802:: "For any possible population of at least ten billion people, all with a very high quality of life, there must be some much larger imaginable population whose existence, if other things are equal, would be better, even though its members have lives that are barely worth living." Parfit illustrates this with a simple thought experiment: imagine a choice between two possible futures. In A, 10 billion people would live during the next generation, all with extremely happy lives, lives far happier than anyone's today. In B, there are 20 billion people all living lives that, while slightly less happy than those in A, are still very happy. Under total utility maximisation we should prefer B to A. Therefore, through a regressive process of population increases and happiness decreases (in each pair of cases the happiness decrease is outweighed by the population increase) we are forced to prefer Z, a world of hundreds of billions of people all living lives barely worth living, to A. Even if we do not hold that coming to exist can benefit someone, we still must at least admit that Z is no worse than A. There have been a number of responses to Parfit's utilitarian calculus and his conclusion regarding future lives, including challenges to what life in the A-world would be like and whether life in the Z-world would differ very much from a normal privileged life; that movement from the A-world to the Z-world can be blocked by discontinuity; that rather than accepting the utilitarian premise of maximizing happiness, emphasis should be placed on the converse, minimizing suffering; challenging Parfit's teleological framework by arguing that "better than" is a transitive relation and removing the transitive axiom of the all-things-considered-better-than relation; proposing a minimal threshold of liberties and primary social goods to be distributed; and taking a deontological approach that looks to values and their transmission through time.
617:
relativity raises the question whether a theory can be consistently neutral in one sphere of actualisation but entirely partial in another. Stripped of its commonly accepted shrouds of plausibility that can be shown to be inconsistent, self-interest can be judged on its own merits. While Parfit did not offer an argument to dismiss S outright, his exposition lays self-interest bare and allows its own failings to show through. It is defensible, but the defender must bite so many bullets that they might lose their credibility in the process. Thus a new theory of rationality is necessary. Parfit offered the "critical present aim theory", a broad catch-all that can be formulated to accommodate any competing theory. He constructed critical present aim to exclude self-interest as our overriding rational concern and to allow the time of action to become critically important. But he left open whether it should include "to avoid acting wrongly" as our highest concern. Such an inclusion would pave the way for ethics.
795:
the one in which people's lives go, on average, best." The other is what he calls the "Hedonistic version"; he formulates this as "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which there is the greatest average net sum of happiness, per life lived." Parfit then gives two formulations of the total utilitarianism view. The first formulation Parfit calls the "Hedonistic version of the
Impersonal Total Principle": "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which there would be the greatest quantity of happinessâthe greatest net sum of happiness minus misery." He then describes the other formulation, the "non-Hedonistic Impersonal Total Principle": "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which there would be the greatest quantity of whatever makes life worth living.
142:
775:
illustration of a brain-damaged patient who becomes irreversibly unconscious. The patient is certainly still alive even though that fact is separate from the fact that his heart is still beating and other organs are still functioning. But the fact that the patient is alive is not an independent or separately obtaining fact. The patient's being alive, even though irreversibly unconscious, simply consists in the other facts. Parfit explains that from this so-called "Argument from Below" we can arbitrate the value of the heart and other organs still working without having to assign them derived significance, as
Johnston's perspective would dictate.
738:, believing that since there is no adequate criterion of personal identity, people do not exist apart from their components. Parfit argued that reality can be fully described impersonally: there need not be a determinate answer to the question "Will I continue to exist?" We could know all the facts about a person's continued existence and not be able to say whether the person has survived. He concluded that we are mistaken in assuming that personal identity is what matters in survival; what matters is rather Relation R: psychological connectedness (namely, of memory and character) and continuity (overlapping chains of strong connectedness).
840:
1775:
680:"One thing that greatly matters is the failure of we rich people to prevent, as we so easily could, much of the suffering and many of the early deaths of the poorest people in the world. The money that we spend on an eveningâs entertainment might instead save some poor person from death, blindness, or chronic and severe pain. If we believe that, in our treatment of these poorest people, we are not acting wrongly, we are like those who believed that they were justified in having slaves.
601:. He posited that self-interest has been dominant in Western culture for over two millennia, often making bedfellows with religious doctrine, which united self-interest and morality. Because self-interest demands that we always make self-interest our supreme rational concern and instructs us to ensure that our whole life goes as well as possible, self-interest makes temporally neutral requirements. Thus it would be irrational to act in ways that we know we would prefer later to undo.
626:
not constitute the outcome that would maximise happiness. It would be better if a small percentage of the population were pure do-gooders, but others acted out of love, etc. Thus consequentialism too makes demands of agents that it initially deemed immoral; it fails not on its own terms, for it still demands the outcome that maximises total happiness, but does demand that each agent not always act as an impartial happiness promoter. Consequentialism thus needs to be revised as well.
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613:
does recommend adoption of an alternative framework of rationality. For instance, it might be in my self-interest to become trustworthy to participate in mutually beneficial agreements, even though in maintaining the agreement I will be doing what will, other things being equal, be worse for me. In many cases self-interest instructs us precisely not to follow self-interest, thus fitting the definition of an indirectly self-defeating theory.
