254:. She met several of the Desert Fathers, following them in their travels and ministering to them using her own money. At one point she was thrown into prison for supporting them, after several of the Fathers had been banished by the officials in Palestine. She eventually founded a convent in Jerusalem which had about fifty nuns. Melania the Elder is an example of female power and leadership within Christian asceticism due to the influence she held in the region with the founding of monasteries and convents. Melania the Elder was also educated and held the ability to read and write, separating her from other ascetic leaders and women. Her granddaughter, Melania the Younger, was married at the age of thirteen and had two sons, both of whom died at a young age. When she was twenty, she and her husband Pinianus renounced the world, both founding convents and monasteries.
158:
144:
231:. After the death of her parents, she sold everything she had and gave the money to the poor. The giving up of property, money, and items of value was a pinnacle of asceticism, due to the worldly value placed on such items. Moving outside the city with her blind sister, she lived as a hermit among the tombs outside of Alexandria. Gradually a community of women ascetics grew up around her, who she served as their spiritual mother. Even though she was an ascetic and hermit, Syncletica taught moderation, and that asceticism was not an end in itself.
261:, women were quite prominent in the desert tradition, even though early accounts often leave women nameless. In Cameron’s opinion there is no distinction between the men’s wise sayings and that of Amma Sarah and Amma Syncletia. One text refers to Theodora, who had monks listening to her counsel and asking questions. Some women converted their houses into religious establishments and there were sex-mixed social/religious groups. Women could not obtain ordination as a deacon or a priest.
20:
3218:
385:
135:
Values of asceticism encouraged the relinquishing of items of "worldly" value; including, but not limited to, money, property, hygiene, thirst, hunger, and rest. Female ascetics were socially known and referred to as "virgins" due to the intentionality of a chaste body and mind. Varied types of female asceticism existed as women could enter into domestic, monastic, or anchoretic lifestyles.
81:. Monastic communities acted collectively with limited outside relations with lay people. Some ascetics chose to venture into isolated locations to restrict relations with others, deepen spiritual connection, and other ascetic purposes. Other women from that era who influenced the early ascetic or monastic tradition while living outside the desert are also described as Desert Mothers.
3230:
357:
371:
304:
Amma
Theodora said that neither asceticism, nor vigils, nor any kind of suffering are able to save. Only true humility can do that. There was a hermit who was able to banish the demons. And he asked them: "What makes you go away? Is it fasting?" They replied: "We do not eat or drink." "Is it vigils?"
88:
are much more well known because most of the early lives of the saints "were written by men for a male monastic audience"—the occasional stories about the Desert
Mothers come from the early Desert Fathers and their biographers. Due to the absence of male leadership mentioned in documental texts, it
246:
Sarah of the Desert's sayings indicate that she was a hermit living by a river for sixty years. Her sharp replies to some of the old men who challenged her show a distinctly strong personality. According to one story, two male anchorites visited her in the desert and decided, "Let's humiliate this
296:
Amma
Syncletica said, "In the beginning there are a great many battles and a good deal of suffering for those who are advancing towards God and afterwards, ineffable joy. It is like those who wish to light a fire; at first they are choked by the smoke and cry, and by this means obtain what they
134:
involved the self-discipline and deprivation of bodily "worldly" desires. Ascetics practiced abstinence and honored virginity, as sexual behavior and lust were "worldly desires." Ascetics also practiced fasting and the deprivation of water and sleep to ensure focus on discipline and chasteness.
338:
My choice of the term "Desert
Mothers" had its origin in a mildly flippant attempt to make up for the unwittingly myopic vision of monastic historians who, it would seem, saw the Egyptian desert as being populated only by men and, hence, the whole history of monasticism as being a male
300:
Amma
Syncletica said, "There are many who live in the mountains and behave as if they were in the town; they are wasting their time. It is possible to be a solitary in one's mind while living in a crowd; and it is possible for those who are solitaries to live in the crowd of their own
226:
According to written accounts, Amma
Syncletica might have been born around AD 270, since she is said to have lived to her eighties in about AD 350, to wealthy parents in Alexandria and was well educated, including an early study of the writings of Desert Father
496:, p. 373: The Desert Mothers were Christian women ascetics who lived in monastic communities or, more rarely, as solitaires during the fourth and fifth centuries A.D., principally in the deserts of Egypt, Palestine, and Syria.
