1124:"More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate, they are victims of the disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people ... I believe that we should make available to peace-loving people the benefits of our store of technical knowledge to help them realize their aspirations for a better life… What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair dealing ... Greater production is the key to prosperity and peace. And the key to greater production is a wider and more vigorous application of modem scientific and technical knowledge."
1303:
to foster a free-trade zone (special economic zones) or distribute vaccinations to vulnerable populations can accomplish their goals. This has been something overlooked by multiple international organizations, aid programs and even participating governments who attempt to carry out 'best practices' from other places in a carbon-copy manner with little success. This isomorphic mimicry –adopting organizational forms that have been successful elsewhere but that only hide institutional dysfunction without solving it on the home country –can contribute to getting countries stuck in 'capability traps' where the country does not advance in its development goals. An example of this can be seen through some of the criticisms of foreign aid and its success rate at helping countries develop.
1307:–there are problems of fiscal fragility associated to receiving an important amount of government revenues through foreign aid. Governments that can raise a significant amount of revenue from this source are less accountable to their citizens (they are more autonomous) as they have less pressure to legitimately use those resources. Just as it has been documented for countries with an abundant supply of natural resources such as oil, countries whose government budget consists largely of foreign aid donations and not regular taxes are less likely to have incentives to develop effective public institutions. This in turn can undermine the country's efforts to develop.
1295:, that may be causes of economic development rather than consequences of specific economic development programs. For example, health and education improvements have been closely related to economic growth, but the causality with economic development may not be obvious. In any case, it is important to not expect that particular economic development programs be able to fix many problems at once as that would be establishing unsurmountable goals for them that are highly unlikely they can achieved. Any development policy should set limited goals and a gradual approach to avoid falling victim to something Prittchet,
1543:, and the other is to administer policy, programs, and projects. Economic development practitioners generally work in public offices on the state, regional, or municipal level, or in public-private partnerships organizations that may be partially funded by local, regional, state, or federal tax money. These economic development organizations function as individual entities and in some cases as departments of local governments. