485:
64:
284:. Travel writer Romesh Bhattacharji stated in 2012 that they expected to set up a trading village, but India never renewed trade after the war. He stated that the southern Dêmqog village has only commercial buildings whereas the northern village has security-related buildings. Both the Indians and the Chinese have track roads going up the valley on the two sides of the Charding Nullah, reaching up to the Charding–Nilung Nullah Junction (CNNJ). Occasional stand-offs between the two forces at CNNJ are reported in the newspapers.
36:
604:
2239:
he told Chen who answered that India's border was further on the West of the Indus. On Kaul's insistence Chen said "There can be no doubt about actual physical possession which can be verified on spot but to avoid any dispute we may omit mention of
Demchok". In October 1962, the Demchok sub-sector was held by the 7 J&K Militia. The PLA launched an attack on October 22. The PLA eventually withdrew, but occupied the southern part of Demchok.
732:
746:
914:: the Indian claims lie 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Demchok, whereas the 1846–1847 British boundary commission placed the border through the middle of Demchok, and British maps from the 1860s onwards showed the border to be 10 miles (16 km) west of Demchok. The Chinese claims coincide with British maps that placed the border 10 miles (16 km) west of Demchok. The Chinese claims also coincided with the borders used by the 1945
720:
1664:"There can be no doubt that the 1684 (or 1683) agreement between Ladakh and the authorities then controlling Tibet did in fact take place. Unfortunately, no original text of it has survived and its terms can only be deduced. In its surviving form there seems to be a reference to a boundary point at 'the Lhari stream at Demchok', a stream which would appear to flow into the Indus at Demchok and divide that village into two halves."
678:
685:
552:
758:
855:
241:
782:
770:
794:
692:
1279:, pp. 3–4: According to a report by the governor of Ladakh in 1904–05, "I visited Demchok on the boundary with Lhasa. ... A nullah falls into the Indus river from the south-west and it (Demchok) is situated at the junction of the river. Across is the boundary of Lhasa, where there are 8 to 9 huts of the Lhasa zamindars. On this side there are only two zamindars."
706:
71:
43:
818:
806:
1003:
Indian side of the 'line of actual control'." The
Chinese Government responded on 24 September stating, "In fact, it was Indian troops who on September 18, intruded into the vicinity of the Demchok village on the Chinese side of the 'line of actual control' after crossing the Demchok River from Parigas (in Tibet, China)..."
1667:"The treaty that could have given this information, that of 1684, has not survived in the form of its full text, and we have no means of determining exactly what line of frontier was contemplated in 1684. The chronicles which refer to this treaty are singularly deficient in precise geographical details."
1267:, p. 353: 'At present officially located in India, the village of Demchok marked the border between Tibet and Ladakh for a long time. Abdul Wahid Radhu, a former representative of the Lopchak caravan, described Demchok in his travel account as "the first location on the Tibetan side of the border".'
1113:
Cunningham remarked: "In laying down a boundary through mountainous country it appeared to the
Commissioners desirable to select such a plan as would completely preclude any possibility of further dispute. This the Commissioners believe they have found in their adoption as a boundary of such mountain
2238:
The talks were held in
Beijing between Zhang Hanfu, China's Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, N. Raghavan, the Indian Ambassador to China and T.N. Kaul, his Chargé d'Affaires and Chen Chai-Kang, a Director. They lasted from December 1953 till end of April 1954. Kaul objected, Demchok was in India,
1925:
p.24: "But such an evaluation was seldom done and although most officials traced the boundary correctly along the watershed range running parallel to the river Indus, gross blunders were committed regarding the alignment in the
Pangong and Demchok areas. This was apparently due to the unfamiliarity
660:
of 1868, there was a flood of
British publications on Ladakh. Despite this, no revisions were made to the border at Demchok. According to Lamb, the majority of British maps published between 1918 and 1947 reproduced the Kashmir Atlas, slotting Demchok within Tibet. During the two World Wars, some
579:
to define the borders of the state with Tibet in 1846–1847. The
Chinese government was invited to join the effort for a mutually agreed border. However the Chinese declined, stating that the frontier was well-known and it did not need a new definition. The British boundary commission nevertheless
2205:
Administrative record books show that it has a population of 150 people living in 24 houses, all having solar-powered lights. The village itself was divided into two parts one held by India and the other by China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war, though there is not a single divided family. On the
1002:
On 21 September 1965, the Indian
Government wrote to the Chinese Government, complaining of Chinese troops who were said to have "moved forward in strength right up to the Charding Nullah and have assumed a threatening posture at the Indian civilian post on the western side of the Nullah on the
643:
was of the view that
Demchok was in Ladakh. Indian commentators blame it on the rudimentary knowledge of the British surveyors about Ladakh — they were ignorant of past treaties as well as revenue records, and mistook pasture disputes as boundary disputes. In contrast, Lamb interprets this as a
664:
Independent of the colonial cartography, the traditional boundaries continued to be followed on the ground. The
Kashmir government disregarded the British maps and the Tibetan claims to Demchok seem to have persisted. Lamb states, "by the time of the Transfer of Power in 1947 nothing had been
513:) previously controlled by Ladakh were removed from its control and the frontier was fixed at the "Lha-ri stream at Demchok". The original text of the Treaty of Tingmosgang is not available to us. The traditional border between the two regions prior to these conflicts is not clearly known.
1868:
One of the earliest official delimitations of the northern frontiers of India appears in photozincographed sections of part of the survey of Kashmir, Ladak and Baltistan or Little Tibet showing the "Boundary of His Highness the Maharajah of Kashmir" (8 miles to 1 inch, Dehradoon, October
929:
of 1962, India had established a border post to the south of the delta (the "New Demchok post"). As the war progressed, the post was evacuated and the Chinese forces occupied it. It has also been referred to as "Lari Karpo" ("white lhari") and "Demchok Lari Karpo" in Tibetan documents.
1104:, who later became a notable explorer in his own right. Agnew and Cunningham were told to "bear in mind that, it is not a strip more or less of barren or even productive territory that we want, but a clear and well defined boundary in a quarter likely to come little under observation".
224:. After independence in 1947, India claimed the southern watershed of the river (roughly 3 miles southeast of Demchok) as its boundary, which has been contested by the People's Republic of China whose claims coincide with the British maps. The two countries fought
1929:
p.29: "The Kashmir Atlas boundary conflicts also with the first-hand evidence provided by the 1847 Commission. In regard to Demchok, it conflicts with well-established facts of history and with revenue records for the very period that the survey was
362:. Chinese sources describe the disputed territory as having a total area of 1,900 square kilometres (730 sq mi) with India controlling 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of its southwest corner, west of Dêmqog and the Indus River.
1811:, p. 43: "The Kashmir Survey which officially completed its task in November 1864. The results of the Kashmir Survey were published as an Atlas in 1868, and they give a good indication of the Ladakh-Tibet boundary over some of its length.
589:
The "rivulet" is evidently the Charding nullah. The Tibetan frontier guards prohibited the commission from proceeding beyond the rivulet. The commission placed the border on the Indus at Demchok, and followed the
1814:
Strachey's map, in two sheets at 8 miles to the inch, can be seen in the Map Rooms of the Royal Geographical Society and the India Office Library. It has been reproduced, much reduced, in Atlas, maps 11 &
594:
of the Indus river on its east, passing through the Jara La and Chang La passes. This appears to be the first time that the watershed principle was used in the Indian subcontinent for defining a boundary.
584:
is a hamlet of half a dozen huts and tents, not permanently inhabited, divided by a rivulet (entering the left bank of the Indus) which constitutes the boundary of this quarter between Gnari ... ... and
1588:, pp. 115–116): "Regarding Mnah-ris-skor-gsum Mi-pham-dban-po's stipulations were to this effect :— With this exception the boundary shall be fixed at the Lha-ri stream at Bde-mchog."
484:
1396:巴里加斯(Parigas)，是中国和印度西部边境中的一块争议领土，面积约1900平方公里，包括基古纳鲁河、乌木隆、碟木绰克(Demchok), 果洛等地区。 巴里加斯中国固有领土，位于西藏阿里噶尔县西北 Parigas, China's inherent territory, is located in the northwest of Gar County in Tibet.]
79:
1185:). The Indian officials travelled from Leh to Demchok for this purpose, where they camped at the Lhari stream, described as "a natural boundary between Tibet and Kashmir at Demchok".
1926:
of some of the British officials with the traditional and treaty basis of the boundary and to their mistaking local disputes such as pasture disputes with boundary disputes."
1091:
on the bank of the Silung stream that joins the Indus river from the left. It is conventional in the Ladakhi language to name camp sites on the streams they are situated on.
1944:, p. 75: "Many of these relationships had their origin in the distant past, and the British at first understood their full significance imperfectly, or not at all."
63:
2703:
Jinpa, Nawang (Autumn–Winter 2015), "Why Did Tibet and Ladakh Clash in the 17th Century? – Rethinking the Background to the 'Mongol War' in Ngari (1679-1684)",
627:. Even though this was not an official boundary delimitation, the atlas made several adjustments to the boundary, including in the Demchok sector. Lamb states:
421:
village as one of the landmarks, possibly on its frontier. Other neighbouring landmarks like the Imis Pass ("Yimig rock") and an unidentified place called
2192:
1235:
Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: January 1965 - February 1966, White Paper No. XII
1033:
Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: January 1965 - February 1966, White Paper No. XII
1334:(Indus River) at 33 degrees north Latitude, runs along the watershed east of the Koyul Lungpa River and South of the Hanle River up to Mount Shinowu..."