247:
old woman." They said to her, "Be careful not to become conceited thinking to yourself: 'Look how anchorites are coming to see me, a mere woman.'" She replied, "According to nature I am a woman, but not according to my thoughts."
341:. If the male desert monastics are called "patres", why not apply its feminine equivalent "matres" to Sara, Syncetica and their followers, she wrote. Margot Kings says that, as she continued her study, she realized that
238:
of a monastic community of women near
Alexandria. Prior to that, she had fled to the desert disguised as a man and joined a community of monks. She was sought out by many of the Desert Fathers for advice—reportedly
305:
They said: "We do not sleep." "Then what power sends you away?" They replied: "Nothing can overcome us except humility alone." Amma
Theodora said: "Do you see how humility is victorious over the demons?"
293:
Amma Sarah said, "If I prayed God that all people should approve of my conduct, I should find myself a penitent at the door of each one, but I shall rather pray that my heart may be pure toward all."
318:. That Study Paper is based on lectures Margot King had delivered at Madison, Wisconsin in 1980. In 1989, Peregrina Publishing of Toronto, Ontario, Canada published Margot King's book
109:, who mentions 2,975 women living in the desert. Other sources include the various stories told over the years about the lives of saints of that era, traditionally called
89:
is suggested that desert women acted separately, with autonomy from their male counterparts. Many desert women had leadership roles within the
Christian community. The
2102:
2132:
3290:
3190:
1154:
1107:
77:
in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. They typically lived in the monastic communities that began forming during that time, though sometimes they lived as
99:, includes forty-seven sayings that are actually attributed to the Desert Mothers. There are several chapters dedicated to the Desert Mothers in the
3275:
3094:
690:
1039:
913:
902:
883:
864:
842:
819:
789:
273:
1302:
992:
454:
157:
2007:
1125:
143:
314:
The expression "Desert
Mothers" seems to have first been used in the early 1980s. In 1984, Margot H King circulated a Study Paper
2966:
2137:
277:
3280:
3265:
3197:
1729:
250:
Melania the Elder, the daughter of a Roman official, became widowed at a young age and moved to Alexandria, and then to the
3059:
2247:
1202:
1100:
424:
1814:
1172:
179:), due to the respect they earned as spiritual teachers and directors. One of the most well known Desert Mothers was
336:
In her 1984 Study Paper, Margot King says that she began this study in 1980 and, in the third paragraph, she writes
2961:
2182:
240:
810:(1993). "Desert Mothers: Women Ascetics in Early Christian Egypt". In Puttick, Elizabeth; Clarke, Bernard (eds.).
3285:
3270:
2217:
2027:
1987:
3295:
2823:
2082:
1749:
1531:
1415:
1395:
1335:
1093:
941:
180:
161:
1656:
36:
3255:
2956:
2295:
2265:
1430:
1220:
1116:
404:
269:
3222:
2087:
2032:
1734:
1375:
1340:
1317:
1225:
212:
192:
165:
151:
3165:
3129:
2951:
2891:
2280:
2162:
2072:
1929:
1899:
1834:
1774:
1744:
1380:
1325:
1167:
1071:
1014:
409:
784:. Colección Támesis, Serie A: Monografías. Vol. 238. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Tamesis Books.
3069:
3044:
3024:
3014:
3009:
2290:
2012:
1939:
1934:
1914:
1849:
1819:
1641:
1596:
1571:
1526:
1488:
1453:
1390:
1350:
1250:
988:
469:
131:
106:
91:
686:
3260:
3119:
3099:
2999:
2841:
2107:
2017:
1992:
1972:
1909:
1869:
1839:
1789:
1769:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1666:
1536:
1410:
1307:
1298:
1245:
976:
444:
439:
390:
208:
196:
147:
19:
3160:
3155:
3104:
3029:
2384:
2232:
2122:
2077:
2067:
1997:
1982:
1879:
1864:
1859:
1794:
1759:
1754:
1651:
1601:
1576:
1541:
1506:
1385:
1275:
1265:
1210:
1177:
935:
265:
70:
1646:
297:
seek ... so we must also kindle the divine fire in ourselves through tears and hard work."
