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vitality of the periodontal ligament. In 1980, Blomlof showed that storing the periodontal ligament cells in a biocompatible medium could extend the extra oral time to four hours or more. He found that the best storage medium was a medical research fluid called Hank's
Balanced Solution. In this study, it was serendipitously discovered that milk could also maintain cell viability for two hours. In 1981, Andreasen showed that crushing of cells on the tooth root could cause death of the cells and lead to resorption and reduction in prognosis. In 1983, Matsson et al. showed that soaking in Hank's Balanced Solution for thirty minutes prior to reimplantation could revitalize extracted dog's teeth that were dry for 60 minutes. In 1989, a systematic storage device was developed to optimally store and preserve knocked out teeth. In 1992, Trope et al. showed that extracted dog's teeth could be stored in Hank's Balanced Solution for up to 96 hours and still maintain significant vitality. In this study, milk was only able to maintain vitality for two hours.
393:
to remove debris must be avoided. When placed in a physiologic solution, the tooth should be gently agitated to permit the cleansing of the tooth root. At the same time that this agitation occurs, the bumping of the tooth root against a hard surface such as glass, plastic or even cardboard must also be avoided. For the same reasons, the method in which the knocked-out teeth are transported must be carefully selected. Placing the knocked-out teeth by transporting in tissues and handkerchiefs can be damaging and transporting them in glass or cardboard containers can also be potentially damaging to the cells. In addition to the potential damage that the hard surface can cause, glass containers have the added possibility of breakage or leakage of the physiologic storage fluid. If the glass container does not have a tightly fitting top, then during the transportation, the physiologic storage solution can spill out and the teeth can fall, once again, on the floor and, at the same time, be out of a physiologic environment.
402:
normal blood supply is cut off and within 15 minutes most of the stored metabolites have been depleted and the cells will begin to die. Within one to two hours, enough cells will die that rejection of the tooth by the body at a later time is the usual outcome. The method by which the body rejects the replanted tooth is a process called "replacement root resorption". During this process, the tooth root cells become necrotic (dead) and will activate the immunologic mechanism of the body to attempt to remove this necrotic layer and literally eats away the tooth root. This is called "root resorption". It is a slow, but non-painful, process that is sometimes not observed by
445:
content, provides an optimal environment that supports the survival of PDL cells during the critical period before replantation. Research indicates that the type of milk (e.g., whole, skimmed, or low-fat) can play a role in the preservation efficacy, with whole milk often recommended for its balanced nutrient composition. However, any readily available milk can serve as an effective temporary storage medium, making it a practical choice in emergency situations.
441:
preventing resorption. Storage media serve the critical role of maintaining cell viability by providing an environment with suitable pH, osmolality, and nutrient content, thereby sustaining cell health until the tooth can be properly replanted. The
International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines stress the importance of minimizing the tooth's dry time and choosing an effective storage medium to enhance replantation success.
372:
ligament will reattach, and the tooth can be maintained in its socket. The torn ligament that stays on the socket wall, since it remains connected to the bone and blood supply, is naturally kept alive. However, the ligament cells that remain on the tooth root lose their blood and nutrition supply and must be artificially maintained. They must be protected from two potentially destructive processes: cell crushing and loss of normal
162:
605:
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ongoing research continues to explore the viability of other natural and synthetic substances as potential storage media. The exploration into these alternatives aims to identify solutions that might offer practical benefits similar to or better than those provided by milk, especially in scenarios where milk may not be immediately available.
36:
555:. It is important for laypersons who are related to children, working, or witnessing sports that they be educated on this subject matter. Being educated could aid in minimizing injuries that could do further harm to the victim. Being informed and spreading awareness of dental avulsion, its treatment, and prevention could make an impact.
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to other unaffected teeth for a maximum of two weeks for teeth. Properly handled, even replantation of periodontally compromised permanent teeth in older patients under good maintenance have been reported, with splinting extending for over 4 weeks due to the reduced support structure for the root due to
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also reported replanting knocked out teeth. Wigoper in 1933 used a cast gold splint to hold reimplanted teeth in place. In 1959, Lenstrup and
Skieller declared that the success rate of replanted knocked out teeth should be considered a temporary procedure because the success rate of less than 10% was
504:
PDL healing is the primary outcome measure when assessing interventions for tooth avulsion. When the healing of the PDL is unfavorable it means that there is no longer protection for the root from the surrounding alveolar bone. The bone that surrounds the tooth is continually undergoing physiological
384:
When teeth are knocked out, they end up on an artificial surface: the floor, the ground or material such as carpeting. If the surface is hard, the tooth root cells will be traumatized. Since the cells remaining on the tooth root are very delicate, additional trauma to the PDL cells must be avoided so
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When a patient arrives at the dentist they should be seen immediately. If the tooth has not been placed in a suitable storage medium, the dentist will do this first. A thorough extra-oral and intra-oral examination should be performed. The clinician should consider the age of the patient, the history
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associated with them. If immediate replantation is not possible, the teeth should be placed in an appropriate storage solution and brought to a dentist who can then replant them. The dentist will clean the socket, wash the teeth if necessary, and replant them into their sockets. S/he will splint them
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advise that the best treatment for an avulsed tooth is immediate replantation, for a variety of reasons this can be difficult for the layperson. The teeth are often covered with debris. This debris must be washed off with a physiological solution and not scrubbed. Often multiple teeth are knocked-out
