97:
89:
273:
3971:
1428:
3123:
3043:
4407:
1175:
3276:
1098:
4538:
1251:
476:
4927:
1530:
811:
4589:
4357:
3018:
1302:
1048:
4749:
4203:
686:
401:
1403:
1656:
3663:
4957:
3738:
3382:
2840:
4982:
4691:
2765:
2075:
4825:
4256:
4102:
3996:
943:
4382:
4282:
3507:
3407:
1631:
1226:
552:
5032:
4614:
4076:
3946:
3250:
3198:
2865:
2815:
2583:
2479:
1873:
1555:
1277:
1073:
605:
526:
5085:
4332:
4127:
3432:
3073:
2790:
2252:
2024:
426:
5194:
4666:
4640:
4485:
4460:
4178:
4153:
3788:
3688:
3588:
3173:
2943:
2915:
2530:
2152:
1739:
1505:
1479:
1201:
1022:
994:
918:
837:
635:
5114:
5060:
5007:
4902:
4774:
4228:
4026:
3843:
3482:
3306:
3224:
3148:
2710:
2684:
2659:
2403:
2328:
2202:
2177:
1999:
1899:
1797:
1714:
1682:
1580:
1454:
1327:
969:
786:
660:
577:
501:
451:
350:
324:
299:
5246:. It is important to note that these names do not have to correspond to the official or colloquial titles of any of the countries offices. For example, DD could classify a country which has a legislative assembly whose official name is "the parliament" but still classify it in any of the three categories. The classification depends on the rules outlining the relationship between a country's
5168:
4876:
4851:
4800:
4051:
3894:
3638:
3533:
3098:
2890:
2634:
2555:
2453:
2353:
2100:
2049:
1974:
1378:
888:
761:
711:
375:
5142:
4717:
4563:
4432:
3920:
3613:
3457:
3357:
3332:
2993:
2735:
2505:
2126:
1949:
1847:
1605:
1150:
736:
3813:
1924:
22:
3713:
3558:
2968:
2608:
2302:
2277:
1767:
1352:
1124:
4513:
3868:
3763:
1822:
863:
4307:
2428:
2378:
2227:
5315:
and not popularly elected. Elected heads of state are usually referred to as "president." The phrase "fixed term" indicates the once the head of state is chosen, they serve a known and a limited number of years before another election is held, and they cannot be removed from the office in the meantime via a
5556:
Specifically, the DD index (for
Democracy and Dictatorship) assesses the United States as a democracy from 1946, the first measured, through 2008, the last year of measurement. ... My definition of a democracy is minimalist, like the DD definition of Cheibub, Gadhi, and Vreeland (2010), but it adds a
5314:
and still be classified as a democracy. Popularly elected means that the head of state is directly elected by the citizens or elected by an assembly which then elects them (an example being the electoral college in the United States). In
Germany, the head of state is elected by regional legislatures
219:
Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. However, since they
5345:
The table below offers a full list of which countries are what type of democracy. Keep note that the head of state, chief executive, government, and legislatures can have their official names be seemingly contradictory to this classification. The name a democracy gives itself or its office does not
5341:
The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state
5298:. Some countries (such as Spain, Belgium, Germany, and Israel) require that the vote of no confidence also specify who is going to replace the sitting government to minimize the time without an interim government, essentially replacing one government with another. This type of vote is termed a
245:
and dictatorships can be civilian, military, or royal. Many countries which are seen as otherwise democratic are dictatorships because there has yet to be an alternation in power since their incumbent government has never lost an election. Therefore, it is impossible to know if the regime is a
224:
value to signal potential classification errors where a democratic regime may be falsely classified as dictatorship.. This does not indicate cases of semi-democracy or semi-dictatorship.. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps
5223:
5342:
is not popularly elected. If the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term then, the democracy is mixed or semi-presidential. If the head of state serves for life or is not popularly elected or a fixed term, then the democracy is parliamentary.
5294:, i.e. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a
5322:
The head of state in most parliamentary democracies formally appoint the head of government. Some countries, such as Greece and
Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government.
5302:. Sometimes sitting governments will attach a vote of no confidence clause to a piece of legislation they want passed, effectively tying the survival of the government on the piece of legislation.
5374:
The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. The 2010 version of
5366:
is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections.
5798:
5326:, for example, the President must appoint as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in parliament, who has three days to gain the confidence of a majority thereof.
5822:
5608:
5810:
152:
The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. The figures at the left show the results in 1988 and 2008.
141:
Based on the regime binary classification idea proposed by
Alvarez in 1996, and the Democracy and Development (or DD measure, ACLP dataset) proposed by Przeworski
184:. " Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections. Resorting to democratic concepts by
233:
The
Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. Democracies can be either
192:, Przeworski defended the minimalist approach, citing Popper that "the only system in which citizens can get rid of governments without bloodshed."
5569:
Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert R. (August 2012). "Inequality and regime change: democratic transitions and the stability of democratic rule".
160:
The DD index first classifies the regimes into two types: democracies and dictatorships. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types:
5362:
has a government that needs the majority of support from a legislature to exist and whose head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term.
5660:
5542:
5258:. The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. The chief executive can take many titles including
5275:
5333:, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly.
138:(2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). Note that the most recent dataset was updated 2008.
96:
88:
5736:
5571:
65:
32:
145:(2010), Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland developed a six-fold regime classification scheme, resulting what the authors called as the
5795:
4412:
1433:
5852:
214:
An alternation in power under electoral rules identical to the ones that brought the incumbent to office must have taken place.
3128:
5819:
3976:
5807:
5757:
5279:
5310:
The second distinction made is whether the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. The head of state may be
5495:
5445:
Cheibub, José Antonio; Gandhi, Jennifer; Vreeland, James
Raymond (April 2010). "Democracy and dictatorship revisited".
5382:
5226:
A flowchart for the classification of democracies. Note that the official names do not determine their classification.
47:
5862:
5534:
165:
43:
200:
For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:
5330:
5323:
1103:
5755:; Miller, Michael; Rosato, Sebastian (December 2013). "A complete data set of political regimes, 1800–2007".
5447:
5270:
and the heads of the executive departments can bear different titles and be called different things. In the
246:
democracy or a dictatorship, so DD Index considers them dictatorships until an alternation in power occurs.
161:
5686:
5389:(including the DD dataset, Polity dataset), clustering 24 American and 39 European regimes over 30 years.
5230:
Democracies are classified by the rules in which executives can be appointed or removed and can be either
816:
5857:
5316:
4362:
1256:
181:
177:
205:
The chief executive must be chosen by popular election or by a body that was itself popularly elected.
4932:
4754:
2333:
406:
169:
5606:
Alvarez, M.; Cheibub, J. A.; Limongi, F.; Przeworski, A. (1996). "Classifying political regimes".
5557:
dimension. Like DD, it considers the presence of contested elections a necessary condition of ....
225:
researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification.
5842:
5774:
5625:
5588:
5493:
Ristei, Mihaiela; Centellas, Miguel (Summer 2013). "The
Democracy Cluster Classification Index".
5472:
5464:
5398:
5375:
1535:
5847:
5732:
5656:
5538:
5386:
5358:
has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. A
1904:
1661:
189:
173:
82:
5644:
5528:
5766:
5617:
5580:
5504:
5456:
3668:
3023:
5826:
5814:
5802:
4208:
2845:
132:
5271:
5263:
4962:
1408:
5222:
5836:
5629:
4987:
2770:
2080:
221:
5778:
5592:
5476:
5282:
are the heads of the executive departments, which together compose the government.
4830:
4261:
4107:
4001:
948:
128:
5752:
4543:
4387:
4287:
3743:
3512:
3412:
3387:
1636:
1307:
557:
278:
185:
5584:
5460:
5259:
5037:
4619:
4081:
3951:
3255:
3203:
3048:
2870:
2820:
2588:
2484:
1878:
1560:
1282:
1078:
610:
531:
5770:
5652:
5090:
4337:
4132:
3437:
3078:
2795:
2257:
2029:
481:
431:
124:
5508:
5199:
4671:
4645:
4490:
4465:
4183:
4158:
3793:
3693:
3593:
3178:
2948:
2920:
2535:
2157:
1744:
1510:
1484:
1206:
1027:
999:
923:
842:
640:
5468:
5621:
5311:
5267:
5119:
5065:
5012:
4907:
4779:
4233:
4031:
3848:
3487:
3311:
3281:
3229:
3153:
2715:
2689:
2664:
2408:
2207:
2182:
2004:
1929:
1802:
1719:
1687:
1585:
1459:
1332:
1231:
974:
791:
691:
665:
582:
506:
456:
355:
329:
304:
5290:
The first distinction made is whether a country has a government has
5173:
4881:
4856:
4805:
4594:
4518:
4056:
3899:
3873:
3768:
3643:
3538:
3103:
2895:
2639:
2560:
2458:
2358:
2105:
2054:
1979:
1827:
1383:
1053:
893:
868:
766:
716:
380:
5820:
Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub, and
Limongi: Democracy and development
5647:. In Robert Alan Dahl, Ian Shapiro& José Antônio Cheibub (ed.).
50:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
5147:
4722:
4568:
4437:
4312:
3925:
3818:
3618:
3462:
3362:
3337:
2998:
2740:
2510:
2433:
2383:
2232:
2131:
1954:
1852:
1610:
1180:
1155:
741:
95:
87:
5727:
Clark, Robert
Williams; Golder, Matt; Golder, Nadenichek (2018).
4696:
3718:
3563:
2973:
2613:
2307:
2282:
1772:
1357:
1129:
220:
might also give up power willingly, the regime is marked with a
15:
211:
There must be more than one party competing in the elections.
5829:
From WikiSummary, the Free Social
Science Summary Database
39:
5731:(3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. pp. 454–467.
5488:
5486:
5370:
Comparison with other democracy-measuring data sets
156:
Six-fold regime classification scheme and its rules
5609:Studies in Comparative International Development
5645:"Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense"
202:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
242:
238:
234:
8:
78:Binary measure of democracy and dictatorship
5522:
5520:
5518:
5274:, for example, the chief executive is the
248:
208:The legislature must be popularly elected.
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
5681:
5679:
5378:covers 189 countries from 1800 to 2009.
5221:
5410:
5346:indicate what type of democracy it is.