608:
432:
was also part of Maryul at the time of its formation. Whether it remained affiliated to Ladakh in later times is unknown, but during the reigns of
2876:
2871:
1820:, Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, Dehra Dun, Oct. 1868; 20 sheets at a scale of 16 miles to the inch (1.0. Map Room, cat. no. F/IV/r6)"
1560:
2737:
2611:
2589:
2569:
2536:
2163:
2099:
1324:
489:
280:. The southern village appears to have been the main one, frequently referred to by travellers. The Chinese spell the name of the village as
1379:
2182:
635:(Sheet 17) put it about sixteen miles downstream on the Indus from Demchok, thus coming nearer to the Chinese than the Indian claim line.
2037:
2562:
Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 9: The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia
1594:: "... the border between Ladakh and Tibet was fixed at the Lha-ri stream, which flows into the Indus five miles southeast of Demchok."
381:
The Demchok region was mentioned as being part of the modern kingdom of Ladakh, when it was founded in the 10th century under the name
2866:
568:
520:, "A large stone was then set up as a permanent boundary between the two countries, the line of demarcation drawn from the village of
213:
1300:
2682:
2633:
897:
2083:
506:
2622:"Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley, Eastern Ladakh, and a Consideration of Their Relationship to the History of Ladakh and Maryul"
1177:
narrates the description of a murder inquiry in 1939, conducted by the British Trade Agent in Gartok and the governor of Ladakh (
397:, who is believed to have been the organiser of the Ladakh part of the kingdom, received Ladakh, and the other two sons received
35:
2881:
1832:"India–China Border Dispute: Boundary-Making and Shaping of Material Realities from the Mid-Nineteenth to Mid-Twentieth Century"
1252:
1012:
During discussions in the 1960s, the Chinese government called the Indian village "Parigas" and the Chinese village "Demchok":
864:
272:
At the bottom of the valley, the Charding Nullah branches into a 2 km-wide delta as it joins the Indus River. During the
1162:
1131:." (emphasis added.) He also notes that the coordinates of Demchok were fixed during the regular survey operations in Ladakh.
1831:
321:
299:
100:
51:
1220:
454:), all the regions of Ngari Khorsum are known to have paid tribute to Ladakh. Sengge Namgyal is credited with building a
2851:
624:
556:
371:
277:
221:
2856:
1127:
under his employ, Montgomerie writes, "Here they waited for the 3rd Pundit, who joined them on the 29th of September,
459:
1161:
in 1875 while the text of the Ladakh Chronicles, first discovered by Cunningham in 1847, was published by missionary
942:
841:
281:
2861:
2459:
2448:
2437:
1063:
291:, is at the western boundary of the disputed sector, with China's claim line running along the crest of the ridge.
190:
1799:, 20 sheets, 8 miles to the inch, published by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, Dehra Dun, October 1868.
212:
in 1684 and stated as the boundary between the two regions. British surveys placed the border in 1847 between the
1644:, p. 160): "The hill of Lahri that stands near Demchok was fixed as the boundary between Lhasa and Ladakh."
1101:
509:
in 1684, Tibet and Ladakh agreed on the Treaty of Tingmosgang, by which the extensive territories in West Tibet (
256:
and then west along the Indus River to Lagankhel near confluence with the Chibra stream and till confluence near
178:
2050:
2382:
Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question
1628:, p. 77): "The boundary between Ladakh and Tibet was to be established at the Lha-ri stream in Demchog..."