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on the crown. Finger pressure on the tooth root cells will cause cell crushing. Any attempt to clean off any debris should be avoided. Debris should always be washed off gently with, at the very least, a physiologic saline. Even with the use of a physiologic saline, the "scrubbing" of the tooth root
86:
Avulsed permanent teeth however may be replanted, i.e., returned to the socket. Immediate replantation is considered ideal, but this may not be possible if the patient suffered other serious injuries. If properly preserved, teeth may be replanted up to one hour after avulsion. The success of delayed
440:
In cases where immediate replantation is not feasible, selecting an appropriate storage medium to preserve the viability of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells becomes paramount. These cells are essential for the successful reintegration of the tooth into its socket, aiding the healing process and
436:
Immediate replantation, where the tooth is quickly reinserted into its socket, is the best course of action to preserve the tooth's viability and function. However, due to various factors such as the condition of the avulsed tooth, patient circumstances, or delay in accessing dental care, immediate
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Normally metabolizing tooth root cells have an internal cell pressure (osmolality) of 280–300 mOs and a pH of 7.2. When there is an uninterrupted blood supply, all of the metabolites (calcium, phosphate, potassium) and glucose that the cells require are provided. When the tooth is knocked out, this
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Stabilize the tooth for 2 weeks using a passive and flexible wire (0.016” or 0.4 mm. Alternatively composite, nylon fishing line can be used to create a flexible splint. If associated with alveolar fracture a more rigid splint may be placed for up to 4 weeks. Systemic antibiotic therapy may be
251:
for several weeks. Failure to re-plant the avulsed tooth within the first 40 minutes after the injury may result in a less favorable prognosis for the tooth. If the tooth cannot be immediately replaced in its socket, follow the directions for any knocked-out (avulsed) teeth kit, or place it in cold
82:
are not replanted because of the risk of damaging the developing permanent tooth germ. Pulp necrosis with draining fistula, crown discoloration and external root resorption are reported consequences of primary tooth replantation. Tooth dilaceration, impaction and deviation from proper eruption path
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The results of replanting permanent incisor teeth can be divided into short, medium and long-term survival of the tooth. If the tooth is replanted it acts in the short term to maintain space, maintain bone and provide good to excellent aesthetics. If unfavorable healing has occurred, the tooth can
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Saline solution and pure water are discouraged due to their lack of essential nutrients and hypotonic nature, respectively, which can lead to decreased viability of PDL cells. Other alternatives like coconut water, egg white, and various probiotic solutions have shown mixed effectiveness. However,
108:
Despite their wide availability, the use of mouthguards is relatively uncommon. Many people do not use them even in situations that carry a high risk of dental injury, or when their use is mandated. In addition, mouthguards may be dislodged from the wearer's mouth, leaving the teeth unprotected.
592:
Such tooth avulsion was the intentional removal of one or more teeth, which was done for ritual or aesthetic reasons. It was also used to denote group affiliation. Typically, the maxillary incisors were the teeth most often selected for removal. This practice is still common in parts of Africa.
448:
Hank's
Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) is a medically formulated solution containing essential nutrients designed to preserve avulsed teeth until they can be replanted. HBSS is distinguished by its balanced pH and osmolality, closely simulating the natural conditions necessary for the survival of
444:
Universally considered the most preferred storage medium for avulsed teeth, milk's effectiveness is attributed to its pH level and osmolality, which closely resemble the natural conditions necessary for sustaining PDL cell viability. Milk's widespread availability, combined with its nutritional
483:
Additionally, the choice of treatment is closely related to the maturity of the root (open or closed apex) and the condition of the PDL cells, which is dependent on the time out of the mouth and the storage medium used. Minimizing the dry time is crucial for the survival of the PDL cells, with
371:
Every tooth is connected to its surrounding bone by the periodontal ligament. The tooth receives its nourishment through this ligament. When a tooth is knocked out, this ligament is stretched and torn. If the torn periodontal ligament can be kept alive, the tooth can be replanted, and the
572:
following reimplantation was necessary to prevent resorption of the tooth root. In 1974, Cvek showed that storage of knocked out teeth in saline could improve the success of replanted teeth. In 1977, Lindskog et al. showed that the key to retention of the knocked-out teeth was to maintain the
452:
Despite its effectiveness, HBSS is not as commonly available for immediate use as household items like milk, which poses a challenge in emergency dental care situations. However, it remains highly recommended in dental trauma care, especially in commercial preparations tailored for dental
837:
Fouad, Ashraf F.; Abbott, Paul V.; Tsilingaridis, Georgios; Cohenca, Nestor; Lauridsen, Eva; Bourguignon, Cecilia; O'Connell, Anne; Flores, Marie
Therese; Day, Peter F.; Hicks, Lamar; Andreasen, Jens Ove; Cehreli, Zafer C.; Harlamb, Stephen; Kahler, Bill; Oginni, Adeleke (2020-06-13).
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last into the medium term for 2-10+ years depending on the speed of bone turnover. Long-term survival of the tooth only happens when favorable healing of the periodontal ligament has occurred. If this happens the tooth can be estimated to survive as long as any other tooth
230:
of the tooth. Replantation of the tooth within 15 minutes is associated with the best prognosis as periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are still viable. Total extra-oral dry time of more than 60 minutes, regardless of storage media, has poor prognosis. The avulsed
358:
on the crown, not the root. Wash the root surface with saline, be careful not to scrub the root surface, as this may crush the delicate cells. Any stubborn debris can be removed by agitating it in the storage medium or by rinsing under a stream of saline.
521:. Dental avulsion is a type of dental trauma, and the prevalence of dental trauma is estimated at 17.5% and varies with geographical area. Although dental trauma is relatively low, dental avulsion is the fourth most prevalent type of dental trauma.