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We could thus craft disastrous policies that would be worse for nobody, because none of the same people would exist under the different policies. If we consider the moral ramifications of potential policies in person-affecting terms, we will have no reason to prefer a sound policy over an unsound one
810:
et al.) had lives happier than we could ever imagine. Then consider the case of
American immigration. Presumably alien welfare is less than American, but the would-be alien benefits tremendously from leaving his homeland. Assume also that Americans benefit from immigration (at least in small amounts)
625:
Where self-interest puts too much emphasis on the separateness of persons, consequentialism fails to recognise the importance of bonds and emotional responses that come from allowing some people privileged positions in one's life. If we were all pure do-gooders, perhaps following
Sidgwick, that would
760:
My life seemed like a glass tunnel, through which I was moving faster every year, and at the end of which there was darkness... When I changed my view, the walls of my glass tunnel disappeared. I now live in the open air. There is still a difference between my life and the lives of other people. But
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to support his ethical views, writing, "These 'dilemmas' have the useful character of eliminating from the situation just about every morally relevant relationship and reducing the problem to one of arithmetic alone." Scruton believed that many of them are deceptive; for example, he does not believe
794:
In the section titled "Overpopulation," Parfit distinguishes between average utilitarianism and total utilitarianism. He formulates average utilitarianism in two ways. One is what Parfit calls the "Impersonal
Average Principle", which he formulates as "If other things are equal, the best outcome is
770:
Fellow reductionist Mark
Johnston of Princeton rejects Parfit's constitutive notion of identity with what he calls an "Argument from Above". Johnston maintains, "Even if the lower-level facts do not in themselves matter, the higher-level fact may matter. If it does, the lower-level facts will have
612:
Aside from the initial appeal to plausibility of desires that do not directly contribute to one's life going well, Parfit contrived situations where self-interest is indirectly self-defeatingâthat is, it makes demands that it initially posits as irrational. It does not fail on its own terms, but it
608:
Most notably, the self-interest theory holds that it is irrational to commit any acts of self-denial or to act on desires that negatively affect our well-being. One may consider an aspiring author whose strongest desire is to write a masterpiece, but who, in doing so, suffers depression and lack of
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In this, Johnston moves to preserve the significance of personhood. Parfit's explanation is that it is not personhood itself that matters, but rather the facts in which personhood consists that provide it with significance. To illustrate this difference between himself and
Johnston, Parfit used an
685:
Some of us ask how much of our wealth we rich people ought to give to these poorest people. But that question wrongly assumes that our wealth is ours to give. This wealth is legally ours. But these poorest people have much stronger moral claims to some of this wealth. We ought to transfer to these
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On Parfit's account, individuals are nothing more than brains and bodies, but identity cannot be reduced to either. (Parfit concedes that his theories rarely conflict with rival
Reductionist theories in everyday life, and that the two are only brought to blows by the introduction of extraordinary
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examples, but he defends the use of such examples on the grounds that they arouse strong intuitions in many of us.) Identity is not as determinate as we often suppose it is, but instead such determinacy arises mainly from the way we talk. People exist in the same way that nations or clubs exist.
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at all times after T. Compare this to the romantic involvement of future childbearing partners. Any actions taken today, at time T, will affect who exists after only a few generations. For instance, a significant change in global environmental policy would shift the conditions of the conception
616:
Parfit contended that to be indirectly individually self-defeating and directly collectively self-defeating is not fatally damaging for S. To further bury self-interest, he exploited its partial relativity, juxtaposing temporally neutral demands against agent-centred demands. The appeal to full
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because they get cheap labour, etc. Under immigration both groups are better off, but if this increase is offset by increase in the population, then average welfare is lower. Thus although everyone is better off, this is not the preferred outcome. Parfit asserts that this is simply absurd.
604:
As an example, it would be irrational for fourteen-year-olds to listen to loud music or get arrested for vandalism if they knew such actions would detract significantly from their future well-being and goals (such as having good hearing, a good job, or an academic career in philosophy).
805:
Parfit makes a similar argument against average utilitarian standards. If all we care about is average happiness, we are forced to conclude that an extremely small population, say ten people, over the course of human history is the best outcome if we assume that these ten people
818:
he posits that one's existence is intimately related to the time and conditions of one's conception. He calls this "The Time-Dependence Claim": "If any particular person had not been conceived when he was in fact conceived, it is in fact true that he would never have existed".
633:
theory.) Parfit showed, using interesting examples and borrowing from
Nashian games, that it would often be better for us all if we did not put the welfare of our loved ones before all else. For example, we should care not only about our kids, but everyone's kids.
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process so much that after 300 years none of the same people that would have been born are in fact born. Different couples meet each other and conceive at different times, and so different people come into existence. This is known as the 'non-identity problem'.
553:, where he remained until he was 67, when the universityâs mandatory retirement policy required him to leave both the college and the faculty of philosophy. He retained his appointments as regular Visiting Professor at Harvard, NYU, and Rutgers until his death.
752:
A key
Parfitian question is: given the choice between surviving without psychological continuity and connectedness (Relation R) and dying but preserving R through someone else's future existence, which would you choose? Parfit argues the latter is preferable.
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provided that its effects are not felt for a few generations. This is the non-identity problem in its purest form: the identity of future generations is causally dependent, in a very sensitive way, on the actions of the present generations.
716:'s choice to leave her husband and child for Vronsky, are needed to fully express the differences between opposing ethical theories, and suggests that deontology is free of the problems that (in Scruton's view) beset Parfit's theory.
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longed for the fusion of ethics and rationality, and while Parfit admitted that many would avoid acting irrationally more ardently than acting immorally, he could not construct an argument that adequately united the two.
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Fearn, Nicholas. The latest answers to the oldest questions : a philosophical adventure with the world's greatest thinkers. 1st ed. New York: Grove Press; Distributed by Publishers Group West, 2005.
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one must be a consequentialist to believe that it is morally required to pull the switch in the trolley problem, as Parfit assumes. He instead suggests that more complex dilemmas, such as
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sleep. Parfit argues that it is plausible that we have such desires which conflict with our own well-being, and that it is not necessarily irrational to act to fulfill these desires.
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749:, Parfit argued that no unique entity, such as a self, unifies a person's experiences and dispositions over time. Therefore personal identity is not "what matters" in survival.
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Self-interest and consequentialism fail indirectly, while common-sense morality is directly collectively self-defeating. (So is self-interest, but self-interest is an
724:
Parfit was singular in his meticulously rigorous and almost mathematical investigations into personal identity. In some cases, he used examples seemingly inspired by
578:, Parfit suggested that nonreligious ethics is a young and fertile field of inquiry. He asked questions about which actions are right or wrong and shied away from
518:, where he was nearly always at the top of the regular rankings in every subject except maths. From an early age, he endeavoured to become a poet, but he gave up
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the difference is less. Other people are closer. I am less concerned about the rest of my own life, and more concerned about the lives of others.
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Study of weather patterns and other physical phenomena in the 20th century has shown that very minor changes in conditions at time T
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Applying total utilitarian standards (absolute total happiness) to possible population growth and welfare leads to what he calls the
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in 1982, and they then began a relationship that lasted until his death. They married in 2010. Richards believes Parfit had
787:, Parfit discusses possible futures for the world. Parfit discusses possible futures and population growth in Chapter 17 of
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791:. He shows that both average and total utilitarianism result in unwelcome conclusions when applied to population.
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Parfit rose to prominence in 1971 with the publication of his first paper, "Personal Identity". His first book,
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derived significance. They will matter, not in themselves, but because they constitute the higher level fact."
