590:
2010. Ofsted observed that pupils' participation in decision-making processes helped them develop 'exceptional qualities of thoughtfulness and the ability to offer balanced arguments'. Good pupil achievements were found to be a 'consequence of the democratic structures'. Personal development was deemed 'outstanding' because of the exceptional impact of the democratic principles. The inspector was particularly impressed with pupils' behaviour, noting that 'lessons took place in an atmosphere of mutual respect' and that 'visitors were greeted with interest and impeccable manners'.
363:(EUDEC) was founded in 2008. In Israel, there is an Institute for Democratic Education and the company Education Cities. Both emerged from the environment of the Democratic School of Hadera and have committed themselves to support the democratisation and innovation of education, educational processes and schools. The first Democratic State Schools were probably the Lycée experimental de Saint-Nazaire and the Lycée autogéré de Paris (1982 until today). In the 1990s, Democratic State Schools also emerged in Israel.
337:
dismissed. Subsequently, some of the dismissed teachers and students founded the Schule fĂĽr
Erwachsenenbildung (School for Adult Education). In the beginning, the school organised itself with an equal delegate system of the two status groups, students and teachers. Later, a school meeting was appointed as the governing body, in which every student and every teacher has a vote. Since the foundation of the school, there has been no compulsory attendance.
453:
circles and are linked to the
Students' Circle, i.e. one or two students/teachers sit in both circles and transmit information and decisions. The Students' Circle in turn is linked to the School Circle (the highest body), as are the Teachers' Circle, the Parents' Circle and the Supporters' Circle, which in turn is the higher-level circle of some working groups. All delegates are bound by the decisions of their respective circle.
434:
63:
22:
348:(IDEC) took place here. Since then, the IDEC has been held annually at different Democratic Schools and has contributed significantly to not only the democratisation of alternative education schools, but also the founding of new Democratic Schools. Today, there are at least 200 Democratic Schools worldwide.
577:
A study of 12 UK schools by a former school inspector showed that democratic-school students reported higher than average levels of self-esteem and motivation for learning. Another study that surveyed students from a homeschool resource centre and a
Democratic School found that, unlike their peers in
393:
The headmaster and founder of the school, A. S. Neill saw many of the problems of children and society as being caused by the suppression of sexuality. The discussion of sexuality was one of the special features of
Summerhill, along with the use of paradoxical sanctions, i.e. the rewarding of serious
410:
in
Framingham (Massachusetts, United States) is influenced by Summerhill but lives an even more radical concept of freedom to learn. Classes and other forms of formal instruction are only offered when students explicitly ask for them. In this sense teachers therefore take a more passive role than in
397:
Zoë Readhead, the current headteacher and Neill's daughter, noted in 2014, alluding to the fact that
Summerhill's challenges have changed: “Summerhill often now finds itself in a disciplinarian role because many children today don't have boundaries set in their homes.” In the past, she said, it was
226:
Sudbury schools have no curriculum at all. Classes play a smaller role here than in other schools. There is no subject that is considered so important that it is offered as standard. Courses are only set up either on the initiative of students or teachers who think someone might be interested in the
511:
Three surveys at
Sudbury Valley School and one at Summerhill found that former students see a positive relationship between the democratic school and the development of high self-esteem, the ability to overcome problems and the development of a positive relationship towards learning. In the studies
507:
Studies on the graduates of
Summerhill, Sudbury Valley School and The Circle School have concluded that a student of a democratic school tends to come from a middle-class, academic family background. They have either attended the democratic school since the beginning of their school career, because
573:
All
Sudbury Valley School students surveyed in 1985 felt they had an advantage over their peers in terms of their attitudes towards academic studies. Not a single one said they had problems with the formal structure. A total of 82% of the students said that Sudbury Valley had helped them regarding
566:
Although family income within the
Democratic Circle School alumni group is positively correlated with the graduate's likelihood of attending college, the likelihood of attending university is significantly higher for Circle School graduates in every income group than for the national average. This
452:
where decisions are reached by accepting proposals once nobody has a justified "serious objection". Small schools have only one decision-making circle, while larger schools organise themselves in learning communities (similar to a school class). The individual learning communities are organised in
336:
As early as 1972, students of a Berlin school for second-chance education occupied their school in protest against poor school building and learning conditions. After two evictions by the police and the strikes of teachers showing solidarity, most of the students and a quarter of the teachers were
107:
There is no common definition of a democratic school. However, all democratic school refrain from imposing any obligations or unrequested assessment on the learning process of their students, i.e. foster self-directed learning, and are governed democratically. As a rule, the governing body is the
589:
in the United Kingdom was judged as 'Good' overall with a number of 'Outstanding' features. No area of the education provision was found to be less than 'good', and all of the statutory regulations (the school 'standards') were met in full. This was the same outcome as the previous inspection in
523:
The graduates of Emmanuel Bernstein's 1968 Summerhill study were generally very positive about Summerhill. Bernstein's two most frequent criticisms were the weak academic support and the insufficient(ly) (enthusiastic) teachers. Margit Zellinger (1996) confirms this in her study of Summerhill
351:
Most of these can be found in the United States, Japan, France, Germany and Israel. Relative to its population size, the Netherlands are also significant with 19 schools (as of 2019). Others are in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
178:
All kinds of matters concerning the school are decided together – from the hiring of new staff to the introduction or abolition of rules, from finances to what will happen during the school day. Everyone, regardless of their age, has an equal vote. The meeting is usually chaired by a student;
309:
and Hanna Greenberg, among others. Since then, at least 40 schools have been founded on the basis of the Sudbury Valley School concept, mostly in the United States. Daniel Greenberg's numerous publications about his school have reached a relatively wide audience. As a result, Sudbury schools
126:
Self-directed discovery; Learners choose what they learn, when, how and with whom they learn it. Learning can happen inside or outside of the classroom, through play as well as conventional study. The key is that the learning is following the students’ intrinsic motivation and pursuing their
515:
Gray and Chanoff, in their survey of Sudbury graduates, as well as Bernstein in his survey of Summerhill graduates, came to the conclusion that the graduates see no problem for themselves in dealing with authority and rate themselves better than their environment in this respect.
562:
asking what the alumni liked about their jobs, 55% responded “being able to help others”, which was by far the most frequently mentioned response category. Another 29% saw a spiritual or ethical purpose in their job. Equal numbers cited activism and financial reasons (14% each).
221:
Preparation for diplomas varies greatly from country to country. Summerhill and the Freie Demokratische Schule Kapriole in Freiburg (Germany) help their students prepare for nationally recognised qualifications so that the path to apprenticeship or university is open to them.
333:, were founded in 1982 and still exist today. The first official alternative school in Germany was the Demokratische Freie Schule Frankfurt. It was founded in 1975, existed illegally until 1986 and was subsequently legalised by the new red-green government of Hesse.
206:
The underlying principle of a school meeting is the idea that "those who are affected by the decision make the decision". Thus, parents at Sudbury Valley School have a say in deciding on school fees. However, parents have no vote on matters concerning school life.
459:
Schools that describe themselves as sociocratically organised are not necessarily democratic schools, but may have a sociocratic organisation of the teaching staff and possibly the parents or the support association, but without (relevant) student participation.
1724:"Democratic schooling: What happens to young people who have charge of their own education? A follow up study of the graduates of the Sudbury Valley school, a democratically administered primary and secondary school that supports Self Directed Education"
355:
By 1981, the Schule fĂĽr Erwachsenenbildung (School for Adult Education) had grown to an enrollment of approx. 800, making it most likely the largest democratic school of all time. However, the school has shrunk to about 200 students (as of 2016).
374:
are based on a fundamental respect for children. However, there are clear differences between the various schools in the concrete design of freedom of learning and democratic decision-making structures as well as in everyday school life.
527:
Both points of criticism were presumably also mentioned based on Bernstein's 1968 study in Summerhill and the 1999 Inspector's Report. According to the Inspector's Reports at least the weak academic support is now a thing of the past.
574:
their university studies. The two most frequently cited reasons were "ease of dealing with authority" and the opinion that Sudbury Valley was closer to university than mainstream schools in terms of self-organised learning.
122:
Collective decision-making where all members of the community, regardless of age or status, have an equal say over significant decisions such as school rules, curricula, projects, the hiring of staff and even budgetary
389:
Summerhill is a boarding school. Almost all rules are made jointly by teachers, “the houseparents” (boarding tutors) and students, classes are optional, and students are allowed a great deal of self-determination.
519:
In retrospect, according to a 1985 survey (85% of all alumni were interviewed), Sudbury alumni are very glad (81%) or glad (16%) to have attended the Sudbury Valley School. No alumni surveyed were dissatisfied.
230:
In other Democratic Schools, most academic learning is not student-initiated, i.e. the school offers various courses on traditional school subjects in which students can, but do not have to, participate.
386:
is the most famous, first and oldest (founded in 1921) democratic school. Summerhill's fame significantly influenced the alternative school movement and most democratic schools in their conception.
185:
Some Democratic Schools have founders or principals who reserve the right to have the final say on certain matters. Also, not every school meeting may decide on financial issues or safety rules.
508:
their parents believed in the school concept, or they have chosen the democratic school as an option (or sometimes the last resort) for dealing with issues that arose in previous schools.
414:
Meanwhile, various other schools worldwide have adopted the concept oft the Sudbury Valley School. There are currently more than 40 Sudbuy schools, most of which are in the United States.
321:. In the United States, whose laws make it easier to establish alternative schools, it is estimated that hundreds of schools were founded during the 1970s and 1980s. At the same time, the
175:
Most democratic schools have weekly school meetings open to all children and adults; some schools have no regular schedule of school meetings but call them whenever there is a need.
394:
offences. Coeducation was also the norm from the beginning of the school and the practices of swearing, bathing naked on the school grounds were not unusual in Neill's time.
149:
Self-regulation through democratic bodies such as the school meeting and the Dispute Committee; upholding human rights, especially the equality between teachers and students;
248:
Since the emergence of democratic state systems there have been schools and children's republics experimenting with student democracy. Among the better-known cases are
325:
movement in Germany and the progressive educational movement Éducation Nouvelle in France were discussing Neill's ideas. Subsequently, during the reform period under
252:'s boarding school for war orphans Société des jeunes Français (1791-1795), Heinrich Stephani's student jurisdiction (Schülergerichtsbarkeit) in the German town of
689:
345:
2094:
2126:
712:
in Israel and the Necessary Teacher Training College (DNS) in Denmark train teachers in Self-Determined Learning and for teaching in democratic schools.
352:
Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Ukraine and the UK.
494:
schools, such as Paideia school in Merida (Spain) and schools occupied by students during periods of intense protests (for example in Greece in 1991).
682:
The rapid spread of democratic schools since the 1990s and 2000s has been largely driven by the International Democratic Education Conference (IDEC).
531:
Among the positive aspects of Summerhill according to alumni, the following were mentioned in a 1968 survey (sorted from frequent to less frequent):
570:
The percentage of graduates who attended or had attended college or university varies from 47% at Summerhill in 1999 to over 58% at Sudbury in 1985
2037:
701:
360:
112:
2070:
555:
study answered "unsatisfied", with the majority expecting a change for the better, 25% answered “satisfied” and 60% responded “very satisfied”.
210:
Larger schools and Sudbury Schools often delegate the powers of the school meeting to committees, i.e. workgroups set up by the school meeting.
77:
The school is run to the greatest possible extent by a direct democracy in which students and teachers have an equal voice in decision-making.
1551:
1315:
802:
468:
There are also other concepts that fulfill the criteria of democratic schools but do not use this term to describe themselves. These include
664:
294:
developed his Consensus Democratic School Werkplaats Kindergemeenschap in Bilthoven, the Netherlands, in 1929, leading to the emergence of
234:
Usually, teachers (and less often students) offer other courses or projects on topics that interest them. This can be basically any topic.
578:
conventional schools, learners in these environments did not exhibit any significant decline in motivation to learn as they got older.
1965:
1481:
1238:
1191:
1050:
1018:
993:
287:(since 1987), so that the vast majority of democratic schools existing today can be directly or indirectly traced back to Summerhill.
240:
When it comes to everyday school life and how freedom to learn is practiced, there are clear differences between the various schools.
1787:
908:
658:
544:
children could act out their play instinct and engage in academic learning at a time they felt appropriate without being coerced;
344:
founded the Democratic School of Hadera. It was the first Democratic School to use the term Democratic School. In 1993 the first
1442:
478:
330:
192:, decisions require a simple majority of those present, in some schools a qualified majority is required. Other schools such as
398:
often about teaching scared children to trust, but now it's more about getting children to respect the rules of the community.