3185:
3170:
3139:
3134:
3079:
3054:
3019:
2846:
2608:
2438:
2408:
2300:
2257:
2242:
2202:
2127:
2092:
2052:
1919:
1829:
1764:
1626:
1621:
1606:
1581:
1556:
1521:
1478:
1370:
1355:
1182:
1076:
1035:
998:
898:
879:
860:
838:
815:
795:
785:
434:
228:
204:
50:
2989:
2901:
2783:
2773:
2658:
2653:
2573:
2568:
2508:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2428:
2403:
2358:
2147:
2142:
2117:
2097:
1977:
1962:
1954:
1904:
1894:
1854:
1686:
1671:
1661:
1636:
1611:
1546:
1270:
1255:
1240:
1235:
852:
429:
419:
376:
3180:
3039:
2926:
2911:
2808:
2768:
2753:
2733:
2678:
2603:
2593:
2563:
2553:
2488:
2458:
2418:
2413:
2237:
2157:
2112:
2057:
1944:
1889:
1779:
1631:
1516:
1443:
1365:
1330:
1230:
969:
Female Asceticism and Monasticism in Late Antique Egypt According to Papyrological Sources
579:
Female Asceticism and Monasticism in Late Antique Egypt According to Papyrological Sources
101:
2152:
3202:
3175:
3004:
2981:
2896:
2836:
2778:
2763:
2748:
2728:
2723:
2683:
2673:
2583:
2558:
2543:
2528:
2523:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2433:
2315:
2285:
2270:
2227:
2197:
2172:
2042:
2002:
1967:
1844:
1824:
1804:
1799:
1719:
1616:
1561:
1496:
1448:
1360:
1187:
1134:
1067:
807:
258:
251:
85:
54:
1019:
Women in Anchoritic and Semi-Anchoritic Monasticism in Egypt: Rethinking the Landscape
535:
Women in Anchoritic and Semi-Anchoritic Monasticism in Egypt: Rethinking the Landscape
3249:
3234:
3124:
3109:
3089:
3034:
2994:
2798:
2793:
2743:
2738:
2668:
2648:
2613:
2578:
2548:
2518:
2513:
2443:
2338:
2310:
2275:
2207:
2187:
1468:
1463:
1345:
1142:
1138:
1028:
830:
704:
464:
459:
449:
362:
3114:
2813:
2803:
2788:
2718:
2693:
2628:
2588:
2538:
2448:
2363:
2167:
2047:
2022:
1591:
1400:
1192:
1130:
915:
The Desert Mothers: A Survey of the Feminine Anchoretic Tradition in Western Europe
115:
32:
1030:
The Forgotten Desert Mothers: Sayings, Lives, and Stories of Early Christian Women
316:
The Desert Mothers: A survey of the Female Anchoretic Tradition in Western Europe
919:
782:
The Legends of the Holy Harlots: Thaïs and Pelagia in Medieval Spanish Literature
3074:
2921:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2598:
2533:
2423:
2222:
2212:
2192:
2062:
2037:
1566:
1473:
1260:
1085:
216:
24:
3217:
3084:
2758:
2643:
2618:
2468:
2305:
1586:
857:
In the Heart of the Desert: The Spirituality of the Desert Fathers and Mothers
352:
220:
113:("life"). The lives of twelve female desert saints are described in Book I of
62:
28:
799:
3064:
2971:
2663:
2325:
2177:
1420:
1285:
1162:
399:
384:
281:
46:
3049:
2886:
2866:
1924:
1874:
1676:
1405:
1215:
876:
The Desert Mothers: Spiritual Practices from the Women of the Wilderness
331:
The Way of the Heart: The Spirituality of the Desert Fathers and Mothers
2941:
2916:
2861:
2378:
2343:
1784:
1739:
1501:
1438:
1293:
997:. Translated by Clarke, W. K. L. London: SPCK. Archived from
837:. Vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 373–375.
414:
78:
953:(9 ed.). 14th Century English Mystics Newsletter. pp. 12–25.
2946:
2881:
2871:
2856:
2831:
1884:
1511:
960:
The Apophthegmata Patrum: Rustic Rumination or Rhetorical Recitation
327:
The Way of the Heart: Desert Spirituality and Contemporary Ministry
2936:
2931:
2906:
2876:
2851:
2368:
2353:
2348:
1458:
1146:
156:
142:
74:
66:
18:
199:, also had sayings in that book. Desert Mothers described in the
2395:
2373:
2333:
1551:
812:
Women as Teachers and Disciples in Traditional and New Religions
1089:
962:(23 ed.). Collegium Patristicum Lundense. pp. 21–30.