468:
Despite the treatment provided, dental avulsion carries one of the poorest outcomes with 73–96% of the replanted teeth eventually being lost. There are three main factors which significantly influence the prognosis of the tooth. These include:
2409:
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emergencies. These preparations are specifically designed to replenish lost metabolites, providing an optimal environment for the temporary storage of avulsed teeth and significantly enhancing the prospect of successful replantation.
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Cvek M, Granath LE, Hollender L (1974). "Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide. 3. Variation of occurrence of ankylosis of reimplanted teeth with duration of extra-alveolar period and storage environment".
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so poor. In 1966 in a retrospective study, Andreasen theorized that 90% of avulsed teeth could be successfully retained if they were replanted within the first 30 minutes of the accident. In 1974, Cvek showed that removal of the
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of the cells left on the tooth root while the tooth is out of the socket. In order to maintain this normalcy, the environment in which the teeth are stored must supply the optimum internal cell pressure, cell nutrients and pH.
275:
and the person will not know to which tooth socket an individual tooth belongs to. The injured victim may have other more serious injuries that require more immediate attention or injuries such as a severely lacerated bleeding
334: and whether it is in line with clinical findings. It is advisable to check the patient's tetanus status. If there is concern about non-accidental injury, then child protection procedures should be followed.
1771:
Kinirons MJ, Gregg TA, Welbury RR, Cole BO (September 2000). "Variations in the presenting and treatment features in reimplanted permanent incisors in children and their effect on the prevalence of root resorption".
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Research has shown that the critical factor for reduction of the death of the tooth root cells and the subsequent root replacement resorption following reimplantation of knocked-out teeth is maintenance of normal
363:
recommended. The patient should be asked to avoid contact sports, eat a soft diet, brush their teeth with a soft toothbrush after each meal, and use
Chlorhexidine (0.12%) mouth rinse twice a day for 2 weeks.
406:
for years. Once this process starts, it is irreversible, and the tooth will eventually fall out. In growing children, this can cause bone development problems because the replacement resorption (also termed
1097:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F (October 2010). "An investigation into the association between facial profile and maxillary incisor trauma, a clinical non-radiographic study".
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Avulsions of primary teeth are more common in young children as they learn to move independently (walk and run) and also from child abuse. Avulsed deciduous (primary) teeth should not be replanted.
87:
replantation depends on the survival of the cells remaining on the root surface. Storage in an environment similar to the tooth socket can protect these cells until replantation can be attempted.
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milk or saliva and take it to an emergency room or a dentist. If the mouth is sore or injured, cleansing of the wound may be necessary, along with stitches, local anesthesia, and an update of
456:
Recent evidence suggests oral rehydration solutions, propolis, rice water, and even cling film might also be beneficial for preserving cell viability, though further validation is needed.
1494:
Andreasen JO, Kristerson L (2009). "The effect of limited drying or removal of the periodontal ligament. Periodontal healing after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys".
1562:
Andreasen JO (2009). "Relationship between cell damage in the periodontal ligament after replantation and subsequent development of root resorption. A time-related study in monkeys".
1597:
Andreasen JO (February 1981). "Effect of extra-alveolar period and storage media upon periodontal and pulpal healing after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys".
1062:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A (December 2011). "The association between orthodontic treatment need and maxillary incisor trauma, a retrospective clinical study".
1241:
Flores MT, Malmgren B, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Barnett F, Bourguignon C, DiAngelis A, Hicks L, Sigurdsson A, Trope M, Tsukiboshi M, von Arx T (August 2007).
1200:
Flores MT, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Malmgren B, Barnett F, Bourguignon C, DiAngelis A, Hicks L, Sigurdsson A, Trope M, Tsukiboshi M, von Arx T (June 2007).
124:, are associated with a higher risk of dental trauma. These conditions can be corrected by an orthodontist reducing risk of injury due to sports related activities.
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From a clinical perspective, assessing the condition of the PDL cells is vital, classifying the avulsed tooth into one of three groups before treatment. These include:
1698:
Andreasen JO, Borum MK, Jacobsen HL, Andreasen FM (April 1995). "Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 4. Factors related to periodontal ligament healing".
945:
Zadik Y, Levin L (February 2009). "Does a free-of-charge distribution of boil-and-bite mouthguards to young adult amateur sportsmen affect oral and facial trauma?".
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Andreasen JO, Hjorting-Hansen E (November 1966). "Replantation of teeth. I. Radiographic and clinical study of 110 human teeth replanted after accidental loss".
779:
Martins‐Júnior, Paulo Antônio; Franco, Felipe
Augusto da Silva; de Barcelos, Ramon Valério; Marques, Leandro Silva; Ramos‐Jorge, Maria Letícia (2013-11-11).
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each year. The occurrence of dental avulsion in school aged children ranges from 0.5 to 16% of all dental trauma. Many of these teeth are knocked-out during
1532:
Andreasen JO (1980). "A time-related study of periodontal healing and root resorption activity after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys".
1876:
Andersson L, Bodin I, Sörensen S (February 1989). "Progression of root resorption following replantation of human teeth after extended extraoral storage".
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or gum that prevent easy visualization of the socket. Pain may be severe, and the person may resist replantation of the teeth. People may, in light of
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within the socket, which could prevent the proper re-positioning of the tooth into its original position. The tooth should always be handled via the
2195:
Lindskog S, Pierce AM, Blomlof L, Hammarstrom L (June 1985). "The role of the necrotic periodontal membrane in cementum resorption and ankylosis".
581:
In ancient times, ritual dental avulsion was widespread among different cultures around the world. For example, it was common during the Early
71:, such as can be caused by a fall, road traffic accident, assault, sports, or occupational injury. Typically, a tooth is held in place by the
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Matsson L, Klinge B, Hallstrom H (April 1987). "Effect on periodontal healing of saline irrigation of the tooth socket before replantation".
1311:
929:
840:"International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion of permanent teeth"
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Trope M, Friedman S (October 1992). "Periodontal healing of replanted dog teeth stored in
Viaspan, milk and Hank's balanced salt solution".
2024:
Emerich K, Kaczmarek J (May 2010). "First aid for dental trauma caused by sports activities: state of knowledge, treatment and prevention".
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Andreasen JO, Hjorting-Hansen E (November 1966). "Replantation of teeth. II. Histological study of 22 replanted anterior teeth in humans".
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Newsome PR, Tran DC, Cooke MS (November 2001). "The role of the mouthguard in the prevention of sports-related dental injuries: a review".
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Dental avulsion is more prevalent in males than females. Males are three times more likely to suffer from dental avulsion than females.
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376:. All treatment between the time of the accident and the ultimate replantation must be focused on preventing these two possibilities.
1736:
Barrett EJ, Kenny DJ (December 1997). "Survival of avulsed permanent maxillary incisors in children following delayed replantation".
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periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. The solution has demonstrated effectiveness in maintaining PDL cell viability for up to 48 hours.
209:
296:. Dental pulp of the avulsed teeth should be removed within 2 weeks of replantation and the teeth should receive
1424:
Andersson L, Bodin I (February 1990). "Avulsed human teeth replanted within 15 minutes—a long-term clinical follow-up study".
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as to avoid more cell crushing. This damage can occur while picking the tooth up and/or during transportation to the dentist.
2707:
2626:
982:"Prevention of dental trauma in a high-risk military population: the discrepancy between knowledge and willingness to comply"
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differs from management of permanent teeth; avulsed primary tooth should not be re-planted (to avoid damage to the permanent
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and cells. Once the tooth and mouth are clean an attempt can be made to re-plant the tooth in its original socket within the
2331:
Pinchi, Vilma; Barbieri, Patrizia; Pradella, Francesco; Focardi, Martina; Bartolini, Viola; Norelli, Gian-Aristide (2015).
1929:
Azami-Aghdash S, Ebadifard Azar F, Pournaghi Azar F, Rezapour A, Moradi-Joo M, Moosavi A, Ghertasi
Oskouei S (2015-07-10).
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Blomlöf L (1981). "Milk and saliva as possible storage media for traumatically exarticulated teeth prior to replantation".
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should be gently but well rinsed with saline, with care taken not to damage the surface of the root which may have living
1132:
Forsberg CM, Tedestam G (1993). "Etiological and predisposing factors related to traumatic injuries to permanent teeth".
2256:
Krasner PR, Rankow HJ, Ehrenreich A (April 1989). "Apparatus for storing and transporting traumatically avulsed teeth".
2712:
1327:
Casterline AC (June 1999). "Replantation of avulsed central incisor with advanced periodontal disease: a case report".
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PDL cells may be viable but compromised, stored in a medium like milk or HBSS with a dry time of less than 60 minutes;
187:
2601:
2476:
1931:"Prevalence, etiology, and types of dental trauma in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis"
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2702:
2606:
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2424:
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De Brier, Niels; O, Dorien; Borra, Vere; Singletary, Eunice M.; Zideman, David A.; De Buck, Emmy (2020-06-15).
532:
518:
1363:"Dental Update: Article search – Match list – Article: Immediate Management of Avulsion Injuries in Children"
2782:
2767:
2456:
696:
Zadik Y, Levin L (February 2009). "Oral and facial trauma among paratroopers in the Israel
Defense Forces".
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should be administered to both the palatal/lingual tissues to minimize discomfort. Gentle irrigation with a
311:
2752:
2596:
2533:
656:"Which is the most recommended medium for the storage and transport of avulsed teeth? A systematic review"
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Contact sports carry a significant risk of dental injury, which can be reduced by wearing a mouthguard or
2960:
2232:"Ankylosis of experimentally reimplanted teeth related to extra-alveolar period and storage environment"
1362:
113:
2895:
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1162:
Zadik Y (December 2008). "Algorithm of first-aid management of dental trauma for medics and corpsmen".
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PDL cells are likely non-viable, with a dry time of more than 60 minutes, regardless of storage medium.
83:
have been reported to have occurred in permanent teeth as a result of reimplantation of primary teeth.
1975:"Prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Patients Attending University of Alberta Emergency Clinic"
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2777:
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Trope M, Chivian N, Sigurdsson A, Vann WF (2002). "Traumatic Injuries". In Cohen S, Burns RC (eds.).
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1818:"Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: avulsed (knocked out) and replanted"
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This classification guides dentists in prognosis and treatment decisions, though exceptions occur.
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3050:
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Adnan, Samira; Lone, Maham M.; Khan, Farhan R.; Hussain, Syeda M.; Nagi, Sana E. (2018-02-06).
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347:
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43:
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Lenstrup K, Skieller V (2009). "A Follow-up Study of Teeth Replanted After Accidental Loss".
1202:"Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. II. Avulsion of permanent teeth"
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1996:
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1942:
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891:
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667:
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586:
585:(from around 11,500 BP up to 5,000 BP) in North Africa and was occasionally observed in the
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The first reported cases of knocked-out teeth being replanted was by Pare in 1593. In 1706,
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for several days may provide a favorable condition for periodontal ligaments regeneration.