81:For overview of democracy indices, see
5530:Economic Politics in the United States
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5527:Keech, William R. (14 October 2013).
100:Democracies and dictatorships in 1988
92:Democracies and dictatorships in 2008
7:
5381:Gugiu & Centellas developed the
5254:(often called the legislature), and
5360:semi-presidential (mixed) democracy
113:index of democracy and dictatorship
5729:Principles of Comparative Politics
5300:constructive vote of no confidence
14:
5572:American Political Science Review
5383:Democracy Cluster Classification
5192:
5166:
5140:
5112:
5083:
5058:
5030:
5005:
4980:
4955:
4925:
4900:
4874:
4849:
4823:
4798:
4772:
4747:
4715:
4689:
4664:
4638:
4612:
4587:
4561:
4536:
4511:
4483:
4458:
4430:
4413:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4405:
4380:
4355:
4330:
4305:
4280:
4254:
4226:
4201:
4176:
4151:
4125:
4100:
4074:
4049:
4024:
3994:
3969:
3944:
3918:
3892:
3866:
3841:
3811:
3786:
3761:
3736:
3711:
3686:
3661:
3636:
3611:
3586:
3556:
3531:
3505:
3480:
3455:
3430:
3405:
3380:
3355:
3330:
3304:
3274:
3248:
3222:
3196:
3171:
3146:
3121:
3096:
3071:
3041:
3016:
2991:
2966:
2941:
2913:
2888:
2863:
2838:
2813:
2788:
2763:
2733:
2708:
2682:
2657:
2632:
2606:
2581:
2553:
2528:
2503:
2477:
2451:
2426:
2401:
2376:
2351:
2326:
2300:
2275:
2250:
2225:
2200:
2175:
2150:
2124:
2098:
2073:
2047:
2022:
1997:
1972:
1947:
1922:
1897:
1871:
1845:
1820:
1795:
1765:
1737:
1712:
1680:
1654:
1629:
1603:
1578:
1553:
1528:
1503:
1477:
1452:
1426:
1401:
1376:
1350:
1325:
1300:
1275:
1249:
1224:
1199:
1173:
1148:
1122:
1096:
1071:
1046:
1020:
992:
967:
941:
916:
886:
861:
835:
809:
784:
759:
734:
709:
684:
658:
633:
603:
575:
550:
524:
499:
474:
449:
424:
399:
373:
348:
322:
297:
271:
250:Countries by regime type (2008)
20:
4504:3. Legally single party state
2625:3. Legally single party state
2574:3. All parties legally banned
1:
5758:Comparative Political Studies
4738:3. All parties legally banned
1192:3. All parties are in regime
4916:Semi-Presidential Democracy
4603:Semi-Presidential Democracy
4167:Semi-Presidential Democracy
4065:Semi-Presidential Democracy
4040:Semi-Presidential Democracy
3985:Semi-Presidential Democracy
3857:Semi-Presidential Democracy
3802:Semi-Presidential Democracy
3777:Semi-Presidential Democracy
3471:Semi-Presidential Democracy
3187:Semi-Presidential Democracy
2982:Semi-Presidential Democracy
2879:Semi-Presidential Democracy
2854:Semi-Presidential Democracy
2804:Semi-Presidential Democracy
2597:Semi-Presidential Democracy
2342:Semi-Presidential Democracy
2216:Semi-Presidential Democracy
2089:Semi-Presidential Democracy
1913:Semi-Presidential Democracy
1836:Semi-Presidential Democracy
1811:Semi-Presidential Democracy
1756:3. All parties are in regime
1569:Semi-Presidential Democracy
1341:Semi-Presidential Democracy
1087:Semi-Presidential Democracy
932:Semi-Presidential Democracy
515:Semi-Presidential Democracy
465:Semi-Presidential Democracy
5687:"DD - José Antonio Cheibub"
5385:Index that integrates five
5211:4. No alternation in power
5185:4. No alternation in power
5159:4. No alternation in power
5104:4. No alternation in power
5051:4. No alternation in power
4893:4. No alternation in power
4842:3. Legally one party state
4791:4. No alternation in power
4740:4. No alternation in power
4708:4. No alternation in power
4657:4. No alternation in power
4631:4. No alternation in power
4451:2. Legislature not elected
4273:4. No alternation in power
4144:4. No alternation in power
4093:4. No alternation in power
3937:4. No alternation in power
3911:4. No alternation in power
3885:4. No alternation in power
3323:4. No alternation in power
3267:4. No alternation in power
3215:4. No alternation in power
2934:4. No alternation in power
2754:2. Legislature is appointed
2701:4. No alternation in power
2496:4. No alternation in power
2143:4. No alternation in power
2117:4. No alternation in power
1890:4. No alternation in power
1864:4. No alternation in power
1758:4. No alternation in power
1705:4. No alternation in power
1673:4. No alternation in power
1622:4. No alternation in power
1445:4. No alternation in power
1369:4. No alternation in power
1268:4. No alternation in power
1141:4. No alternation in power
1115:4. No alternation in power
1039:4. No alternation in power
960:4. No alternation in power
854:4. No alternation in power
677:4. No alternation in power
543:4. No alternation in power
341:4. No alternation in power
290:4. No alternation in power
123:was the binary measure of
46:the claims made and adding
5879:
5808:ACLP datsset and citations
5535:Cambridge University Press
5292:legislative responsibility
5286:Legislative responsibility
4948:3. No Legislative parties
4736:2. Legislature not elected
4247:3. No Legislative parties
4245:2. Legislature not elected
4017:3. No Legislative parties
4015:2. Legislature not elected
3834:3. No Legislative parties
3832:2. Legislature not elected
3579:3. No Legislative parties
3297:3. No Legislative parties
3064:3. No Legislative parties
1788:3. No Legislative parties
1701:2. Legislature not elected
1013:3. No legislative parties
907:2. Legislature not elected
626:3. No legislative parties
80:
5796:DD dataset and citations
5643:Przeworski, Adam (2003).