983:. Catholic University of American Press. pp. 236–249.
981:
Women in Early Christianity: Translations from Greek Texts
814:. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 11–24.
175:("spiritual mothers"), comparable to the Desert Fathers (
1080:. Vol. 16. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. pp. 63–66.
971:(17 ed.). Journal of Coptic Studies. pp. 1–31.
657:
655:
602:
600:
581:(17 ed.). Journal of Coptic Studies. pp. 1–31.
183:, who had twenty-seven sayings attributed to her in the
705:"Sarah, Theodora & Syncletica: Thde Desert Mothers"
859:(rev. ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: World Wisdom.
951:
The Desert Mothers: From Judith to Julian of Norwich
3148:
2980:
2822:
2394:
2324:
2256:
1953:
1718:
1685:
1487:
1429:
1316:
1284:
1201:
1153:
329:(Seabury Press of New York) was being re-badged as
223:, and several women whom the author does not name.
1027:
516:
514:
278:Episcopal Church in the United States of America
829:Cardman, Francine (2000). "Desert Mothers". In
343:my apparent flippancy had a solid basis in fact
16:Early Christian ascetics, 3rd–5th centuries AD
1101:
1021:(83 ed.). Church History. pp. 1–17.
897:. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press.
537:(83 ed.). Church History. pp. 1–17.
8:
763:
751:
618:
1108:
1094:
1086:
1009:– via Internet Medieval Source Book.
661:
559:
310:Origin of the neologism 'Desert Mothers'
967:Martinez, Maria Jesus Albarran (2015).
673:
606:
577:Martinez, Maria Jesus Albarran (2015).
547:
505:
493:
486:
933:
918:. Peregrina Publishing. Archived from
646:
630:
591:
533:Schroeder, Caroline T. (March 2014).
7:
3291:Late Ancient Christian female saints
739:
727:
634:
572:
570:
568:
520:
1070:(1985). "Apophthegmata Matrum". In
455:Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora
2008:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
1126:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
325:By 1991, Henri Nouwen's 1981 book
14:
1051:The Sayings of the Desert Fathers
171:The Desert Mothers were known as
3228:
3216:
3095:María de las Maravillas de Jesús
2952:Seven Maccabees and their mother
2138:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
693:from the original on 2019-02-14.
383:
369:
355:
3276:Christian religious occupations
895:Praying with the Desert Mothers
878:. New York: Church Publishing.
241:Bishop Theophilus of Alexandria
234:Theodora of Alexandria was the
687:"Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018"
1:
3060:Faustina and Liberata of Como
2248:Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia
2193:Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
1117:Saints of the Catholic Church
780:Beresford, Andrew M. (2007).
425:Eastern Christian monasticism
309:
185:Sayings of the Desert Fathers
181:Amma Syncletica of Alexandria
97:Sayings of the Desert Fathers
31:with their spiritual advisor
1034:. New York: Paulist Press.
958:Larsen, Lillian I. (2008).
949:King, Margot (March 1983).
835:Encyclopedia of Monasticism
3312:
3223:Catholic Church portal
2183:Saints of the Cristero War
1053:. Cistercian Publications.
3211:
2218:Three Martyrs of Chimbote
1988:Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
1163:Mother of God (Theotokos)
1123:
243:came to her for counsel.
2364:Joseph (father of Jesus)
1750:Athanasius of Alexandria
1532:Athanasius of Alexandria
1416:Theophanes the Confessor
1396:Paul I of Constantinople
1391:Paphnutius the Confessor
1336:Athanasius the Confessor
1049:Ward, Benedicta (1975).
197:Amma Sarah of the Desert
162:Syncletica of Alexandria
65:living in the desert of
2296:Gregory the Illuminator
2266:Augustine of Canterbury
1815:Dionysius of Alexandria
1730:Alexander of Alexandria
1072:Livingstone, E. A.
874:Earle, Mary C. (2007).
405:Catherine of Alexandria
1735:Alexander of Jerusalem
1341:Chariton the Confessor
1303:in the Catholic Church
1015:Schroeder, Caroline T.
