3855:, following the death of her husband, chooses to live with a lover outside of her deceased husband's kin group, that lover is only considered genitor of any subsequent children the widow has, and her deceased husband continues to be considered the pater. As a result, the lover has no legal control over the children, who may be taken away from him by the kin of the pater when they choose. The terms "pater" and "genitor" have also been used to help describe the relationship between children and their parents in the context of divorce in Britain. Following the divorce and remarriage of their parents, children find themselves using the term "mother" or "father" in relation to more than one individual, and the pater or mater who is legally responsible for the child's care, and whose
3548:
contexts of ritual, inheritance and the defining of marriageability and incest; they are in effect the "structuring structures" (Bourdieu 1977) of social reproduction and intergenerational continuity. Father, mother and children are, however, also performatively related through the giving and receiving of "nurture" (fitezana). Like ancestry, relations of "nurture" do not always coincide with relations by birth; but unlike ancestry, "nurture" is a largely ungendered relation, constituted in contexts of everyday practical existence, in the intimate, familial and familiar world of the household, and in ongoing relations of work and consumption, of feeding and farming. (Thomas 1999, 37)
3317:. A great deal of inference was necessarily involved in such constructions as to "systems" of kinship, and attempts to construct systemic patterns and reconstruct kinship evolutionary histories on these bases were largely invalidated in later work. However, anthropologist Dwight Read later argued that the way in which kinship categories are defined by individual researchers are substantially inconsistent. This not only occurs when working within a systemic cultural model that can be elicited in fieldwork, but also when allowing considerable individual variability in details, such as when they are recorded through relative products.
3492:. The European and the anthropological notion of consanguinity, of blood relationship and descent, rest on precisely the opposite kind of value. It rests more on the state of being... on the biogenetic relationship which is represented by one or another variant of the symbol of 'blood' (consanguinity), or on 'birth', on qualities rather than on performance. We have tried to impose this definition of a kind of relation on all peoples, insisting that kinship consists in relations of consanguinity and that kinship as consanguinity is a universal condition.(Schneider 1984, 72)
51:
3418:
ideas of kinship in
American Culture found that Americans ascribe a special significance to 'blood ties' as well as related symbols like the naturalness of marriage and raising children within this culture. In later work (1972 and 1984) Schneider argued that unexamined genealogical notions of kinship had been embedded in anthropology since Morgan's early work because American anthropologists (and anthropologists in western Europe) had made the mistake of assuming these
2373:
3766:) is key to understanding human kinship patterns. In contrast to Sahlin's position (above), Daly and Wilson argue that "the categories of 'near' and 'distant' do not 'vary independently of consanguinal distance', not in any society on earth." (Daly et al. 1997, p282). A current view is that humans have an inborn but culturally affected system for detecting certain forms of genetic relatedness. One important factor for
3365:(1961, Pul Eliya) argued that kinship was a flexible idiom that had something of the grammar of a language, both in the uses of terms for kin but also in the fluidities of language, meaning, and networks. His field studies criticized the ideas of structural-functional stability of kinship groups as corporations with charters that lasted long beyond the lifetimes of individuals, which had been the orthodoxy of
3843:
the terms "mater" and "genitrix" have been used to distinguish between the woman socially recognised as mother (mater) and the woman believed to be the physiological parent (genitrix). Such a distinction is useful when the individual who is considered the legal parent of the child is not the individual who is believed to be the child's biological parent. For example, in his ethnography of the
3186:
1548:
96:
2592:
3578:
therefore recognised as a social and nurturing role; the woman's husband is the "man whose role and duty it is to take the child in his arms and to help her in nursing and bringing it up"; "Thus, though the natives are ignorant of any physiological need for a male in the constitution of the family, they regard him as indispensable socially".
2846:, and most Western societies, are typically bilateral. The egocentric kindred group is also typical of bilateral societies. Additionally, the Batek people of Malaysia recognize kinship ties through both parents' family lines, and kinship terms indicate that neither parent nor their families are of more or less importance than the other.
3300:, with kinship as one of the central stable institutions. More recently, under the influence of "new kinship studies", there has been a shift of emphasis from the being to the doing of kinship. A new generation of anthropologist study the processes of doing kinship in new contexts such as in migrant communities and in queer families.
790:
3369:. This sparked debates over whether kinship could be resolved into specific organized sets of rules and components of meaning, or whether kinship meanings were more fluid, symbolic, and independent of grounding in supposedly determinate relations among individuals or groups, such as those of descent or prescriptions for marriage.
3109:, potential spouses are sought from a specific class of relatives as determined by a prescriptive marriage rule. Insofar as regular marriages following prescriptive rules occur, lineages are linked together in fixed relationships; these ties between lineages may form political alliances in kinship dominated societies. French
3329:(1949, Social Structure) compiled kinship data to test a theory about universals in human kinship in the way that terminologies were influenced by the behavioral similarities or social differences among pairs of kin, proceeding on the view that the psychological ordering of kinship systems radiates out from ego and the
3153:(1871). As is the case with other social sciences, Anthropology and kinship studies emerged at a time when the understanding of the Human species' comparative place in the world was somewhat different from today's. Evidence that life in stable social groups is not just a feature of humans, but also of many other
2789:(or Cognatic) rule affiliates an individual with kinsmen through the father's or mother's line. Some people in societies that practise this system affiliate with a group of relatives through their fathers and others through their mothers. The individual can choose which side he wants to affiliate to. The
3613:
theory). Because complex social relationships and cohesive social groups are common not only to humans, but also to most primates, biologists maintain that these biological theories of sociality should in principle be generally applicable. The more challenging question arises as to how such ideas can
3422:
of 'blood is thicker than water', common in their own societies, were 'natural' and universal for all human cultures (i.e. a form of ethnocentrism). He concluded that, due to these unexamined assumptions, the whole enterprise of 'kinship' in anthropology may have been built on faulty foundations. His
3062:
or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce. Marriage may result, for example, in "a union between a man and a woman such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners." Edmund Leach argued that no one definition
2488:
uncles, whereas others have only one word to refer to both a father and his brothers. Kinship terminologies include the terms of address used in different languages or communities for different relatives and the terms of reference used to identify the relationship of these relatives to ego or to each
2251:
are commonly called "affinity" in contrast to the relationships that arise in one's group of origin, which may be called one's descent group. In some cultures, kinship relationships may be considered to extend out to people an individual has economic or political relationships with, or other forms of
3547:
Yet just as fathers are not simply made by birth, neither are mothers, and although mothers are not made by "custom" they, like fathers, can make themselves through another type of performatively constituted relation, the giving of "nurture". Relations of ancestry are particularly important in
3842:
As social and biological concepts of parenthood are not necessarily coterminous, the terms "pater" and "genitor" have been used in anthropology to distinguish between the man who is socially recognised as father (pater) and the man who is believed to be the physiological parent (genitor); similarly
3516:
The question of whether kinship is a privileged system and if so, why, remains without a satisfactory answer. If it is privileged because of its relationship to the functional prerequisites imposed by the nature of physical kinship, this remains to be spelled out in even the most elementary detail.
3066:
There is wide cross-cultural variation in the social rules governing the selection of a partner for marriage. In many societies, the choice of partner is limited to suitable persons from specific social groups. In some societies the rule is that a partner is selected from an individual's own social
3794:
According to an evolutionary psychology hypothesis that assumes that descent systems are optimized to assure high genetic probability of relatedness between lineage members, males should prefer a patrilineal system if paternal certainty is high; males should prefer a matrilineal system if paternal
2796:
Double descent (or double unilineal descent) refers to societies in which both the patrilineal and matrilineal descent group are recognized. In these societies an individual affiliates for some purposes with a group of patrilineal kinsmen and for other purposes with a group of matrilineal kinsmen.
3790:
One issue within this approach is why many societies organize according to descent (see below) and not exclusively according to kinship. An explanation is that kinship does not form clear boundaries and is centered differently for each individual. In contrast, descent groups usually do form clear
3577:
between the man and the woman, and they denied that there was any physiological relationship between father and child. Nevertheless, while paternity was unknown in the "full biological sense", for a woman to have a child without having a husband was considered socially undesirable. Fatherhood was
3556:
highlights the extent to which kinship relationships may be brought into being through the performance of various acts of nurture between individuals. Additionally the concept highlights ethnographic findings that, in a wide swath of human societies, people understand, conceptualize and symbolize
3534:
Ideas about relatedness in
Langkawi show how culturally specific is the separation of the 'social' from the 'biological' and the latter to sexual reproduction. In Langkawi relatedness is derived both from acts of procreation and from living and eating together. It makes little sense in indigenous
3417:
and others from the 1960s onwards, anthropology itself had paid very little attention to the notion that kinship bonds were anything other than connected to consanguineal (or genealogical) relatedness (or its local cultural conceptions). Schneider's 1968 study of the symbolic meanings surrounding
3377:
learly, genealogical connexion of some sort is one criterion for membership of many social groups. But it may not be the only criterion; birth, or residence, or a parent's former residence, or utilization of garden land, or participation in exchange and feasting activities or in house-building or
3011:
and medieval Europe. LĂ©vi-Strauss introduced the concept as an alternative to 'corporate kinship group' among the cognatic kinship groups of the
Pacific region. The socially significant groupings within these societies have variable membership because kinship is reckoned bilaterally (through both
2607:
While normal kin-terms discussed above denote a relationship between two entities (e.g. the word 'sister' denotes the relationship between the speaker or some other entity and another feminine entity who shares the parents of the former), trirelational kin-terms—also known as triangular, triadic,
2279:
relations can be represented concretely (mother, brother, grandfather) or abstractly by degrees of relationship (kinship distance). A relationship may be relative (e.g. a father in relation to a child) or reflect an absolute (e.g. the difference between a mother and a childless woman). Degrees of
3878:
may believe that an illegitimate child might have more than one physical father, and so nominate more than one genitor. J.A. Barnes therefore argued that it was necessary to make a further distinction between genitor and genitrix (the supposed biological mother and father of the child), and the
3770:
detection, especially relevant for older siblings, is that if an infant and one's mother are seen to care for the infant, then the infant and oneself are assumed to be related. Another factor, especially important for younger siblings who cannot use the first method, is that persons who grew up
3308:
The concept of "system of kinship" tended to dominate anthropological studies of kinship in the early 20th century. Kinship systems as defined in anthropological texts and ethnographies were seen as constituted by patterns of behavior and attitudes in relation to the differences in terminology,
2822:
is based on relationship to females of the family line. A child would not be recognized with their father's family in these societies, but would be seen as a member of their mother's family's line. Simply put, individuals belong to their mother's descent group. Matrilineal descent includes the
3431:
Certainly for Morgan (1870:10) the actual bonds of blood relationship had a force and vitality of their own quite apart from any social overlay which they may also have acquired, and it is this biological relationship itself which accounts for what
Radcliffe-Brown called "the source of social
2510:
as a descriptive term referring to this relationship only. In many other classificatory kinship terminologies, in contrast, a person's male first cousin (whether mother's brother's son, mother's sister's son, father's brother's son, father's sister's son) may also be referred to as brothers.
2207:
etc. Human society is unique, he argues, in that we are "working with the same raw material as exists in the animal world, but can conceptualize and categorize it to serve social ends." These social ends include the socialization of children and the formation of basic economic, political and
3372:
From the 1950s onwards, reports on kinship patterns in the New Guinea
Highlands added some momentum to what had until then been only occasional fleeting suggestions that living together (co-residence) might underlie social bonding, and eventually contributed to the general shift away from a
3496:
Schneider preferred to focus on these often ignored processes of "performance, forms of doing, various codes for conduct, different roles" (p. 72) as the most important constituents of kinship. His critique quickly prompted a new generation of anthropologists to reconsider how they
3529:
to move away from a pre-constructed analytic opposition between the biological and the social. Carsten argued that relatedness should be described in terms of indigenous statements and practices, some of which fall outside what anthropologists have conventionally understood as kinship;
3511:
Schneider's critique is widely acknowledged to have marked a turning point in anthropology's study of social relationships and interactions. Some anthropologists moved forward with kinship studies by teasing apart biological and social aspects, prompted by
Schneider's question;
3276:; 1930, The social organization of Australian tribes) was the first to assert that kinship relations are best thought of as concrete networks of relationships among individuals. He then described these relationships, however, as typified by interlocking interpersonal roles.
2719:, nonsingular pronouns are differentiated not only by the gender makeup of the group, but also by the members' interrelation. If the members are in a sibling-like relation, a third pronoun (SIB) will be chosen distinct from the Masculine (MASC) and Feminine/Neuter (FEM).
3227:
of genealogical ties (an unexamined assumption that would remain at the heart of kinship studies for another century, see below), and therefore also an inherent desire to construct social groups around these ties. Even so, Morgan found that members of a society who are
3663:
argued that an accurate account of biological theory and evidence supports the view that social bonds (and kinship) are indeed mediated by a shared social environment and processes of frequent interaction, care and nurture, rather than by genealogical relationships
2849:
Some societies reckon descent patrilineally for some purposes, and matrilineally for others. This arrangement is sometimes called double descent. For instance, certain property and titles may be inherited through the male line, and others through the female line.
3284:(1955, The judicial process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia) balanced the emphasis on stability of institutions against processes of change and conflict, inferred through detailed analysis of instances of social interaction to infer rules and assumptions.
3248:
terms, which situated broad kinship classes on the basis of imputing abstract social patterns of relationships having little or no overall relation to genetic closeness but instead cognition about kinship, social distinctions as they affect linguistic usages in
2582:
The six types (Crow, Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Omaha, Sudanese) that are not fully classificatory (Dravidian, Australian) are those identified by
Murdock (1949) prior to Lounsbury's (1964) rediscovery of the linguistic principles of classificatory kin terms.
2685:
Many
Australian languages also have elaborate systems of referential terms for denoting groups of people based on their relationship to one another (not just their relationship to the speaker or an external propositus like 'grandparents'). For example, in
3735:
perspective of cultural anthropologists working post-Schneider (see above sections). Holland argues that, whilst there is nonreductive compatibility around human kinship between anthropology, biology and psychology, for a full account of kinship in any
3608:
Independently from anthropology, biologists studying organisms' social behaviours and relationships have been interested to understand under what conditions significant social behaviors can evolve to become a typical feature of a species (see
3280:(1922, Argonauts of the Western Pacific) described patterns of events with concrete individuals as participants stressing the relative stability of institutions and communities, but without insisting on abstract systems or models of kinship.
2885:. Unilineal lineages can be matrilineal or patrilineal, depending on whether they are traced through mothers or fathers, respectively. Whether matrilineal or patrilineal descent is considered most significant differs from culture to culture.
2954:. Houseman and White (1998b, bibliography) have discovered numerous societies where kinship network analysis shows that two halves marry one another, similar to matrimonial moieties, except that the two halves—which they call matrimonial
3596:
Like
Schneider, other anthropologists of kinship have largely rejected sociobiological accounts of human social patterns as being both reductionistic and also empirically incompatible with ethnographic data on human kinship. Notably,
2732:
In many societies where kinship connections are important, there are rules, though they may be expressed or be taken for granted. There are four main headings that anthropologists use to categorize rules of descent. They are
3795:
certainty is low. Some research supports this association with one study finding no patrilineal society with low paternity confidence and no matrilineal society with high paternal certainty. Another association is that
3063:
of marriage applied to all cultures, but offered a list of ten rights frequently associated with marriage, including sexual monopoly and rights with respect to children (with specific rights differing across cultures).
2500:. When a descriptive terminology is used, a term refers to only one specific type of relationship, while a classificatory terminology groups many different types of relationships under one term. For example, the word
2211:
Kinship can refer both to the patterns of social relationships themselves, or it can refer to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures (i.e. kinship studies). Over its history,
3030:
that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an
3740:
human culture, ethnographic methods, including accounts of the people themselves, the analysis of historical contingencies, symbolic systems, economic and other cultural influences, remain centrally important.
3292:, and others, affiliated with Gluckman's Manchester school of anthropology, described patterns of actual network relations in communities and fluid situations in urban or migratory context, as with the work of
3728:
is nondeterministic and nonreductive, and that biology as a theoretical and empirical endeavor (as opposed to 'biology' as a cultural-symbolic nexus as outlined in
Schneider's 1968 book) actually supports the
3712:). Holland reviews fieldwork from social mammals and primates to show that social bonding and cooperation in these species is indeed mediated through processes of shared living context, familiarity and
2827:, individuals belong to their father's descent group. Children are recognized as members of their father's family, and descent is based on relationship to males of the family line. Societies with the
2892:
is generally a descent group claiming common descent from an apical ancestor. Often, the details of parentage are not important elements of the clan tradition. Non-human apical ancestors are called
2183:
is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans in all societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated. Anthropologist
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origin, a shared historical or cultural connection, or some other perceived shared features that connect the two entities. For example, a person studying the ontological roots of human languages (
2418:). In most societies, it is the principal institution for the socialization of children. As the basic unit for raising children, Anthropologists most generally classify family organization as
716:
3149:
2958:—are neither named nor descent groups, although the egocentric kinship terms may be consistent with the pattern of sidedness, whereas the sidedness is culturally evident but imperfect.
3874:, but rather refer to the socially held belief that the individual is physically related to the child, derived from culturally held ideas about how biology works. So, for example, the
3605:
noting that for humans "the categories of 'near' and 'distant' vary independently of consanguinal distance and that these categories organize actual social practice" (p. 112).
5791:
The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Edited by Robin Dunbar and Louise Barret, Oxford University Press, 2007, Chapter 31 Kinship and descent by Lee Conk and Drew Gerkey
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3776:
3309:
listed above, for referring to relationships as well as for addressing others. Many anthropologists went so far as to see, in these patterns of kinship, strong relations between
5502:
Morgan, Lewis Henry. 1870. Systems of consanguity and affinity of the human family. Vol. 17, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
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that makes or constitutes the relationship. This is demonstrated, first, in the ability to terminate absolutely the relationship where there is a failure in the doing, when the
5153:
4597:
3105:
Systemic forms of preferential marriage may have wider social implications in terms of economic and political organization. In a wide array of lineage-based societies with a
3401:
raised deep problems with the notion that human social bonds and 'kinship' was a natural category built upon genealogical ties and made a fuller argument in his 1984 book
2797:
Individuals in societies that practice this are recognized as a part of multiple descent groups, usually at least two. The most widely known case of double descent is the
3645:
approach of early anthropologists such as Morgan (see above sections). However, this is the position that Schneider, Sahlins and other anthropologists explicitly reject.
3393:
People do not necessarily reside where they do because they are kinsmen: rather they become kinsmen because they reside there." (Langness 1964, 172 emphasis in original)
756:
3614:
be applied to the human species whilst fully taking account of the extensive ethnographic evidence that has emerged from anthropological research on kinship patterns.
4629:
Harner, Michael 1975 "Scarcity, the Factors of Production, and Social Evolution," in Population. Ecology, and Social Evolution, Steven Polgar, ed. Mouton Publishers:
2965:
refers to an endogamous local population that does not have unilineal descent. Thus, a deme is a local endogamous community without internal segmentation into clans.
3448:(Schneider 1984, 165). Schneider used the example of the citamangen / fak relationship in Yap society, that his own early research had previously glossed over as a
2834:
In a society which reckons descent bilaterally (bilineal), descent is reckoned through both father and mother, without unilineal descent groups. Societies with the
4684:
5905:
This degree of relationship is usually indistinguishable from the relationship to a random individual within the same population (tribe, country, ethnic group).
4864:
Joyce, Rosemary A. & Susan D. Gillespie (eds.). 2000. Beyond Kinship: Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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3859:
the child uses, may not be the genitor or genitrix of the child, with whom a separate parent-child relationship may be maintained through arrangements such as
3521:
Schneider also dismissed the sociobiological account of biological influences, maintaining that these did not fit the ethnographic evidence (see more below).
2749:
Bilateral descent or two-sided descent affiliates an individual more or less equally with relatives on his father's and mother's sides. A good example is the
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of Imo state in Nigeria. Although patrilineage is considered an important method of organization, the Afikpo considers matrilineal ties to be more important.
2793:
of the South Pacific are an excellent example of an ambilineal society. The core members of the Samoan descent group can live together in the same compound.
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687:
4569:
3746:"gets to the heart of the matter concerning the contentious relationship between kinship categories, genetic relatedness and the prediction of behavior"
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father's and mother's kin) and comes together for only short periods. Property, genealogy and residence are not the basis for the group's existence.
3071:, this is the case in many class and caste based societies. But in other societies a partner must be chosen from a different group than one's own –
2759:
rules affiliates an individual through the descent of one sex only, that is, either through males or through females. They are subdivided into two:
8046:
1477:
3543:
highlights that nurturing processes are considered to be the 'basis' for kinship ties in this culture, notwithstanding genealogical connections;
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mother's brother, who in some societies may pass along inheritance to the sister's children or succession to a sister's son. Conversely, with
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Schneider, D. 1968. American kinship: a cultural account, Anthropology of modern societies series. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
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was considered to be a uniquely human affair. As a result, early kinship theorists saw an apparent need to explain not only the details of
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In some societies kinship and political relations are organized around membership in corporately organized dwellings rather than around
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Holland's position is widely supported by both cultural anthropologists and biologists as an approach which, according to Robin Fox,
3091:
have been much more common, with one estimate being that 80% of all marriages in history have been between second cousins or closer.
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necessitated the exchange of women between kinship groups. Levi-Strauss thus shifted the emphasis from descent groups to the stable
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Holland argues that sociobiologists and later evolutionary psychologists misrepresent biological theory, mistakenly believing that
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It is important to note that the terms "genitor" or "genetrix" do not necessarily imply actual biological relationships based on
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Carsten, Janet & Stephen Hugh-Jones (eds.) About the House: LĂ©vi-Strauss and Beyond. Cambridge University Press, May 4, 1995
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is a descent group composed of three or more clans each of whose apical ancestors are descended from a further common ancestor.
2345:
theory). It may also be used in this specific sense when applied to human relationships, in which case its meaning is closer to
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their relationships predominantly in terms of giving, receiving and sharing nurture. These approaches were somewhat forerun by
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3688:) only specifies that a statistical relationship between social behaviors and genealogical relatedness is a criterion for the
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consider the bond of kinship as creating obligations between the related persons stronger than those between strangers, as in
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4655:. McConvell, Patrick,, Kelly, Piers,, Lacrampe, SĂ©bastien,, Australian National University Press. Acton, A.C.T. April 2018.
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of kinship as lying in the ways that families were connected by marriage in different fundamental forms resembling those of
3313:
and patterns of marriage, including forms of marriage, restrictions on marriage, and cultural concepts of the boundaries of
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society is one in which the descent of an individual is reckoned either from the mother's or the father's line of descent.
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to account for the "elementary" kinship structures created by the limited number of prescriptive marriage rules possible.
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3236:(which he considered to be originally based on genealogical ties). This fact was already evident in his use of the term
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in the second position, it simply means 'brother' (which includes a broader set of relations than in English). When the
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between entities on the basis of some or all of their characteristics that are under focus. This may be due to a shared
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societies. Marriages between parents and children, or between full siblings, with few exceptions, have been considered
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Similar ethnographic accounts have emerged from a variety of cultures since Schneider's intervention. The concept of
2445:, and the resulting relationship between two people, it is necessary for the formation of an economically productive
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Morgan's explanation for why humans live in groups was largely based on the notion that all humans have an inherent
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societies. This may be because wealth in pastoral societies in the form of mobile cattle can easily be used to pay
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fails to do what he is supposed to do; and second, in the reversal of terms so that the old, dependent man becomes
3341:(1949, Les Structures Elementaires), on the other hand, also looked for global patterns to kinship, but viewed the
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Simpson, Bob (1994). "Bringing the 'Unclear' Family Into Focus: Divorce and Re-Marriage in Contemporary Britain".
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Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1987. Anthropology and Myth: Lectures, 1951–1982. R. Willis, trans. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
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in English-speaking societies indicates a son of one's same parent; thus, English-speaking societies use the word
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Degrees of Kinship According to Anglo-Saxon Civil Law – Useful Chart (Kurt R. Nilson, Esq. : heirbase.com)
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the stress in the definition of the relationship is more on doing than on being. That is, it is more what the
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says that the study of kinship is the study of what humans do with these basic facts of life –
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3762:
The other approach, that of Evolutionary psychology, continues to take the view that genetic relatedness (or
3696:
considered that organisms' social behaviours were likely to be mediated by general conditions that typically
2608:
ternary, and shared kin-terms—denote a relationship between three distinct entities. These occur commonly in
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6990:
5015:
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genealogical approach (see below section). For example, on the basis of his observations, Barnes suggested:
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1895:
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935:
872:
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8041:
7708:
7301:
6082:
4538:
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3810:
The evolutionary psychology account of biology continues to be rejected by most cultural anthropologists.
3245:
3114:
2992:
2984:
2716:
2571:
2497:
2493:
2221:
1389:
1190:
1175:
1115:
1023:
962:
618:
549:
406:
119:
3244:. The most lasting of Morgan's contributions was his discovery of the difference between descriptive and
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7676:
7567:
7484:
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Schneider himself emphasised a distinction between the notion of a social relationship as intrinsically
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Building on LĂ©vi-Strauss's (1949) notions of kinship as caught up with the fluid languages of exchange,
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2319:
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1987:
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social bonding and social cooperation in organisms. Holland points out that the biological theory (see
2263:
Kinship can also refer to a principle by which individuals or groups of individuals are organized into
2236:. Further, even within these two broad usages of the term, there are different theoretical approaches.
5852:". Since identical twins are not separated by meiosis, there are no "generations" between them, hence
3497:
conceptualized, observed and described social relationships ('kinship') in the cultures they studied.
8603:
8527:
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7895:
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7698:
7693:
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6808:
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6286:
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1982:
1977:
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1100:
1070:
1038:
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912:
902:
877:
867:
375:
359:
288:
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3444:), and a social relationship as created, constituted and maintained by a process of interaction, or
2950:. If the two halves are each obliged to marry out, and into the other, these are called matrimonial
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8352:
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1125:
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Different societies classify kinship relations differently and therefore use different systems of
8450:
8410:
8405:
8310:
8250:
8195:
7880:
7775:
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7703:
7671:
7624:
7509:
7434:
6125:
6014:"Network mediation of exchange structures: Ambilateral sidedness and property flows in Pul Eliya"
5935:
5719:
Kinship: the conceptual hole in psychological studies of social cognition and close relationships
5574:
5451:
5424:
5209:
5127:
5089:
4954:
4678:
3574:
3414:
3398:
3296:(1965, Social Networks in Urban Situations). Yet, all these approaches clung to a view of stable
3145:
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i.e. point of reference for a kin-relation) and encapsulates the entire relationship as follows:
2515:
2012:
1942:
1454:
1145:
1090:
862:
658:
508:
504:
499:
365:
5484:
Schneider, D. 1984. A critique of the study of kinship. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
5442:
Langness, L.L. (1964). "Some problems in the conceptualization of Highlands social structures".
3668:(even if genealogical relationships frequently correlate with such processes). In his 2012 book
2627:
is differentiated from its tri-relational counterpart by the position of the possessive pronoun
3535:
terms to label some of these activities as social and others as biological. (Carsten 1995, 236)
50:
8532:
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8375:
8370:
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8295:
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6343:
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5771:
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No substance, no kinship? Procreation, Performativity and Temanambondro parent/child relations
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3634:
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3326:
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2767:(female). Most societies are patrilineal. Examples of a matrilineal system of descent are the
2734:
2567:
2419:
2240:
2114:
2084:
2019:
1746:
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strongly critiqued the sociobiological approach through reviews of ethnographies in his 1976
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Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship: Compatibility Between Cultural and Biological Approaches
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5927:
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5753:
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Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship: Compatibility between Cultural and Biological Approaches
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5416:
5193:
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3268:. Among the attempts to break out of universalizing assumptions and theories about kinship,
3202:
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3190:
2988:
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social connections. Within a culture, some descent groups may be considered to lead back to
1938:
1841:
1200:
1180:
917:
892:
648:
448:
443:
423:
269:
154:
6071:"Formal analysis of kinship terminologies and its relationship to what constitutes kinship"
5949:"Kinship vis-a-vis Myth Contrasts in Levi-Strauss' Approaches to Cross-Cultural Comparison"
3779:). This kinship detection system in turn affects other genetic predispositions such as the
8537:
8483:
8455:
8395:
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8285:
8220:
7954:
7949:
7927:
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5342:
Argonauts of West Africa: Unauthorized Migration and Kinship Dynamics in a Changing Europe
4816:
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2024:
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349:
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204:
55:
6903:
6883:
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3338:
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system, are typically unilineal, while the Iroquois proper are specifically matrilineal.
5749:
5072:
Shaw, B. D. (1992). "Explaining Incest: Brother-Sister Marriage in Graeco-Roman Egypt".
3165:
human social groups are constructed, their patterns, meanings and obligations, but also
2437:
However, producing children is not the only function of the family; in societies with a
8562:
8552:
8522:
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8440:
8385:
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6607:
6517:
6487:
6323:
5861:
5766:
5733:
5008:
4483:
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together see one another as related. Yet another may be genetic detection based on the
3693:
3330:
3198:
3136:
or relations between groups that preferential and prescriptive marriage rules created.
3106:
2921:
2909:
2866:
2862:
2835:
2824:
2819:
2702:
2544:
2423:
2411:
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1399:
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922:
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588:
526:
438:
370:
329:
324:
124:
6100:
2422:(a mother and her children); conjugal (a husband, his wife, and children; also called
2216:
has developed a number of related concepts and terms in the study of kinship, such as
8618:
8542:
8507:
8300:
8240:
8215:
8210:
7979:
7934:
7828:
7755:
7735:
7448:
7384:
7281:
7206:
7196:
7153:
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6765:
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6612:
6512:
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5939:
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5107:
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4408:
3875:
3871:
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3800:
3522:
3289:
3210:
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religion where society is divided into several exogamous totemic clans, such as most
2980:
2974:
2917:
2843:
2750:
2742:
2620:
2600:
2538:
2407:
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2342:
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2200:
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2007:
1910:
1868:
1663:
1277:
1272:
1220:
942:
628:
593:
433:
314:
293:
189:
129:
63:
5678:
Hamilton, W.D. 1987. Discriminating nepotism: expectable, common and overlooked. In
5213:
8577:
8517:
8400:
8342:
8335:
8290:
8230:
8161:
7969:
7959:
7907:
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7813:
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7750:
7666:
7249:
7233:
7163:
7140:
7085:
6893:
6855:
6850:
6677:
6522:
5647:
5285:
4937:
Leach, Edmund (Dec 1955). "Polyandry, Inheritance and the Definition of Marriage".
4653:
Skin, kin and clan : the dynamics of social categories in Indigenous Australia
3832:
3780:
3700:
with genetic relatedness, but are not likely to be mediated by genetic relatedness
3626:
3622:
3362:
3281:
3206:
3129:
3008:
2913:
2901:
2738:
2532:
2434:
in which parents and children co-reside with other members of one parent's family.
2399:
2292:
2289:
2213:
2176:
1817:
1802:
1736:
1185:
1075:
781:
428:
319:
278:
244:
234:
139:
6205:
Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems: Process Models of a Turkish Nomad Clan
6193:
6176:
5965:
5948:
5570:
3791:
boundaries and provide an easy way to create cooperative groups of various sizes.
6247:
The Nature of Kinship: An Introduction to Descent Systems and Family Organization
4898:
Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; McBride, Bunny; Walrath, Dana (2011).
4727:
Oke Wale, An Introduction to Social Anthropology Second Edition, Part 2, Kinship.
3641:
expected to depend on genetic relatedness, which they readily connected with the
3325:
In trying to resolve the problems of dubious inferences about kinship "systems",
2999:". The concept has been applied to understand the organization of societies from
8512:
8320:
8305:
8280:
8205:
7875:
7850:
7840:
7818:
7745:
7605:
7590:
7542:
7525:
7443:
7173:
6775:
6730:
6574:
6468:
6423:
6258:
6037:"Taking Sides: Marriage Networks and Dravidian Kinship in Lowland South America"
5242:
4513:
4433:
3994:
3856:
3844:
3804:
3573:
which noted that the Trobrianders did not believe pregnancy to be the result of
3562:
3413:
Before the questions raised within anthropology about the study of 'kinship' by
3391:
The sheer fact of residence in a Bena Bena group can and does determine kinship.
3032:
3000:
2925:
2905:
2764:
2760:
2485:
2481:
2318:. It can be used in a more diffuse sense as in, for example, the news headline "
2281:
2119:
2104:
2042:
1900:
1831:
1768:
1616:
1357:
1225:
982:
855:
822:
653:
531:
184:
174:
67:
59:
38:
5557:
Carsten, Janet (1995). "The substance of kinship and the heart of the hearth".
3525:
employed her studies with the Malays to reassess kinship. She uses the idea of
8587:
8582:
8557:
8492:
8425:
8315:
7760:
7552:
7479:
7334:
7308:
7259:
7188:
7080:
7021:
6975:
6920:
6793:
6755:
6617:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6544:
6532:
6472:
6428:
6096:
5197:
5123:
4670:
3540:
3386:
also emphasized the primacy of residence patterns in 'creating' kinship ties:
3277:
3185:
3026:
Marriage is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between
2786:
2463:
2239:
Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related by both
2069:
1883:
1792:
1756:
1731:
1547:
1337:
598:
583:
298:
6263:
5881:
3378:
raiding, may be other relevant criteria for group membership."(Barnes 1962,6)
3039:
and sexual, are acknowledged. When defined broadly, marriage is considered a
17:
8547:
8420:
8325:
7917:
7790:
7647:
7547:
7494:
7416:
7389:
7352:
7223:
7158:
7075:
6985:
6692:
6569:
6318:
4630:
4503:
4493:
4473:
3763:
3059:
2756:
2446:
2427:
2385:
2350:
2307:
2299:
2268:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2064:
1997:
1947:
1873:
1836:
1812:
1726:
1677:
1310:
1305:
1237:
179:
5775:
3883:
father and mother of the child making them share their genes or genetics .
2591:
5472:, edited by P. Reining. Washington: Anthropological Society of Washington.
5205:
4642:
Rivière, Peter 1987 "Of Women, Men, and Manioc", Etnologiska Studien (38).
3253:, and strongly relate, if only by approximation, to patterns of marriage.
3144:
One of the foundational works in the anthropological study of kinship was
2938:
If a society is divided into exactly two descent groups, each is called a
95:
8235:
8200:
7489:
7324:
7291:
7168:
7125:
7110:
7105:
6788:
6725:
6720:
6697:
6642:
6602:
6388:
4604:
4508:
4403:
3880:
3796:
3784:
3173:
explanations thus typically presented the fact of life in social groups (
3068:
3048:
3044:
3021:
3004:
2442:
2337:, "kinship" typically refers to the degree of genetic relatedness or the
2303:
2248:
2244:
2134:
1992:
1826:
1797:
1682:
1672:
1636:
1580:
169:
164:
159:
144:
134:
5757:
4595:
On Kinship and Gods in Ancient Egypt: An Interview with Marcelo Campagno
2939:
8185:
7453:
7421:
7411:
7274:
7115:
6715:
6622:
6505:
6400:
6395:
6129:
5849:
5597:
Conceiving persons: ethnographies of procreation, fertility, and growth
5428:
5093:
4958:
4468:
4063:
The symbols applied here to express kinship are used more generally in
3956:
3767:
3158:
3154:
3072:
2932:
2790:
2502:
2469:
2334:
2327:
2204:
1970:
1952:
1933:
1915:
1651:
1621:
1347:
1295:
149:
5455:
5147:"Incest or Adoption? Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt Revisited"
4067:
to develop a calculus of relations with sets other than human beings.
37:"Family ties" redirects here. For the American television series, see
7740:
7394:
7269:
7228:
7005:
6845:
6840:
6495:
6477:
6405:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6302:
4478:
4413:
4050:
3906:
3314:
3084:
3027:
2798:
2563:
There is a seventh type of system only identified as distinct later:
2403:
2367:
2285:
2276:
2188:
1878:
1646:
1626:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1322:
114:
6158:
Crow-Omaha : new light on a classic problem of kinship analysis
6121:
5420:
5085:
4950:
6042:. In Godelier, Maurice; Trautmann, Thomas; F.Tjon Sie Fat. (eds.).
5931:
5599:
edited by P. Loizos and P. Heady. New Brunswick, NJ: Athlone Press.
5407:
Barnes, J.A. (1962). "African models in the New Guinea Highlands".
2574:, with bifurcate merging but totally distinct from Iroquois). Most
8275:
7780:
7582:
7535:
7530:
7254:
7130:
6830:
6433:
6378:
5848:
By replacement in the definition of the notion of "generation" by
5682:, edited by D. J. C. Fletcher and C. D. Michener. New York: Wiley.
4973:
4616:
Wolf, Eric. 1982 Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley:
4543:
4008:
3852:
3184:
3076:
2893:
2839:
2776:
2595:
An illustration of the bi-relational and tri-relational senses of
2590:
2462:
2371:
2257:
2253:
2097:
2052:
2047:
1957:
194:
6046:. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 214–243. Archived from
4767:
The Headman Was a Woman: The Gender Egalitarian Batek of Malaysia
3232:
close genealogical relatives may nevertheless use what he called
2779:. Many societies that practise a matrilineal system often have a
7661:
7499:
7120:
6760:
6500:
6437:
4453:
4012:
3983:. Here the relation of siblings is expressed as the composition
3405:
which had a major influence on the subsequent study of kinship.
2897:
2889:
2772:
2002:
1656:
1332:
789:
229:
7620:
7025:
6275:
5529:
Cultures of relatedness: New approaches to the study of kinship
5314:
The Reinvention of Primitive Society: Transformations of a myth
4022:, which can also be interpreted as the child of a grandparent,
3807:
which favor concentrating resources on sons so they can marry.
6383:
2310:) might ask whether there is kinship between the English word
2298:
In a more general sense, kinship may refer to a similarity or
2243:– i.e. social relations during development – and by
4742:
Social & Cultural Anthropology: A Very Short Introduction
2991:". The concept of a house society was originally proposed by
2881:
group that can demonstrate their common descent from a known
2260:). This may be conceived of on a more or less literal basis.
7616:
6139:
Lewis Henry Morgan and the Invention of Kinship, New Edition
6023:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–89. Archived from
3799:
societies are relatively more often patrilineal compared to
5544:
After nature: English kinship in the late twentieth century
2873:
Lineages, clans, phratries, moieties, and matrimonial sides
2514:
The major patterns of kinship systems that are known which
5512:
Collier, Jane Fishburne; Yanagisako, Sylvia Junko (1987).
3264:
A more flexible view of kinship was formulated in British
6271:
4744:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 86–88.
3357:
Recognition of fluidity in kinship meanings and relations
3150:
Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family
3043:. A broad definition of marriage includes those that are
2693:
a maternal grandfather and his sister are referred to as
2520:
Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family
6253:
Kinship and Social Organization: An Interactive Tutorial
4887:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 236.
2518:
identified through kinship terminology in his 1871 work
5717:
Daly, Martin; Salmon, Catherine; Wilson, Margo (1997).
4769:. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc. pp. 26–27.
3997:
is the composition of the parent relation with itself:
3456:
The crucial point is this: in the relationship between
3177:) as being largely a result of human ideas and values.
2414:(by marriage), or co-residence/shared consumption (see
2861:) where offspring determine their lineage through the
6061:
The Sexual Life of Savages in North Western Melanesia
5918:
Barnes, J. A. (1961). "Physical and Social Kinship".
4926:. Royal Anthropological Institute. 1951. p. 110.
3777:
Major Histocompatibility Complex and Sexual Selection
5994:
Kinship and Marriage: An Anthropological Perspective
5947:
Boon, James A.; Schneider, David M. (October 1974).
5514:
Gender and kinship: Essays toward a unified analysis
4571:
Kinship and Marriage: An Anthropological Perspective
2341:
between individual members of a species (e.g. as in
8596:
8479:
8351:
8154:
7988:
7789:
7654:
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7377:
7317:
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6963:
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6823:
6774:
6691:
6583:
6543:
6486:
6451:
6416:
6352:
5468:Schneider, D. 1972. What is Kinship all About. In
3633:to approach human kinship with the assumption that
2647:
now incorporates the male speaker as a propositus (
6019:. In Schweizer, Thomas; White, Douglas R. (eds.).
5646:
5284:
5110:(1980). "Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt".
5007:
6243:AusAnthrop: research, resources and documentation
6156:Trautmann, Thomas R.; Whiteley, Peter M. (2012).
3637:theory predicts that kinship relations in humans
3408:
2480:– for example some languages distinguish between
5243:"Richard Conniff. "Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin.""
4799:
4797:
3075:, this is the case in many societies practicing
6249:Dennis O'Neil, Palomar College, San Marcos, CA.
5812:
5732:Lieberman, D.; Tooby, J.; Cosmides, L. (2007).
3720:. Holland thus argues that both the biological
3545:
3532:
3514:
3454:
3429:
3388:
3375:
2553:(also referred to as the "generational system")
6035:Houseman, Michael; White, Douglas R. (1998b).
6012:Houseman, Michael; White, Douglas R. (1998a).
5978:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Hogarth.
4974:"Incest Laws and Absent Taboos in Roman Egypt"
4803:
4789:
4765:Endicott, Kirk M.; Endicott, Karen L. (2008).
3692:of social behaviors. The theory's originator,
3539:Philip Thomas' work with the Temanambondro of
3035:in which interpersonal relationships, usually
2676:) nephew by virtue of you being my grandchild.
2559:(also referred to as the "descriptive system")
2430:(a brother, his sister, and her children); or
7632:
7037:
6287:
6202:White, Douglas R.; Johansen, Ulla C. (2005).
5787:
5785:
5470:Kinship Studies in the Morgan Centennial Year
5394:
5383:
5326:
4716:The MuÉąinypata Language of Northern Australia
3409:Schneider's critique of genealogical concepts
3349:: symmetric and direct, reciprocal delay, or
2783:but men still exercise significant authority.
2156:
1524:
750:
8:
5268:Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., Daryll Forde (1950).
4885:Meaning and Power in a Southeast Asian Realm
3321:Conflicting theories of the mid 20th century
3189:A broad comparison of (left, top-to-bottom)
2814:whose members talk about common ancestry. A
3427:gave his fullest account of this critique.
688:Matrilineal / matrilocal societies
7639:
7625:
7617:
7063:
7044:
7030:
7022:
6771:
6294:
6280:
6272:
6175:Wallace, Anthony F.; Atkins, John (1960).
5632:
5620:
5608:
5112:Comparative Studies in Society and History
4900:Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge
4845:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
4683:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4574:. Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
3897:The study of kinship may be abstracted to
2853:Societies can also consider descent to be
2623:, for example, the bi-relational kin-term
2163:
2149:
1715:
1572:
1542:
1531:
1517:
768:
757:
743:
477:
395:
263:
108:
73:
6192:
6086:
5964:
5765:
5734:"The architecture of human kin detection"
5359:Queer Kinship and Family Change in Taiwan
3990:of the parent relation with its inverse.
3676:theory predicts that genetic relatedness
3452:relationship, to illustrate the problem;
6255:Brian Schwimmer, University of Manitoba.
5480:
5478:
5179:"Brother-sister marriage in Roman Egypt"
4079:
3649:Nonreductive biology and nurture kinship
3382:Similarly, Langness' ethnography of the
3089:marriages between more distant relatives
2541:(also an expansion of bifurcate merging)
49:
6160:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
5824:
5692:Holland, Maximilian (26 October 2012).
5345:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5270:African Systems of Kinship and Marriage
4560:
1777:
1709:
1634:
1575:
1545:
780:
540:
517:
414:
341:
306:
257:
85:
6241:Introduction into the study of kinship
5836:
5669:. North Charleston: Createspace Press.
4676:
2547:(also referred to as "lineal kinship")
2467:A mention of "cČłnne" (kinsmen) in the
5316:. London: Routledge. pp. 179–90.
5249:from the original on 15 December 2017
4735:
4733:
4718:. The Australian National University.
3175:which appeared to be unique to humans
7:
6208:. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
5372:
4740:Monaghan, John; Just, Peter (2000).
3913:, the relation may be symbolized as
3304:"Kinship system" as systemic pattern
3126:The Elementary Structures of Kinship
3058:The act of marriage usually creates
2709:; a man's wife and his children are
700:Sex and Repression in Savage Society
6064:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
5985:Kinship and Marriage among the Nuer
5800:
4902:(13th ed.). Cengage Learning.
4705:. The University of Melbourne Ph.D.
3621:theory and the derivative field of
3257:Kinship networks and social process
3095:Alliance (marital exchange systems)
2753:of the Crossriver state of Nigeria.
2535:(an expansion of bifurcate merging)
2529:(also known as "bifurcate merging")
2284:or legal succession. Many codes of
6141:. University of California Press.
5241:Conniff, Richard (1 August 2003).
3814:Extensions of the kinship metaphor
3670:Social bonding and nurture kinship
3655:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
3425:A Critique of The Study of Kinship
3403:A Critique of the Study of Kinship
2681:Kin-based group terms and pronouns
2635:is anchored to the addressee with
2280:relationship are not identical to
2247:. Human kinship relations through
709:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
25:
5339:Andrikopoulos, Apostolos (2023).
4924:Notes and Queries on Anthropology
3617:Early developments of biological
3169:they are constructed at all. The
2896:. Examples of clans are found in
2326:", to imply a felt similarity or
200:Parallel / cross cousins
27:Web of human social relationships
3901:between people. For example, if
3773:major histocompatibility complex
2697:and addressed with the vocative
2669:) maternal uncle and who is my (
2492:Kin terminologies can be either
1546:
788:
94:
5983:Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1951).
5888:from the original on 2015-05-17
5223:from the original on 2013-11-02
5159:from the original on 2013-07-28
4988:from the original on 2022-04-10
4823:from the original on 2006-10-05
3582:Biology, psychology and kinship
3432:cohesion". (Schneider 1984, 49)
3180:
2610:Australian Aboriginal languages
6799:Genealogical numbering systems
6177:"The Meaning of Kinship Terms"
6058:Malinowski, Bronislaw (1929).
6021:Kinship, Networks and Exchange
5694:Robin Fox comment (book cover)
5010:Life in Egypt under Roman Rule
4618:University of California Press
4164:3/4 siblings or sibling-cousin
3124:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss argued in
2705:, a father and his sister are
2643:is fronted, however, the term
2330:between two or more entities.
1478:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
6938:International Day of Families
6598:Australian Aboriginal kinship
6194:10.1525/aa.1960.62.1.02a00040
6137:Trautmann, Thomas R. (2008).
5966:10.1525/aa.1974.76.4.02a00050
5571:10.1525/ae.1995.22.2.02a00010
5546:. Cambridge University Press.
5531:. Cambridge University Press.
5283:LĂ©vi-Strauss, Claude (1963).
5045:The Demography of Roman Egypt
4841:LĂ©vi-Strauss, Claude (1982).
4429:Australian Aboriginal kinship
3716:, not by genetic relatedness
3659:In agreement with Schneider,
3107:classificatory kinship system
2614:Australian Aboriginal kinship
2576:Australian Aboriginal kinship
2389:
342:Household forms and residence
6001:Holland, Maximilian (2012).
5663:Holland, Maximilian. (2012)
5649:The Use and Abuse of Biology
5516:. Stanford University Press.
5186:Journal of Biosocial Science
4714:Walsh, Michael James. 1976.
4015:is the sibling of a parent,
3838:Detailed terms for parentage
3603:The Use and Abuse of Biology
2322:feels kinship with vilified
407:Classificatory terminologies
45:Family Ties (disambiguation)
7053:Interpersonal relationships
4703:A Grammar of Kuuk Thaayorre
4519:Interpersonal relationships
3367:British Social Anthropology
2339:coefficient of relationship
8656:
8008:Countries by ethnic groups
8003:Contemporary ethnic groups
7287:Queerplatonic relationship
6044:Transformations of Kinship
5987:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5680:Kin recognition in animals
5049:Cambridge University Press
4883:Errington, Shelly (1989).
4804:Houseman & White 1998a
4790:Houseman & White 1998b
3890:
3822:
3755:
3652:
3631:evolutionary psychologists
3585:
3504:
3420:particular cultural values
3240:within his concept of the
3216:
3098:
3019:
2972:
2456:
2365:
1498:List of indigenous peoples
36:
29:
6899:National Grandparents Day
6309:
6097:10.1177/14634990122228719
5996:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
5645:Sahlins, Marshal (1976).
5395:White & Johansen 2005
5384:Wallace & Atkins 1960
5327:White & Johansen 2005
5291:. New York: Basic Books.
5198:10.1017/s0021932097003611
5124:10.1017/S0010417500009385
4318:First cousin once removed
3963:as they share the parent
3201:, (right, top-to-bottom)
1243:Cross-cultural comparison
6069:Read, Dwight W. (2001).
5245:. Discovermagazine.com.
4978:Ancient History Bulletin
4701:Gaby, Alice Rose. 2006.
4274:Great niece/great nephew
3893:Composition of relations
3887:Composition of relations
3181:Morgan's early influence
3157:, was yet to emerge and
3087:and forbidden. However,
2587:Tri-relational kin-terms
2439:sexual division of labor
2267:, roles, categories and
1415:Historical particularism
32:Kinship (disambiguation)
8120:Torres Strait Islanders
7965:Ethnopsychopharmacology
7709:In-group and out-groups
6991:Sociology of the family
6841:Philia (brotherly love)
6417:Second-degree relatives
6181:American Anthropologist
5953:American Anthropologist
5862:genetic-genealogy.co.uk
5591:Thomas, Philip. (1999)
5527:Carsten, Janet (2000).
5444:American Anthropologist
5287:Structural Anthropology
4362:Quadruple second cousin
3758:Evolutionary psychology
3752:Evolutionary psychology
3706:Human inclusive fitness
3588:Human inclusive fitness
2578:is also classificatory.
2570:(the classical type of
2410:(by recognized birth),
1248:Participant observation
8366:Cultural appropriation
8266:Lineage-bonded society
6846:Storge (familial love)
6452:Third-degree relatives
6354:First-degree relatives
6075:Anthropological Theory
5696:. Maximilian Holland.
5272:. London: KPI Limited.
4972:Strong, Anise (2006).
4815:Murphy, Michael Dean.
4539:Serbo-Croatian kinship
4529:Lineage (anthropology)
4464:Darwinian anthropology
4263:Great aunt/great uncle
4230:Half-niece/half-nephew
4033:is the grandparent of
3680:is the condition that
3550:
3537:
3519:
3494:
3434:
3395:
3380:
3333:to different forms of
3246:classificatory kinship
3214:
2604:
2572:classificatory kinship
2473:
2395:
1390:Cross-cultural studies
717:"The Traffic in Women"
550:Coming of Age in Samoa
71:
43:. For other uses, see
8391:Ethnic interest group
8226:Ethnicity in censuses
8176:Cultural assimilation
7677:Ethnolinguistic group
7202:Friends with benefits
7101:Same-sex relationship
6955:National Adoption Day
6831:Agape (parental love)
6267:"Duties of Relatives"
6265:Catholic Encyclopedia
5974:Bowlby, John (1982).
5920:Philosophy of Science
5884:. Benjamin/Cummings.
5356:Brainer, Amy (2019).
4687:) CS1 maint: others (
3517:(Schneider 1984, 163)
3188:
3081:Aboriginal Australian
2810:A descent group is a
2594:
2466:
2376:A multi-generational
2375:
2273:kinship terminologies
2256:or animal ancestors (
2230:consanguinity/cognate
1971:Emotions and feelings
733:Cultural anthropology
693:Feminist anthropology
485:Australian Aboriginal
54:A multi-generational
53:
8604:Minzu (anthropology)
8573:Separatist movements
8436:Ethnographic village
8261:Legendary progenitor
7896:Transidioethnography
7699:Hyphenated ethnicity
7694:Ethnographic realism
7687:Ethnoreligious group
7558:Relationship anarchy
7096:Domestic partnership
7011:Dysfunctional family
6996:Museum of Motherhood
6943:National Family Week
6809:Quarters of nobility
6007:. Createspace Press.
5813:Evans-Pritchard 1951
5559:American Ethnologist
5542:Strathern, Marilyn.
5312:Kuper, Adam (2005).
5177:Scheidel, W (1997).
4351:Triple second cousin
4340:Double second cousin
4219:Half-aunt/half-uncle
3940:is another child of
3488:, to the young man,
3351:generalized exchange
2781:matrilocal residence
2771:of Tanzania and the
2745:and double descent.
2612:with the context of
2314:and the German word
1483:Anthropology by year
1420:Boasian anthropology
1395:Cultural materialism
1380:Actor–network theory
978:Paleoanthropological
624:Bronisław Malinowski
30:For other uses, see
8625:Kinship and descent
8471:Multinational state
8466:Model minority myth
8353:Multiethnic society
8271:Linguistic homeland
7682:Ethnonational group
7365:Romantic friendship
6981:Wedding anniversary
6933:American Family Day
6889:Father–Daughter Day
6836:Eros (marital love)
6585:Kinship terminology
5992:Fox, Robin (1977).
5758:10.1038/nature05510
5750:2007Natur.445..727L
5450:(4 pt 2): 162–182.
4843:The Way of the Mask
4568:Fox, Robin (1983).
4424:Kinship terminology
4296:Double first cousin
3787:towards relatives.
3783:and a tendency for
3724:and the biological
3266:social anthropology
3251:kinship terminology
3219:Kinship terminology
3115:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
3016:Marriage (affinity)
2993:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
2825:patrilineal descent
2820:Matrilineal descent
2478:kinship terminology
2459:Kinship terminology
2125:Narcissistic parent
1435:Performance studies
1328:Kinship and descent
1268:Cultural relativism
918:Paleoethnobotanical
893:Ethnoarchaeological
729:Social anthropology
619:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
402:Kinship terminology
225:Joking relationship
220:Posthumous marriage
8451:Middleman minority
8411:Ethnic pornography
8406:Ethnic nationalism
8311:Pantribal sodality
8251:Imagined community
7776:Symbolic ethnicity
7704:Indigenous peoples
7672:Ethnographic group
7510:Unconditional love
7359:Maîtresse-en-titre
7342:à la façon du pays
6741:collateral descent
5867:2021-02-24 at the
5839:, pp. 296–299
5827:, pp. 831–851
5611:, pp. 179–186
5329:, Chapters 3 and 4
5006:Lewis, N. (1983).
4817:"Kinship Glossary"
4600:2009-03-18 at the
3625:, encouraged some
3575:sexual intercourse
3415:David M. Schneider
3399:David M. Schneider
3343:"elementary" forms
3311:kinship categories
3215:
3041:cultural universal
2695:paanth ngan-ngethe
2605:
2516:Lewis Henry Morgan
2474:
2396:
2208:religious groups.
1943:marital separation
1455:Post-structuralism
1214:Research framework
659:David M. Schneider
505:Polyandry in Tibet
72:
8640:Lineage societies
8612:
8611:
8533:Ethnic stereotype
8446:Indigenous rights
8431:Ethnographic film
8416:Ethnic theme park
8376:Dominant minority
8371:Diaspora politics
8361:Consociationalism
8296:National language
8181:Cultural identity
8171:Cross-race effect
8115:Aboriginal groups
7614:
7613:
7601:Domestic violence
7373:
7372:
7149:Open relationship
7091:Significant other
7019:
7018:
6819:
6818:
6736:Lineal descendant
6706:Bilateral descent
6459:Great-grandparent
6344:Matrifocal family
6215:978-0-7391-1892-4
6167:978-0-8165-0790-0
6148:978-0-520-06457-7
5744:(7129): 727–731.
5145:remijsen, sofie.
5058:978-0-521-46123-8
5047:. Cambridge, UK:
5041:Bagnall, Roger S.
5039:Frier, Bruce W.;
5025:978-0-19-814848-7
4909:978-0-495-81178-7
4776:978-1-57766-526-7
4751:978-0-19-285346-2
4662:978-1-76046-164-5
4581:978-0-521-27823-2
4499:Genetic genealogy
4449:Cinderella effect
4394:
4393:
4307:Half-first cousin
4241:Great grandparent
3919:converse relation
3861:visitation rights
3686:inclusive fitness
3674:inclusive fitness
3635:inclusive fitness
3619:inclusive fitness
3611:inclusive fitness
3592:Attachment theory
3571:Trobriand Islands
3440:and inalienable (
3347:modes of exchange
3327:George P. Murdock
3294:J. Clyde Mitchell
3242:system of kinship
3225:natural valuation
3128:(1949), that the
2997:sociétés à maison
2995:who called them "
2879:unilineal descent
2838:system, like the
2675:
2668:
2661:
2568:Dravidian kinship
2220:, descent group,
2173:
2172:
2130:Power and control
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1722:Significant other
1702:Mixed-orientation
1562:
1541:
1540:
1440:Political economy
1263:Thick description
1060:Political economy
923:Zooarchaeological
883:Bioarchaeological
767:
766:
664:Marilyn Strathern
644:Stephen O. Murray
558:
557:
465:
464:
383:
382:
337:
336:
16:(Redirected from
8647:
8635:Lineage (series)
8503:Ethnic cleansing
8498:Ethnic bioweapon
8381:Ethnic democracy
7990:Groups by region
7940:Ethnomethodology
7923:Ethnomathematics
7913:Ethnolinguistics
7809:Ethnoarchaeology
7641:
7634:
7627:
7618:
7064:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7023:
7001:Astronaut family
6772:
6673:Iroquois kinship
6663:Sudanese kinship
6658:Hawaiian kinship
6633:Family of choice
6464:Great-grandchild
6339:Immediate family
6296:
6289:
6282:
6273:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6218:. Archived from
6198:
6196:
6171:
6152:
6133:
6104:
6099:. Archived from
6090:
6065:
6054:
6052:
6041:
6031:
6030:on 10 June 2019.