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437:(1984), has been described as the most significant work of moral philosophy since the 1800s. His second book,
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Justice as Right Actions: An Original Theory of Justice in Conversation with Major Contemporary Accounts
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494:, the son of Jessie (née Browne) and Norman Parfit, medical doctors who had moved to
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In the book he argues that the affluent have strong moral obligations to the poor:
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about a year after Parfit was born, settling in Oxford. Parfit was educated at the
443:(2011), was widely circulated and discussed for many years before its publication.
412:; 11 December 1942 â 2 January 2017) was a British philosopher who specialised in
1382:"The whole philosophy community is mourning Derek Parfit. Here's why he mattered"
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2019:
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1184:"Derek Parfit, Philosopher Who Explored Identity and Moral Choice, Dies at 74"
1090:"Derek Parfit, Philosopher Who Explored Identity and Moral Choice, Dies at 74"
894:. Edited by Anthony Cheetham and Derek Parfit. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
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at the time of his death. He was also a visiting professor of philosophy at
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814:
Parfit then discusses the identity of future generations. In Chapter 16 of
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of rationality ("S") and two ethical frameworks: common-sense morality and
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and pledged to donate at least 10% of his income to effective charities.
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541:. He abandoned historical studies for philosophy during the fellowship.
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Parfit described his loss of belief in a separate self as liberating:
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424:. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential
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1283:"Derek Parfit (1942-2017) | Issue 119 | Philosophy Now"
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15:
4961:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
395:
3856:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
593:
Parfit discussed self-defeating moral theories, namely the
873:
Parfit was an avid photographer who regularly traveled to
2869:
734:, to explore our intuitions about our identity. He was a
401:
1569:"Reason and romance: The world's most cerebral marriage"
4901:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
1677:
Parfit: A Philosopher and his Mission to Save Morality
1131:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy
703:
criticised Parfit's use of moral dilemmas such as the
6621:
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
1715:
949:, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 144â161.
450:, where he was an Emeritus Senior Research Fellow at
398:
6440:
All-Party Parliamentary Group for Future Generations
478:, and analysis of the structure of moral theories."
404:
392:
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Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
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673:)âconverge on the same answers to moral questions.
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
996:2006: "Normativity", in Russ Shafer-Landau (ed.).
945:), in Peter Laslett & James S. Fishkin (eds.)
911:1979: "Is Common-Sense Morality Self-Defeating?".
470:"for his groundbreaking contributions concerning
446:For his entire academic career, Parfit worked at
1712:On What Matters (Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009).
1067:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xlv.
1042:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. vii.
549:Parfit returned to Oxford to become a fellow of
1708:Jussi Suikkanen and John Cottingham (Editors),
941:1992: "Against the social discount rate" (with
758:
686:people at least ten per cent of what we earn."
6460:Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research
1679:(Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2023).
6749:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
6238:
5801:
5127:
4092:
2885:
1801:
8:
6323:Psychological barriers to effective altruism
3832:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
1413:(1st ed.). Princeton. pp. 79â112.
1463:"Human Concerns Without Superlative Selves"
529:, graduating in 1964. In 1965â66, he was a
428:of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
6293:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis
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947:Justice between age groups and generations
140:
122:
6864:People associated with effective altruism
1493:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1435:"Derek Parfit | British philosopher"
1009:, vols. 1 and 2. Oxford University Press.
987:
240:Rolf Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
6470:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
6550:Machine Intelligence Research Institute
3864:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
1722:
1562:
1560:
1028:
730:and other science fiction, such as the
1342:
915:, vol. 76, pp. 533â545, October.
650:In his second book, Parfit argues for
506:hospitals. The family returned to the
5735:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
4931:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
1654:from the original on 11 December 2021
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1303:. New York University. Archived from
7:
6834:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
5031:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
4951:The World as Will and Representation
1686:(2014). "Parfit the Perfectionist".
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1177:
1175:
1146:
1144:
522:towards the end of his adolescence.
44:adding citations to reliable sources
6465:Center for High Impact Philanthropy
3880:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
766:Criticism of personal identity view
1182:Grimes, William (4 January 2017).
1088:Grimes, William (4 January 2017).
1018:, vol. 3. Oxford University Press.
1000:, vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
525:He then studied modern history at
14:
6814:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
6809:21st-century English philosophers
6804:20th-century English philosophers
1585:O'Grady, Jane (12 January 2017).
1122:Dancy, Jonathan (28 April 2020).
6303:Equal consideration of interests
5094:
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989:10.1046/j.1467-9329.2003.00229.x
952:1997: "Reasons and Motivation".
385:
20:
6869:People educated at Eton College
6707:Famine, Affluence, and Morality
6475:Development Media International
4881:Meditations on First Philosophy
1644:OxfordUnion (10 October 2015),
970:"Justifiability to each person"
329:
225:
118:British philosopher (1942â2017)
31:needs additional citations for
6884:Fellows of the British Academy
3848:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
3218:Value monism â Value pluralism
2056:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
1488:"The Unimportance of Identity"
1:
6455:Centre for Effective Altruism
6283:Disability-adjusted life year
5592:Hard problem of consciousness
1518:Various authors of essays in
362:Self-defeating moral theories
6570:Raising for Effective Giving
6495:Future of Humanity Institute
5066:Philosophy of space and time
3912:On the Genealogy of Morality
3872:Critique of Practical Reason
998:Oxford Studies in Metaethics
881:to photograph architecture.
6879:Rolf Schock Prize laureates
6859:New York University faculty
6721:Living High and Letting Die
6666:Neglected tropical diseases
4941:The Phenomenology of Spirit
1647:Derek Parfit - Full Address
1351:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
954:The Aristotelian Soc. Supp.
931:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
897:1971: "Personal Identity".