193:Theodora of Alexandria
168:
166:Menologion of Basil II
154:
152:Menologion of Basil II
39:
3281:Christian terminology
3266:Christian monasticism
3166:Fourteen Holy Helpers
3130:Trasilla and Emiliana
2281:Evermode of Ratzeburg
2163:Perpetua and Felicity
2133:Martyrs of Sandomierz
2003:Dismas the Good Thief
1930:Theophilus of Antioch
1900:Maximus the Confessor
1835:Epiphanius of Salamis
1775:Clement of Alexandria
1489:Doctors of the Church
1381:Maximus the Confessor
1168:Immaculate Conception
912:King, Margot (n.d.).
893:Forman, Mary (2005).
410:Christian monasticism
160:
146:
37:Francisco de Zurbarán
22:
3070:Hiltrude of Liessies
3015:Catherine of Bologna
3010:Bernadette Soubirous
2203:17 Thomasian Martyrs
2013:Four Crowned Martyrs
1935:Victorinus of Pettau
1915:Papias of Hierapolis
1885:Jerome of Stridonium
1850:Gregory of Nazianzus
1820:Dionysius of Corinth
1642:Lawrence of Brindisi
1597:Bernard of Clairvaux
1572:Anselm of Canterbury
1527:Gregory of Nazianzus
1454:Priscilla and Aquila
1351:Edward the Confessor
1026:Swan, Laura (2001).
989:Palladius of Galatia
977:Miller, Patricia Cox
940:: CS1 maint: year (
831:Johnston, William M.
470:Theoktiste of Lesbos
132:Christian asceticism
127:Christian asceticism
121:Lives of the Fathers
92:Apophthegmata Patrum
3120:Teresa of the Andes
3000:Angela of the Cross
2962:Zechariah (prophet)
2108:Martyrs of La Rioja
2103:21 Martyrs of Libya
1993:Christina of Persia
1973:Charles de Foucauld
1910:Quadratus of Athens
1870:Ignatius of Antioch
1840:Fulgentius of Ruspe
1790:Cyril of Alexandria
1785:Cyprian of Carthage
1770:Cappadocian Fathers
1667:Hildegard of Bingen
1537:Cyril of Alexandria
1411:Sergius of Radonezh
1173:Perpetual virginity
994:The Lausiac History
550:, pp. 373–374.
445:Margaret the Virgin
440:Macrina the Younger
391:Christianity portal
274:liturgical calendar
264:Desert Mothers are
209:Melania the Younger
148:Melania the Younger
3161:Four Holy Marshals
3156:Calendar of saints
3125:Teresa of Calcutta
3105:Patricia of Naples
3030:Catherine of Siena
2311:Patrick of Ireland
2233:Vietnamese Martyrs
2123:Martyrs of Otranto
2078:Martyrs of Cajonos
2073:Martyrs of Algeria
2068:Martyrs of Albania
2028:The Holy Innocents
1998:Devasahayam Pillai
1983:Carthusian Martyrs
1925:Polycarp of Smyrna
1880:Isidore of Seville
1865:Hippolytus of Rome
1860:Hilary of Poitiers
1795:Cyril of Jerusalem
1760:Caesarius of Arles
1755:Augustine of Hippo
1657:Thérèse of Lisieux
1652:Catherine of Siena
1602:Hilary of Poitiers
1577:Isidore of Seville
1552:Bede the Venerable
1542:Cyril of Jerusalem
1507:Augustine of Hippo
1421:Pio of Pietrelcina
1386:Michael of Synnada
320:The Desert Mothers
169:
155:
63:Christian ascetics
40:
3243:
3242:
3235:Saints portal
3186:Miles Christianus
3171:Martyr of charity
3140:Josephine Bakhita
3135:Ubaldesca Taccini
3080:Kateri Tekakwitha
3055:Faustina Kowalska
3045:Eulalia of Mérida
3025:Catherine Labouré
3020:Brigid of Kildare
2847:Baruch ben Neriah
2291:François de Laval
2276:Damien of Molokai
2243:Victor and Corona
2238:Valentine of Rome
2128:Martyrs of Prague
2093:Martyrs of Gorkum
2053:Martyrs of Lübeck
1940:Vincent of Lérins
1920:Peter Chrysologus
1875:Irenaeus of Lyons
1845:Gregory the Great
1830:Ephrem the Syrian
1627:Robert Bellarmine
1622:John of the Cross
1607:Alphonsus Liguori
1582:Peter Chrysologus
1557:Ephrem the Syrian
1522:Basil of Caesarea
1497:Gregory the Great
1479:Seventy disciples
1371:Lazarus Zographos
1356:Francis of Assisi
1226:James of Alphaeus
1183:Marian apparition
1077:Studia Patristica
1041:978-0-8091-4016-9
1001:on 14 August 2014
922:on 14 August 2014
904:978-0-8146-1522-5
885:978-0-8192-2156-8
866:978-1-933316-56-7
853:Chryssavgis, John
844:978-1-57958-090-2
821:978-0-7734-9346-9
791:978-1-85566-144-8
621:, pp. 29–32.
435:Macrina the Elder
229:Evagrius Ponticus
219:and her daughter
205:Melania the Elder
53:as an analogy to
51:feminist theology
27:and her daughter
3303:
3286:Egyptian hermits
3271:Christian orders
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3100:Narcisa de Jesús
3085:Lucy of Syracuse
2990:Agatha of Sicily
2902:John the Baptist
2148:Maximilian Kolbe
2143:Martyrs of Zenta
2118:Martyrs of Natal
2098:Martyrs of Japan
2088:Martyrs of China
2083:Martyrs of Drina
2018:Gerard of Csanád
1978:Canadian Martyrs
1963:Abda and Abdisho
1905:Melito of Sardis
1895:John of Damascus
1855:Gregory of Nyssa
1740:Ambrose of Milan
1672:Gregory of Narek
1637:Anthony of Padua
1612:Francis de Sales
1547:John of Damascus
1193:Joseph (husband)
1145: →
1141: →
1137: →
1110:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1054:
1045:
1033:
1022:
1010:
1008:
1006:
984:
972:
963:
954:
945:
939:
931:
929:
927:
908:
889:
870:
848:
825:
803:
767:
764:Chryssavgis 2008
761:
755:
752:Chryssavgis 2008
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
701:
695:
694:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
650:
644:
638:
628:
622:
619:Chryssavgis 2008
616:
610:
604:
595:
589:
583:
582:
574:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
538:
530:
524:
518:
509:
503:
497:
491:
430:John Chryssavgis
420:Domnina of Syria
393:
388:
387:
379:
377:Biography portal
374:
373:
372:
365:
360:
359:
358:
139:Notable examples
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3296:Anglican saints
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3215:
3207:
3198:Seven Champions
3191:Church Militant
3181:Athleta Christi
3176:Military saints
3144:
3040:Clare of Assisi
2976:
2912:Judas Barsabbas
2818:
2390:
2320:
2306:Nino of Georgia
2252:
2158:Pedro Calungsod
2113:Martyrs of Laos
2058:Luigi Versiglia
1949:
1890:John Chrysostom
1780:Clement of Rome
1721:
1714:
1681:
1647:Teresa of Ávila
1632:Albertus Magnus
1517:John Chrysostom
1483:
1444:Mary of Bethany
1425:
1331:Anthony of Kiev
1312:
1280:
1231:James the Great
1197:
1149:
1128:
1119:
1114:
1084:
1068:Ward, Benedicta
1066:
1062:
1060:Further reading
1057:
1048:
1042:
1025:
1013:
1004:
1002:
987:
975:
966:
957:
948:
932:
925:
923:
911:
905:
892:
886:
873:
867:
851:
845:
828:
822:
808:Cameron, Averil
806:
792:
779:
775:
770:
762:
758:
750:
746:
738:
734:
726:
722:
713:
711:
703:
702:
698:
685:
684:
680:
672:
668:
660:
653:
645:
641:
629:
625:
617:
613:
605:
598:
594:, pp. 1–2.
590:
586:
576:
575:
566:
558:
554:
546:
542:
532:
531:
527:
519:
512:
504:
500:
492:
488:
484:
479:
474:
389:
382:
375:
370:
368:
361:
356:
354:
351:
333:(Bravo Press).
312:
290:
201:Lausiac History
141:
129:
102:Lausiac History
23:Desert Mothers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Christian nuns
3248:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3203:Virtuous pagan
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2967:Zechariah (NT)
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Junípero Serra
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Francis Xavier
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2228:Uganda Martyrs
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:Titus Brandsma
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Pietro Parenzo
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:Korean Martyrs
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Boris and Gleb
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1810:Desert Mothers
1807:
1805:Desert Fathers
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:Peter Canisius
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:Thomas Aquinas
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:Mary Magdalene
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Louis Bertrand
1373:
1368:
1363:
1361:Francis Borgia
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1188:Titles of Mary
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1135:Servant of God
1124:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1023:
1017:(March 2014).