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2748:
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2515:
2333:"Dental Ritual Mutilations and Forensic Odontologist Practice: a Review of the Literature"
1645:"Storage of an avulsed tooth prior to replantation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis"
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remodeling. Over time, the root is gradually replaced by bone, which leads to tooth loss.
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232:
145:
79:
17:
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1974:
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1399:
1340:
1610:
757:
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Krasner P, Rankow HJ (May 1995). "New philosophy for the treatment of avulsed teeth".
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Research has shown that more than five million teeth are knocked-out each year in the
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2037:
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1218:
1201:
1175:
1110:
958:
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709:
623:
540:
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412:
303:
260:
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68:
64:
60:
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3008:
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1833:
569:
389:
355:
307:
256:
117:
1075:
2441:
2429:
1991:
1243:"Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. III. Primary teeth"
527:
Up to 25% of school-aged children and military trainees experience some kind of
1039:
1022:
491:
PDL cells are most likely viable, replanted immediately or within a short time;
3055:
2525:
2418:
2142:
2107:
2080:
1575:
1507:
998:
981:
600:
548:
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96:
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Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics
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Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics
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viability sharply declining after an extra-alveolar dry time of 30 minutes.
473:
The extent of damage to the periodontal ligament (PDL) at the time of injury
314:
227:
105:. Mouthguards are often less effective if not fitted properly to the teeth.
48:
2376:
2349:
2045:
2010:
1956:
1859:
1793:
1348:
1268:
1227:
1183:
1118:
1083:
1048:
1007:
966:
903:
717:
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2216:
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1757:
1719:
1618:
1583:
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1515:
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1445:
1407:
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The duration of time the tooth was out of its socket prior to replantation
582:
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351:
2401:
2321:
Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 11:76–83 (2017) Short fieldwork report.
1644:
1286:
Recommended guidelines for the treatment of the avulsed permanent tooth
839:
780:
655:
318:
271:
253:
248:
121:
1660:
856:
796:
671:
2413:
552:
102:
35:
1023:"Orofacial injuries and mouth guard use in elite commando fighters"
536:
403:
288:
924:(2nd ed.). Copenhagen, Denmark: Mungsgaard. pp. 203–.
2445:
415:
and stops normal tooth eruption and impedes normal jaw growth.
259:
if the mouth was contaminated with soil. Management of injured
2638:
1816:
Day, Peter F.; Duggal, Monty; Nazzal, Hani (5 February 2019).
1681:
Andersson, L., Andreasen, F. M. & Andreasen, J. O., 2007.
388:
When a tooth is picked up, it should always be grasped by the
284:
276:
155:
1683:
Textbook and Colour Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth.
367:
Biologic basis for success of replantation following avulsion
781:"Replantation of avulsed primary teeth: a systematic review"
179:
1288:. Chicago: American Association of Endodontists. 2008.
2391:
1280:
1278:
190:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
75:, which becomes torn when the tooth is knocked out.
3021:
2998:
2979:
2950:
2921:
2870:
2863:
2840:
2797:
2721:
2692:
2683:
2660:
2637:
2572:
2524:
2483:
2395:
1306:(8th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 603–37.
1297:
1295:
915:
913:
42:
28:
2230:Matsson L, Andreasen J, Cvek M, Granath L (1982).
350:solution, should be performed as this removes any
1973:Alkhadra T, Preshing W, El-Bialy T (2016-06-15).
1693:
1691:
1557:
1555:
1935:Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1731:
1729:
1195:
1193:
1157:
1155:
2162:
2160:
1871:
1869:
1527:
1525:
1489:
1487:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1419:
1417:
691:
689:
2457:
884:International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
785:International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
8:
980:Zadik Y, Jeffet U, Levin L (December 2010).
302:In addition, as recommended in all cases of
1822:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
476:The storage conditions of the avulsed tooth
437:replantation might not always be possible.
342:Prior to the beginning of the procedure, a
287:), fear handling the teeth or touching the
20:, which is the deliberate removal of teeth.
2867:
2689:
2464:
2450:
2442:
2392:
34:
25:
2366:
2348:
2000:
1990:
1946:
1849:
1258:
1217:
1038:
997:
855:
317:, a soft and cold diet, and avoidance of
210:Learn how and when to remove this message
2319:Human remains from Ali Kosh, Iran, 2017.
920:Andreasen JO (1981). "Exarticulations".
635:
226:in which prompt management affects the
171:contains content that is written like
2285:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
2197:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1968:
1966:
1878:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1738:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1700:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1599:International Journal of Oral Surgery
1426:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1388:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1329:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
397:Maintenance of normal cell metabolism
7:
2559:Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
2317:Arkadiusz Sołtysiak, Hojjat Darabi,
1916:American Association of Endodontists
1685:4th ed. Copenhagen: Wiley-Blackwell.
877:
875:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
411:) attaches the tooth firmly to the
2952:Combined tibia and fibula fracture
2297:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1992.tb00240.x
2209:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1985.tb00569.x
1890:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1989.tb00335.x
1750:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1997.tb00054.x
1712:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1995.tb00464.x
1466:Swedish Dental Journal. Supplement
1438:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1990.tb00385.x
1400:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1987.tb00544.x
1341:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1999.tb00771.x
1021:Zadik Y, Levin L (December 2008).