2227:
2222:
853:
218:
Classes at democratic schools are voluntary. At Sudbury Valley School, even attendance on the school premises is voluntary.
80:
Students are free to spend their time as they choose, as long as they do not violate the rules made by the school community.
1759:
302:
opened the grassroots democratic Warsaw orphanage Dom Sierot (1911-1942), where children could also attend school classes.
2212:
1857:
1377:
490:(students preparing themselves for the final exams over a periode of 2 to 3 years) in Freiburg (Germany) as well as some
456:
Learning is basically self-directed. However, more importance is attached to formal learning than in Sudbury schools.
306:
284:
96:
1909:
1589:
652:
371:
272:, located in Leiston (Suffolk, England). Summerhill was founded in Germany in 1921 by the Scottish educationalist
2232:
2217:
449:
1723:
1401:
1124:
Children's Republics. History, practice and theory of radical self-government in children's and youth homes
871:
326:
268:(1895-?) in the State of New York. The oldest Democratic school still in existence is the boarding school
265:
40:
547:
Summerhill was a help in understanding one's own children better and in bringing them up in a healthy way
2237:
407:
322:
280:
889:
827:
1663:
Soziokratie. Kreisstrukturen als Organisationsprinzip zur Stärkung der Mitverantwortung des Einzelnen
1421:
1067:
85:
35:
1621:
1981:
1308:
Offene TĂĽren und andere Hindernisse: Erfahrungen in einer selbstverwalteten Schule fĂĽr Erwachsene
966:
448:
school Werkplaats Kindergemeenschap. Decisions in sociocracy are made by consent, a weak form of
314:
2071:"Filming the ravages of war: After winning Peabody Award, Holliston native set to focus on Iraq"
1895:
Summerhill today. What has become of Neill's educational experiment and what of former students?
1255:
538:
the opportunity to develop a healthy self-confidence and a normal way of dealing with authority;
359:
The International Democratic Education Conference (IDEC) has been held annually since 1993. The
249:
2183:"A non-traditional bachelor programme in Education | Teacher Training in Denmark | DNS College"
2242:
2134:
2102:
2045:
1961:
1917:
1831:
1783:
1597:
1547:
1477:
1311:
1310:. Sammlung Luchterhand (Orig.-Ausg ed.). Darmstadt Neuwied: Luchterhand. pp. 12–18.
1234:
1187:
1046:
1014:
989:
798:
636:
383:
269:
66:
30:
1811:
1872:
1858:"Democratic Schooling: What Happens to Young People Who Have Charge of Their Own Education?"
1823:
1738:
670:
437:
423:
318:
2127:"Gerard Endenburg: founder of Sociocratic Circle Method and trailblazer of self-management"
2000:"Enthusiastic Students: A Study of Motivation in Two Alternatives to Mandatory Instruction"
797:(in German). Leipzig: tologo. pp. 180, 230–248, 71, 241, 38, 146, 149, 154, 155, 180.
551:
Asked whether they were satisfied with their current life, 15% of Sudbury graduates in the
2038:"Struggling to Make the Grade Israel's 'democratic' Schools: It's Where the Students Rule"
942:
261:
89:
1402:"Democratic Schools – Education Revolution – Alternative Education Resource Organization"
541:
a space where children could develop naturally and explore their interests and abilities;
469:
299:
197:
189:
444:
Endenburg also developed his method through his experiences at the consensus-oriented
433:
74:
Classes are voluntary. Learning is self-directed and takes place without a curriculum.
2206:
1999:
1761:
Circle School Graduates in 2015 College Attendance, Academic Degrees, and Occupations
623:
1640:
2158:
1356:
586:
341:
253:
1515:
729:
1256:"At Brooklyn Free School, A Movement Reborn With Liberty And No Testing For All"
1207:
Engel, Liba (2013). "The Democratic School and the Pedagogy of Janusz Korczak".
1165:
610:
604:
329:, two democratic state schools, the Lycée experimental de Saint-Nazaire and the
273:
257:
1827:
1104:
Vauthier, Gabriel (1912). "Léonard Bourdon et la Société des Jeunes Français".
62:
2021:
1093:. Oxford: Hart Publishing Company (published 1 January 1960). pp. 30, 31.