6029:
6018:
6008:
5997:
5988:
5979:
5970:
5968:
5943:
5906:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5878:
5872:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5780:
5779:
5769:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5689:
5683:
5676:
5670:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5473:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5290:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5222:
5183:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5158:
5151:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5013:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4812:
4806:
4801:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4737:
4728:
4725:
4719:
4712:
4706:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4674:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4634:
4627:
4621:
4614:
4608:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4565:
4419:Kinship analysis
4252:Great grandchild
4080:
4006:
3993:The relation of
3982:
3925:is the child of
3899:binary relations
3851:notes that if a
3599:Marshall Sahlins
3567:sexual behaviour
2989:House of Windsor
2867:patrilineal line
2863:matrilineal line
2859:Hawaiian kinship
2829:Iroquois kinship
2673:
2666:
2659:
2557:Sudanese kinship
2551:Hawaiian kinship
2527:Iroquois kinship
2394:
2391:
2382:Eastern Orthodox
2165:
2158:
2151:
1716:
1573:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1061:
943:Anthrozoological
792:
769:
759:
752:
745:
677:Related articles
649:Michelle Rosaldo
478:
396:
264:
251:
109:
98:
86:Anthropology of
74:
21:
8655:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8592:
8538:Ethnic violence
8486:
8484:ethnic conflict
8482:
8475:
8456:Minority rights
8396:Ethnic majority
8347:
8331:Detribalization
8286:Nation-building
8221:Ethnic religion
8164:
8160:
8150:
8057:Central America
7984:
7955:Ethnophilosophy
7950:Ethnomusicology
7928:Ethnostatistics
7886:Person-centered
7856:Autoethnography
7785:
7650:
7645:
7615:
7610:
7596:Dating violence
7577:
7568:Sexual activity
7514:
7458:
7369:
7313:
7238:
7217:One-night stand
7183:
7135:
7055:
7050:
7020:
7015:
6959:
6860:
6815:
6804:Seize quartiers
6770:
6711:Common ancestor
6695:
6687:
6653:Chinese kinship
6648:Nurture kinship
6638:Fictive kinship
6579:
6539:
6528:daughter-in-law
6482:
6447:
6412:
6348:
6334:Conjugal family
6329:Extended family
6305:
6300:
6237:
6225:
6223:
6216:
6201:
6174:
6168:
6155:
6149:
6136:
6122:10.2307/3033971
6107:
6088:10.1.1.169.2462
6068:
6057:
6053:on 7 June 2019.
6050:
6039:
6034:
6027:
6016:
6011:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5946:
5917:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5891:
5889:
5882:"Kin Selection"
5880:
5879:
5875:
5869:Wayback Machine
5847:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5811:
5807:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5783:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5677:
5673:
5662:
5658:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5633:Malinowski 1929
5631:
5627:
5621:Malinowski 1929
5619:
5615:
5609:Malinowski 1929
5607:
5603:
5590:
5586:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5476:
5467:
5463:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5421:10.2307/2795819
5406:
5405:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5367:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5299:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5086:10.2307/2804054
5071:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5016:Clarendon Press
5005:
5004:
5000:
4991:
4989:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4951:10.2307/2795331
4945:(12): 182–186.
4936:
4935:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4826:
4824:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4739:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4713:
4709:
4700:
4696:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4628:
4624:
4615:
4611:
4602:Wayback Machine
4593:
4589:
4582:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4534:Nurture kinship
4489:Fictive kinship
4444:Chinese kinship
4399:
4109:Identical twins
4092:
4087:
4078:
4073:
4065:algebraic logic
3998:
3968:
3936:. Suppose that
3895:
3889:
3849:Evans-Pritchard
3840:
3835:
3829:Nurture kinship
3825:Fictive kinship
3823:Main articles:
3821:
3819:Fictive kinship
3816:
3760:
3754:
3732:nurture kinship
3710:Kin recognition
3657:
3651:
3627:sociobiologists
3594:
3584:
3554:nurture kinship
3509:
3507:nurture kinship
3503:
3411:
3359:
3335:extended family
3323:
3306:
3274:Andaman Islands
3270:Radcliffe-Brown
3259:
3221:
3183:
3142:
3119:alliance theory
3113:anthropologist
3103:
3101:Alliance theory
3097:
3055:and temporary.
3024:
3018:
2977:
2971:
2969:House societies
2883:apical ancestor
2877:A lineage is a
2875:
2808:
2730:
2725:
2683:
2662:) who is your (
2589:
2461:
2455:
2432:extended family
2416:Nurture kinship
2392:
2378:extended family
2370:
2364:
2359:
2234:fictive kinship
2226:affinity/affine
2169:
2140:
2139:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2075:Sexual activity
2038:
2030:
2029:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1822:
1808:Mutual monogamy
1689:
1668:
1570:
1555:
1551:
1537:
1508:
1507:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1445:Practice theory
1385:Alliance theory
1375:
1367:
1366:
1362:Postcolonialism
1291:
1283:
1282:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1171:Anthropological
1166:
1156:
1155:
1059:
1009:
1008:
988:
987:
938:
928:
927:
858:
848:
847:
818:
810:
763:
731:
723:
722:
719:
712:
703:
683:Alliance theory
678:
670:
669:
668:
639:Lewis H. Morgan
634:Henrietta Moore
614:Eleanor Leacock
609:Louise Lamphere
604:Roger Lancaster
579:Tom Boellstorff
568:
567:Major theorists
560:
559:
536:
513:
475:
467:
466:
461:
454:Dravidian
393:
385:
384:
364:
249:Nurture kinship
239:
205:Cousin marriage
106:
56:extended family
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8653:
8651:
8643:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8617:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8606:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8563:Indigenization
8560:
8555:
8553:Ethnosymbolism
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8523:Ethnic penalty
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8489:
8487:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8461:Model minority
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8441:Ethnopluralism
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8386:Ethnic enclave
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8357:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8345:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8167:
8165:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8131:
8124:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8096:Southeast Asia
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8019:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8005:
7994:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7975:Ethnosemiotics
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7945:Ethnomuseology
7942:
7937:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7811:
7806:
7804:Ethnic studies
7801:
7795:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7771:Supraethnicity
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7724:Minority group
7721:
7719:Metroethnicity
7716:
7714:Meta-ethnicity
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7664:
7658:
7656:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7636:
7629:
7621:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7587:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7522:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7424:
7419:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7355:
7353:Royal favorite
7350:
7348:Royal mistress
7345:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7212:Sexual partner
7209:
7204:
7199:
7193:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7145:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7072:
7070:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7041:
7034:
7026:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6909:Children's Day
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6791:
6786:
6784:Pedigree chart
6780:
6778:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6751:Patrilineality
6748:
6746:Matrilineality
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6702:
6700:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6668:Eskimo kinship
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6549:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6520:
6518:Sibling-in-law
6515:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6431:
6426:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6358:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6324:Nuclear family
6321:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6236:
6235:External links
6233:
6232:
6231:
6214:
6199:
6172:
6166:
6153:
6147:
6134:
6116:(4): 831–851.
6105:
6103:on 2013-01-11.
6081:(2): 239–267.
6066:
6055:
6032:
6009:
5998:
5989:
5980:
5971:
5959:(4): 799–817.
5944:
5932:10.1086/287811
5926:(3): 296–299.
5913:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5898:
5873:
5841:
5829:
5817:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5724:
5709:
5703:978-1480182004
5702:
5684:
5671:
5656:
5637:
5625:
5613:
5601:
5584:
5565:(2): 223–241.
5549:
5534:
5519:
5504:
5495:
5486:
5474:
5461:
5434:
5399:
5387:
5376:
5365:
5348:
5331:
5319:
5304:
5297:
5275:
5260:
5233:
5169:
5137:
5118:(3): 303–354.
5108:Hopkins, Keith
5099:
5080:(2): 267–299.
5076:. New Series.
5064:
5057:
5031:
5024:
4998:
4964:
4929:
4915:
4908:
4890:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4833:
4807:
4793:
4782:
4775:
4757:
4750:
4729:
4720:
4707:
4694:
4661:
4644:
4635:
4622:
4609:
4587:
4580:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4484:Family history
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:seventh-degree
4374:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:not applicable
4099:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
3891:Main article:
3888:
3885:
3839:
3836:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3753:
3750:
3694:W. D. Hamilton
3650:
3647:
3583:
3580:
3502:
3501:Post-Schneider
3499:
3410:
3407:
3358:
3355:
3331:nuclear family
3322:
3319:
3305:
3302:
3258:
3255:
3217:Main article:
3182:
3179:
3141:
3138:
3117:developed the
3099:Main article:
3096:
3093:
3020:Main article:
3017:
3014:
2981:descent groups
2973:Main article:
2970:
2967:
2874:
2871:
2836:Eskimo kinship
2807:
2806:Descent groups
2804:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2784:
2754:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2707:irrmoorrgooloo
2688:Kuuk Thaayorre
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2545:Eskimo kinship
2542:
2536:
2530:
2498:classificatory
2457:Main article:
2454:
2451:
2424:nuclear family
2406:affiliated by
2366:Main article:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Basic concepts
2355:
2324:Wallis Simpson
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:Bachelor's Day
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:Group marriage
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:Systems theory
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:Culture theory
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
995:
994:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
983:Primatological
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
939:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
859:
856:Archaeological
854:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:Archaeological
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
809:
808:
803:
797:
794:
793:
785:
784:
778:
777:
765:
764:
762:
761:
754:
747:
739:
736:
735:
725:
724:
721:
720:
715:
713:
706:
704:
697:
695:
690:
685:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
589:W. D. Hamilton
586:
581:
576:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
555:
554:
553:
543:
542:
538:
537:
535:
534:
529:
523:
520:
519:
515:
514:
512:
511:
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
463:
462:
460:
459:
451:
446:
441:
439:Eskimo (Inuit)
436:
431:
426:
420:
417:
416:
412:
411:
410:
409:
404:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
381:
380:
379:
378:
373:
368:
362:
357:
352:
344:
343:
339:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
330:Patrilineality
327:
325:Matrilineality
322:
317:
309:
308:
304:
303:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
260:
259:
255:
254:
253:
252:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
107:
105:Basic concepts
104:
103:
100:
99:
91:
90:
83:
82:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8652:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8543:Ethnocentrism
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8508:Ethnic hatred
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8478:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8350:
8344:
8341:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8301:National myth
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8241:Folk religion
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8216:Ethnic origin
8214:
8212:
8211:Ethnic option
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8086:Northern Asia
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8062:South America
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8047:United States
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7980:Ethnotaxonomy
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7935:Ethnomedicine
7933:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7871:Institutional
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7829:Ethnomycology
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7756:Polyethnicity
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7736:Monoethnicity
7734:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7642:
7637:
7635:
7630:
7628:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7580:
7574:
7573:Transgression
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7449:Singles event
7447:
7445:
7442:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7302:Consequential
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7282:Platonic love
7280:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7197:Casual dating
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7154:Open marriage
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7047:
7042:
7040:
7035:
7033:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6971:Single parent
6969:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6824:Relationships
6822:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6766:Royal descent
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6683:Omaha kinship
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:Consanguinity
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6513:Parent-in-law
6511:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6488:Family-in-law
6485:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6292:
6290:
6285:
6283:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6222:on 2013-10-05
6221:
6217:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6056:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6006:
6005:
5999:
5995:
5990:
5986:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5902:
5899:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5818:
5815:, p. 116
5814:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5728:
5725:
5720:
5713:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5660:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5641:
5638:
5635:, p. 202
5634:
5629:
5626:
5623:, p. 195
5622:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5550:
5545:
5538:
5535:
5530:
5523:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5369:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5352:
5349:
5344:
5343:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5305:
5300:
5298:9780465082308
5294:
5289:
5288:
5279:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5261:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5234:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5192:(3): 361–71.
