222:
festivals, sacrifices, or theatre performances. As chief magistrate he also possessed considerable judicial powers, including holding his outgoing predecessor to account, and chairing the assembly when it was functioning as a public court. In the event that the deme as a whole was involved in a court case, he was responsible for representing it before the
221:
were to convene and chair the local assembly, and supervise the execution of its resolutions, as well as their engraving in public view. Along with the treasurers he supervised the deme's landed properties and their rent, as well as expenditure; along with the priests he was responsible for religious
330:. It is unclear whether it was held by a single person or a college of holders. The office survived into the Roman period, where it was reduced to a largely symbolic role supervising public religious acts and festivals. Its holders included the
202:; these too eventually came to be elected by lot from among the entire Athenian citizen body. In some demes, the office was eponymous, i.e. it was used for dating, along with the names of the
1325:
482:
were restricted to
Constantinople and were reduced to a purely ceremonial role as integral parts of the administration: their personnel had court ranks, and were paid salaries by the
456:). The Blues and Greens were the most important, with the Whites and Reds as their respective junior partners. In Late Antiquity, they were widespread across the
263:
service. He also had fiscal duties, supervising confiscations and maintaining the registers of confiscated property, as well as collecting (before 387/86 BC) the
1352:
867:
99:. Largely concerned with ceremonial in the early centuries, from the 11th century the title was applied to various administrative positions in
1284:
1362:
828:
586:
1275:
461:
96:
528:
1254:
The
Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos
553:
108:
460:, and even played an important political role, both as leading ceremonial acclamations to the emperor in the
1357:
524:
918:
473:
356:
593:
conductors, whereas G. Manojlovic considered them as military commanders of a militia recruited by the
1294:
758:
501:
of 899, only the Blues and Greens survived, separated further into those "of the city" (πολιτικοὶ,
388:
176:), initially by direct vote, but by the end of the 4th century, he was usually elected by lot. The
42:
251:), which he kept sealed at his own residence, as well as registers of those citizens eligible for
863:
259:. It is unclear whether he was also responsible for maintaining registers of those eligible for
862:. The continuity with their 9th–10th century forebears is unclear. The title survived into the
1280:
1270:
1258:
607:
370:
266:
203:
170:. The office lasted for one year, and was elected from the members of the deme (the δημώται,
1311:
457:
125:
88:
76:
20:
622:
376:
82:
1252:
866:, charged with various administrative duties in Constantinople: according to a letter of
893:
574:), but this is most likely an anachronism. In popular usage, they are sometimes called
469:
419:
331:
163:
100:
72:
64:
33:
1346:
823:
564:
496:
464:, and as organizing factors in urban riots in the empire's great cities, notably the
429:
428:) came to be used for the associations responsible for the organization of games and
382:
252:
914:
are mentioned as following behind those of all the other officials in processions.
239:, he was also charged with maintaining up to date the deme's register of citizens (
1315:
585:
Their exact role is unclear: in view of their ceremonial role in later centuries,
63:, is a title historically given to officials related to civic administration. In
877:
857:
485:
465:
233:
Occupying a crucial position at the interface between the deme and the
Athenian
167:
1262:
1248:
195:
1301:(in French). Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
821:
The actual personnel of the
Hippodrome were not part of their staff. In the
577:
95:
was the leader of one of the racing factions (then known as "demes") of the
973:
971:
849:
432:. There were usually four, known by their colours as the Blues (Βένετοι,
292:
103:, until the end of the empire. In modern usage, the term is used for the
614:
345:
298:
260:
256:
225:
183:
846:
that appear in seals also hold offices in the administration, such as
922:
909:
903:
887:
881:
871:
855:
847:
841:
832:
812:
791:
779:
773:
756:
741:
729:
714:
702:
687:
675:
644:
628:
620:
612:
600:
594:
590:
575:
558:
546:
532:
531:
for the Greens. All of these were grouped under the generic label of
518:
512:
502:
494:
483:
477:
451:
445:
439:
433:
423:
400:
325:
319:
315:
306:
302:
290:
284:
264:
246:
234:
223:
216:
207:
199:
187:
177:
171:
157:
145:
129:
48:
1140:, "Demarchos" (A. Kazhdan, M. McCormick, A.-M. Talbot), pp. 602–603.
