220:
messages to
Klemesrud's computer using a telephone and a modem, and the messages were briefly stored on Klemesrud's computer. Then the messages were automatically copied from Klemesrud's computer to Netcom's computers and other computers on the Usenet according to a prearranged pattern. Once the messages were on Netcom's computers, they were available to Netcom's customers to download. The messages were stored on Netcom's system for eleven days and Klemesrud's system for three days.
2078:
760:
2090:
41:
313:
participation. However, there was a question of fact as to whether Netcom knew or should have known that such activities were infringing after receipt of RTC's letter. This genuine issue of fact precluded summary judgment on contributory liability. (I.e., the court could not make a decision on contributory liability without
282:
The court held that because the BBS merely stored and passed along all messages sent by its subscribers automatically and indiscriminately, the BBS should not be seen as causing these works to be publicly distributed or displayed. Similar to the creation of fixed copies, since there was no causation,
223:
RTC failed to persuade Erlich to stop his postings, and contacted
Klemesrud and Netcom. Klemesrud asked RTC to prove that it owned the copyright to the works posted by Erlich, but RTC refused. Netcom similarly refused RTC's request that Erlich not be allowed to access the Internet through its system.
409:
The court held that although Netcom's use was to carry out its commercial function as an
Internet access provider, the use benefited the public in allowing for the functioning of the Internet. The court also held that since financial incentive was unrelated to the infringing activity, the commercial
93:
Internet access provider for a
Bulletin Board System (BBS) operator not directly or vicariously liable for copyright infringement committed by subscriber to the BBS, where access provider took no affirmative action to copy work and received no direct financial benefit from the infringement. Disputed
250:
constituted copying, because that data stayed in RAM long enough for it to be perceived. Erlich's act of sending a message to a.r.s. caused reproductions of portions of plaintiffs' work on both
Klemesrud's and Netcom's storage devices, and these reproductions were sufficiently "fixed" to constitute
356:
The court held that Netcom did not receive direct financial benefit, because Netcom received only a fixed fee, and there was no evidence that infringement by Erlich in any way enhanced the value of Netcom's services to subscribers or attracted new subscribers. Since RTC failed to prove that Netcom
312:
The court held that if RTC could prove that Netcom had knowledge of the infringing activities, Netcom could be liable for contributory infringement since its failure to simply cancel Erlich's infringing message and thereby stop an infringing copy from being distributed could constitute substantial
269:
case, Netcom did not take any affirmative action that could result in copying of RTC's work. The mere fact that Netcom's system incidentally made temporary copies of plaintiff's work did not mean Netcom had caused the copying. The court further stated that although copyright was a strict liability
343:
RTC claimed that Netcom's terms of service specified that Netcom reserved the right to take remedial actions against subscribers. Netcom argued that it could not possibly screen messages before they were posted, and it had never exercised control over the content of users' postings. RTC disputed
295:
The court held that it could not see any meaningful distinction between what Netcom did and what every other Usenet server did. Adopting a rule that held Netcom liable could lead to the liability of countless parties whose role in the infringement was nothing more than setting up and operating a
441:
Netcom urged the court to focus on the "normal market" for the copyrighted work, which was through a
Scientology-based organization. RTC responded that online distribution had the effect of market substitution. The court held that evidence raised a genuine issue of fact as to the possibility of
325:
The court held that Netcom did not completely relinquish control over how its system could be used. If Netcom could take simple measures to prevent further damage to RTC's copyrighted work, yet continued to aid in the accomplishment of Erlich's purpose of publicly distributing the postings, the
273:
The court also considered the negative consequences of holding Netcom directly liable. If Netcom was liable for making autonomous and incidental copies, this would result in liability for every single Usenet server in the worldwide link of computers transmitting Erlich's message to every other
219:
Erlich gained his access to the
Internet through defendant Tom Klemesrud's bulletin board service ("BBS"), which had approximately 500 paying users. Klemesrud's BBS was linked to the Internet through the facilities of defendant Netcom. When Erlich posted messages to Usenet, he transmitted his
232:
RTC alleged that Netcom was directly liable for making copies of its works. RTC also alleged that Netcom violated its exclusive rights to publicly display copies of its works. In the oral argument, RTC argued that Netcom violated its exclusive right to publicly distribute its works.