5585:10.1017/S0003055412000287
5461:10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2
5102:1. Executive not elected
4580:3. All parties in regime
3524:1. Executive not elected
3241:1. Executive not elected
2470:1. Executive not elected
2066:1. Executive not elected
1496:3. One legislative party
828:1. Executive not elected
392:1. Executive not elected
5771:10.1177/0010414012463905
5649:The Democracy Sourcebook
5218:Democracy classification
5131:1. Executive not elected
5074:Parliamentary Democracy
4971:Parliamentary Democracy
4944:1. Executive not elected
4865:Parliamentary Democracy
4814:Parliamentary Democracy
4763:Parliamentary Democracy
4734:1. Executive not elected
4680:Parliamentary Democracy
4527:Parliamentary Democracy
4502:1. Executive not elected
4449:1. Executive not elected
4421:Parliamentary Democracy
4396:Parliamentary Democracy
4371:Parliamentary Democracy
4321:Parliamentary Democracy
4217:Parliamentary Democracy
4192:Parliamentary Democracy
4013:1. Executive not elected
3960:Parliamentary Democracy
3830:1. Executive not elected
3677:Parliamentary Democracy
3602:Parliamentary Democracy
3577:2. Legislature is closed
3575:1. Executive not elected
3547:Parliamentary Democracy
3421:Parliamentary Democracy
3396:Parliamentary Democracy
3371:Parliamentary Democracy
3346:Parliamentary Democracy
3293:1. Executive not elected
3162:Parliamentary Democracy
3087:Parliamentary Democracy
3060:1. Executive not elected
3032:Parliamentary Democracy
3007:Parliamentary Democracy
2932:3. All parties in regime
2829:Parliamentary Democracy
2779:Parliamentary Democracy
2752:1. Executive not elected
2673:Parliamentary Democracy
2648:Parliamentary Democracy
2572:1. Executive not elected
2544:Parliamentary Democracy
2442:Parliamentary Democracy
2417:Parliamentary Democracy
2392:Parliamentary Democracy
2367:Parliamentary Democracy
2241:Parliamentary Democracy
2191:Parliamentary Democracy
2013:Parliamentary Democracy
1988:Parliamentary Democracy
1938:Parliamentary Democracy
1784:1. Executive not elected
1728:Parliamentary Democracy
1699:1. Executive not elected
1519:Parliamentary Democracy
1468:Parliamentary Democracy
1417:Parliamentary Democracy
1104:Central African Republic
1062:Parliamentary Democracy
1011:1. Executive not elected
905:1. Executive not elected
775:Parliamentary Democracy
725:Parliamentary Democracy
700:Parliamentary Democracy
649:Parliamentary Democracy
622:1. Executive not elected
594:1. Executive not elected
566:Parliamentary Democracy
490:Parliamentary Democracy
415:Parliamentary Democracy
364:Parliamentary Democracy
313:Parliamentary Democracy
264:Reason for Dictatorship
170:presidential democracies
5364:Parliamentary democracy
5021:Presidential Democracy
4996:Presidential Democracy
4552:Presidential Democracy
4474:Presidential Democracy
4346:Presidential Democracy
4296:Presidential Democracy
4116:Presidential Democracy
3752:Presidential Democracy
3727:Presidential Democracy
3702:Presidential Democracy
3652:Presidential Democracy
3627:Presidential Democracy
3496:Presidential Democracy
3446:Presidential Democracy
3137:Presidential Democracy
3112:Presidential Democracy
2957:Presidential Democracy
2904:Presidential Democracy
2724:Presidential Democracy
2519:Presidential Democracy
2266:Presidential Democracy
2166:Presidential Democracy
2038:Presidential Democracy
1963:Presidential Democracy
1645:Presidential Democracy
1594:Presidential Democracy
1544:Presidential Democracy
1392:Presidential Democracy
1291:Presidential Democracy
1240:Presidential Democracy
1215:Presidential Democracy
1164:Presidential Democracy
983:Presidential Democracy
877:Presidential Democracy
800:Presidential Democracy
750:Presidential Democracy
440:Presidential Democracy
5853:International rankings
5356:presidential democracy
5227:
5208:Civilian Dictatorship
5182:Civilian Dictatorship
5156:Military Dictatorship
5128:Civilian Dictatorship
5099:Civilian Dictatorship
5046:Civilian Dictatorship
4890:Civilian Dictatorship
4839:Civilian Dictatorship
4788:Military Dictatorship
4705:Civilian Dictatorship
4654:Military Dictatorship
4628:Civilian Dictatorship
4577:Military Dictatorship
4446:Military Dictatorship
4270:Civilian Dictatorship
4242:Civilian Dictatorship
4141:Civilian Dictatorship
4090:Civilian Dictatorship