2335:
2424:
2413:
2402:
2391:
2886:
946:
2226:
1661:"No text of this agreement between Tibet and Ladakh survives, but there are references to it in chronicles"
1233:
1031:
868:
245:
229:
194:
1795:, p. 47The first good set of maps of Kashmir, though still very defective in the Aksai region, were
536:
1347:
684:
603:
351:
217:
2824:
2505:
Bray, John (Winter 1990), "The Lapchak Mission From Ladakh to Lhasa in British Indian Foreign Policy",
677:
639:
It is unclear who decided the altered boundary and on what grounds, given that the survey team leader
2222:
2127:
934:
576:
517:
2656:
2474:
Ahmad, Zahiruddin (September–December 1968), "New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679-84",
1996:
2340:
915:
1797:
Photozincographed Sections of part of, the Survey of Kashmir, Ladak, and Baltistan or Little Tibet
1045:
village on the Chinese side of the 'line of actual control' after crossing the Demchok River from
644:"compromise" wherein the British gave up territory in Demchok to include other territory near the
2770:
2712:
2514:
2483:
2316:
2019:
1859:
1383:
2579:
2272:
1818:
Photozincographed Sections of part of the Survey of Kashmir, Ladak and Baltistan or Little Tibet
910:
Since the 1950s, Indian maps do not agree entirely with either the 1846–1847 survey or the 1868
244:
The Demchok sector with China's claim line in the west and India's claim line in the east. The
2750:
2746:
2733:
2678:
2629:
2607:
2565:
2532:
2369:
2308:
2159:
2153:
2095:
1851:
1320:
1124:
640:
540:
497:
479:
410:
201:
2621:
2557:
2526:
220:
on the stream, while British maps from 1868 onwards placed the border downstream and west of
2762:
2693:"Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area between Western Tibet, Ladakh, and Spiti"
2300:
2087:
2011:
1843:
919:
615:
Between 1847 and November 1864, the British Indian government conducted the Kashmir Survey (
572:
510:
462:, 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Demchok. He also built the present monasteries of
139:
2626:
Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram
2291:
Ruiz Estrada, Mario Arturo; Koutronas, Evangelos; Khan, Alam; Angathevar, Baskaran (2018).
2846:
2809:
Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries
2723:
2155:
Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred Geography
2075:
1556:
938:
926:
837:
591:
467:
463:
433:
418:
253:
225:
205:
182:
174:
2546:
2697:
Revue d'Études Tibétaines,The Spiti Valley Recovering the Past and Exploring the Present
1264:
1041:: "In fact, it was Indian troops who on September 18, intruded into the vicinity of the
470:, and the sacred site of Demchok was apparently placed under the former's jurisdiction.
120:
2781:
2644:
1904:
1892:
1600:, p. 78): "With this exception , the frontier was fixed at the Lha-ri stream near
1415:
444:
343:
228:, after which the Demchok region has remained divided between the two nations across a
2255:
2015:
1585:
1519:
2840:
2807:
2716:
2320:
2139:
2023:
1863:
1702:
1591:
1507:
1495:
1154:
645:
532:
531:
Roughly 160 years after the Treaty of Tingmosgang, Ladakh came under the rule of the
414:
402:
390:
200:
The Charding Nullah was mentioned by the name "Lhari stream" in a treaty between the
1316:
Negotiating with the Chinese, 1846-1987: Problems and Perspectives, with an Epilogue
829:
2329:
A selection of sources that state that the Demchok sector is administered by India:
2276:
2250:
A selection of sources that state that the Demchok sector is administered by China:
879:
551:
455:
429:
146:
2206:
Chinese side one can spot two houses and the road seems to be in a poor condition.
240:
2830:
2796:
2727:
2672:
2601:
2380:
1614:, annexed Gu-ge to Tibet, and fixed the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the
1314:
2218:
1174:
1141:
564:
273:
249:
193:
between China and India. Both China and India claim the disputed region, with a
186:
2558:"Dga' Ldan Tshe Dbang Dpal Bzang Po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679-84"
1634:, pp. 99–100): "The frontier with Tibet was fixed at the Lha ri stream at
1607:
17:
2091:
1847:
1276:
1015:
961:
949:
administered by China. The split did not divide any of the resident families.
117:
114:
111:
108:
2785:
2312:
1855:
1776:
1774:
1749:
1747:
1078:
1065:
952:
Sources vary on whether the larger sector is administered by China or India.
2790:, Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via archive.org
2187:
1351:
394:
2657:"Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute"
1997:"Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute"
1792:
1655:
1483:
1460:其中除了一块很小的巴里加斯（Parigas）地区在本世纪50年代中期被印度侵占以外，其余地区始终在我控制之下，由西藏的日土县（1960年前为宗）管辖。
1114:
ranges as form water-shed lines between the drainages of different rivers."
2293:"Economic Dynamics of Territorial Military Conflicts: The Case of Kashmir"
1441:
1411:
1018:. Chinese officials state: "Parigas was part of the Demchok area. West of
393:, divided his kingdom among his three sons upon his death. The eldest son
2528:
The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective
2304:
971:
386:
265:
2518:
2487:
2292:
571:, the British government dispatched a boundary commission consisting of
276:, there was a village on both the sides of the delta, going by the name
2774:
1471:
406:
1610:, p. 351): "Now, in 1684, the government of Tibet, headed by the
1543:
1531:
875:
966:
488:
Ladakh's territories prior to the Treaty of Tingmosgang, depicted by
382:
329:
307:
257:
2766:
2692:
2674:
Tibet, China & India, 1914-1950: a history of imperial diplomacy
2482:(3/4), Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 340–361,
294:
Modern Chinese sources refer to the disputed area around Demchok as
2495:
661:
maps from world powers (including China) showed the same borders.