486:Parfit was born in 1942 in
6900:
6829:Columbia University alumni
6435:Against Malaria Foundation
6328:Quality-adjusted life year
3840:A Treatise of Human Nature
1955:Causal theory of reference
1528:Kluwer Academic Publishers
643:
567:
466:. He was awarded the 2014
358:Teletransportation paradox
6773:Effective Altruism Global
6700:The End of Animal Farming
6560:Nuclear Threat Initiative
6445:Animal Charity Evaluators
5755:
5314:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
5304:David Lewis (philosopher)
5079:
4056:
2839:
1520:The Repugnant Conclusion,
913:The Journal of Philosophy
369:
246:
139:
6874:Philosophers of identity
6844:Harvard University staff
6728:The Most Good You Can Do
6641:Intensive animal farming
6626:Global catastrophic risk
6500:Future of Life Institute
5056:Philosophy of psychology
4991:Simulacra and Simulation
3191:Universal prescriptivism
2015:Scientific structuralism
1710:Essays on Derek Parfit's
853:Janet Radcliffe Richards
582:, which focuses more on
482:Early life and education
214:Janet Radcliffe Richards
181:2 January 2017 (aged 74)
6530:The Good Food Institute
6278:Demandingness objection
6044:Herzog & de Meuron
5832:Willard Van Orman Quine
5442:Eliminative materialism
4921:Critique of Pure Reason
2980:Artificial intelligence
1624:www.givingwhatwecan.org
1587:"Derek Parfit obituary"
1522:eds. Jesper Ryberg and
1468:. Dancy. Archived from
1461:Johnston, Mark (1997).
1439:Encyclopedia Britannica
1065:On What Matters, vol. 1
527:Balliol College, Oxford
255:Contemporary philosophy
197:Balliol College, Oxford
6756:What We Owe the Future
6585:Wild Animal Initiative
6318:Moral circle expansion
5694:Propositional attitude
5689:Problem of other minds
5597:Hypostatic abstraction
4512:Typeâtoken distinction
4340:Hypostatic abstraction
4122:Abstract object theory
2071:Reflective equilibrium
1486:Parfit, Derek (1995).
1347:Parfit, Derek (1984).
1063:Parfit, Derek (2011).
1036:Parfit, Derek (1984).
968:Parfit, Derek (2003).
848:
763:
688:
682:
557:Ethics and rationality
6819:Analytic philosophers
6714:The Life You Can Save
6676:Wild animal suffering
5765:Philosophers category
5669:Mental representation
5432:Biological naturalism
5319:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
5294:Frank Cameron Jackson
5101:Philosophy portal
4981:Being and Nothingness
4397:Mental representation
3904:The Methods of Ethics
3142:Divine command theory
3137:Ideal observer theory
2742:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2197:David Malet Armstrong
866:. He was a member of
842:
683:
678:
6338:Venture philanthropy
6163:Anne Sofie von Otter
6092:Jean-Philippe Vassal
5825:Logic and philosophy
5447:Emergent materialism
5026:Feminist metaphysics
4021:Political philosophy
1756:University of Oxford
1500:on 13 September 2016
1263:on 23 September 2020
1228:(5 September 2011).
899:Philosophical Review
824:have drastic effects
800:repugnant conclusion
595:self-interest theory
343:Repugnant conclusion
287:University of Oxford
40:improve this article
6575:Sentience Institute
5644:Language of thought
5394:Ludwig Wittgenstein
5224:Patricia Churchland
4871:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
4382:Linguistic modality
3991:Evolutionary ethics
3952:Reasons and Persons
3928:A Theory of Justice
3082:Uncertain sentience
2564:Patricia Churchland
2495:Christine Korsgaard
2381:Logical positivists
2273:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2050:paradox of analysis
1817:Analytic philosophy
1349:Reasons and persons
1226:Larissa MacFarquhar
1039:Reasons and Persons
956:, vol. 77: 99â130.
928:Reasons and Persons
816:Reasons and Persons
789:Reasons and Persons
785:Reasons and Persons
591:Reasons and Persons
576:Reasons and Persons
570:Reasons and Persons
563:Reasons and Persons
535:Columbia University
500:preventive medicine
460:New York University
434:Reasons and Persons
376:Derek Antony Parfit
348:Nonidentity problem
277:Analytic philosophy
6656:Malaria prevention
6616:Economic stability
6601:Biotechnology risk
6555:Malaria Consortium
6520:Giving What We Can
6490:Fistula Foundation
6273:Charity assessment
6254:Effective altruism
6003:Nikolai G. Makarov
5979:Michael Aschbacher
5961:Richard P. Stanley
5472:Neurophenomenology
5143:Philosophy of mind
5061:Philosophy of self
5051:Philosophy of mind
4315:Embodied cognition
4227:Scientific realism
3986:Ethics in religion
3981:Descriptive ethics
3816:Nicomachean Ethics
2737:William Lane Craig
2455:Friedrich Waismann
2412:Carl Gustav Hempel
2371:Timothy Williamson
2331:Alasdair MacIntyre
2189:Australian realism
2169:Russ Shafer-Landau
2030:Analytical Thomism
1985:Logical positivism
1538:; and, Young Kim,
1188:The New York Times
1094:The New York Times
868:Giving What We Can
864:effective altruism
849:
845:Harvard University
539:Harvard University
476:future generations
464:Rutgers University
456:Harvard University
426:moral philosophers
322:Philosophy of mind
265:Western philosophy
148:Harvard University
6824:British ethicists
6781:
6780:
6693:Doing Good Better
6565:Open Philanthropy
6545:Mercy for Animals
6540:The Humane League
6414:Eliezer Yudkowsky
6379:William MacAskill
6354:Sam Bankman-Fried
6268:Aid effectiveness
6220:
6219:
6211:VĂkingur Ălafsson
6187:Herbert Blomstedt
6038:Torsten Andersson
5817:Rolf Schock Prize
5783:
5782:
5679:Mindâbody problem
5577:Cognitive closure
5541:Substance dualism
5159:G. E. M. Anscombe
5109:
5108:
4288:Category of being
4257:Truthmaker theory
4074:
4073:
4041:Social philosophy
4026:Population ethics
4016:Philosophy of law
3996:History of ethics
3479:Political freedom
3156:Euthyphro dilemma
2947:Suffering-focused
2867:
2866:
2835:
2834:
2551:Pittsburgh School
2541:Peter van Inwagen
2475:Roderick Chisholm
2463:
2462:
2356:Richard Swinburne
2291:G. E. M. Anscombe
2127:
2126:
2025:Analytic theology
2000:Ordinary language
1938:
1937:
1552:978-1-4985-1651-8
1475:on 23 March 2012.
1420:978-0-691-18303-9
1380:Matthews, Dylan.
1287:philosophynow.org
901:. vol. 80: 3â27.