5191:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5170:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5002:
4999:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4837:
4834:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4550:
4549:House society
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Irish Kinship
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Consanguinity
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:Bride service
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Kin selection
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4386:
4384:Fourth cousin
4383:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:9.375% (3â‹…2)
4356:
4354:fourth-degree
4353:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:fourth-degree
4342:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:Second cousin
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:fourth-degree
4320:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:fourth-degree
4309:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:second-degree
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4211:second-degree
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:second-degree
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:second-degree
4188:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:second-degree
4177:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:second-degree
4166:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:second-degree
4155:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4098:Inbred Strain
4097:
4096:
4090:
4088:relationship
4085:
4082:
4081:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3929:, is written
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3872:consanguinity
3868:
3866:
3865:joint custody
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:horticultural
3798:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3523:Janet Carsten
3518:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3298:functionalism
3295:
3291:
3290:Victor Turner
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:kinship terms
3231:
3226:
3220:
3212:
3211:Omaha kinship
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:, as in the "
2986:
2982:
2976:
2975:House society
2968:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2728:Descent rules
2727:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2717:Murrinh-patha
2713:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:Bininj Kunwok
2617:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2601:Bininj Kunwok
2598:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:Omaha kinship
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2408:consanguinity
2405:
2401:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:consanguinity
2344:
2343:kin selection
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:social groups
2261:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:socialization
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Transgression
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:Unconditional
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Singles event
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:Queerplatonic
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1664:Open marriage
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1553:Relationships
1549:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1503:Organizations
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Structuralism
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Functionalism
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:sociocultural
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1278:Emic and etic
1276:
1274:
1273:Ethnocentrism
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Anthropometry
1219:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Ethnopoetical
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Transpersonal
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Psychological
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Institutional
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Environmental
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
991:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
937:
932:
931:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
888:Environmental
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
852:
851:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
814:
813:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
796:
795:
791:
787:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
760:
755:
753:
748:
746:
741:
740:
738:
737:
734:
730:
727:
726:
718:
714:
711:
710:
705:
702:
701:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
674:
673:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:Margaret Mead
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:Gilbert Herdt
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
564:
563:
552:
551:
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
522:
521:
516:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
480:
479:
471:
470:
458:
457:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
419:
418:
413:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:
389:
388:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:Ambilineality
313:
312:
311:
310:
305:
300:
297:
295:
294:House society
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
250:
246:
242:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
190:Bride service
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
130:Consanguinity
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
102:
101:
97:
93:
92:
89:
84:
80:
76:
75:
69:
65:
64:Ghor Province
61:
57:
52:
46:
42:
41:
33:
19:
18:Descent group
8630:Anthropology
8578:Xenocentrism
8528:Ethnic slurs
8518:Ethnic party
8481:Ideology and
8401:Ethnic media
8343:White ethnic
8336:Neotribalism
8291:Nation state
8255:
8231:Ethnofiction
8162:ethnogenesis
8133:
8126:
8107:
8076:Central Asia
8068:
8021:
8014:
7997:
7970:Ethnoscience
7960:Ethnopoetics
7908:Ethnohistory
7846:Ethnogeology
7834:Ethnozoology
7824:Ethnoecology
7814:Ethnobiology
7799:Anthropology
7751:Panethnicity
7667:Ethnic group
7543:Gold digging
7357:
7341:
7264:
7250:Acquaintance
7243:Non-romantic
7234:Sugar dating
7164:Polyfidelity
7141:Non-monogamy
7086:Cohabitation
6904:Parents' Day
6894:Siblings Day
6884:Father's Day
6872:Mother's Day
6856:Polyfidelity
6851:Filial piety
6776:Family trees
6678:Crow kinship
6628:Estrangement
6592:
6523:Child-in-law
6443:Niece/Nephew
6264:
6224:. Retrieved
6220:the original
6204:
6187:(1): 58–80.
6184:
6180:
6157:
6138:
6113:
6109:
6101:the original
6078:
6074:
6060:
6048:the original
6043:
6025:the original
6020:
6003:
5993:
5984:
5975:
5956:
5952:
5923:
5919:
5912:Bibliography
5901:
5890:. Retrieved
5876:
5857:
5853:
5844:
5832:
5825:Simpson 1994
5820:
5808:
5803:, p. 34
5796:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5718:
5712:
5693:
5687:
5679:
5674:
5665:
5659:
5648:
5640:
5628:
5616:
5604:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5543:
5537:
5528:
5522:
5513:
5507:
5498:
5489:
5469:
5464:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5390:
5379:
5368:
5358:
5351:
5341:
5334:
5322:
5313:
5307:
5286:
5278:
5269:
5263:
5253:22 September
5251:. Retrieved
5236:
5225:. Retrieved
5189:
5185:
5172:
5161:. Retrieved
5140:
5115:
5111:
5102:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5044:
5034:
5009:
5001:
4990:. Retrieved
4981:
4977:
4967:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4923:
4918:
4899:
4893:
4884:
4878:
4869:
4860:
4851:
4842:
4836:
4825:. Retrieved
4810:
4785:
4766:
4760:
4741:
4723:
4715:
4710:
4702:
4697:
4652:
4647:
4638:
4625:
4612:
4590:
4570:
4563:
4387:ninth-degree
4373:Third cousin
4365:third-degree
4332:fifth-degree
4288:third-degree
4285:First cousin
4277:third-degree
4266:third-degree
4255:third-degree
4244:third-degree
4233:third-degree
4222:third-degree
4208:Niece/nephew
4170:37.5% (3â‹…2)
4153:Half-sibling
4145:first-degree
4134:first-degree
4123:first-degree
4120:Full sibling
4112:first-degree
4062:
4057:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3896:
3869:
3841:
3833:Milk kinship
3809:
3793:
3789:
3781:incest taboo
3761:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3642:
3638:
3623:Sociobiology
3616:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3563:ethnographic
3551:
3546:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3450:father / son
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3363:Edmund Leach
3360:
3339:LĂ©vi-Strauss
3324:
3307:
3263:
3260:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3130:incest taboo
3125:
3123:
3104:
3065:
3057:
3025:
3009:North Africa
2996:
2978:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2942:, after the
2937:
2930:
2887:
2876:
2852:
2848:
2833:
2812:social group
2809:
2731:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2655:The person (
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2606:
2596:
2581:
2562:
2533:Crow kinship
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2491:
2475:
2468:
2436:
2398:Family is a
2397:
2362:Family types
2332:
2315:
2311:
2297:
2293:filial piety
2271:by means of
2262:
2238:
2214:anthropology
2210:
2180:
2177:anthropology
2174:
1818:Polyfidelity
1803:Non-monogamy
1747:Life partner
1737:Cohabitation
1589:
1488:Bibliography
1430:Interpretive
1405:Diffusionism
1374:Key theories
1360: /
1327:
1290:Key concepts
1201:Sociological
1181:Ethnological
1085:
968:Neurological
953:Evolutionary
898:Experiential
782:Anthropology
707:
698:
548:
507: /
474:Case studies
455:
320:Unilineality
279:Matrilateral
272: /
247: /
243: /
235:Cohabitation
140:Incest taboo
87:
39:
8513:Ethnic joke
8321:Tribal name
8306:Origin myth
8281:Mythomoteur
8206:Ethnic flag
8191:Development
7876:Netnography
7851:Ethnography
7841:Ethnocinema
7819:Ethnobotany
7746:Nationality
7606:Elder abuse
7591:Child abuse
7526:Bride price
7444:Meet market
7426:Separation
7174:Concubinage
6731:Inheritance
6716:Family name
6575:Stepsibling
6469:Great-uncle
6424:Grandparent
5837:Barnes 1961
5397:, Chapter 4
4514:Inheritance
4434:Bride price
4379:0.781% (2)
4335:3.125% (2)
4175:Grandparent
3995:grandparent
3857:family name
3805:bride price
3714:attachments
3527:relatedness
3286:John Barnes
3272:(1922, The
3033:institution
3001:Mesoamerica
2928:societies.
2765:matrilineal
2763:(male) and
2761:patrilineal
2711:aalamalarr.
2494:descriptive
2486:consanguine
2453:Terminology
2393: 1893
2304:ontological
2205:siblingship
2043:Bride price
1901:Meet market
1832:Concubinage
1617:Grandparent
1358:Colonialism
1301:Development
1258:Reflexivity
1226:Ethnography
1176:Descriptive
1034:Development
973:Nutritional
948:Biocultural
873:Battlefield
654:Gayle Rubin
392:Terminology
307:Linealities
185:Bride price
175:Concubinage
68:Afghanistan
60:Chaghcharan
40:Family Ties
8619:Categories
8588:Xenophobia
8583:Xenophilia
8558:Indigenism
8493:Allophilia
8426:Ethnocracy
8316:Statistext
8246:Historical
8139:Indigenous
8091:South Asia
8027:Indigenous
7761:Population
7563:Repression
7553:Infidelity
7480:Compersion
7475:Attachment
7318:Historical
7309:Sycophancy
7260:Friendship
7207:Enjo kĹŤsai
7189:Casual sex
7081:Girlfriend
6976:Only child
6921:Family Day
6794:Ahnentafel
6756:Progenitor
6618:Disownment
6563:stepmother
6558:stepfather
6553:Stepparent
6545:Stepfamily
6533:son-in-law
6473:Great-aunt
6429:Grandchild
6226:2008-02-09
5976:Attachment
5892:2007-11-25
5721:. Erlbaum.
5362:. Rutgers.