1631:
602:
550:
483:
288:
287:
The watershed east of the Koyul Lungpa river, near the village of
261:
239:
209:
2578:
Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963),
1255:, Indian Defence Review, 4 April 2015. "View of the nalla" image.
1641:
1638:(Demchok), approximately at that places where it is even today."
1446:
398:
358:) of an insignificant camping site that is known to Ladakhis as
1428:
1955年，進一步蠶食巴里加斯地區，如今，印度控制巴里加斯西南角即獅泉河（森格藏布）與卓普河（典角曲）以西大約450平方公里
1265:
Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area (2017)
543:
in 1842 bound the parties to the "old, established frontiers".
2062:
1905:
Montgomerie, Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations (1869)
1893:
Montgomerie, Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations (1869)
1765:
848:
535:, who launched an invasion into the West Tibet leading to the
2334:
Tamkin, Emily; Karklis, Laris; Meko, Tim (28 February 2019).
1965:
1597:
1520:
Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II (1926)
1202:
including a "Demchok lhari" in the northern suburbs of Lhasa.
2140:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
1953:
1880:
1808:
1780:
1753:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1703:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
1678:
1592:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
1586:
Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II (1926
1508:
Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014)
1496:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
197:
between the two nations situated along the Charding Nullah.
1919:
27:
Disputed region between China and India in Ladakh and Tibet
1382:(in Chinese). Hunan Daily. 10 October 2014. Archived from
2040:, Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi, Maps 3 and, 6.
1977:
1941:
1625:
1241:, Ministry of External Affairs – via claudearpi.net
1039:, Ministry of External Affairs – via claudearpi.net
619:), whose results were published in a reduced form in the
2751:"Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations during 1867"
937:, the village of Demchok was divided in two parts, with
2603:
Buddhist Western Himalaya: A Politico-Religious History
2500:, New Delhi: Rupa Publications – via Academia.edu
2374:, Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1890
2080:
Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China
1129:
after having traced the Indus down to Demchok, in Ladak
617:
Survey of Kashmir, Ladak, and Baltistan or Little Tibet
2114:
1364:西线巴里加斯印度控制450平方公里（我军曾对部分地区前出巡逻设防），主要位于狮泉河、典角村以西和班公湖西段。
1253:
Demchok and the New Silk Road: China's double standard
2581:
Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh
2551:, London: Wm. H. Allen and Co – via archive.org
1608:
Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War (1968
1277:
Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3 (1962)
1144:
to be an "expansionist" and distrusted his pleadings.
1016:
Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 1 (1962)
631:
Where had put the boundary actually at Demchok, the
480:
Ladakh Chronicles § Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
151:
1288:
2183:"Ladakhis await re-opening of historic Tibet route"
1301:
India, China admit to intrusion by Chinese herdsmen
145:
138:
133:
99:
90:
2643:
1793:Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector (1965)
1486:, KNAB Place Name Database, retrieved 18 May 2022.
1198:as "soul mountain". Many peaks in Tibet are named
2650:, Oxford University Press – via archive.org
2379:India, Ministry of External Affairs, ed. (1962),
1690:
1232:India. Ministry of External Affairs, ed. (1966),
1030:India. Ministry of External Affairs, ed. (1966),
1022:, after crossing the Chopu river, one arrived at
338:). It is apparently named after the Tibetan name
268:, then heads northwest to the mountain watershed.
1656:Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector 1965
629:
582:
173:is a disputed area named after the villages of
607:Kashmir Atlas boundary of the Demchok sector (
539:. The war ended in a stalemate. The resulting
417:, the pyramidal white peak behind the Ladakhi
2755:The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society
2664:The Australian Year Book of International Law
2594:Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II
2258:. European Foundation for South Asian Studies
2004:The Australian Year Book of International Law
1544:Jinpa, Why did Tibet and Ladakh Clash? (2015)
1532:Jinpa, Why did Tibet and Ladakh Clash? (2015)
105:
8:
2787:The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D.
1990:
1988:
1986:
1291:, Chapter 9: "Changthang: The High Plateau".
1406:
1404:
1342:
1340:
1319:, Reliance Publishing House, p. 225,
878:. Please do not remove this message until
389:, who founded the West Tibetan kingdom of
130:
2624:, in Lo Bue, Erberto; Bray, John (eds.),
898:Learn how and when to remove this message
505:) mention that, at the conclusion of the
2548:Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical
2176:
2174:
1632:Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War (2007
874:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2038:Atlas of the Northern Frontier of India
1213:
982:
547:British boundary commission (1846–1847)
1915:
1913:
1642:Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya (2001
1374:
1372:
1181:) jointly with the Tibetan officials (
1100:Agnew and Cunningham were assisted by
580:surveyed the area. Its report stated:
181:, situated near the confluence of the
87:
70:
42:
2827:on OpenStreetMap (Chinese-controlled)
2798:The India-China Border: A Reappraisal
2130:, Indian Defence Review, 19 May 2017.