1011:
985:
973:
964:
955:
946:
909:
903:
890:
884:
871:
865:
849:
843:
826:
820:
804:
790:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:
756:
744:
732:
720:
696:
678:
666:
662:Palladius 1918
651:
639:
637:, p. 104.
633:, p. 41;
623:
611:
609:, p. 374.
596:
584:
564:
560:Beresford 2007
552:
540:
525:
510:
508:, p. 373.
498:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
395:
394:
380:
366:
350:
347:
311:
308:
307:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
286:
259:Averil Cameron
252:Nitrian Desert
140:
137:
128:
125:
86:Desert Fathers
55:Desert Fathers
43:Desert Mothers
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3308:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Maria Goretti
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Agnes of Rome
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:Thomas Becket
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Irish Martyrs
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:John of Ávila
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Leo the Great
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
937:
921:
917:
916:
910:
906:
900:
896:
891:
887:
881:
877:
872:
868:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
840:
836:
832:
827:
823:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
787:
783:
778:
777:
772:
766:, p. 73.
765:
760:
757:
754:, p. 30.
753:
748:
745:
742:, p. 39.
741:
736:
733:
730:, p. 43.
729:
724:
721:
710:
706:
700:
697:
692:
688:
682:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
649:, p. 32.
648:
643:
640:
636:
632:
627:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
585:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
562:, p. 10.
561:
556:
553:
549:
544:
541:
536:
529:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
499:
495:
490:
487:
481:
476:
471:
468:
466:
465:Saint Pelagia
463:
461:
460:Paula of Rome
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:Mary of Egypt
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
392:
386:
381:
378:
367:
364:
363:Saints portal
353:
348:
346:
344:
340:
334:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
303:
299:
295:
292:
291:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
257:According to
255:
253:
248:
244:
242:
237:
232:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
167:
163:
159:
153:
149:
145:
138:
136:
133:
126:
124:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
35:—painting by
34:
30:
26:
21:
3115:Rose of Lima
2609:John Paul II
2439:Anastasius I
2409:Adeodatus II
2383:
2258:Missionaries
2168:Peter Chanel
2153:Óscar Romero
2048:Lorenzo Ruiz
2023:Great Martyr
1809:
1592:Peter Damian
1401:Peter Claver
1131:canonization
1075:
1050:
1029:
1018:
1003:. Retrieved
999:the original
993:
980:
968:
959:
950:
924:. Retrieved
920:the original
914:
894:
875:
856:
834:
811:
781:
759:
747:
735:
723:
712:. Retrieved
709:satucket.com
708:
699:
681:
674:Cameron 1993
669:
642:
626:
614:
607:Cardman 2000
587:
578:
555:
548:Cardman 2000
543:
534:
528:
506:Cardman 2000
501:
494:Cardman 2000
489:
342:
337:
335:
330:
326:
324:
319:
315:
313:
270:Lesser Feast
263:
256:
249:
245:
235:
233:
225:
200:
188:
187:. Two other
184:
176:
172:
170:
130:
120:
116:Vitae Patrum
114:
110:
100:
96:
90:
83:
58:
49:, coined in
42:
41:
33:Saint Jerome
3075:Joan of Arc
3005:Æthelthryth
2922:Melchizedek
2784:Telesphorus
2774:Sylvester I
2659:Marcellus I
2654:Marcellinus
2574:Gregory VII
2569:Gregory III
2484:Celestine V
2479:Celestine I
2474:Callixtus I
2464:Boniface IV
2454:Benedict II
2429:Alexander I
2404:Adeodatus I
2223:Ulma Family
2213:Thomas More
2063:Martyrology
2038:John Fisher
1687:Evangelists
1567:Bonaventure
1221:Bartholomew
1155:Virgin Mary
773:Works cited
647:Forman 2005
217:Saint Paula
150:, from the
61:or female
25:Saint Paula
3261:Asceticism
3250:Categories
2809:Zephyrinus
2769:Stephen IV
2754:Sixtus III
2734:Simplicius
2679:Nicholas I
2604:John XXIII
2594:Innocent I
2564:Gregory II
2554:Gelasius I
2459:Boniface I
2419:Agapetus I
2414:Adrian III
2385:Matriarchs
2326:Patriarchs
1945:Zephyrinus
1318:Confessors
1286:Archangels
1178:Assumption
1129:Stages of
714:2021-04-13
631:Earle 2007
592:Earle 2007
477:References
339:phenomenon
301:thoughts."