418:
The works used were unpublished and creative. However, since Netcom's use of the works was merely to facilitate their posting to the Usenet, which was an entirely different purpose than plaintiff's use, the nature of the works was not important to the fair use determination.
433:, the court stated that the mere fact that all of a work was copied was not determinative of the fair use question. The court held that since Netcom copied no more than necessary to function as a Usenet server, this factor should not defeat an otherwise valid defense.
286:
The court also found that there was no logical reason to hold Netcom uniquely responsible for distributing Erlich's messages. Since every Usenet server had a role in distributing RTC's works, holding Netcom liable would mean liability for all these Usenet servers.
454:
The court concluded that genuine issues of fact precluded summary judgment on contributory copyright infringement liability and Netcom's fair use defense (i.e., the court could not make a decision on contributory infringement and Netcom's fair use defense without
1372:
150:") and Internet access provider that allows that BBS to reach the Internet should be liable for copyright infringement committed by a subscriber of the BBS. The plaintiff Religious Technology Center ("RTC") argued that defendant Netcom was directly,
344:
Netcom's claims. The court concluded that RTC raised a genuine issue of fact as to whether Netcom had the right and ability to exercise control over the activities of its subscribers. (I.e., the court could not make a decision on this issue without
2120:
334:
A defendant is liable for vicarious liability for the actions of a primary infringer if the defendant (1) has the right and ability to control the infringer's acts and (2) receives a direct financial benefit from the infringement.
1865:
410:
nature of the use should not be dispositive. Furthermore, Netcom's use of copyrighted material served a completely different function than that of the plaintiffs. Therefore, this factor weighed in favor of fair use.
179:
51:
1990:
304:
Contributory infringement can be established if the defendant has knowledge of the infringing activity and induces, causes or materially contributes to the infringing conduct of another.
270:
statute, some element of volition or causation was still required to constitute copyright infringement. Since such element was lacking, Netcom was not liable for direct infringement.
674:
472:
1547:
1805:
366:
171:
1379:
1513:
1845:
1442:
1294:
1015:
1180:
1185:
714:
637:
1785:
1552:
1948:
1880:
667:
186:
precluded summary judgment on contributory liability and fair use. (I.e., facts about contributory liability and fair use that required adjudication by
2110:
1494:
2115:
265:
242:
94:
questions of fact regarding access provider's knowledge of infringement precluded summary judgment on contributory copyright infringement liability.
2130:
1400:
1220:
1435:
1344:
2125:
1428:
958:
660:
563:
1885:
1421:
1386:
1358:
1305:
1162:
1800:
1489:
1407:
1105:
879:
510:
481:
1976:
1773:
1577:
468:
1660:
1453:
1175:
975:
920:
1906:
479:("DMCA"). The same report also refers to this case as "the leading and most thoughtful judicial decision to date" on this subject.
1665:
1095:
774:
476:
2140:
1592:
1351:
1147:
1895:
1635:
1537:
1501:
1040:
604:
263:
The court refused to impose direct liability on Netcom for making copies. The court first reasoned that in contrast with the
274:
computer. The court concluded that there was no need to construe the
Copyright Act to make all of these parties infringers.
1708:
1703:
1600:
1120:
2068:
1927:
1567:
1230:
683:
494:
143:
1795:
1562:
1060:
1025:
1000:
995:
129:
119:
2011:
759:
2135:
1815:
1640:
1283:
1265:
1132:
504:
386:
1713:
1557:
1365:
1277:
1167:
951:
925:
442:
market harm, which precluded summary judgment. (I.e., the court could not make a decision on this factor without
198:
Plaintiff RTC held copyrights in the unpublished and published works of L. Ron
Hubbard, the late founder of the
1850:
1830:
1605:
1337:
1070:
985:
704:
699:
622:
537:
213:
81:
2046:
1825:
1650:
1311:
1210:
1205:
1045:
2018:
1477:
357:
received direct financial benefit from the infringing activity, RTC's claim of vicarious liability failed.
