 891–896.
1454:
1425:
1390:
1371:(6): 775–783.
1355:
1336:(4): 265–268.
1319:
1292:(3): 211–218.
1276:
1249:(2): 329–332.
1233:
1193:
1127:
1113:
1093:
1082:. 24 July 2020
1063:
1042:
1028:10.1086/499279
1015:J. Infect. Dis
1001:
974:(11): 1201–5.
957:
916:
864:
819:
765:
719:
672:
613:
580:
527:
516:(4): 409–414.
491:
480:(5): 451–452.
458:
431:(2): 392–403.
415:
380:
379:
377:
374:
345:
342:
321:
318:
285:Main article:
274:
271:
253:
250:
226:
223:
202:
199:
109:
106:
68:
67:
60:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
43:Jan Siberechts
40:
32:
31:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2970:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Sucking louse
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2204:9780853699125
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2184:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1643:on 2008-10-13
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:(8): 689–93.
1519:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:Public Health
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1094:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
961:
958:
953:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
917:
912:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
869:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:
823:
820:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
723:
720:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
683:
676:
673:
668:
664:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
617:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
584:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
531:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
498:
496:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:
469:
462:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
419:
416:
405:
401:
394:
393:
385:
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
362:
360:
355:
351:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
319:
317:
313:
309:
307:
306:school nurses
302:
298:
294:
293:United States
288:
287:No nit policy
279:
272:
270:
268:
262:
258:
251:
249:
245:
239:
235:
234:The delousing
231:
224:
222:
219:
216:
207:
200:
198:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
107:
105:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
64:
54:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
28:
19:
2883:
2876:
2749:Bioallethrin
2641:pediculicide
2547:
2528:Pediculicide
2384:. Retrieved
2359:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2350:
2341:
2332:
2322:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2283:
2275:
2235:
2225:
2216:
2193:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2164:
2150:
2139:. Retrieved
2119:
2115:
2105:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2045:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1966:(7): 502–6.
1963:
1959:
1953:
1928:
1925:Parasitology
1924:
1918:
1907:
1882:
1879:Parasitology
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1788:
1784:
1755:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:headlice.org
1731:
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:the original
1693:
1682:. Retrieved
1670:
1666:
1656:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1604:
1600:
1563:(4): 153–8.
1560:
1556:
1550:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1474:
1470:
1443:(1): 25–32.
1440:
1434:
1428:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1185:. Retrieved
1178:the original
1149:
1143:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1103:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1075:
1066:
1057:
1045:
1021:(3): 474–6.
1018:
1014:
1004:
971:
967:
960:
933:
929:
919:
884:
880:
845:: 994–1000.
834:
828:
822:
810:. Retrieved
782:
778:
768:
735:
729:
722:
711:. Retrieved
691:
685:
675:
632:
626:
616:
595:
589:
583:
542:
536:
530:
513:
507:
477:
471:
461:
428:
424:
418:
407:, retrieved
391:
384:
369:
363:
347:
325:Tea tree oil
323:
314:
310:
290:
263:
259:
255:
246:
242:
233:
220:
212:
192:
174:
170:
150:
142:bioallethrin
111:
101:pediculicide
94:
73:
71:
2916:from market
2872:Dimethicone
2791:Dixanthogen
2726:Pyrethrines
2637:Insecticide
2505:Phthiriasis
2495:Pediculosis
2488:Infestation
1834:(2): 80–6.
1791:(1): 9–12.
793:: 661–666.
791:Mayo Clinic
746:: 969–973.
702:: 287–292.
643:: 604–608.
553:: 540–544.
348:The use of
108:Medications
97:oviposition
86:pediculosis
2947:Categories
2890:Crotamiton
2786:Disulfiram
2767:Ivermectin
2744:Phenothrin
2734:Permethrin
2677:Ivermectin
2549:Delphinium
2543:Phenothrin
2538:Permethrin
2523:Nitpicking
2470:Body louse
2465:Crab louse
2460:Head louse
2386:8 February
2361:2014-12-28
2176:8 February
2141:2012-11-22
2112:"Elsevier"
2060:8 February
1738:8 February
1713:2008-10-10
1684:2008-10-10
1647:2008-10-10
1601:Pediatrics
1406:(2): 374.