3908:Military Dictatorship
3882:Civilian Dictatorship
3521:Civilian Dictatorship
3320:Civilian Dictatorship
3290:Military Dictatorship
3264:Civilian Dictatorship
3212:Civilian Dictatorship
3057:Military Dictatorship
2929:Civilian Dictatorship
2749:Military Dictatorship
2698:Civilian Dictatorship
2622:Military Dictatorship
2493:Civilian Dictatorship
2319:All parties in regime
2316:Military Dictatorship
2291:Civilian Dictatorship
2140:Civilian Dictatorship
2114:Civilian Dictatorship
2063:Military Dictatorship
1887:Military Dictatorship
1861:Civilian Dictatorship
1781:Military Dictatorship
1753:Civilian Dictatorship
1696:Civilian Dictatorship
1670:Military Dictatorship
1619:Military Dictatorship
1493:Civilian Dictatorship
1442:Civilian Dictatorship
1366:Military Dictatorship
1316:Civilian Dictatorship
1265:Military Dictatorship
1189:Civilian Dictatorship
1138:Military Dictatorship
1112:Military Dictatorship
1036:Civilian Dictatorship
957:Military Dictatorship
851:Military Dictatorship
825:Civilian Dictatorship
817:Bosnia and Herzegovina
674:Civilian Dictatorship
619:Civilian Dictatorship
540:Civilian Dictatorship
389:Civilian Dictatorship
338:Civilian Dictatorship
287:Civilian Dictatorship
217:
105:Democracy-Dictatorship
101:
93:
5317:vote of no confidence
5296:vote of no confidence
5225:
4363:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3977:São Tomé and Príncipe
1703:3. All parties banned
182:civilian dictatorship
172:. For dictatorships,
99:
91:
5387:democracy indicators
5252:legislative assembly
4933:United Arab Emirates
4941:Royal Dictatorship
4755:Trinidad and Tobago
4731:Royal Dictatorship
4499:Royal Dictatorship
4010:Royal Dictatorship
3934:Royal Dictatorship
3827:Royal Dictatorship
3572:Royal Dictatorship
3238:Royal Dictatorship
2569:Royal Dictatorship
2467:Royal Dictatorship
1008:Royal Dictatorship
902:Royal Dictatorship
591:Royal Dictatorship
407:Antigua and Barbuda
251:
5825:2014-03-24 at the
5813:2014-03-15 at the
5801:2014-02-23 at the
5622:10.1007/bf02719326
5509:10.1093/pan/mpt004
5496:Political Analysis
5399:Polity data series
5376:Polity data series
5228:
3360:
1536:Dominican Republic
249:
131:first proposed by
102:
94:
31:possibly contains
5863:Political science
5765:(12): 1523–1554.
5662:978-0-262-54147-3
5544:978-1-107-00414-6
5240:semi-presidential
5215:
5214:
4946:2. No Legislature
3295:2. No Legislature
3062:2. No Legislature
1786:2. No Legislature
1662:Equatorial Guinea
624:2. No Legislature
239:semi-presidential
190:Joseph Schumpeter
166:semi-presidential
83:Democracy indices
76:
75:
68:
33:original research
5870:
5783:
5782:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5724:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5691:sites.google.com
5683:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5537:. pp. 17–.
5524:
5513:
5512:
5490:
5481:
5480:
5442:
5329:Some countries,
5202:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5015:
5011:
5009:
5008:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4648:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3671:
3669:Papua New Guinea
3667:
3665:
3664:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3026:
3024:Marshall Islands
3022:
3020:
3019:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2007:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
977:
973:
971:
970:
951:
947:
945:
944:
926:
922:
920:
919:
896:
892:
890:
889:
871:
867:
865:
864:
845:
841:
839:
838:
819:
815:
813:
812:
794:
790:
788:
787:
769:
765:
763:
762:
744:
740:
738:
737:
719:
715:
713:
712:
694:
690:
688:
687:
668:
664:
662:
661:
643:
639:
637:
636:
613:
609:
607:
606:
585:
581:
579:
578:
560:
556:
554:
553:
534:
530:
528:
527:
509:
505:
503:
502:
484:
480:
478:
477:
459:
455:
453:
452:
434:
430:
428:
427:
409:
405:
403:
402:
383:
379:
377:
376:
358:
354:
352:
351:
332:
328:
326:
325:
307:
303:
301:
300:
281:
277:
275:
274:
252:
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
48:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5833:
5832:
5827:Wayback Machine
5815:Wayback Machine
5803:Wayback Machine
5792:
5787:
5786:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5726:
5725:
5704:
5695:
5693:
5685:
5684:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5526:
5525:
5516:
5492:
5491:
5484:
5455:(1–2): 67–101.