2039:
1962:
1630:
1610:
1458:
1299:
1195:
1115:
1055:
990:
378:
370:
159:
151:
642:
485:, 373 F.3d 544 (4th Cir. 2004) held that the DMCA did not supplant or preempt the holdings of this case.
1983:
1860:
1855:
1675:
1655:
1645:
1625:
1615:
1525:
1484:
1050:
900:
398:
252:
199:
147:
385:
defense balanced the First
Amendment and "promoting the progress of science and useful arts" clause of
2025:
2082:
1955:
1875:
1620:
1245:
944:
860:
1870:
1820:
1790:
1321:
1200:
1190:
1110:
1005:
870:
825:
613:
499:
155:
1940:
1934:
1289:
1271:
1240:
1235:
1075:
1065:
1035:
850:
724:
595:
459:
because of factual disputes), and that RTC's claims of direct and vicarious infringement failed.
373:
where it was otherwise appropriate did not necessarily raise a First Amendment issue, since the
1969:
1835:
1393:
1250:
1215:
779:
739:
559:
429:
1913:
1718:
1698:
1688:
1572:
1472:
1330:
1255:
1137:
1080:
638:
An introduction of secondary liability for copyright infringement by Professor Jane Ginsburg
163:
1693:
1506:
820:
709:
569:
107:
1373:
New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack
2053:
1758:
1738:
1733:
1683:
910:
840:
815:
729:
2032:
2104:
1997:
1728:
1518:
1100:
1090:
789:
734:
203:
183:
182:
concluded that RTC's claims of direct and vicarious infringement failed, but genuine
1763:
1748:
1723:
1225:
1127:
845:
830:
133:
2089:
1753:
967:
915:
835:
810:
744:
456:
443:
437:
Effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work
345:
314:
187:
167:
652:
2094:
1743:
855:
647:
397:
The court considered whether the actions of Netcom qualified as fair use. The
17:
1920:
1542:
1530:
1467:
1010:
905:
784:
374:
210:
573:
2121:
United States District Court for the Northern District of California cases
1415:
Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
887:
Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
589:
Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
533:
Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
40:
33:
Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
1840:
1810:
794:
382:
216:("a.r.s."). Erlich posted portions of copyrighted works of RTC on a.r.s.
175:
139:
78:
1582:
1085:
1030:
719:
146:
case about whether the operator of a computer bulletin board service ("
1142:
207:
632:
52:
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
643:
Mark Schultz, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate Feb. 11, 2020
1260:
749:
1152:
246:
established that the loading of data from a storage device into
166:(i.e., Netcom urged the court to make a judgment without a full
940:
656:
296:
system that was necessary for the functioning of the Internet.
936:
247:
365:
Netcom argued that RTC's theory of liability contravened the
283:
Netcom should not be held liable for copyright infringement.
190:
precluded the court from making a decision without a trial.)
1991:
A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant
1422:
Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.
591:, 907 F. Supp. 1361 (N.D. Cal. 1995). is available from:
473:
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
2066:
1894:
1772:
1674:
1591:
1548:
Hubbard Association of Scientologists International
1452:
1320:
1161:
974:
869:
803:
767:
690:
113:
103:
98:
87:
73:
65:
57:
47:
31:
1394:Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz
1380:Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong
1186:Church of Scientology editing on Knowledge (XXG)
715:Church of Scientology editing on Knowledge (XXG)
1846:New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project
1806:Concerned Businessmen's Association of America
1443:Headley v. Church of Scientology International
326:participation of Netcom would be substantial.
952:
668:
369:. The court held that imposing liability for
8:
1786:Association for Better Living and Education
1553:International Association of Scientologists
633:A law review article about DMCA Safe Harbor
134:Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
1949:Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath
1881:World Institute of Scientology Enterprises
959:
945:
937:
675:
661:
653:
28:
423:Amount and substantiality of portion used
206:was a vocal critic of the Church via the
1401:Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
243:MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc.