427:
295:
291:
193:
2138:
2106:
2049:
1921:
1835:
1601:
1306:
Nitsche, Rainer; Bauer, Mense; Bauer, Hannelore; Rothaus, Ulli, eds. (1981).
2159:"About – Education Revolution – Alternative Education Resource Organization"
1497:
491:
119:
Firm foundations in a values culture of equality and shared responsibility;
930:. Oxford: Hart Publishing Company (published 1 January 1960). p. 315.
283:(since 1968), numerous alternative schools throughout the world and the
685:
In addition, the following associations and lobby organisations exist:
445:
237:
Free play and informal learning play an important role in all schools.
203:
In the school meeting, a student's vote counts as much as a teacher's.
182:
The school meeting is the highest decision-making body in the school.
582:
155:
Regularly convening school meeting as the school's highest authority;
1876:
1742:
422:
Most Sociocratic Schools are based in the Netherlands and refer to
59:
refers to an alternative school that meets the following criteria:
512:
of Sudbury graduates, this relationship was at least significant.
432:
61:
1275:
A. S. Neill und Summerhill: Eine Rezeptions- und Wirkungsanalyse
2095:"Summerhill alumni: 'What we learnt at the school for scandal'"
909:"Democratic schools put Israel's children in the driver's seat"
535:
fostering a healthy relationship with sex and the opposite sex;
567:
was the result of a survey conducted by Circle School itself.
15:
1676:
2182:
1706:
The Pursuit of Happiness- THE LIVES OF SUDBURY VALLEY ALUMNI
1277:. Tübingen: Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen. p. 72.
1164:
Bockelbrink, Bernhard; Priest, James; David, Lilian (2017).
1013:. Sudbury Valley: Sudbury Valley School Press. p. 115.
854:"How a democratic school works, and how it improves society"
736:. IDEC - International Democratic Education Conference. 2005
626:(born 1964), documentary film-maker and Academy Award winner
161:
Enrollment of 15 to 150 students, in exceptional cases more;
1045:. Sudbury Valley: Sudbury Valley School Press. p. 98.
988:. Sudbury Valley: Sudbury Valley School Press. p. 75.
673:(born 1933), entrepreneur, founder of sociocracy, professor
313:
In the Western world, the 1968 generation founded numerous
1956:
Greenberg, Daniel; Sadofsky, Mimsy; Lempka, Jason (2005).
1941:
Greenberg, Daniel; Sadofsky, Mimsy; Lempka, Jason (2005).
667:
von Oranje-Nassau (born 1943), Princess of the Netherlands
661:
van Oranje-Nassau (born 1939), Princess of the Netherlands
1542:
Popenoe, Joshua; Maisch, Doris; Popenoe, Joshua (1971).
1422:"democratic schools in the world – Educare alla libertà "
152:
Positive attitude towards the heterogeneity of students;
115:
names three core characteristics of Democratic Schools:
2026:. Ofsted - The Office for Standards in Education. 2013.
1945:. Framingham: Sudbury Valley School Press. p. 342.
1704:
Daniel Greenberg; Mimsy Sadofsky; Jason Lempka (2005).
1665:(in German). MĂĽnchen: Verlag Franz Vahlen. p. 150.
692:: International yearly conference of democratic schools
310:
represent the most widespread Democratic School model.
613:(born 1978), Eurovision Song Contest singer for Israel
140:
Age mix across the whole spectrum of the student body;
1378:"Israels democratic schools, where the students rule"
1574:. Oxford: Hart Publishing Company. pp. 51, 197.
642:
Zoë Readhead (born 1946), headmistress of Summerhill
88:
is put into practice and provide an environment for
1910:"Summerhill school: these days surprisingly strict"
1590:"Summerhill school: these days surprisingly strict"
1290:
Freiheit und Demokratie an Freien Alternativschulen
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1292:. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin. pp. 7–10.
1184:Many Voices One Song: Shared Power with Sociocracy
1182:Rau, Ted J; Koch-Gonzalez, Jerry (6 August 2023).
84:Democratic school are places where the concept of
1443:"Schule fĂĽr Erwachsenenbildung e.V. Berlin (SFE)"
695:APDEC: IDEC branch in the Asia and Pacific region
305:The Sudbury Valley School was founded in 1968 by
276:, then moved to England, and still exists today.