1024:
1022:
67:
the title was given to the elected chief magistrate of each of the
334:
280:
189:
104:
75:. In later literature, the term was used as a translation of the
324:
was originally an important office, standing at the head of the
135:
68:
52:
523:, a role which was entrusted to senior military officials: the
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
897:
892:) of the city. In the mid-14th century book of ceremonies of
806:
797:
785:
767:
750:
735:
723:
708:
696:
681:
669:
638:
394:
240:
151:
139:
1329:. Band IV, Halbband 8, Corniscae–Demodoros. col. 2706–2712.
369:
Greek writers also commonly used the term to translate the
1338:(in French). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
1173:
1171:
1169:
880:
and bread production, while later in the 14th century the
1306:
Rhodes, Peter J.; Tinnefeld, Franz (2008). "Demarchos".
1299:
Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles
381:, probably influenced by the title's use in Naples and
1326:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1104:
1102:
297:, possibly charged with judicial matters, whereas in
551:
is first securely attested in 602. The 10th-century
611:and seals of office, holding the dignities such as
355:). The office survived at least until the time of
1279:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1089:
1087:
1085:
963:
837:are recorded, as well as for their subalterns.
605:was a government official, as attested in the
134:was the highest magistrate in each of the 139
1323:von Schoeffer, Valerian (1901). "Demarchoi".
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
942:
8:
633:records their staff of subaltern officials:
1220:
1160:
778:), specifically the officials known as the
650:
386:
374:
80:
318:, originally a Greek colony in Italy, the
1096:, "Factions" (M. McCormick), pp. 773–774.
927:assumed the role of military commanders.
1232:
868:Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople
719:) for the acclamations during ceremonies
1192:, "Geitoniarches" (A. Kazhdan), p. 826.
935:
476:and the crisis of the 7th century, the
311:was responsible for religious affairs.
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
831:, the ceremonies of promotion for the
876:were responsible for supervising the
7:
1208:
1177:
1108:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
1257:. London: Oxford University Press.
271:tax from property-owning citizens.
1336:Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices
1276:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
790:) of the Blues and Greens and the
14:
763:), whose exact duties are unclear
511:, and the "suburban" (περατικοὶ,
283:in the 6th century BC, where the
1353:Administration of Constantinople
829:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
1189:
1137:
1093:
870:(1289–1293 and 1303–1309), two
569:
361:
350:
339:
279:The office is also attested in
186:was initially appointed by the
749:a 'neighbourhood supervisor' (
599:. By the mid-9th century, the
383:other Greek cities of the area
19:For people with the name, see
1:
1316:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e314030
919:final siege of Constantinople
1334:Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966).
923:
910:
904:
888:
882:
872:
856:
848:
842:
833:
813:
792:
780:
774:
757:
742:
730:
715:
703:
688:
676:
645:
629:
627:in the court hierarchy. The
621:
613:
601:
595:
576:
559:
547:
533:
519:
513:
503:
495:
484:
478:
462:Hippodrome of Constantinople
452:
446:
440:
434:
424:
401:
326:
320:
307:
291:
289:was appointed alongside the
285:
265:
247:
235:
224:
217:
215:The responsibilities of the
208:
188:
178:
172:
158:
146:
130:
97:Hippodrome of Constantinople
964:Rhodes & Tinnefeld 2008
886:administered the quarters (
16:Official title in antiquity
1379:
898:
807:
798:
786:
768:
751:
736:
724:
709:
697:
682:
670:
639:
529:Domestic of the Excubitors
395:
241:
152:
140:
18:
840:In the 11th century, the
589:suggested that they were
37:
802:) of the Whites and Reds
746:), whose role is obscure
734:) and the 'first ones' (
554:Patria of Constantinople
248:lēxiarchikon grammateion
55:'; plural δήμαρχοι,
1363:Ancient Athenian titles
527:for the Blues, and the
525:Domestic of the Schools
242:ληξιαρχικόν γραμματεῖον
805:the ordinary members (
450:), and Reds (Ῥούσιοι,
387:
375:
81:
541:History and functions
472:. However, after the
438:), Greens (Πράσινοι,
357:Constantine the Great
166:after the reforms of
1295:Oikonomides, Nicolas
422:, the term "demes" (
194:(i.e., the Athenian
1223:, pp. 326–327.