170:), disputing RTC's claims and raising a
2073:
554:Rosenoer, Jonathan (November 7, 1996).
524:
401:has set out four nonexclusive factors.
1436:Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia
1387:R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
1345:X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden
7:
1886:Youth for Human Rights International
1359:Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology
1306:The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power
1801:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
1490:Church of Scientology International
1408:Religious Technology Center v Lerma
880:Religious Technology Center v Lerma
511:CoStar Group, Inc. v. LoopNet, Inc.
482:CoStar Group, Inc. v. LoopNet, Inc.
178:defense. The district court of the
1578:Scientology Missions International
1543:Golden Era Productions (Gold Base)
1519:Flag Building/Super Power Building
1429:Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany
25:
1176:Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act
921:Scientology beliefs and practices
556:Cyberlaw: the Law of the Internet
2111:United States copyright case law
2088:
2076:
1096:Scientology and religious groups
775:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
758:
500:Scientology and the legal system
477:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
405:Purpose and character of the use
308:Knowledge of infringing activity
39:
2116:United States Internet case law
1876:The Way to Happiness Foundation
1352:Church of Scientology v. Sweden
514:, 373 F.3d 544 (4th Cir. 2004).
495:Scientology versus the Internet
278:Public distribution and display
180:Northern District of California
2131:1995 in United States case law
1907:Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology
1538:Founding Church of Scientology
1502:Church of Spiritual Technology
446:because of factual disputes.)
414:Nature of the copyrighted work
348:because of factual disputes.)
317:because of factual disputes.)
251:recognizable copies under the
1:
1181:Books critical of Scientology
2126:Scientology and the Internet
1568:Rehabilitation Project Force
1221:Guardian's Office operations
684:Scientology and the Internet
648:BBC documentary on the case.
558:. Springer. pp. 62–88.
339:Right and ability to control
142:1361 (N.D. Cal. 1995), is a
1563:Religious Technology Center
1061:Keeping Scientology Working
471:, the case was codified in
259:Liability for making copies
130:Religious Technology Center
120:United States copyright law
2157:
1284:The Secrets of Scientology
540: (N.D. Cal. 1995).
505:List of copyright case law
387:United States Constitution
2007:
1558:Office of Special Affairs
1514:Flag Service Organization
1366:Hernandez v. Commissioner
1278:Scientology as a business
926:Scientology controversies
896:
756:
538:907 F. Supp. 1361
379:idea/expression dichotomy
321:Substantial participation
300:Contributory infringement
118:
92:
38:
1851:Oxford Capacity Analysis
1338:United States v. Hubbard
700:alt.religion.scientology
361:First Amendment argument
352:Direct financial benefit
237:Creation of fixed copies
214:alt.religion.scientology
1206:Death of Lisa McPherson
2141:Scientology litigation
1816:Cult Awareness Network
371:copyright infringement
160:copyright infringement
1984:A Token of My Extreme
1861:Second Chance Program
1856:Safe Environment Fund
1526:Flag Ship Service Org
1485:Church of Scientology
1196:Death of Elli Perkins
901:Church of Scientology
200:Church of Scientology
1956:My Scientology Movie
1295:Tax status in the US
1246:Operation Snow White
861:Lawrence Wollersheim
1871:Volunteer Ministers
1821:The Delphian School
1791:Applied Scholastics
1201:Death of Kaja Ballo
1191:Clearwater Hearings
826:Andreas Heldal-Lund
330:Vicarious liability
228:Direct infringement
162:. Netcom moved for
144:U.S. district court
1836:Moxon & Kobrin
1290:Suppressive person
1272:Scientology and Me
1241:Operation Freakout
1236:Operation Clambake
1066:Marcab Confederacy
1041:Ethics and justice
851:David S. Touretzky