158:Freedom of movement on the entire school grounds;
1960:. Framingham: Sudbury School Press. p. 81.
1546:. Reinbek b. Hamburg: Rowohlt. pp. 81, 82.
1126:. Essen: University of Essen. pp. 155, 199.
1812:"Summerhill: A Follow-Up Study of its Students"
1767:. The Circle School. 13 July 2015. p. 7,8.
1572:Summerhill: a radical approach to child rearing
1091:Summerhill: a radical approach to child rearing
928:Summerhill: a radical approach to child rearing
1498:"EDUCATION CITIES - The art of collaborations"
1209:International Journal of Progressive Education
137:No grades or externally determined assessment;
1856:Gray, Peter; Chanoff, David (February 1986).
1336:Democratic Education - a beginning of a story
346:International Democratic Education Conference
8:
1661:Strauch, Barbara; Reijmer, Annewiek (2018).
1474:Democratic Education: A beginning of a story
1329:
1327:
704:: European Association of Democratic Schools
164:Play regarded as positive in all age groups;
1782:. Framingham: Sudbury Valley School Press.
29:It has been suggested that this article be
2187:DNS The Necessary Teacher Training College
1708:. Framingham: Sudbury Valley School Press.
1166:"Influences and History of Sociocracy 3.0"
710:Kibbutzim College of Education in Tel Aviv
1778:Daniel Greenberg; Mimsy Sadofsky (1992).
607:(born 1975), Olympic windsurfing champion
698:AERO: Association from the United States
486:(School for Adult Education) in Berlin,
2004:The Journal of Educational Alternatives
828:"What is Democratic Education? – EUDEC"
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
721:
361:European Democratic Education Community
1888:
1886:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1754:
1752:
1717:
1715:
1699:
1697:
1622:"Sudbury Schools in the United States"
1565:
1563:
1537:
1535:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1301:
1299:
1224:
1222:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
1641:"De scholen – Democratisch Onderwijs"
1583:
1581:
1177:
1175:
1159:
1157:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1117:
1115:
1084:
1082:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
960:
958:
956:
655:(born 1938), Queen of the Netherlands
7:
1998:Berg, Don; Corpus, Jennifer (2013).
1722:Gray, Peter; Chanoff, David (1986).
1570:Neill, Alexander Sutherland (1960).
1089:Neill, Alexander Sutherland (1960).
1075:. Office for Standards in Education.
1009:Greenberg, Daniel (1 January 1995).
926:Neill, Alexander Sutherland (1960).
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
795:Geschichte der Demokratischen Schule
558:In response to the open question in
264:(1859-1862) south of Moscow and the
188:Whereas in most schools, especially
143:No general or compulsory curriculum;
1897:. Salzburg: University of Salzburg.
1476:. Bravura books. pp. 250–266.
941:OsĂłrio, Marianne; Shread, Charlie.
474:Lycée Experimental de Saint-Nazaire
279:Summerhill strongly influenced the
200:Centres strive to achieve consent.
111:The European umbrella organisation
907:KEYSER, ZACHARY (7 October 2018).
14:
852:Gher, Yonatan (August 23, 2018).
179:attendance is usually voluntary.
2069:Greendale, Mary (13 June 2004).
1816:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
1254:Kavner, Lucas (9 January 2012).
1146:Rawson, Wyatt Trevelyan (1957).
1069:Ofsted Report: Summerhill School
967:"An Agile Approach to Education"
260:'s peasant children's school in
69:- oldest known Democratic School
20:
1233:. Basic Books. pp. 78–85.
890:"What is democratic education?"
872:"What is democratic education?"
95:The term was first used by the
1122:Kamp, Johannes-Martin (1994).
965:Oulton, Abby (22 April 2019).
46:Proposed since September 2024.
1:
1865:American Journal of Education
1731:American Journal of Education
1626:Hudson Valley Sudbury Schools
1472:Hecht, Yaacov (1 June 2011).
1338:. Bravura books. p. 325.
1334:Hecht, Yaacov (1 June 2011).
678:Associations and institutions
484:Schule fĂĽr Erwachsenenbildung
298:and Sociocratic Schools, and
1810:Bernstein, Emmanuel (1968).
1229:Gray, Peter (5 March 2013).
647:Werkplaats Kindergemeenschap
1908:Wilby, Peter (2013-05-27).