2063:Lamb, Tibet, China & India (1989)
625:Great Trigonometrical Survey of India
609:Geographic Service of the French Army
7:
2833:on OpenStreetMap (Indian-controlled)
1966:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)
1836:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1194:Scholars translate the Tibetan term
2620:Howard, Neil; Howard, Kath (2014),
2531:, Lancer Publishers, pp. 51–,
1954:Lamb, The China-India border (1964)
1881:Lamb, The China-India border (1964)
1809:Lamb, The China-India border (1964)
1781:Lamb, The China-India border (1964)
1754:Lamb, The China-India border (1964)
1739:Lamb, The China-India border (1964)
1727:Lamb, The China-India border (1964)
1715:Lamb, The China-India border (1964)
1679:Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1969)
1598:Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977
1474:, July 2009, retrieved 18 May 2022.
409:. The description of Maryul in the
214:princely state of Jammu and Kashmir
1920:Rao, The India-China Border (1968)
25:
2812:, Praeger – via archive.org
2584:, Praeger – via archive.org
2271:Snow, Shawn (19 September 2016).
2016:10.1163/26660229-001-01-900000005
652:Later colonial period (1868–1947)
1978:Bray, The Lapchak Mission (1990)
1942:Bray, The Lapchak Mission (1990)
1440:Fang, Jianchang (17 June 2020).
1123:While describing the travels of
853:
816:
804:
792:
780:
768:
756:
744:
730:
718:
704:
690:
683:
676:
69:
62:
41:
34:
2497:Ladakh: Changing, Yet Unchanged
2273:"Analysis: Why Kashmir Matters"
1830:Karackattu, Joe Thomas (2018).
1766:Maxwell, India's China War 1970
1626:Bray, The Lapchak Mission (1990
449:
438:
248:, shown in bold, starting from
2795:Rao, Gondker Narayana (1968),
2545:Cunningham, Alexander (1854),
2371:Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak
2053:, The Pioneer, 16 August 2018.
1159:Jammoo and Kashmir Territories
920:United States Army Map Service
428:In addition to modern Ladakh,
334:
325:
312:
303:
189:. It is a part of the greater
152:
106:
1:
2877:Territorial disputes of India
2872:Territorial disputes of China
2592:(1926), Thomas, F. W. (ed.),
2494:Bhattacharji, Romesh (2012),
2115:Cheema, Crimson Chinar (2015)
2606:, Indus Publishing Company,
2297:Journal of Strategic Studies
2076:van Eekelen, Willem Frederik
1612:sDe-pa Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho
1561:"Demchok (Notes and topics)"
563:After the Dogras joined the
474:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
372:Demchok (historical village)
2385:, Government of India Press
2181:Puri, Luv (2 August 2005).
2051:The curious case of Demchok
1289:Bhattacharji, Ladakh (2012)
880:conditions to do so are met
55:Demchok relative to Kashmir
2903:
2564:, BRILL, pp. 81–108,
2525:Cheema, Brig Amar (2015),
2336:"The Trouble with Kashmir"
1768:, map opposite p. 40.
1412:"典角村，固有領土的見證，如今，600米外駐紮印軍"
1303:, Gulf News, 28 July 2014.
1157:published his now-seminal
941:administered by India and
477:
369:
191:Sino-Indian border dispute
2867:Military history of Tibet
2806:Woodman, Dorothy (1969),
2628:, BRILL, pp. 68–99,
2092:10.1007/978-94-015-0715-8
1848:10.1017/S1356186317000281
1348:"中国对印战略：装甲集团沿三线突击两日可抵新德里"
1313:Mehra, Parshotam (1989),
347:
163:
129:
107:
95:
83:Demchok relative to Tibet
1691:Cunningham, Ladak (1854)
842:Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture
252:in south runs along the
2801:, Asia Publishing House
2671:Lamb, Alastair (1989),
2655:Lamb, Alastair (1965),
2642:Lamb, Alastair (1964),
2590:Francke, August Hermann
2556:Emmer, Gerhard (2007),
1995:Lamb, Alastair (1965).
1658:, pp. 37, 38, 40:
1380:"印度防长：要让巴付出代价 已炮击2万发炮弹"
1140:Also, the British felt
1060:Silungle is located at
947:Tibet Autonomous Region
507:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War
274:British colonial period
101:Simplified Chinese
2831:Demchok Western Sector
2825:Demchok Eastern Sector
2646:The China-India border
2158:, BRILL, p. 520,
1568:Bulletin of Tibetology
1165:between 1891 and 1902.