1187:2010-08-01
1145:Pediatrics
812:8 February
713:2008-01-03
538:The Lancet
425:Pediatrics
376:References
359:dermatitis
252:Procedures
215:blow dryer
201:Heated air
195:abametapir
184:Ivermectin
176:Ivermectin
166:permethrin
162:phenothrin
138:phenothrin
134:permethrin
2926:Phase III
2914:Withdrawn
2885:toluidine
2856:Malathion
2739:Pyrethrum
2717:scabicide
2709:Acaricide
2695:Malathion
2624:arthropod
2515:Treatment
2213:640077286
1945:251061971
1637:245074002
1621:0031-4005
600:Jerusalem
547:Amsterdam
301:Australia
158:malathion
126:pyrethrum
118:malathion
78:head lice
51:Specialty
18:Delousing
2830:Benzoate
2811:Chlorine
2796:Mesulfen
2713:miticide
2650:Chlorine
2272:22679388
2136:15637580
2097:23099312
1988:39798857
1915:(1919).
1899:86846228
1856:29291526
1848:12017250
1813:27464495
1805:11207962
1679:15515631
1629:12205271
1577:10354985
1534:10959734
1499:38910169
1491:16911370
1420:15692498
1385:11822849
1350:10962588
1314:13547569
1306:10937452
1263:16900389
1166:17079567
1120:27 April
1086:6 August
1037:16388498
996:33425444
988:20064176
952:20220184
911:34935614
881:Parasite
859:12925385
807:15132409
760:10482215
708:11255326
635:(7005).
567:10950230
551:Elsevier
545:(9229).
522:17668538
486:16703782
453:29226586
445:20660553
409:20 April
354:gasoline
350:kerosene
269:style).
146:spinosad
122:carbaryl
90:silicone
2878:Quassia
2820:Lindane
2659:Lindane
2568:Cooties
2533:Lindane
2453:Species
2263:3361084
2240:Bibcode
2236:ZooKeys
2015:1533520
1980:2228380
1542:2557006
1449:1860777
1271:1826025
1227:2083419
1174:9482708
1058:fda.gov
902:8693761
839:Chicago
740:Chicago
696:Chicago
667:7545045
658:2550649
608:1955310
575:9790264
364:Before
338:Ethanol
225:Combing
154:lindane
114:lindane
2909:WHO-EM
2801:Thiram
2777:Sulfur
2333:Snopes
2270:
2260:
2211:
2201:
2134:
2095:
2036:: 38.
2013:
1986:
1978:
1943:
1897:
1854:
1846:
1811:
1803:
1763:
1677:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1575:
1540:
1532:
1497:
1489:
1447:
1418:
1383:
1348:
1312:
1304:
1269:
1261:
1224:
1172:
1164:
1111:
1035:
994:
986:
950:
909:
899:
887:: 86.
857:
805:
758:
706:
665:
655:
637:London
606:
598:(10).
573:
565:
520:
484:
451:
443:
400:Geneva
370:Petrol
299:, and
297:Canada
267:Mohawk
144:, and
2578:Louse
2292:(PDF)
1984:S2CID
1941:S2CID
1895:S2CID
1852:S2CID
1809:S2CID
1633:S2CID
1538:S2CID
1495:S2CID
1310:S2CID
1267:S2CID
1181:(PDF)
1170:S2CID
1140:(PDF)
1080:(FDA)
1076:U.S.
1054:(PDF)
992:S2CID
837:(8).
785:(5).
738:(9).
694:(3).
571:S2CID
449:S2CID
396:(PDF)
82:louse
61:[
2953:Lice
2628:P03A
2388:2024
2268:PMID
2209:OCLC
2199:ISBN
2178:2024
2132:PMID
2093:PMID
2062:2024
2011:OCLC
1976:PMID
1873:and
1844:PMID
1801:PMID
1761:ISBN
1740:2024
1675:PMID
1625:PMID
1617:ISSN
1573:PMID
1530:PMID
1487:PMID
1445:PMID
1416:PMID
1381:PMID
1346:PMID
1302:PMID
1259:PMID
1162:PMID
1122:2010
1109:ISBN
1088:2020
1033:PMID
984:PMID
948:PMID
907:PMID
855:PMID
814:2024
803:PMID
756:PMID
704:PMID
663:PMID
604:PMID
563:PMID
518:PMID
482:PMID
441:PMID
411:2020
164:and
72:The
2258:PMC
2248:doi
2124:doi
2085:doi
2005:".
1968:doi
1933:doi
1887:doi
1877:".
1836:doi
1793:doi
1609:doi
1605:110
1565:doi
1522:doi
1479:doi
1408:doi
1373:doi
1338:doi
1334:114
1294:doi
1251:doi
1247:100
1222:PMC
1214:doi
1154:doi
1150:118
1023:doi
1019:193
976:doi
938:doi
934:362
897:PMC
889:doi
847:doi
835:139
795:doi
748:doi
736:153
692:137
653:PMC
645:doi
633:311
555:doi
543:356
433:doi
429:126
352:or
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