862:Parfit supported
857:Asperger syndrome
720:Personal identity
551:All Souls College
472:personal identity
468:Rolf Schock Prize
452:All Souls College
448:Oxford University
414:personal identity
373:
372:
307:Personal identity
116:
115:
108:
90:
6891:
6839:Harkness Fellows
6735:Practical Ethics
6384:Dustin Moskovitz
6374:Holden Karnofsky
6313:Marginal utility
6247:
6240:
6233:
6224:
6199:Barbara Hannigan
6056:Susan Rothenberg
5862:Solomon Feferman
5810:
5803:
5796:
5787:
5531:Representational
5526:Property dualism
5519:Type physicalism
5484:New mysterianism
5452:Epiphenomenalism
5274:Martin Heidegger
5136:
5129:
5122:
5113:
5099:
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5087:
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4996:
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4906:
4896:
4886:
4876:
4866:
4856:
4846:
4836:
4826:
4816:
4492:Substantial form
4304:Cogito, ergo sum
4247:Substance theory
4101:
4094:
4087:
4078:
4064:
4063:
4011:Moral psychology
3956:
3948:
3940:
3936:Practical Ethics
3932:
3924:
3920:Principia Ethica
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3824:Ethics (Spinoza)
3820:
3459:Moral imperative
2917:Consequentialism
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2786:Nancy Cartwright
2627:Nicholas Rescher
2604:Bas van Fraassen
2594:Nicholas Rescher
2417:Hans Reichenbach
2400:
2366:Bernard Williams
2263:Bertrand Russell
2185:
2119:Rigid designator
2082:
1828:
1824:Related articles
1810:
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1696:(350): 621â624.
1663:
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1610:
1609:
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1582:
1573:
1572:
1567:Edmonds, David.
1564:
1555:
1546:, 2015) ch.10 (
1524:Torbjörn TÀnnsjö
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
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1317:
1316:
1314:
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1291:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1259:. Archived from
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1230:"How to be Good"
1222:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
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1139:
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1112:
1110:
1108:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1033:
993:
991:
783:In part four of
667:contractarianism
599:consequentialism
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
382:
317:Consequentialism
229:
227:
166:11 December 1942
165:
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104:
100:
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91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6761:
6680:
6671:Suffering risks
6646:Land use reform
6589:
6505:Founders Pledge
6480:Evidence Action
6418:
6342:
6298:Earning to give
6256:
6251:
6221:
6216:
6121:
6050:Giuseppe Penone
6032:Claes Oldenburg
6014:
5973:Endre Szemerédi
5967:Luis Caffarelli
5955:Elliott H. Lieb
5919:
5868:Jaakko Hintikka
5838:Michael Dummett
5820:
5814:
5784:
5779:
5751:
5718:
5664:Mental property
5557:Abstract object
5545:
5415:
5369:Wilfrid Sellars
5244:Donald Davidson
5229:Paul Churchland
5189:George Berkeley
5145:
5140:
5110:
5105:
5095:
5093:
5075:
4999:
4994:
4984:
4974:
4964:
4954:
4944:
4934:
4924:
4914:
4904:
4894:
4884:
4874:
4864:
4854:
4844:
4841:De rerum natura
4834:
4824:
4814:
4798:
4538:
4442:Physical object
4278:Abstract object
4266:
4252:Theory of forms
4187:Meaning of life
4110:
4105:
4075:
4070:
4052:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3804:
3577:
3570:
3494:Self-discipline
3454:Moral hierarchy
3402:Problem of evil
3347:Double standard
3337:Culture of life
3295:
3224:
3171:Non-cognitivism
3086:
2961:
2903:
2898:
2868:
2863:
2854:
2831:
2822:Jan Ćukasiewicz
2810:
2778:Stanford School
2772:
2758:Paul Feyerabend
2746:
2732:Alvin Plantinga
2720:
2706:James F. Conant
2692:
2636:
2608:
2599:Wilfrid Sellars
2589:Alexander Pruss
2569:Paul Churchland
2545:
2524:
2480:Donald Davidson
2459:
2421:
2398:
2375:
2301:Michael Dummett
2277:
2268:Frank P. Ramsey
2221:
2183:
2159:Jaakko Hintikka
2144:Keith Donnellan
2123:
2080:
2034:
1995:Neurophilosophy
1980:Logical atomism
1934:
1888:
1862:
1819:
1814:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1682:
1675:David Edmonds,
1672:
1670:Further reading
1667:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1544:Lexington Books
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1411:On Human Nature
1405:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1224:
1223:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1015:On What Matters
1006:On What Matters
967:
887:
837:
781:
768:
732:teletransporter
722:
709:lifeboat ethics
705:trolley problem
697:On Human Nature
693:
663:consequentalism
648:
646:On What Matters
642:
639:On What Matters
572:
566:
559:
547:
531:Harkness Fellow
484:
440:On What Matters
388:
384:
378:
365:
333:
326:
295:
231:
228: 2010)
223:
219:
216:
188:
182:
173:
167:
161:
159:
151:
135:
130:
128:
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
6897:
6895:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6854:Moral realists
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6786:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6661:Mass deworming
6658:
6653:
6651:Life extension
6648:
6643:
6638:
6636:Global poverty
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6606:Climate change
6603:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6580:Unlimit Health
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6525:Good Food Fund
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6369:Hilary Greaves
6366:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6333:Utilitarianism
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6288:Disease burden
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6227:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6169:Mauricio Kagel
6166:
6160:
6157:Kaija Saariaho
6154:
6151:Kronos Quartet
6148:
6142:
6136:
6133:Ingvar Lidholm
6129:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6070:Ryue Nishizawa
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5997:Ronald Coifman
5994:
5991:Richard Schoen
5988:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5931:Elias M. Stein
5927:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5911:
5908:Per Martin-Löf
5901:
5898:Saharon Shelah
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5790:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5659:Mental process
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5629:Intentionality
5626:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5479:Neutral monism
5476:
5475:
5474:
5464:
5462:Interactionism
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:Baruch Spinoza
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:Edmund Husserl
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5254:René Descartes
5251:
5249:Daniel Dennett
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5219:David Chalmers
5216:
5211:
5206:
5204:Franz Brentano
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5184:Alexander Bain
5181:
5176:
5174:Thomas Aquinas
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5091:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5004:Related topics
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4977:
4971:Being and Time
4967:
4957:
4947:
4937:
4927:
4917:
4907:
4897:
4887:
4877:
4867:
4857:
4847:
4837:
4827:
4817:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4544:Metaphysicians
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4298:Causal closure
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4172:Libertarianism
4169:
4164:
4159:
4157:Existentialism
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4036:Secular ethics
4033:
4031:Rehabilitation
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3896:Utilitarianism
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Existentialist
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Constructivism
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:Non-naturalism
3122:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2952:Utilitarianism
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2806:Patrick Suppes
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2688:Michael Walzer
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:Adolf GrĂŒnbaum
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Robert Brandom
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2515:W. V. O. Quine
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Nelson Goodman
2487:
2485:Daniel Dennett
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:Moritz Schlick
2447:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:Charles Taylor
2358:
2353:
2351:P. F. Strawson
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Norman Malcolm
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2217:J. J. C. Smart
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:David Chalmers
2199:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Giuseppe Peano
2161:
2156:
2154:Edmund Gettier
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Possible world
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:Counterfactual
2058:
2053:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Paraconsistent
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1831:Areas of focus
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1684:Scruton, Roger
1680:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1636:
1611:
1574:
1556:
1536:978-1402024726
1511:
1478:
1453:
1444:
1426:
1419:
1407:Scruton, Roger
1398:
1372:
1357:
1318:
1307:on 20 May 2011
1301:"Derek Parfit"
1292:
1274:
1248:
1235:The New Yorker
1208:
1171:
1152:"Derek Parfit"
1140:
1124:"Derek Parfit"
1114:
1080:
1073:
1055:
1048:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1001:
994:
982:(4): 368â390.
964:
950:
939:
923:
909:
895:
892:Eton Microcosm
886:
885:Selected works
883:
879:St. Petersburg
836:
833:
780:
777:
767:
764:
721:
718:
692:
689:
671:contractualism
644:Main article:
641:
636:
619:Henry Sidgwick
586:and language.
568:Main article:
565:
560:
558:
555:
546:
543:
508:United Kingdom
483:
480:
371:
370:
367:
366:
364:
363:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
336:
334:
331:
328:
327:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
298:
296:
294:Main interests
293:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
244:
243:
237:
233:
232:
221:
217:
212:
211:
209:
205:
204:
194:
190:
189:
183:
179:
175:
174:
168:
157:
153:
152:
145:
137:
136:
129:
126:
117:
114:
113:
55:"Derek Parfit"
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6896:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6742:The Precipice
6739:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6631:Global health
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6611:Cultured meat
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6535:Good Ventures
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6450:Animal Ethics
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:Organizations
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6243:
6241:
6236:
6234:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6205:György Kurtåg
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6193:Wayne Shorter
6191:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6139:György Ligeti
6137:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6104:Andrea Branzi
6102:
6099:
6098:Doris Salcedo
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6082:Marlene Dumas
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6066:Kazuyo Sejima
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6009:Jonathan Pila
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5949:Yuri I. Manin
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5892:Ruth Millikan
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5880:Hilary Putnam
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5806:
5804:
5799:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5709:Understanding
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:Introspection
5632:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5587:Consciousness
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:Phenomenology
5507:
5505:
5504:Phenomenalism
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Occasionalism
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5467:NaĂŻve realism
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Functionalism
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:Stephen Yablo
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:Richard Rorty
5352:
5350:
5349:Hilary Putnam
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5324:Marvin Minsky
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Immanuel Kant
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:William James
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:Henri Bergson
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Phenomenology
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:Notable works
4801:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Phenomenalism
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Action theory
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Moral courage
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:Good and evil
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:Family values
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Quasi-realism
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:Environmental
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Particularism
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2860:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2828:
2827:Alfred Tarski
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Peter Galison
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Nathan Salmon
2681:
2679:
2678:Richard Rorty
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Alonzo Church
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Ruth Millikan
2582:
2580:
2579:John McDowell
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Hilary Putnam
2508:
2506:
2505:Robert Nozick
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Rudolf Carnap
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2427:Vienna Circle
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2404:Berlin Circle
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
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2311:Philippa Foot
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2256:
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2238:Charlie Broad
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2149:Gottlob Frege
2147:
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2076:Supervenience
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2008:
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2001:
1998:
1996:
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1991:
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1975:Functionalism
1973:
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1960:Descriptivism
1958:
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1925:Philosophical
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1915:Non-classical
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1103:
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1095:
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1084:
1081:
1076:
1074:9780199572809
1070:
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948:
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938:
937:0-19-824615-3
934:
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876:
871:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
847:in April 2015
846:
841:
835:Personal life
834:
832:
828:
825:
820:
817:
812:
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803:
801:
796:
792:
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762:
757:
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748:
743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
728:
719:
717:
715:
714:Anna Karenina
710:
706:
702:
701:Roger Scruton
698:
690:
687:
681:
677:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
652:moral realism
647:
640:
637:
635:
632:
627:
623:
620:
614:
610:
606:
602:
600:
596:
592:
589:In Part I of
587:
585:
581:
577:
571:
564:
561:
556:
554:
552:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
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523:
521:
517:
513:
512:Dragon School
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:Western China