637:
612:
587:
560:
492:
490:August Hermann Francke
269:
246:Line of Actual Control
230:Line of Actual Control
195:Line of Actual Control
2717:tibetjournal.40.2.113
2691:Lange, Diana (2017),
2600:Handa, O. C. (2001),
2256:"Jammu & Kashmir"
2227:Indian Defence Review
2223:"The Case of Demchok"
606:
554:
487:
478:Further information:
425:were also mentioned.
243:
2305:10.2139/ssrn.3102745
2152:McKay, Alex (2015),
935:1962 Sino-Indian War
599:Kashmir Atlas (1868)
577:Alexander Cunningham
518:Alexander Cunningham
80:class=notpageimage|
52:class=notpageimage|
2852:Geography of Ladakh
2341:The Washington Post
2195:on 24 December 2013
2142:, pp. 106–107.
2128:The Case of Demchok
1907:, pp. 157–158.
1546:, pp. 134–135.
1534:, pp. 115–116.
1075: /
916:National Geographic
867:of this section is
503:La-dvags-rgyal-rabs
226:a brief war in 1962
2882:China–India border
2857:Geography of Tibet
2747:Montgomerie, T. G.
2732:, Pantheon Books,
656:Subsequent to the
613:
592:mountain watershed
565:British suzerainty
561:
493:
270:
262:Koyul Lungpa river
2862:History of Ladakh
2739:978-0-394-47051-1
2729:India's China War
2705:The Tibet Journal
2677:, Roxford Books,
2613:978-81-7387-124-5
2571:978-90-474-2171-9
2538:978-81-7062-301-4
2507:The Tibet Journal
2165:978-90-04-30618-9
2101:978-94-015-0715-8
1883:, pp. 72–73.
1741:, pp. 64–66.
1681:, pp. 42–43.
1326:978-81-85047-46-1
1079:32.768°N 79.359°E
908:
907:
900:
641:T. G. Montgomerie
569:Jammu and Kashmir
541:Treaty of Chushul
537:Dogra–Tibetan War
498:Ladakh Chronicles
411:Ladakh Chronicles
202:Kingdom of Ladakh
175:Demchok in Ladakh
167:
166:
159:
158:
140:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
2894:
2813:
2802:
2791:
2777:
2761:, Murray: 146–,
2742:
2724:Maxwell, Neville
2719:
2699:
2687:
2667:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2638:
2616:
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2585:
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2552:
2541:
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2490:
2467:
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2445:
2444:
2435:Chinese report:
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2263:
2248:
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2215:
2209:
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2191:. Archived from
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2143:
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2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2072:
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2001:
1992:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
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1951:
1945:
1939:
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1706:
1705:, p. 55–56.
1700:
1694:
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1676:
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1647:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1557:Sinha, Nirmal C.
1553:
1547:
1541:
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1529:
1523:
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1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1484:Ngari Prefecture
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1442:"房建昌：近代中印西段边界史略"
1437:
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1354:. 25 August 2017
1344:
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1330:: " crosses the
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1125:pundit explorers
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694:
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687:
680:
573:P. A. Vans Agnew
567:as the state of
453:
452: 1616–1642
451:
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441: 1575–1595
440:
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179:Demchok in Tibet
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91:Parigas district
88:
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45:
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38:
21:
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2805:
2794:
2782:Petech, Luciano
2780:
2767:10.2307/1798550
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2396:
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2389:Indian Report:
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2221:(19 May 2017).
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2084:Springer-Verlag
2074:
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1389:
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1386:on 24 July 2020
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1179:wazir-e-wazarat
1173:
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1007:
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939:Demchok, Ladakh
927:Sino-Indian War
904:
893:
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838:Demchok, Ladakh
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654:
623:of 1868 by the
601:
555:Map of Ladakh,
549:
524:to the hill of
482:
476:
448:
437:
434:Tsewang Namgyal
379:
374:
368:
254:Charding Nullah
238:
206:Ganden Phodrang
183:Charding Nullah
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28:
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18:Demchok dispute
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2887:Demchok sector
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2834:
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2819:External links
2817:
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2711:(2): 113–150,
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2117:, p. 190.
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2065:, p. 360.
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1956:, p. 173.
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1885:
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1842:(1): 135–159.
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1418:. 11 June 2020
1416:Headline Daily
1414:(in Chinese).
1400:
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1350:(in Chinese).
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1221:Parigas, India
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1102:Henry Strachey
1093:
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318:Parigas region
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2049:Claude Arpi,
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2025:
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2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1987:
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1980:, p. 77.