5227:2013-09-22
5163:2013-09-22
4992:2017-11-01
4827:2009-03-13
4671:1031832109
4556:References
4390:0.20% (2)
4368:12.5% (2)
4346:6.25% (2)
4324:6.25% (2)
4313:6.25% (2)
4291:12.5% (2)
4280:12.5% (2)
4269:12.5% (2)
4258:12.5% (2)
4247:12.5% (2)
4236:12.5% (2)
4225:12.5% (2)
4197:Aunt/uncle
4186:Grandchild
4086:Degree of
4029:. Suppose
3756:See also:
3738:particular
3653:See also:
3639:are indeed
3586:See also:
3559:Malinowski
3541:Madagascar
3505:See also:
3478:citamangen
3466:citamangen
3458:citamangen
3442:from birth
3423:1984 book
3278:Malinowski
3134:structures
3111:structural
3049:polygamous
3045:monogamous
2855:ambilineal
2787:Ambilineal
2743:ambilineal
2420:matrifocal
2384:priest in
2197:parenthood
2085:Repression
2070:Infidelity
1983:Attachment
1884:Engagement
1863:Activities
1757:Friendship
1732:Girlfriend
1710:Partner(s)
1338:Prehistory
1191:Historical
1164:Linguistic
1076:Historical
1044:Ecological
936:Biological
838:Linguistic
828:Biological
599:Don Kulick
584:Jack Goody
574:Diane Bell
500:Philippine
376:Patrilocal
360:Matrilocal
355:Matrifocal
299:Avunculate
289:Collateral
8548:Ethnocide
8421:Ethnoburb
8326:Tribalism
8109:Australia
8101:West Asia
8081:East Asia
8052:Caribbean
8037:Greenland
7918:Ethnology
7791:Ethnology
7729:Influence
7648:Ethnicity
7548:Hypergamy
7519:Practices
7495:Limerence
7417:Annulment
7390:Courtship
7340:Marriage
7224:Courtesan
7159:Polyamory
7131:Widowhood
7076:Boyfriend
6986:Godparent
6693:Genealogy
6570:Stepchild
6319:Household
6083:CiteSeerX
5940:122178099
5579:145716250
5373:Read 2001
5132:143698328
4679:cite book
4631:the Hague
4504:Godparent
4494:Genealogy
4474:Ethnicity
3764:genealogy
3698:correlate
3690:evolution
3643:genealogy
3565:study of
3561:, in his
3476:does for
3472:and what
3468:does for
3384:Bena Bena
3060:normative
2961:The word
2946:word for
2857:(such as
2816:unilineal
2757:Unilineal
2739:unilineal
2735:bilateral
2447:household
2428:avuncular
2386:Jerusalem
2351:genealogy
2308:etymology
2290:Confucian
2269:genealogy
2193:gestation
2185:Robin Fox
2065:Hypergamy
2037:Practices
2025:Sexuality
1998:Limerence
1958:Widowhood
1948:Annulment
1874:Courtship
1837:Courtesan
1813:Polyamory
1765:cross-sex
1727:Boyfriend
1678:Polyandry
1311:Evolution
1306:Ethnicity
1238:Ethnology
1116:Political
1024:Cognitive
963:Molecular
541:Sexuality
456:(debated)
274:Bilateral
180:Polyandry
8568:Nativism
8236:Ethnonym
8201:Ethnarch
8157:Identity
8144:European
8022:Americas
7866:Critical
7861:Clinical
7655:Concepts
7490:Jealousy
7485:Intimacy
7470:Affinity
7463:Emotions
7330:Seraglio
7325:Cicisbeo
7297:Familiar
7292:Stranger
7275:Siblings
7179:Mistress
7169:Polygamy
7126:Soulmate
7111:Marriage
7106:Monogamy
7068:Romantic
6865:Holidays
6789:Genogram
6726:Heredity
6721:Heirloom
6643:Marriage
6608:Affinity
6603:Adoption
6389:daughter
5886:Archived
5865:Archived
5860:=1. See
5801:Fox 1977
5776:17301784
5247:Archived
5218:Archived
5214:23732024
5154:Archived
5043:(1994).
4986:Archived
4821:Archived
4607:2 (2007)
4605:Damqatum
4598:Archived
4509:Heredity
4404:Ancestry
4397:See also
4302:25% (2)
4214:25% (2)
4203:25% (2)
4192:25% (2)
4181:25% (2)
4159:25% (2)
4148:50% (2)
4137:50% (2)
4126:50% (2)
4093:overlap
4083:Kinship
4071:Appendix
3797:pastoral
3785:altruism
3726:evidence
3682:mediates
3397:In 1972
3282:Gluckman
3261:Source:
3238:affinity
3213:systems.
3203:Iroquois
3195:Sudanese
3191:Hawaiian
3155:primates
3146:Morgan's
3069:endogamy
3067:group –
3053:same-sex
3037:intimate
3022:Marriage
3005:Moluccas
3003:and the
2985:lineages
2952:moieties
2918:Scottish
2910:Japanese
2769:Nyakyusa
2699:ngethin.
2667:ddressee
2645:nakurrng
2633:nakurrng
2625:nakurrng
2597:nakurrng
2443:marriage
2412:affinity
2300:affinity
2282:heirship
2249:marriage
2245:marriage
2135:Stalking
2115:Domestic
2008:Platonic
1993:Jealousy
1988:Intimacy
1978:Affinity
1842:Mistress
1827:Cicisbeo
1798:Monogamy
1779:Intimate
1761:romantic
1742:Same-sex
1683:Polygyny
1673:Polygamy
1637:marriage
1581:adoptive
1493:Journals
1410:Feminism
1196:Semiotic
1136:Symbolic
1131:Religion
1066:Feminist
1054:Economic
1004:Cultural
958:Forensic
913:Maritime
908:Forensic
903:Feminist
878:Biblical
868:Aviation
833:Cultural
774:a series
772:Part of
518:Feminist
509:in India
449:Sudanese
444:Hawaiian
424:Iroquois
415:By group
366:Neolocal
350:Extended
270:Cognatic
215:Sororate
210:Levirate
170:Polygamy
165:Polygyny
160:Monogamy
145:Endogamy
135:Marriage
125:Affinity
79:a series
77:Part of
8597:Related
8256:Kinship
8196:Endonym
8186:Demonym
8134:Oceania
7891:Salvage
7505:Passion
7454:Wedding
7435:Marital
7422:Divorce
7412:Breakup
7400:Romance
7385:Bonding
7335:Plaçage
7265:Kinship
7116:Husband
6964:Related
6698:lineage
6623:Divorce
6593:Kinship
6506:husband
6401:brother
6396:Sibling
6314:History
6130:3033971
5856:=0 and
5850:meiosis
5767:3581061
5746:Bibcode
5429:2795819
5415:: 5–9.
5206:9881142
5094:2804054
4959:2795331
4469:Dynasty
4091:Genetic
4076:Degrees
4051:cousins
4041:. Then
3957:sibling
3951:. Then
3921:, that
3905:is the
3881:genetic
3879:actual
3768:sibling
3661:Holland
3569:on the
3159:society
3140:History
3077:totemic
3073:exogamy
3028:spouses
2933:phratry
2922:Tlingit
2902:Chinese
2898:Chechen
2865:or the
2791:Samoans
2723:Descent
2660:eferent
2631:. When
2508:brother
2503:brother
2489:other.
2482:affinal
2470:Beowulf
2335:biology
2328:empathy
2320:Madonna
2241:descent
2222:lineage
2218:descent
2181:kinship
2120:Elderly
2058:service
2020:Passion
1953:Divorce
1934:Breakup
1928:Endings
1916:Wedding
1906:Romance
1869:Bonding
1759: (
1652:Husband
1622:Sibling
1590:Kinship
1577:Genetic
1559:Outline
1348:Society
1296:Culture
1111:Musical
1106:Museums
1101:Medical
1086:Kinship
1039:Digital
1014:Applied
806:History
801:Outline
527:Chambri
495:Chinese
490:Burmese
371:Nuclear
258:Descent
241:Fictive
150:Exogamy
120:Lineage
88:kinship
8128:Europe
8042:Mexico
8032:Canada
8016:Africa
7881:Online
7741:Nation
7405:Mating
7395:Dating
7378:Events
7270:Family
7229:Gigolo
7006:Incest
6926:Canada
6496:Spouse
6478:Cousin
6406:sister
6372:father
6367:mother
6362:Parent
6303:Family
6212:
6164:
6145:
6128:
6085:
5938:
5774:
5764:
5738:Nature
5700:
5577:
5456:668436
5454:
5427:
5295:
5212:
5204:
5130:
5092:
5055:
5022:
4957:
4906:
4773:
4748:
4669:
4659:
4578:
4479:Family
4414:Kinism
4131:Parent
3917:. The
3907:parent
3876:Ifugao
3831:, and
3722:theory
3718:per se
3702:per se
3678:per se
3666:per se
3315:incest
3199:Eskimo
3085:incest
2944:French
2940:moiety
2926:Somali
2924:, and
2914:Polish
2894:totems
2799:Afikpo
2751:Yakurr
2674:peaker
2404:people
2368:Family
2316:sieben
2286:ethics
2277:Family
2258:totems
2189:mating
2110:Dating
1896:Mating
1879:Dating
1793:Casual
1783:sexual
1647:Spouse
1627:Cousin
1610:mother
1605:father
1600:Parent
1595:Family
1323:Gender
1253:Holism
1151:Visual
1126:Public
1029:Cyborg
999:Social
863:Aerial
843:Social
284:Lineal
155:Moiety
115:Family
81:on the
8276:Mores
7998:World
7901:Video
7781:Tribe
7583:Abuse
7536:Dowry
7531:Dower
7430:Legal
7255:Enemy
7060:Types
6914:Japan
6434:Uncle
6379:Child
6126:JSTOR
6051:(PDF)
6040:(PDF)
6028:(PDF)
6017:(PDF)
5936:S2CID
5595:. In
5575:S2CID
5452:JSTOR
5425:JSTOR
5221:(PDF)
5210:S2CID
5182:(PDF)
5157:(PDF)
5150:(PDF)
5128:S2CID
5090:JSTOR
4955:JSTOR
4544:Tribe
4142:Child
4115:100%
4009:uncle
4007:. An
3955:is a
3853:widow
3775:(See
3704:(see
3446:doing
3438:given
2956:sides
2906:Irish
2844:Yupik
2840:Inuit
2777:India
2703:Bardi
2522:are:
2400:group
2312:seven
2105:Child
2098:Abuse
2053:dowry
2048:dower
1939:Legal
1569:Types
1472:Lists
1353:Value
1231:cyber
1146:Urban
1096:Media
1091:Legal
817:Types
532:Mosuo
434:Omaha
195:Dowry
8070:Asia
7766:Race
7662:Clan
7500:Love
7121:Wife
6877:U.S.
6761:Clan
6696:and
6501:wife
6438:Aunt
6210:ISBN
6162:ISBN
6143:ISBN
5772:PMID
5698:ISBN
5293:ISBN
5255:2013
5202:PMID
5053:ISBN
5020:ISBN
4904:ISBN
4771:ISBN
4746:ISBN
4689:link
4685:link
4667:OCLC
4657:ISBN
4620:. 92
4576:ISBN
4454:Clan
4104:99%
4049:are
4045:and
4027:(PP)
4013:aunt
3845:Nuer
3708:and
3629:and
3590:and
3460:and
3209:and
3207:Crow
2963:deme
2948:half
2890:clan
2773:Nair
2484:and
2254:gods
2232:and
2003:Love
1781:and
1769:zone
1657:Wife
1343:Race
1333:Meme
1071:Food
429:Crow
245:Milk
230:Clan
8159:and
6384:son
6189:doi
6118:doi
6110:Man
6093:doi
5961:doi
5928:doi
5762:PMC
5754:doi
5742:445
5567:doi
5417:doi
5409:Man
5194:doi
5120:doi
5082:doi
5074:Man
4947:doi
4939:Man
4058:xGz
4053:if
4039:xGy
4020:P)P
4011:or
3973:xPy
3959:of
3915:xPy
3909:of
3863:or
3490:tam
3486:fak
3482:fak
3474:fak
3470:fak
3462:fak
3230:not
3171:why
3167:why
3163:how
3007:to
2983:or
2775:of
2715:In
2701:In
2619:In
2599:in
2496:or
2426:);
2402:of
2380:of
2349:or
2333:In
2175:In
1635:By
1579:or
1019:Art
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8621::
6948:UK
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