116:characteristics, such as class II
59:is the complete displacement of a
14:
2038:10.2165/11530750-000000000-00000
1260:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2007.00627.x
1219:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2007.00605.x
1176:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00649.x
1111:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2010.00920.x
959:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00708.x
896:10.1046/j.0960-7439.2001.00304.x
710:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00719.x
603:
160:
922:Traumatic injuries of the teeth
330:of the injury, status of tooth
136:An over-jet exceeding 4 mm
2627:Vertebral compression fracture
2131:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
2096:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
2069:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
1834:10.1002/14651858.CD006542.pub3
1564:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
1496:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
1:
1611:10.1016/S0300-9785(81)80007-5
1076:10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.05.024
758:10.1016/S1079-2104(05)80105-2
2337:Acta Stomatologica Croatica
1992:10.2174/1874210601610010315
380:Prevention of cell crushing
3098:
2602:Craniocervical instability
1979:The Open Dentistry Journal
1040:10.7205/milmed.173.12.1185
222:Dental avulsion is a true
94:
15:
2937:Le Fort fracture of ankle
2607:Flexion teardrop fracture
2554:Le Fort fracture of skull
2258:Compendium (Newtown, Pa.)
2143:10.3109/00016356609028223
2108:10.3109/00016356609028222
2081:10.3109/00016355908993937
1576:10.3109/00016358109162254
1508:10.3109/00016358109162253
999:10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00150
33:
3077:Acquired tooth disorders
16:Not to be confused with
2783:Essex-Lopresti fracture
2713:Holstein–Lewis fracture
1786:10.1038/sj.bdj.4800740a
1367:www.dental-update.co.uk
589:(14,000 to 11,500 BP).
312:chlorhexidine gluconate
2597:Clay-shoveler fracture
2534:Basilar skull fracture
1774:British Dental Journal
1534:Swedish Dental Journal
1134:Swedish Dental Journal
2961:Trimalleolar fracture
192:neutral point of view
133:Post-normal occlusion
2966:Bimalleolar fracture
2932:Maisonneuve fracture
1304:Pathways of the Pulp
73:periodontal ligament
2617:Holdsworth fracture
2544:Mandibular fracture
2511:Pathologic fracture
2501:Greenstick fracture
2496:Chalkstick fracture
2264:(4): 232–4, 237–8.
2239:Pediatric Dentistry
1912:"Knocked Out Teeth"
1649:Dental Traumatology
1247:Dental Traumatology
1206:Dental Traumatology
1164:Dental Traumatology
1099:Dental Traumatology
947:Dental Traumatology
844:Dental Traumatology
698:Dental Traumatology
660:Dental Traumatology
298:root canal therapy.
294:periodontal disease
281:infectious diseases
184:promotional content
63:from its socket in
2896:Toddler's fracture
2737:Monteggia fracture
2622:Jefferson fracture
2612:Hangman's fracture
2350:10.15644/asc49/1/1
325:Initial assessment
247:(stabilized) by a
186:and inappropriate
3064:
3063:
3017:
3016:
2942:Bosworth fracture
2891:Gosselin fracture
2850:Duverney fracture
2793:
2792:
2662:Shoulder fracture
2582:Cervical fracture
2491:Avulsion fracture
2439:
2438:
2170:Odontologisk Revy
1661:10.1111/edt.12564
1313:978-0-323-01162-4
1027:Military Medicine
986:Military Medicine
931:978-0-7216-1249-2
857:10.1111/edt.12573
797:10.1111/ipd.12075
672:10.1111/edt.12382
533:school activities
237:periodontal fiber
220:
219:
212:
54:
53:
23:Medical condition
3089:
3000:Femoral fracture
2990:Patella fracture
2923:Fibular fracture
2913:Tillaux fracture
2906:Plafond fracture
2868:
2723:Forearm fracture
2694:Humerus fracture
2690:
2652:Sternal fracture
2539:Blowout fracture
2477:cartilage damage
2466:
2459:
2452:
2443:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2352:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1813:
1798:
1797:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1695:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1640:
1623:
1622:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1450:
1449:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1001:
977:
971:
970:
942:
936:
935:
917:
908:
907:
879:
870:
869:
859:
834:
809:
808:
776:
770:
769:
741:
722:
721:
693:
684:
683:
651:
619:Dental emergency
613:
608:
607:
606:
587:Natufian culture
344:local anesthetic
224:dental emergency
215:
208:
204:
201:
195:
173:an advertisement
164:
163:
156:
142:Incompetent lips
38:
26:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3013:
2994:
2975:
2971:Pott's fracture
2946:
2917:
2886:Segond fracture
2881:Bumper fracture
2859:
2855:Pipkin fracture
2842:Pelvic fracture
2836:
2789:
2749:Radius fracture
2717:
2679:
2656:
2633:
2592:Chance fracture
2574:Spinal fracture
2568:
2564:Zygoma fracture
2520:
2516:Spiral fracture
2479:
2470:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2404:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2026:Sports Medicine
2023:
2022:
2018:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1828:(2): CD006542.
1815:
1814:
1801:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1642:
1641:
1626:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1020:
1019:
1015:
979:
978:
974:
944:
943:
939:
932:
919:
918:
911:
881:
880:
873:
836:
835:
812:
778:
777:
773:
743:
742:
725:
695:
694:
687:
653:
652:
637:
632:
611:Medicine portal
609:
604:
602:
599:
579:
565:Pierre Fauchard
561:
539:events such as
515:
466:
434:
421:cell physiology
399:
382:
374:cell metabolism
369:
340:
338:Re-implantation
327:
233:permanent tooth
216:
205:
199:
196:
177:
165:
161:
154:
146:Mouth breathing
139:Short upper lip
130:
120:with increased
99:
93:
80:Deciduous teeth
57:Dental avulsion
29:Dental avulsion
24:
21:
18:Dental evulsion
12:
11:
5:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2901:Pilon fracture
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2872:Tibia fracture
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:Burst fracture
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Nasal fracture
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:Classification
2389:
2388:External links
2386:
2383:
2382:
2323:
2310:
2275:
2248:
2222:
2187:
2156:
2137:(3): 287–306.