725:Operation Clambake
2136:Fair use case law
2064:
2063:
2020:Wikimedia Commons
1601:Status by country
1495:Guaranty Building
1251:Project Chanology
1216:Fishman Affidavit
1148:Training routines
934:
933:
780:Fishman Affidavit
740:Project Chanology
565:978-0-387-94832-4
430:Sony v. Universal
125:
124:
16:(Redirected from
2148:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
1914:Being Tom Cruise
1719:Jessica Feshbach
1699:Shelly Miscavige
1689:Mary Sue Hubbard
1573:Saint Hill Manor
1473:Celebrity Centre
1331:Hubbard v Vosper
1256:Project Normandy
1138:Study Technology
1081:Operating Thetan
961:
954:
947:
938:
762:
710:Chilling Effects
677:
670:
663:
654:
627:
621:
618:
612:
609:
603:
600:
594:
577:
541:
535:
529:
475:as a portion of
469:H. Rept. 105-551
393:Fair use defense
377:concepts of the
164:summary judgment
99:Court membership
43:
29:
21:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2003:
1897:
1890:
1778:and recruitment
1777:
1775:
1768:
1709:John Carmichael
1694:David Miscavige
1670:
1587:
1507:Trementina Base
1456:
1448:
1316:
1166:
1157:
977:
970:
965:
935:
930:
892:
865:
821:Tilman Hausherr
799:
768:Software, terms
763:
754:
692:
686:
681:
625:
619:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
592:
584:
566:
553:
550:
548:Further reading
545:
544:
531:
530:
526:
521:
491:
465:
452:
439:
425:
416:
407:
395:
367:First Amendment
363:
354:
341:
332:
323:
310:
302:
293:
280:
261:
239:
230:
196:
174:argument and a
172:First Amendment
108:Ronald M. Whyte
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1759:Michelle Stith
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:Kendrick Moxon
1736:
1734:Heber Jentzsch
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1684:L. Ron Hubbard
1680:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1661:United Kingdom
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:Château Élysée
1470:
1464:
1462:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
980:
972:
971:
966:
964:
963:
956:
949:
941:
932:
931:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
911:L. Ron Hubbard
908:
903:
897:
894:
893:
891:
890:
883:
875:
873:
867:
866:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
841:Shawn Lonsdale
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Tory Christman
813:
807:
805:
801:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
771:
769:
765:
764:
757:
755:
753:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
730:Penet remailer
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
696:
694:
691:Organizations,
688:
687:
682:
680:
679:
672:
665:
657:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
628:
614:Google Scholar
583:
582:External links
580:
579:
578:
564:
549:
546:
543:
542:
523:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
507:
502:
497:
490:
487:
464:
461:
451:
448:
438:
435:
424:
421:
415:
412:
406:
403:
394:
391:
362:
359:
353:
350:
340:
337:
331:
328:
322:
319:
309:
306:
301:
298:
292:
289:
279:
276:
260:
257:
238:
235:
229:
226:
195:
192:
184:issues of fact
152:contributorily
123:
122:
116:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
90:
89:
85:
84:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
36:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2153:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2083:United States
2074:
2070:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1998:We Stand Tall
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1776:organizations
1771:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Leisa Goodman
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1666:United States
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1454:Organizations
1451:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1168:controversies
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:Homosexuality
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:Reincarnation
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:Reactive mind
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:Disconnection