5444:
5443:
5412:
5407:
5395:
5372:
5352:
5339:
5308:
5288:
5220:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5132:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4503:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4450:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4209:Solomon Islands
4202:
4200:
4199:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4014:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2023:
2021:
2020:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1012:
993:
991:
990:
968:
966:
965:
942:
940:
939:
917:
915:
914:
908:
906:
887:
885:
884:
862:
860:
859:
836:
834:
833:
810:
808:
807:
785:
783:
782:
760:
758:
757:
735:
733:
732:
710:
708:
707:
685:
683:
682:
659:
657:
656:
634:
632:
631:
625:
623:
604:
602:
601:
595:
576:
574:
573:
551:
549:
548:
525:
523:
522:
500:
498:
497:
475:
473:
472:
450:
448:
447:
425:
423:
422:
400:
398:
397:
374:
372:
371:
349:
347:
346:
323:
321:
320:
298:
296:
295:
272:
270:
269:
231:
198:
158:
133:Adam Przeworski
86:
79:
72:
61:
55:
52:
37:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
5876:
5874:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5817:
5805:
5791:
5790:External links
5788:
5785:
5784:
5744:
5738:978-1506318127
5737:
5702:
5675:
5661:
5655:. p. 12.
5635:
5598:
5579:(3): 495–516.
5561:
5543:
5514:
5503:(3): 334–349.
5482:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5391:
5371:
5368:
5351:
5348:
5338:
5337:Classification
5335:
5331:such as Sweden
5307:
5304:
5287:
5284:
5276:prime minister
5272:United Kingdom
5264:prime minister
5219:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5161:
5160:
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5129:
5126:
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5097:
5094:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:United Kingdom
4950:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
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4834:
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4809:
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4786:
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4758:
4742:
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4729:
4726:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
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4626:
4623:
4607:
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4505:
4500:
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4453:
4452:
4447:
4444:
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4425:
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4422:
4419:
4416:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4350:
4349:
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4344:
4341:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4240:
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4221:
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4212:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4171:
4170:
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4165:
4162:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4095:
4094:
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4085:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4063:
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4044:
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4041:
4038:
4035:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4008:
4005:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2758:
2757:
2756:3. No parties
2750:
2747:
2744:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:Czech Republic
1396:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1003:
987:
986:
984:
981:
978:
962:
961:
958:
955:
952:
936:
935:
933:
930:
927:
911:
910:
903:
900:
897:
881:
880:
878:
875:
872:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
804:
803:
801:
798:
795:
779:
778:
776:
773:
770:
754:
753:
751:
748:
745:
729:
728:
726:
723:
720:
704:
703:
701:
698:
695:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
653:
652:
650:
647:
644:
628:
627:
620:
617:
614:
598:
597:
596:2. No parties
592:
589:
586:
570:
569:
567:
564:
561:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
519:
518:
516:
513:
510:
494:
493:
491:
488:
485:
469:
468:
466:
463:
460:
444:
443:
441:
438:
435:
419:
418:
416:
413:
410:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
368:
367:
365:
362:
359:
343:
342:
339:
336:
333:
317:
316:
314:
311:
308:
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
230:
227:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
197:
194:
157:
154:
115:or simply the
77:
74:
73:
56:September 2024
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5875:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5740:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5602:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5448:Public Choice
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5377:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5325:
5324:In the former
5320:
5318:
5313:
5306:Head of state
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5256:head of state
5253:
5249:
5245:
5244:parliamentary
5241:
5237:
5233:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5137:
5136:
5133:3. One party
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4988:United States
4977:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4744:
4743:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4508:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3838:
3837:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:Liechtenstein
2760:
2759:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:Guinea-Bissau
2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
989:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
964:
963:
959:
956:
953:
950:
938:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
913:
912:
909:3. One party
904:
901:
898:
895:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
818:
806:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
781:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
655:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
630:
629:
621:
618:
615:
612:
600:
599:
593:
590:
587:
584:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
547:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
521:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
446:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
396:
395:
391:
388:
385:
382:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
345:
344:
340:
337:
334:
331:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
294:
293:
289:
286:
283:
280:
268:
267:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:
247:
244:
240:
236:
235:parliamentary
228:
226:
223:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
201:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:parliamentary
155:
153:
150:
148:
144:
139:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
98:
90:
84:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
5858:Dictatorship
5762:
5756:
5753:Boix, Carles
5747:
5728:
5694:. Retrieved
5690:
5666:. Retrieved
5648:
5638:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5555:
5548:. Retrieved
5529:
5500:
5494:
5452:
5446:
5380:
5373:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5344:
5340:
5328:
5321:
5309:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5232:presidential
5231:
5229:
5205:Dictatorship
5179:Dictatorship
5153:Dictatorship
5125:Dictatorship
5103:
5096:Dictatorship
5049:3. One party
5043:Dictatorship
4938:Dictatorship
4887:Dictatorship
4836:Dictatorship
4831:Turkmenistan
4785:Dictatorship
4728:Dictatorship
4702:Dictatorship
4651:Dictatorship
4625:Dictatorship
4574:Dictatorship
4541:
4496:Dictatorship
4443:Dictatorship
4267:Dictatorship
4262:South Africa
4239:Dictatorship
4138:Dictatorship
4108:Sierra Leone
4087:Dictatorship
4007:Dictatorship
4002:Saudi Arabia
3931:Dictatorship
3905:Dictatorship
3879:Dictatorship
3824:Dictatorship
3569:Dictatorship
3518:Dictatorship
3317:Dictatorship
3287:Dictatorship
3261:Dictatorship
3235:Dictatorship
3209:Dictatorship
3054:Dictatorship
2926:Dictatorship
2746:Dictatorship
2695:Dictatorship
2619:Dictatorship
2566:Dictatorship
2490:Dictatorship
2464:Dictatorship
2313:Dictatorship
2288:Dictatorship
2137:Dictatorship
2111:Dictatorship
2060:Dictatorship
1884:Dictatorship
1858:Dictatorship
1778:Dictatorship
1750:Dictatorship
1693:Dictatorship
1667:Dictatorship
1616:Dictatorship
1490:Dictatorship
1439:Dictatorship
1363:Dictatorship
1313:Dictatorship
1262:Dictatorship
1186:Dictatorship
1135:Dictatorship
1109:Dictatorship
1033:Dictatorship
1005:Dictatorship
954:Dictatorship
949:Burkina Faso
899:Dictatorship
848:Dictatorship
822:Dictatorship
671:Dictatorship
616:Dictatorship
588:Dictatorship
537:Dictatorship
386:Dictatorship
335:Dictatorship
284:Dictatorship
243:presidential
232:
218:
199:
159:
151:
146:
142:
140:
135:
129:dictatorship
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:
62:
53:
30:
5616:(2): 3–36.