2121:
2086:
2075:(4): 503–509.
2059:
2016:
1962:
1921:
1903:
1865:
1799:
1763:
1725:
1687:
1674:
1655:(5): 453–476.
1624:
1589:
1551:
1521:
1483:
1451:
1413:
1378:
1354:
1319:
1312:
1291:
1274:
1253:(4): 196–202.
1233:
1189:
1170:(6): 698–701.
1151:
1124:
1089:
1054:
1033:(12): 1185–7.
1013:
992:(12): 1000–3.
972:
937:
930:
909:
890:(6): 396–404.
871:
850:(4): 331–342.
810:
771:
723:
685:
634:
633:
631:
628:
627:
626:
621:
615:
614:
598:
595:
578:
575:
560:
557:
541:contact sports
514:
511:
499:
498:
495:
492:
481:
480:
477:
474:
465:
462:
433:
430:
398:
395:
381:
378:
368:
365:
339:
336:
326:
323:
304:dental traumas
218:
217:
188:external links
168:
166:
159:
153:
150:
149:
148:
143:
140:
137:
134:
129:
126:
95:Main article:
92:
89:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3094:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3023:Foot fracture
3020:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:Crus fracture
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2832:Broken finger
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2799:Hand fracture
2796:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:Distal radius
2750:
2747:
2743:
2742:Hume fracture
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:Ulna fracture
2730:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Supracondylar
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
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2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Open fracture
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
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2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:(3): 96–101.
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:(3): 263–86.
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:(6): 269–75.
1743:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1540:(3): 101–10.
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1140:(5): 183–90.
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:(6): e75–80.
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
927:
923:
916:
914:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
876:
872:
867:
863:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:(5): 616–23.
751:
747:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
690:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
636:
629:
625:
624:Dental trauma
622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
601:
596:
594:
590:
588:
584:
576:
574:
571:
566:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:dental trauma
525:
522:
520:
519:United States
512:
510:
506:
502:
496:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
478:
475:
472:
471:
470:
463:
461:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:Storage media
431:
429:
426:
422:
416:
414:
410:
405:
396:
394:
391:
386:
379:
377:
375:
366:
364:
360:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
324:
322:
320:
316:
313:
309:
305:
300:
299:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
268:
266:
262:
261:primary teeth
258:
255:
250:
246:
242:
241:alveolar bone
238:
234:
229:
225:
214:
211:
203:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
174:
169:This section
167:
158:
157:
151:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
127:
125:
123:
119:
118:malocclusions
115:
110:
106:
104:
98:
90:
88:
84:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
65:alveolar bone
62:
58:
50:
47:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
19:
3009:Hip fracture
2685:Arm fracture
2647:Rib fracture
2423:
2408:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2313:
2291:(5): 183–8.
2288:
2284:
2278:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2225:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2176:(1): 43–56.
2173:
2169:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2032:(5): 361–6.
2029:
2025:
2019:
1982:
1978:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1906:
1884:(1): 38–47.
1881:
1877:
1825:
1821:
1780:(5): 263–6.
1777:
1773:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1706:(2): 76–89.
1703:
1699:
1682:
1677:
1652:
1648:
1605:(1): 43–53.
1602:
1598:
1592:
1570:(1): 15–25.
1567:
1563:
1537:
1533:
1499:
1495:
1469:
1465:
1432:(1): 37–42.
1429:
1425:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1335:(3): 135–7.
1332:
1328:
1322:
1303:
1285:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1212:(3): 130–6.
1209:
1205:
1167:
1163:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1105:(5): 403–8.
1102:
1098:
1092:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1030:
1026:
1016:
989:
985:
975:
953:(1): 69–72.
950:
946:
940:
921:
887:
883:
847:
843:
791:(2): 77–83.
788:
784:
774:
749:
745:
704:(1): 100–2.
701:
697:
666:(2): 59–70.
663:
659:
591:
580:
562:
526:
523:
516:
513:Epidemiology
507:
503:
500:
486:
482:
467:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
417:
400:
387:
383:
370:
361:
341:
328:
308:oral hygiene
301:
269:
265:dental crypt
257:immunization
221:
206:
200:January 2018
197:
182:by removing
178:Please help
170:
128:Risk factors
111:
107:
100:
85:
77:
56:
55:
2768:Chauffeur's
2343:(1): 3–13.
1502:(1): 1–13.
1394:(2): 64–7.
577:Archaeology
570:dental pulp
310:with 0.12%
3071:Categories
3056:Broken toe
1985:: 315–21.
1941:(4): 234.
1372:2018-12-18
630:References
549:basketball
425:metabolism
180:improve it
152:Management
97:Mouthguard
91:Prevention
3082:Dentistry
3051:Calcaneal
3041:Cuneiform
2817:Bennett's
2473:Fractures
2359:0001-7019
1842:1469-493X
1669:1600-4469
866:1600-4469
805:0960-7439
680:1600-4469
464:Prognosis
409:ankylosis
332:root apex
315:mouthwash
270:Although
228:prognosis
67:owing to
49:Dentistry
44:Specialty
3031:Lisfranc
2807:Scaphoid
2778:Barton's
2758:Galeazzi
2703:Proximal
2675:Scapular
2670:Clavicle
2377:27688380
2245:: 327–9.