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
979:
973:
969:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
943:
942:
939:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
895:
889:
888:
884:
882:
881:
877:
876:
874:
872:
868:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
806:
802:
796:
793:
791:
790:Scieno Sitter
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
770:
766:
761:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:Planetboredom
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
695:
689:
685:
678:
673:
671:
666:
664:
659:
658:
655:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
624:
615:
606:
605:CourtListener
597:
590:
586:
585:
581:
575:
571:
567:
561:
557:
552:
551:
547:
539:
534:
528:
525:
518:
513:
512:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
488:
486:
484:
483:
478:
474:
470:
467:According to
462:
460:
458:
449:
447:
445:
436:
434:
432:
431:
422:
420:
413:
411:
404:
402:
400:
399:Copyright Act
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
358:
351:
349:
347:
338:
336:
329:
327:
320:
318:
316:
307:
305:
299:
297:
290:
288:
284:
277:
275:
271:
268:
267:
258:
256:
254:
253:Copyright Act
249:
245:
244:
236:
234:
227:
225:
221:
217:
215:
212:
209:
205:
204:Dennis Erlich
201:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
135:
131:
121:
117:
112:
109:
106:
104:Judge sitting
102:
97:
91:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:Nov. 21, 1995
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
42:
37:
34:
30:
27:
19:
18:Dennis Erlich
1996:
1989:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1831:Front groups
1764:Kurt Weiland
1749:Mark Rathbun
1724:David Gaiman
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1304:
1282:
1270:
1231:The Internet
1226:Keith Henson
1128:Silent birth
1016:
886:
885:
878:
846:Karin Spaink
831:Keith Henson
588:
555:
532:
527:
509:
480:
466:
463:Codification
453:
440:
428:
426:
417:
408:
396:
364:
355:
342:
333:
324:
311:
303:
294:
285:
281:
272:
264:
262:
241:
240:
231:
222:
218:
202:. Defendant
197:
128:
127:
126:
32:
26:
2048:Wikiversity
1935:Going Clear
1796:Celebrities
1774:Affiliated
1754:Mike Rinder
1714:Tommy Davis
1641:New Zealand
1636:Netherlands
1133:Space opera
976:Beliefs and
968:Scientology
916:Scientology
836:Arnie Lerma
811:Mark Bunker
745:ScienTOMogy
158:liable for
156:vicariously
69:95-cv-20091
66:Docket nos.
2105:Categories
2055:Wiktionary
2041:Wikisource
1977:South Park
1970:The Profit
1963:The Master
1928:The Bridge
1866:Trademarks
1744:Karin Pouw
1459:properties
1322:Litigation
1266:Psychiatry
871:Litigation
856:Grady Ward
519:References
450:Conclusion
291:Conclusion
2034:Wikiquote
2013:Wikibooks
1921:Bowfinger
1826:Free Zone
1704:Bob Adams
1676:Officials
1606:Australia
1593:Countries
1531:Freewinds
1468:Cadet Org
1211:Fair game
1106:Sec Check
1017:Dianetics
1011:Dianetics
978:practices
906:Dianetics
785:Scamizdat
705:Anonymous
375:copyright
211:newsgroup
2027:Wikinews
1896:Popular
1841:Narconon
1811:Criminon
1651:Pakistan
1312:Timeline
1300:The Hole
1071:Marriage
1056:Incident
1046:Glossary
991:Auditing
986:Abortion
795:Sporgery
693:websites
587:Text of
574:7448604M
489:See also
383:fair use
381:and the
176:fair use
140:F. Supp.
114:Keywords
79:F. Supp.
74:Citation
2069:Portals
1898:culture
1631:Germany
1611:Belgium
1583:Sea Org
1163:History
1086:OT VIII
1051:Implant
1031:E-meter
720:FACTNet
596:Cornell
427:Citing
88:Holding
58:Decided
1656:Russia
1646:Norway
1626:France
1616:Canada
1143:Thetan
1116:Gender
1036:Engram
1019:(book)
1001:Bridge
804:People
626:
623:Justia
620:
617:
611:
608:
602:
599:
593:
572:
562:
536:,
208:Usenet
154:, and
138:, 907
1621:Egypt
1457:(and
1261:R2-45
1006:Clear
996:Books
750:YTMND
457:trial
444:trial
346:trial
315:trial
194:Facts
188:trial
168:trial
48:Court
1941:film
1153:Xenu
1076:MEST
560:ISBN
82:1361
77:907
2095:Law
1165:and
1111:Sex
266:MAI
248:RAM
148:BBS
132:v.
2107::
570:OL
568:.
389:.
255:.
2071::
1986:"
1982:"
1461:)
960:e
953:t
946:v
676:e
669:t
662:v
576:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