493:
489:
481:
479:
477:
474:, regard for
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
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436:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
409:
381:
377:
368:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Triple Theory
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
338:
337:
335:
332:Notable ideas
323:
320:
318:
315:
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154:
150:in April 2015
149:
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110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: â
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6510:GiveDirectly
6430:80,000 Hours
6404:Peter Singer
6399:Derek Parfit
6398:
6389:Yew-Kwang Ng
6364:Nick Bostrom
6181:Andrew Manze
6175:Gidon Kremer
6145:Jorma Panula
6126:Musical arts
6116:Rem Koolhaas
6110:Francis AlĂżs
6088:Anne Lacaton
6026:Rafael Moneo
5985:Yitang Zhang
5937:Andrew Wiles
5914:David Kaplan
5886:Derek Parfit
5885:
5874:Thomas Nagel
5745: /
5741: /
5737: /
5654:Mental image
5649:Mental event
5612:Intelligence
5562:Chinese room
5408:
5359:Gilbert Ryle
5339:Derek Parfit
5338:
5329:Thomas Nagel
5259:Fred Dretske
5179:J. L. Austin
5151:Philosophers
5021:Epistemology
4989:
4979:
4969:
4959:
4949:
4939:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4899:
4889:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4849:
4839:
4831:NyÄya SĆ«tras
4829:
4819:
4809:
4791:
4786:
4707:Wittgenstein
4652:Schopenhauer
4531:
4522:Unobservable
4372:Intelligence
4302:
4242:Subjectivism
4237:Spiritualism
4152:Essentialism
4132:Anti-realism
4045:
4001:Human rights
3944:After Virtue
3769:
3670:Schopenhauer
3444:Moral agency
3317:Common sense
3213:Universalism
3181:Expressivism
3161:Intuitionism
3132:Subjectivism
3077:Terraforming
3052:Professional
2716:Cora Diamond
2632:Morton White
2500:Thomas Nagel
2445:Otto Neurath
2394:Ernest Nagel
2341:Gilbert Ryle
2336:Derek Parfit
2335:
2296:J. L. Austin
2243:Casimir Lewy
2212:Peter Singer
2207:J. L. Mackie
2179:Barry Stroud
2139:Noam Chomsky
2132:Philosophers
2066:Natural kind
1950:Anti-realism
1910:Mathematical
1884:Performative
1843:Epistemology
1709:
1693:
1687:
1676:
1656:, retrieved
1646:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1591:The Guardian
1590:
1519:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1481:
1470:the original
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1410:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1385:
1375:
1348:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:the original
1295:
1286:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:the original
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1233:
1199:. Retrieved
1187:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:
1134:
1130:
1117:
1107:20 September
1105:. Retrieved
1093:
1083:
1064:
1058:
1038:
1031:
1013:
1004:
997:
979:
973:
953:
946:
926:
912:
898:
891:
872:
861:
850:
829:
821:
815:
813:
808:Adam and Eve
804:
797:
793:
788:
784:
782:
773:
769:
759:
755:
751:
744:
740:
736:reductionist
725:
723:
696:
695:In his book
694:
684:
679:
675:
649:
638:
630:
628:
624:
615:
611:
607:
603:
590:
588:
575:
573:
562:
548:
524:
516:Eton College
485:
445:
438:
432:
430:
375:
374:
283:Institutions
127:Derek Parfit
120:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
6799:2017 deaths
6794:1942 births
6594:Focus areas
6485:Faunalytics
6347:Key figures
6308:Longtermism
6076:Mona Hatoum
6019:Visual arts
5924:Mathematics
5904:Dag Prawitz
5856:Saul Kripke
5739:information
5730:Metaphysics
5704:Tabula rasa
5514:Physicalism
5499:Parallelism
5427:Behaviorism
5384:Michael Tye
5379:Alan Turing
5364:John Searle
5239:Dharmakirti
5214:Tyler Burge
5209:C. D. Broad
4851:Metaphysics
4835:(c. 200 BC)
4825:(c. 350 BC)
4815:(c. 350 BC)
4702:Collingwood
4607:Malebranche
4355:Information
4283:Anima mundi
4262:Type theory
4217:Physicalism
4182:Materialism
4137:Determinism
4108:Metaphysics
3819:(c. 322 BC)
3685:Kierkegaard
3504:Stewardship
3281:Rousseauian
3198:Rationalism
3110:Cognitivism
3057:Programming
3032:Meat eating
3005:Engineering
2815:Lwow-Warsaw
2801:Ian Hacking
2768:Karl Popper
2763:Thomas Kuhn
2711:Alice Crary
2673:Saul Kripke
2668:Jaegwon Kim
2663:David Lewis
2653:Jerry Fodor
2622:Susan Haack
2536:Robert Audi
2346:John Searle
2316:Peter Geach
2306:Antony Flew
2253:G. E. Moore
2174:Ernest Sosa
2104:Possibility
1853:Mathematics
1838:Metaphysics
943:Tyler Cowen
851:Parfit met
580:meta-ethics
418:rationality
312:Rationalism
96:August 2023
6788:Categories
6685:Literature
6359:Liv Boeree
5943:Mikio Sato
5850:John Rawls
5844:Dana Scott
5775:Task Force
5743:perception
5617:Artificial
5567:Creativity
5489:Nondualism
5389:Vasubandhu
5309:John Locke
5279:David Hume
5234:Andy Clark
4911:Monadology
4845:(c. 80 BC)
4552:Parmenides
4437:Perception
4335:Experience
4222:Relativism
4197:Naturalism
4147:Enactivism
3715:Bonhoeffer
3424:Immorality
3367:Eudaimonia
3327:Conscience
3322:Compassion
3208:Skepticism
3203:Relativism
3120:Naturalism
3100:Absolutism
3072:Technology
2922:Deontology
2791:John Dupré
2658:Kurt Gödel
2614:Pragmatism
2529:Notre Dame
2520:John Rawls
2389:A. J. Ayer
2326:R. M. Hare
2321:Paul Grice
2233:Arif Ahmed
2020:Sense data
2005:Pragmatism
1879:Linguistic
1744:Philosophy
1689:Philosophy
1358:0198246153
1049:019824908X
1023:References
843:Parfit at
779:The future
747:David Hume
745:Following
659:deontology
631:individual
504:missionary
339:Relation R
162:1942-12-11
146:Parfit at
66:newspapers
6409:Cari Tuna
5819:laureates
5639:Intuition
5572:Cognition
5536:Solipsism
5199:Ned Block
5169:Armstrong
5164:Aristotle
5071:Teleology
5036:Mereology
5016:Cosmology
4875:(c. 1000)
4772:Plantinga
4762:Armstrong
4712:Heidegger
4687:Whitehead
4672:Nietzsche
4592:Descartes
4562:Aristotle
4517:Universal
4447:Principle
4417:Necessity
4377:Intention
4330:Existence
4293:Causality
4232:Solipsism
4162:Free will
3976:Casuistry
3888:Either/Or
3795:Korsgaard
3790:Azurmendi
3755:MacIntyre
3695:Nietzsche
3625:Augustine
3620:Confucius
3600:Aristotle
3576:Ethicists
3534:Intrinsic
3499:Suffering
3409:Happiness
3382:Free will
3362:Etiquette
3307:Authority
3251:Epicurean
3246:Confucian
3241:Christian
3176:Emotivism
3000:Discourse
2937:Pragmatic
2909:Normative
2641:Princeton
2440:Hans Hahn
2226:Cambridge
2099:Necessity
2094:Actualism
1965:Emotivism
1930:Predicate
1900:Classical
1732:Biography
1620:"Members"
1599:0261-3077
1391:6 January
1267:8 January
1201:6 January
1196:0362-4331
1164:6 January
1159:The Times
1102:0362-4331
727:Star Trek
691:Criticism
498:to teach
193:Education
187:, England
6515:GiveWell
6394:Toby Ord
6261:Concepts
5760:Category
5607:Identity
5550:Concepts
5420:Theories
5404:Zhuangzi
5334:Alva Noë
5089:Category
5011:Axiology
4865:(c.â270)
4793:more ...
4747:Anscombe
4742:Strawson
4737:Davidson
4632:Berkeley
4572:Plotinus
4533:more ...
4472:Relation
4452:Property
4427:Ontology
4350:Identity
4271:Concepts
4202:Nihilism
4167:Idealism
4115:Theories
4066:Category
4006:Ideology
3971:Axiology
3800:Nussbaum
3750:Frankena
3745:Anscombe
3735:Williams
3690:Sidgwick
3610:Valluvar
3605:Diogenes
3590:Socrates
3514:Theodicy
3509:Sympathy
3474:Pacifism
3464:Morality
3377:Fidelity
3357:Equality
3312:Autonomy
3300:Concepts
3261:Feminist
3236:Buddhist
3166:Nihilism
3105:Axiology
3062:Research
2995:Computer
2990:Business
2849:Category
2725:Reformed
2698:Quietism
2086:Modality
2046:Analysis
2039:Concepts
2010:Quietism
1970:Feminism
1943:Theories
1848:Language
1702:26419234
1652:archived
1530:, 2004)
1409:(2017).
1311:10 April
1137:: 37â57.
5770:Project
5723:Related
5582:Concept
5437:Dualism
5410:more...
5269:Goldman
4861:Enneads
4855:(c. 50)
4821:Timaeus
4811:Sophist
4757:Dummett
4752:Deleuze
4692:Russell
4682:Bergson
4677:Meinong
4657:Bolzano
4617:Leibniz
4597:Spinoza
4582:Aquinas
4567:Proclus
4497:Thought
4487:Subject
4467:Reality
4462:Quality
4432:Pattern
4392:Meaning
4367:Insight
4325:Essence
4310:Concept
4212:Realism
4177:Liberty
4142:Dualism
3964:Related
3710:Tillich
3675:Bentham
3650:Spinoza
3645:Aquinas
3630:Mencius
3544:Western
3519:Torture
3484:Precept
3439:Loyalty
3434:Liberty
3429:Justice
3342:Dignity
3332:Consent
3276:Kantian
3266:Islamic
3229:Schools
3115:Realism
3047:Nursing
3042:Medical
3027:Machine
2967:Applied
2751:Science
2468:Harvard
2114:Realism
1990:Marxism
1905:Deviant
1874:Aretaic
1858:Science
1768:England
1718:Portals
1367:9827659
1241:22 July
962:4106956
921:2025548
907:2184309
656:Kantian
488:Chengdu
230:
222:
218:
172:, China
170:Chengdu
80:scholar
6766:Events
6213:(2022)
6207:(2020)
6201:(2018)
6195:(2017)
6189:(2014)
6183:(2011)
6177:(2008)
6171:(2005)
6165:(2003)
6159:(2001)
6153:(1999)
6147:(1997)
6141:(1995)
6135:(1993)
6118:(2022)
6112:(2020)
6106:(2018)
6100:(2017)
6094:(2014)
6084:(2011)
6078:(2008)
6072:(2005)
6058:(2003)
6052:(2001)
6046:(1999)
6040:(1997)
6034:(1995)
6028:(1993)
6011:(2022)
6005:(2020)
5999:(2018)
5993:(2017)
5987:(2014)
5981:(2011)
5975:(2008)
5969:(2005)
5963:(2003)
5957:(2001)
5951:(1999)
5945:(1997)
5939:(1995)
5933:(1993)
5916:(2022)
5910:(2020)
5900:(2018)
5894:(2017)
5888:(2014)
5882:(2011)
5876:(2008)
5870:(2005)
5864:(2003)
5858:(2001)
5852:(1999)
5846:(1997)
5840:(1995)
5834:(1993)
5714:Zombie
5699:Qualia
4995:(1981)
4985:(1943)
4975:(1927)
4965:(1846)
4955:(1818)
4945:(1807)
4935:(1783)
4925:(1781)
4915:(1714)
4905:(1710)
4895:(1677)
4891:Ethics
4885:(1641)
4787:Parfit
4777:Kripke
4767:Putnam
4727:Sartre
4717:Carnap
4667:Peirce
4612:Newton
4587:SuĂĄrez
4577:Scotus
4457:Qualia
4422:Object
4412:Nature
4407:Motion
4387:Matter
4320:Entity
4192:Monism
3955:(1984)
3947:(1981)
3939:(1979)
3931:(1971)
3923:(1903)
3915:(1887)
3907:(1874)
3899:(1861)
3891:(1843)
3883:(1820)
3875:(1788)
3867:(1785)
3859:(1780)
3851:(1759)
3843:(1740)
3835:(1726)
3827:(1677)
3785:Taylor
3770:Parfit
3765:Singer
3740:Mackie
3615:Cicero
3556:Virtue
3489:Rights
3414:Honour
3271:Jewish
3067:Sexual
2975:Animal
2957:Virtue
2901:Ethics
2283:Oxford
1700:
1658:3 July
1629:3 July
1604:3 July
1597:
1550:
1534:
1417:
1365:
1355:
1194:
1100:
1071:
1046:
1012:2017:
1003:2011:
966:2003:
960:
935:
925:1984:
919:
905:
890:1964:
875:Venice
665:, and
545:Career
520:poetry
462:, and
422:ethics
420:, and
302:Ethics
272:School
261:Region
242:(2014)
236:Awards
208:Spouse
185:London
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
6062:SANAA
5622:Human
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5041:Meta-
4782:Lewis
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4697:Moore
4662:Lotze
4647:Hegel
4622:Wolff
4602:Locke
4557:Plato
4527:Value
4507:Truth
4047:Index
3809:Works
3780:Adams
3775:Nagel
3730:Dewey
3725:Rawls
3705:Barth
3700:Moore
3665:Hegel
3640:Xunzi
3595:Plato
3585:Laozi
3566:Wrong
3539:Japan
3529:Value
3524:Trust
3419:Ideal
3286:Stoic
3037:Media
3022:Legal
2859:Index
1893:Logic
1867:Turns
1780:China
1698:JSTOR
1504:4 May
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975:Ratio
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1109:2020
1098:ISSN
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