221:Eustochium
57:, for the
29:Eustochium
3065:Genevieve
2972:Zephaniah
2779:Symmachus
2764:Stephen I
2749:Sixtus II
2729:Silverius
2724:Sergius I
2684:Paschal I
2674:Miltiades
2584:Hormisdas
2559:Gregory I
2544:Felix III
2529:Evaristus
2524:Eutychian
2509:Eleuterus
2504:Dionysius
2499:Damasus I
2494:Cornelius
2489:Clement I
2434:Anacletus
2178:Philomena
1825:Dionysius
1800:Damasus I
1745:Anatolius
1431:Disciples
1366:Homobonus
1326:Anatolius
1139:Venerable
936:cite book
800:0587-9914
740:Swan 2001
728:Swan 2001
635:Swan 2001
482:Citations
400:Blaesilla
282:January 5
164:from the
107:Palladius
71:Palestine
47:neologism
3149:See also
3050:Euphemia
2887:Jeremiah
2867:Habakkuk
2824:Prophets
2799:Vitalian
2794:Victor I
2744:Sixtus I
2739:Siricius
2669:Martin I
2649:Lucius I
2614:Julius I
2579:Hilarius
2549:Felix IV
2519:Eusebius
2514:Eugene I
2444:Anicetus
2316:Remigius
2271:Boniface
1677:Irenaeus
1459:Silvanus
1406:Salonius
1251:Matthias
1216:Barnabas
1203:Apostles
991:(1918).
979:(2005).
855:(2008).
691:Archived
521:King n.d
349:See also
213:Olympias
203:include
3110:Rosalia
3035:Cecilia
2982:Virgins
2942:Obadiah
2917:Malachi
2862:Ezekiel
2814:Zosimus
2804:Zachary
2789:Urban I
2719:Pontian
2694:Paul VI
2629:Leo III
2589:Hyginus
2539:Felix I
2449:Anterus
2379:Solomon
2344:Abraham
2188:Stephen
1955:Martyrs
1722:Fathers
1695:Matthew
1502:Ambrose
1469:Timothy
1464:Stephen
1439:Apollos
1346:Dominic
1308:Raphael
1301:
1299:Michael
1294:Gabriel
1246:Matthew
1143:Blessed
1074:(ed.).
1005:25 June
926:25 June
833:(ed.).
415:Demiana
288:Sayings
276:of the
272:on the
268:with a
266:honored
79:hermits
2957:Simeon
2947:Samuel
2882:Isaiah
2872:Haggai
2857:Elijah
2832:Agabus
2714:Pius X
2709:Pius V
2704:Pius I
2689:Paul I
2639:Leo IX
2634:Leo IV
2624:Leo II
2599:John I
2534:Fabian
2424:Agatho
2359:Joseph
1720:Church
1512:Jerome
1276:Thomas
1266:Philip
1211:Andrew
1038:
901:
882:
863:
841:
818:
798:
788:
73:, and
2937:Nahum
2932:Moses
2927:Micah
2907:Jonah
2877:Hosea
2852:David
2759:Soter
2699:Peter
2644:Linus
2619:Leo I
2469:Caius
2396:Popes
2369:David
2354:Jacob
2349:Isaac
1765:Caius
1474:Titus
1271:Simon
1261:Peter
1147:Saint
189:ammas
177:abbas
173:ammas
111:vitae
95:, or
75:Syria
67:Egypt
59:ammas
45:is a
2897:Joel
2842:Anna
2837:Amos
2664:Mark
2374:Noah
2339:Abel
2334:Adam
1710:John
1705:Luke
1700:Mark
1256:Paul
1241:Jude
1236:John
1036:ISBN
1007:2018
942:link
928:2018
899:ISBN
880:ISBN
861:ISBN
839:ISBN
816:ISBN
796:ISSN
786:ISBN
236:amma
195:and
84:The
2892:Job
280:on
123:).
105:by
3252::
1133::
938:}}
934:{{
794:.
707:.
689:.
654:^
599:^
567:^
513:^
345:.
322:.
284:.
215:,
211:,
207:,
191:,
69:,
1109:e
1102:t
1095:v
1044:.
944:)
930:.
907:.
888:.
869:.
847:.
824:.
802:.
717:.
676:.
664:.
523:.
119:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