5350:Definitions
4544:Switzerland
4388:Saint Lucia
4288:South Korea
3744:Philippines
3513:North Korea
3413:New Zealand
3388:Netherlands
1637:El Salvador
1308:Ivory Coast
279:Afghanistan
186:Karl Popper
147:DD datasets
121:DD datasets
5837:Categories
5696:2022-09-05
5405:References
5278:, and the
5260:chancellor
5248:government
5038:Uzbekistan
4620:Tajikistan
4082:Seychelles
3952:San Marino
3256:Mozambique
3204:Montenegro
3129:Micronesia
3049:Mauritania
2871:Madagascar
2821:Luxembourg
2589:Kyrgyzstan
2485:Kazakhstan
1561:East Timor
1283:Costa Rica
1079:Cape Verde
611:Bangladesh
532:Azerbaijan
196:Four rules
40:improve it
5843:Democracy
5653:MIT Press
5630:154376266
5312:unelected
5280:ministers
5091:Venezuela
5071:Democracy
5018:Democracy
4993:Democracy
4968:Democracy
4913:Democracy
4862:Democracy
4811:Democracy
4760:Democracy
4677:Democracy
4600:Democracy
4549:Democracy
4524:Democracy
4491:Swaziland
4471:Democracy
4418:Democracy
4393:Democracy
4368:Democracy
4343:Democracy
4338:Sri Lanka
4318:Democracy
4293:Democracy
4214:Democracy
4189:Democracy
4164:Democracy
4133:Singapore
4113:Democracy
4062:Democracy
4037:Democracy
3982:Democracy
3957:Democracy
3854:Democracy
3799:Democracy
3774:Democracy
3749:Democracy
3724:Democracy
3699:Democracy
3674:Democracy
3649:Democracy
3624:Democracy
3599:Democracy
3544:Democracy
3493:Democracy
3468:Democracy
3443:Democracy
3438:Nicaragua
3418:Democracy
3393:Democracy
3368:Democracy
3343:Democracy
3184:Democracy
3159:Democracy
3134:Democracy
3109:Democracy
3084:Democracy
3079:Mauritius
3029:Democracy
3004:Democracy
2979:Democracy
2954:Democracy
2901:Democracy
2876:Democracy
2851:Democracy
2846:Macedonia
2826:Democracy
2801:Democracy
2796:Lithuania
2776:Democracy
2721:Democracy
2670:Democracy
2645:Democracy
2594:Democracy
2541:Democracy
2516:Democracy
2439:Democracy
2414:Democracy
2389:Democracy
2364:Democracy
2339:Democracy
2263:Democracy
2258:Indonesia
2238:Democracy
2213:Democracy
2188:Democracy
2163:Democracy
2086:Democracy
2035:Democracy
2030:Guatemala
2010:Democracy
1985:Democracy
1960:Democracy
1935:Democracy
1910:Democracy
1833:Democracy
1808:Democracy
1725:Democracy
1642:Democracy
1591:Democracy
1566:Democracy
1541:Democracy
1516:Democracy
1465:Democracy
1414:Democracy
1389:Democracy
1338:Democracy
1288:Democracy
1237:Democracy
1212:Democracy
1161:Democracy
1084:Democracy
1059:Democracy
980:Democracy
929:Democracy
874:Democracy
797:Democracy
772:Democracy
747:Democracy
722:Democracy
697:Democracy
646:Democracy
563:Democracy
512:Democracy
487:Democracy
482:Australia
462:Democracy
437:Democracy
432:Argentina
412:Democracy
361:Democracy
310:Democracy
229:Countries
174:monarchic
125:democracy
44:verifying
5848:Research
5823:Archived
5811:Archived
5799:Archived
5779:45833659
5668:24 March
5593:28273700
5550:24 March
5477:45234838
5469:40661005
5393:See also
5200:Zimbabwe
4672:Thailand
4646:Tanzania
4466:Suriname
4184:Slovenia
4159:Slovakia
3794:Portugal
3694:Paraguay
3594:Pakistan
3179:Mongolia
2949:Maldives
2921:Malaysia
2536:Kiribati
2158:Honduras
1745:Ethiopia
1511:Dominica
1485:Djibouti
1434:DR Congo
1207:Colombia
1028:Cameroon
1000:Cambodia
924:Bulgaria
843:Botswana