1180:, pp. 105–106.
444:), Whites (Λευκοὶ,
389:tribunicia potestas
1271:Kazhdan, Alexander
1077:von Schoeffer 1901
1065:von Schoeffer 1901
1053:von Schoeffer 1901
1043:, cols. 2709–2710.
1041:von Schoeffer 1901
1029:von Schoeffer 1901
1014:von Schoeffer 1901
1004:, cols. 2707–2708.
1002:von Schoeffer 1901
990:von Schoeffer 1901
980:, cols. 2706–2707.
978:von Schoeffer 1901
943:von Schoeffer 1901
864:Palaiologan period
707:) and a composer (
402:dēmarchikē exousia
393:was thus rendered
371:Roman magistrature
198:), as was that of
1308:Brill's New Pauly
766:the charioteers (
608:Taktikon Uspensky
493:According to the
396:δημαρχικὴ ἐξουσία
255:as rowers in the
204:eponymous archons
162:) that comprised
59:), anglicized as
46:
1370:
1339:
1330:
1319:
1310:. Brill Online.
1302:
1290:
1266:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1221:Oikonomides 1972
1218:
1212:
1206:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1164:
1161:Oikonomides 1972
1158:
1141:
1135:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
966:
961:
946:
940:
926:
913:
907:
901:
900:
891:
885:
875:
861:
853:
845:
836:
816:
810:
809:
801:
800:
795:
789:
788:
783:
777:
771:
770:
762:
754:
753:
745:
739:
738:
733:
727:
726:
718:
712:
711:
706:
700:
699:
691:
685:
684:
680:) and a notary (
679:
673:
672:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
648:
642:
641:
632:
626:
618:
604:
598:
581:
573:
571:
562:
550:
536:
522:
516:
506:
500:
489:
481:
474:Muslim conquests
458:Byzantine Empire
455:
449:
443:
437:
427:
404:
398:
397:
392:
380:
365:
363:
354:
352:
343:
341:
329:
323:
310:
296:
288:
270:
250:
244:
243:
238:
229:
220:
211:
193:
181:
175:
161:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
133:
126:Classical Athens
89:Byzantine Empire
86:
41:
39:
21:Demarchos (name)
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1322:
1305:
1293:
1287:
1269:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1167:
1159:
1144:
1136:
1115:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
976:
969:
962:
949:
941:
937:
933:
896:, the banners (
662:
659:
656:
653:
623:prōtospatharios
568:
543:
416:
411:
409:Byzantine usage
377:tribunus plebis
360:
349:
338:
277:
122:
117:
83:tribunus plebis
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1358:Ancient Attica
1355:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1320:
1303:
1291:
1285:
1273:, ed. (1991).
1267:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1235:, p. 196.
1225:
1213:
1211:, p. 106.
1194:
1182:
1165:
1163:, p. 326.
1142:
1113:
1111:, p. 105.
1098:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
967:
947:
934:
932:
929:
894:pseudo-Kodinos
819:
818:
803:
764:
747:
720:
693:
666:
660:the second one
572: 408–450
542:
539:
470:Constantinople
420:Late Antiquity
415:
412:
410:
407:
364: 306–337
353: 117–138
332:Roman emperors
276:
273:
206:of the entire
121:
118:
116:
115:Ancient Greece
113:
101:Constantinople
65:ancient Athens
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1375:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:0-19-504652-8
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1233:Verpeaux 1966
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
986:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
965:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
948:
944:
939:
936:
930:
928:
925:
921:in 1453, the
920:
915:
912:
906:
895:
890:
884:
879:
874:
869:
865:
860:
859:
852:
851:
844:
838:
835:
830:
826:
825:
824:De ceremoniis
815:
804:
794:
782:
776:
765:
761:
760:
759:geitoniarchēs
748:
744:
732:
721:
717:
705:
694:
690:
678:
677:chartoularios
668:a secretary (
667:
647:
636:
635:
634:
631:
630:Klētorologion
625:
624:
617:
616:
610:
609:
603:
597:
592:
588:
583:
582:(διοικηταὶ).