1979:
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1962:
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1755:
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1728:
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1521:
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902:
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824:Demchok–India
686:
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651:
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415:Demchok Karpo
412:
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391:Ngari Khorsum
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377:Early history
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2362:Bibliography
2345:. Retrieved
2339:
2296:
2280:. Retrieved
2277:The Diplomat
2260:. Retrieved
2246:
2237:
2230:. Retrieved
2219:Arpi, Claude
2213:
2204:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:the original
2186:
2154:
2147:
2135:
2122:
2110:
2079:
2070:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2010:(1): 37–52.
2007:
2003:
1973:
1968:, p. 1.
1961:
1949:
1937:
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1467:
1459:
1452:. Retrieved
1450:(in Chinese)
1445:
1435:
1427:
1420:. Retrieved
1395:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:the original
1363:
1356:. Retrieved
1331:
1315:
1308:
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1008:
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990:
989:Also called
985:
951:
932:
924:
911:
909:
894:
885:
863:
812:Dêmqog–China
663:
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655:
638:
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295:
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286:
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199:
170:
168:
147:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
1930:conducted."
1175:Claude Arpi
1142:Gulab Singh
1082: /
836:Modern-day
800:Indus River
752:Charding La
740:(Zhaxigang)
423:Raba Dmarpo
356:pa li ca si
250:Charding La
187:Indus River
2841:Categories
1618:stream at
1209:References
1070:79°21′32″E
1067:32°46′05″N
962:Aksai Chin
933:After the
865:neutrality
665:settled."
370:See also:
218:Qing Tibet
2321:133523552
2313:1556-5068
2188:The Hindu
2024:229946392
1864:159705672
1856:1356-1863
1636:Bde mchog
1620:bDe-mChog
1602:bDe-mc'og
1352:Sina News
1163:Karl Marx
1153:In 1875,
918:and 1955
876:talk page
726:Umling La
460:Tashigang
413:mentions
395:Palgyigon
348:པ་ལི་ཅ་སི
316:) or the
313:Bālǐjiāsī
260:with the
236:Geography
2784:(1977),
2749:(1869),
2726:(1970),
2519:43300375
2488:29755343
2078:(1964).
1559:(1967),
1454:8 August
1390:8 August
972:Skakjung
956:See also
888:May 2020
869:disputed
788:Charding
712:Chisumle
526:Karbonas
387:Nyimagon
360:Silungle
340:Palicasi
266:Chang La
204:and the
2775:1798550
2666:: 37–52
2232:19 July
2199:19 July
1574:: 23–24
1422:19 July
1358:19 July
1183:garpons
1047:Parigas
1043:Demchok
1024:Parigas
1020:Demchok
991:Parigas
738:Jara La
611:, 1909)
585:Ladakh.
559:, 1863
522:Dechhog
419:Demchok
407:Zanskar
385:. King
366:History
344:Tibetan
322:Chinese
300:Chinese
296:Parigas
278:Demchok
222:Demchok
2847:Tracts
2773:
2736:
2715:
2681:
2632:
2610:
2568:
2535:
2517:
2486:
2461:Part 3
2450:Part 2
2439:Part 1
2426:Part 4
2415:Part 3
2404:Part 2
2393:Part 1
2347:15 May
2319:
2311:
2282:15 May
2262:15 May
2162:
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2022:
1869:1868).
1862:
1854:
1616:lHa-ri
1323:
1196:lha-ri
967:Chumar
943:Dêmqog
922:maps.
776:Nilung
714:Nullah
700:5miles
533:Dogras
456:Drukpa
443:) and
403:Purang
383:Maryul
332::
330:pinyin
326:巴里加斯地区
324::
310::
308:pinyin
302::
282:Dêmqog
258:Fukche
2771:JSTOR
2713:JSTOR
2660:(PDF)
2515:JSTOR
2484:JSTOR
2465:(PDF)
2454:(PDF)
2443:(PDF)
2430:(PDF)
2419:(PDF)
2408:(PDF)
2397:(PDF)
2317:S2CID
2020:S2CID
2000:(PDF)
1860:S2CID
1564:(PDF)
1239:(PDF)
1200:lhari
1037:(PDF)
978:Notes
764:Koyul
511:Ngari
468:Hanle
464:Hemis
430:Rudok
352:Wylie
289:Koyul
264:from
210:Tibet
2734:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2630:ISBN
2608:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2533:ISBN
2349:2020
2309:ISSN
2284:2020
2264:2020
2234:2020
2201:2020
2160:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2036:See
1852:ISSN
1456:2020
1447:Sohu
1424:2020
1392:2020
1360:2020
1321:ISBN
1049:..."
862:The
840:and
575:and
495:The
466:and
405:and
399:Guge
304:巴里加斯
216:and
185:and
177:and
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2763:doi
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