641:Barbados
261:Subtype
178:military
117:DD index
5268:premier
5120:Vietnam
5066:Vanuatu
5013:Uruguay
4908:Ukraine
4780:Tunisia
4234:Somalia
4032:Senegal
3849:Romania
3488:Nigeria
3312:Namibia
3282:Myanmar
3230:Morocco
3154:Moldova
2716:Liberia
2690:Lesotho
2665:Lebanon
2409:Jamaica
2334:Ireland
2208:Iceland
2183:Hungary
2005:Grenada
1930:Germany
1905:Georgia
1803:Finland
1720:Estonia
1688:Eritrea
1586:Ecuador
1460:Denmark
1333:Croatia
1232:Comoros
975:Burundi
792:Bolivia
692:Belgium
666:Belarus
583:Bahrain
558:Bahamas
507:Austria
457:Armenia
356:Andorra
330:Algeria
305:Albania
255:Regime
222:type II
119:or the
38:Please
5777:
5735:
5659:
5628:
5591:
5541:
5475:
5467:
5197:
5174:Zambia
5171:
5145:
5117:
5088:
5063:
5035:
5010:
4985:
4960:
4930:
4905:
4882:Uganda
4879:
4857:Tuvalu
4854:
4828:
4806:Turkey
4803:
4777:
4752:
4720:
4694:
4669:
4643:
4617:
4595:Taiwan
4592:
4566:
4519:Sweden
4516:
4488:
4463:
4435:
4410:
4385:
4360:
4335:
4310:
4285:
4259:
4231:
4206:
4181:
4156:
4130:
4105:
4079:
4057:Serbia
4054:
4029:
3999:
3974:
3949:
3923:
3900:Rwanda
3897:
3874:Russia
3871:
3846:
3816:
3791:
3769:Poland
3766:
3741:
3716:
3691:
3666:
3644:Panama
3641:
3616:
3591:
3561:
3539:Norway
3536:
3510:
3485:
3460:
3435:
3410:
3385:
3335:
3309:
3279:
3253:
3227:
3201:
3176:
3151:
3126:
3104:Mexico
3101:
3076:
3046:
3021:
2996:
2971:
2946:
2918:
2896:Malawi
2893:
2868:
2843:
2818:
2793:
2768:
2738:
2713:
2687:
2662:
2640:Latvia
2637:
2611:
2586:
2561:Kuwait
2558:
2533:
2508:
2482:
2459:Jordan
2456:
2431:
2406:
2381:
2359:Israel
2356:
2331:
2305:
2280:
2255:
2230:
2205:
2180:
2155:
2129:
2106:Guyana
2103:
2078:
2055:Guinea
2052:
2027:
2002:
1980:Greece
1977:
1952:
1927:
1902:
1879:Gambia
1876:
1850:
1828:France
1825:
1800:
1770:
1742:
1717:
1685:
1659:
1634:
1608:
1583:
1558:
1533:
1508:
1482:
1457:
1431:
1406:
1384:Cyprus
1381:
1355:
1330:
1305:
1280:
1254:
1229:
1204:
1178:
1153:
1127:
1101:
1076:
1054:Canada
1051:
1025:
997:
972:
946:
921:
894:Brunei
891:
869:Brazil
866:
840:
814:
789:
767:Bhutan
764:
739:
717:Belize
714:
689:
663:
638:
608:
580:
555:
529:
504:
479:
454:
429:
404:
381:Angola
378:
353:
327:
302:
276:
143:et al.
136:et al.
5775:S2CID
5626:S2CID
5589:S2CID
5473:S2CID
5465:JSTOR
5266:, or
5242:, or
5236:mixed
5148:Yemen
4723:Tonga
4569:Syria
4438:Sudan
4313:Spain
3926:Samoa
3819:Qatar
3619:Palau
3463:Niger
3363:Nepal
3338:Nauru
2999:Malta
2741:Libya
2511:Kenya
2434:Japan
2384:Italy
2233:India
2132:Haiti
1955:Ghana
1853:Gabon
1611:Egypt
1257:Congo
1181:China
1156:Chile
742:Benin
258:Type
241:, or
5733:ISBN
5670:2014
5657:ISBN
5552:2014
5539:ISBN
4697:Togo
3719:Peru
3564:Oman
2974:Mali
2614:Laos
2308:Iraq
2283:Iran
1773:Fiji
1358:Cuba
1130:Chad
188:and
180:and
168:and
127:and
5767:doi
5618:doi
5581:doi
5577:106
5505:doi
5457:doi
5453:143
5238:or
111:),
42:by
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5781:.
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5672:.
5632:.
5620::
5595:.
5583::
5511:.
5507::
5479:.
5459::
107:(
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69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
36:.
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