580:
579:
566:
565:Theodosius II
561:
557:refer to two
556:
555:
549:
545:The title of
540:
538:
535:
530:
526:
521:
515:
510:
505:
499:
498:
497:Klētorologion
491:
488:
487:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
448:
442:
436:
431:
430:chariot races
426:
421:
413:
408:
406:
403:
391:
390:
384:
379:
378:
372:
367:
358:
347:
336:
333:
328:
322:
317:
312:
309:
304:
300:
295:
294:
287:
282:
274:
272:
269:
268:
262:
258:
254:
253:naval service
249:
237:
231:
228:
227:
219:
213:
210:
205:
201:
197:
192:
191:
185:
180:
174:
169:
165:
160:
148:
137:
132:
127:
119:
114:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
84:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
35:
31:
30:
22:
1335:
1324:
1307:
1298:
1274:
1253:
1228:
1216:
1185:
1079:, col. 2712.
1072:
1067:, col. 2711.
1060:
1055:, col. 2710.
1048:
1036:
1031:, col. 2709.
1016:, col. 2708.
1009:
997:
992:, col. 2707.
985:
945:, col. 2706.
938:
916:
839:
822:
820:
799:μικροπανίτης
793:mikropanitēs
787:φακτιονάριος
781:faktionarios
752:γειτονιάρχης
671:χαρτουλάριος
606:
587:Alan Cameron
584:
552:
544:
508:
492:
417:
368:
342: 79–81
313:
278:
232:
214:
123:
109:municipality
92:
77:Roman office
60:
56:
28:
27:
25:
1249:Bury, J. B.
917:During the
878:grain trade
858:logariastēs
827:of Emperor
517:), under a
507:), under a
486:praipositos
466:Nika revolt
385:. The term
275:Other usage
212:of Athens.
168:Cleisthenes
1347:Categories
1263:1046639111
931:References
743:ta prōteia
737:τὰ πρωτεῖα
722:a master (
646:deutereuōn
640:δευτερεύων
637:a deputy (
534:dēmokratai
520:dēmokratēs
414:Background
196:city-state
1209:Bury 1911
1178:Bury 1911
1109:Bury 1911
924:dēmarchoi
911:dēmarchoi
908:) of the
905:phlamoula
889:geitoniai
883:dēmarchoi
873:dēmarchoi
843:dēmarchoi
834:dēmarchoi
775:hēniochoi
602:dēmarchos
578:dioikētai
560:dēmarchoi
548:dēmarchos
514:peratikoi
509:dēmarchos
504:politikoi
321:dēmarchos
308:dēmarchos
286:dēmarchos
218:dēmarchos
179:dēmarchos
131:dēmarchos
93:dēmarchos
87:. In the
57:dēmarchoi
29:dēmarchos
1297:(1972).
1251:(1911).
899:φλάμουλα
850:symponos
716:melistēs
710:μελιστής
695:a poet (
689:notarios
683:νοτάριος
453:Rhousioi
441:Prasinoi
293:basileus
267:eisphora
257:triremes
150:, sing.
38:δήμαρχος
1242:Sources
814:dēmōtai
808:δημῶται
769:ἡνίοχοι
704:poiētēs
698:ποιητής
654:
615:hypatos
435:Venetoi
346:Hadrian
299:Eretria
261:hoplite
226:Heliaia
184:Piraeus
173:dēmotai
61:Demarch
51:of the
45:
1283:
1261:
731:archōn
591:claque
563:under
447:Leukoi
344:) and
316:Naples
303:Euboea
200:Oropus
164:Attica
128:, the
120:Athens
73:Attica
49:archon
725:ἅρχων
596:dēmoi
479:dēmoi
425:dēmoi
335:Titus
327:polis
281:Chios
236:polis
209:polis
190:polis
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