1588:Wilby, Peter (2013-05-27).
1516:"IDEC 2005 - Documentation"
730:"IDEC 2005 - Documentation"
639:(born 1959), Hollywood star
599:Democratic School of Hadera
290:Independent of Summerhill,
285:Democratic School of Hadera
97:Democratic School of Hadera
2259:
1893:Margit, Zellinger (1996).
1828:10.1177/002216786800800205
1041:Greenberg, Daniel (1995).
984:Greenberg, Daniel (1986).
653:Beatrix of the Netherlands
411:other democratic schools.
2042:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1639:Onderwijs, Democratisch.
1958:The Pursuit of Happiness
1943:The pursuit of happiness
1424:(in Italian). 2013-06-04
1376:Staff, J. (2006-05-05).
1148:The Werkplaats Adventure
1106:Annales RĂ©volutionnaires
943:"Sociocracy for Schools"
1447:Der Deutsche Schulpreis
479:Lycée autogéré de Paris
440:- creator of sociocracy
331:Lycée autogéré de Paris
1288:Wilke, Martin (2006).
1273:KĂĽhn, Axel D. (2002).
1186:. Sociocracy For All.
470:Agile Learning Centres
441:
372:All democratic schools
266:George Junior Republic
70:
2228:Alternative education
2223:Experiential learning
1544:SchĂĽler in Summerhill
793:Geller, Karl (2021).
618:Sudbury Valley School
594:Notable former pupils
436:
408:Sudbury Valley School
406:Founded in 1968, the
402:Sudbury Valley School
281:Sudbury Valley School
65:
2213:Democratic education
560:Pursuit of Happiness
553:Pursuit of Happiness
472:, the state schools
86:democratic education
36:Democratic education
2163:educationrevolution
1982:"The Hannam Report"
1677:"Ecoles et projets"
418:Sociocratic Schools
315:alternative schools
2075:Milford Daily News
913:The Jerusalem Post
442:
327:François Mitterand
323:anti-authoritarian
146:Classes voluntary;
71:
1553:978-3-498-05218-8
1357:"Members – EUDEC"
1317:978-3-472-61344-2
1150:. Vincent Stuart.
804:978-3-937797-90-8
637:Rebecca De Mornay
317:with elements of
196:Schools and some
57:democratic school
53:
52:
48:
2250:
2233:Applied learning
2218:Education reform
2197:
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2018:
2012:
2011:
1995:
1989:
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1502:Education Cities
1494:
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1066:Grenyer (1999).
1063:
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1038:
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981:
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947:wonderingschools
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790:
745:
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742:
741:
726:
671:Gerard Endenburg
503:Research results
438:Gerard Endenburg
424:Gerard Endenburg
319:direct democracy
132:Typical features
108:school meeting.
44:
24:
23:
16:
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2131:The Independant
2125:
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2109:
2099:The Independant
2093:
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2068:
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2020:
2019:
2015:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
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1968:
1955:
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1926:
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1892:
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1780:Legacy of Trust
1777:
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1524:
1522:
1520:en.idec2005.org
1514:
1513:
1509:
1504:. 9 March 2020.
1496:
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858:Times of Israel
851:
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846:
837:
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826:
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805:
792:
791:
748:
739:
737:
734:en.idec2005.org
728:
727:
723:
718:
680:
633:
620:
601:
596:
505:
500:
482:in France, the
466:
420:
404:
381:
369:
262:Yasnaya Polyana
250:LĂ©onard Bourdon
246:
225:
216:
190:Sudbury Schools
173:
134:
105:
90:autodidacticism
49:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2256:
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2204:
2199:
2198:
2174:
2150:
2133:. 2021-12-13.
2118:
2101:. 2013-05-27.
2086:
2061:
2044:. 2013-05-27.
2029:
2013:
1990:
1973:
1967:978-1888947250
1966:
1948:
1933:
1900:
1882:
1877:10.1086/443842
1871:(2): 182–213.
1841:
1822:(2): 123–136.
1795:
1788:
1770:
1748:
1743:10.1086/443842
1711:
1693:
1668:
1653:
1631:
1613:
1577:
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1531:
1507:
1489:
1483:978-0974525297
1482:
1459:
1434:
1413:
1393:
1368:
1341:
1323:
1316:
1295:
1280:
1265:
1246:
1240:978-0465025992
1239:
1218:
1199:
1193:978-1949183009
1192:
1171:
1153:
1129:
1111:
1096:
1078:
1058:
1052:978-1888947007
1051:
1026:
1020:978-1888947007
1019:
1001:
995:978-1888947229
994:
986:A Clearer View
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918:
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881:
876:idenetwork.org
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300:Janusz Korczak
245:
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215:
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198:Agile Learning
172:
171:School meeting
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2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1983:
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1969:
1963:
1959:
1952:
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1833:
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1800:
1796:
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1789:9781888947045
1785:
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1232:
1231:Free to Learn
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634:
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625:
624:Laura Poitras
622:
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497:
495:
493:
489:
488:Methodos e.V.
485:
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464:Other schools
463:
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259:
256:(1826-1834),
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73:
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:
47:
42:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2238:School types
2190:. Retrieved
2186:
2177:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2130:
2121:
2110:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2064:
2053:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2023:Sands School
2022:
2016:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1925:. Retrieved
1914:The Guardian
1913:
1903:
1894:
1868:
1864:
1819:
1815:
1779:
1773:
1760:
1734:
1730:
1705:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:EUDEC France
1680:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1645:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1616:
1605:. Retrieved
1594:The Guardian
1593:
1571:
1543:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1473:
1451:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1426:. Retrieved
1416:
1405:. Retrieved
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:
1371:
1360:. Retrieved
1335:
1307:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1249:
1230:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1183:
1147:
1123:
1105:
1099:
1090:
1068:
1061:
1043:Free at Last
1042:
1011:Free at Last
1010:
1004:
985:
979:
970:
946:
936:
927:
921:
912:
902:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
847:
836:. Retrieved
831:
794:
738:. Retrieved
733:
724:
709:
707:
684:
681:
646:
645:
587:Sands School
585:inspection,
581:In its 2013
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
559:
557:
552:
550:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
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467:
458:
455:
443:
421:
413:
405:
396:
392:
388:
382:
370:
358:
354:
350:
342:Yaacov Hecht
339:
335:
312:
304:
289:
278:
254:Gunzenhausen
247:
239:
236:
233:
229:
224:
220:
217:
209:
205:
202:
187:
184:
181:
177:
174:
167:
110:
106:
94:
83:
56:
54:
45:
34:
1737:: 182–213.
1683:(in French)
1449:(in German)
611:Sarit Hadad
605:Gal Fridman
524:graduates.
428:Sociocratic
292:Kees Boecke
274:A. S. Neill
258:Leo Tolstoy
194:Sociocratic
2207:Categories
2192:2024-01-14
2168:2024-08-22
2144:2024-08-10
2112:2011-10-22
2080:2024-08-26
2055:2005-12-23
1927:2024-01-15
1687:2024-01-14
1647:2024-01-14
1643:(in Dutch)
1607:2024-01-14
1525:2024-01-14
1453:2024-01-14
1428:2024-01-14
1407:2024-01-14
1387:2024-01-14
1362:2024-01-14
1108:: 331–343.
838:2024-01-13
740:2024-01-13
716:References
631:Summerhill
384:Summerhill
379:Summerhill
296:Sociocracy
270:Summerhill
127:interests.
103:Definition
67:Summerhill
2139:0261-3077
2107:0261-3077
2050:0261-3077
1922:0261-3077
1836:0022-1678
1602:0261-3077
1215:(1): 119.
832:eudec.org
498:Graduates
492:anarchist
450:consensus
227:subject.
99:in 1987.
2243:Pedagogy
2010:: 42–66.
665:Margriet
430:Method.
367:Concepts
340:In 1987
123:matters;
834:. EUDEC
244:History
214:Classes
41:Discuss
2137:
2105:
2048:
1964:
1920:
1834:
1786:
1600:
1550:
1480:
1314:
1237:
1190:
1049:
1017:
992:
971:Cutter
801:
583:Ofsted
446:Quaker
307:Daniel
31:merged
1985:(PDF)
1861:(PDF)
1765:(PDF)
1727:(PDF)
1073:(PDF)
894:EUDEC
702:EUDEC
659:Irene
113:EUDEC
33:with
2135:ISSN
2103:ISSN
2046:ISSN
1962:ISBN
1918:ISSN
1832:ISSN
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