2054:41439700
2046:20433209
2011:27398104
1957:26793672
1860:30720860
1794:11048394
1472:: 1–26.
1349:10530158
1269:17635351
1228:17511833
1184:19021668
1119:20831636
1084:21880516
1049:19149336
1008:21265309
967:19208013
904:11759098
718:19208020
597:See also
583:Holocene
545:football
537:sporting
272:dentists
245:splinted
114:occlusal
112:Certain
2827:Busch's
2822:Boxer's
2812:Rolando
2773:Smith's
2763:Colles'
2484:General
2430:D014084
2368:4945341
2305:1302677
2270:2605601
2217:3860382
2182:4522422
2151:5225450
2116:5225449
2002:4920975
1948:4715389
1898:2598883
1851:6363052
1758:9558508
1720:7641622
1619:6792094
1584:6943905
1546:6933704
1516:6943904
1478:6942523
1446:2390966
1408:3472881
1146:7904776
766:7600227
559:History
413:jawbone
319:smoking
306:, good
283:(e.g.,
254:tetanus
249:dentist
243:and be
122:overjet
2375:
2365:
2357:
2303:
2268:
2215:
2180:
2149:
2114:
2052:
2044:
2009:
1999:
1955:
1945:
1896:
1858:
1848:
1840:
1792:
1756:
1718:
1667:
1617:
1582:
1544:
1514:
1476:
1444:
1406:
1347:
1310:
1267:
1226:
1182:
1144:
1117:
1082:
1047:
1006:
965:
928:
902:
864:
803:
764:
716:
678:
553:hockey
551:, and
404:x-rays
390:enamel
356:enamel
348:saline
103:helmet
69:trauma
3046:March
3036:Jones
2419:S03.2
2235:(PDF)
2050:S2CID
352:clots
289:blood
61:tooth
2639:Ribs
2526:Head
2475:and
2425:MeSH
2373:PMID
2355:ISSN
2301:PMID
2266:PMID
2213:PMID
2178:PMID
2147:PMID
2112:PMID
2042:PMID
2007:PMID
1953:PMID
1894:PMID
1856:PMID
1838:ISSN
1790:PMID
1754:PMID
1716:PMID
1665:ISSN
1615:PMID
1580:PMID
1542:PMID
1512:PMID
1474:PMID
1442:PMID
1404:PMID
1345:PMID
1308:ISBN
1265:PMID
1224:PMID
1180:PMID
1142:PMID
1115:PMID
1080:PMID
1045:PMID
1004:PMID
963:PMID
926:ISBN
900:PMID
862:ISSN
801:ISSN
762:PMID
714:PMID
676:ISSN
423:and
2864:Leg
2410:ICD
2363:PMC
2345:doi
2293:doi
2205:doi
2139:doi
2104:doi
2077:doi
2034:doi
1997:PMC
1987:doi
1943:PMC
1886:doi
1846:PMC
1830:doi
1782:doi
1778:189
1746:doi
1708:doi
1657:doi
1607:doi
1572:doi
1504:doi
1434:doi
1396:doi
1337:doi
1255:doi
1214:doi
1172:doi
1107:doi
1072:doi
1068:112
1035:doi
1031:173
994:doi
990:175
955:doi
892:doi
852:doi
793:doi
754:doi
706:doi
668:doi
535:or
285:HIV
277:lip
267:).
3073::
2428::
2417::
2414:10
2371:.
2361:.
2353:.
2341:49
2339:.
2335:.
2299:.
2287:.
2262:10
2260:.
2241:.
2237:.
2211:.
2199:.
2174:25
2172:.
2159:^
2145:.
2135:24
2133:.
2110:.
2100:24
2098:.
2073:17
2071:.
2048:.
2040:.
2030:40
2028:.
2005:.
1995:.
1983:10
1981:.
1977:.
1965:^
1951:.
1939:29
1937:.
1933:.
1914:.
1892:.
1880:.
1868:^
1854:.
1844:.
1836:.
1824:.
1820:.
1802:^
1788:.
1776:.
1752:.
1742:13
1740:.
1728:^
1714:.
1704:11
1702:.
1690:^
1663:.
1653:36
1651:.
1647:.
1627:^
1613:.
1603:10
1601:.
1578:.
1568:39
1566:.
1554:^
1536:.
1524:^
1510:.
1500:39
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1468:.
1454:^
1440:.
1428:.
1416:^
1402:.
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1210:23
1208:.
1204:.
1192:^
1178:.
1168:24
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1154:^
1138:17
1136:.
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1043:.
1029:.
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1002:.
988:.
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874:^
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846:.
842:.
813:^
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789:24
787:.
783:.
760:.
750:79
748:.
726:^
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700:.
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638:^
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543:,
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2983::
2954::
2925::
2874::
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2725::
2696::
2465:e
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2412:-
2402:D
2379:.
2347::
2307:.
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2289:8
2272:.
2243:4
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2207::
2201:1
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2153:.
2141::
2118:.
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2079::
2056:.
2036::
2013:.
1989::
1959:.
1918:.
1900:.
1888::
1882:5
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1518:.
1506::
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1448:.
1436::
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1410:.
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1339::
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1271:.
1257::
1230:.
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1086:.
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1010:.
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934:.
906:.
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854::
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720:.
708::
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213:)
207:(
202:)
198:(
194:.
176:.
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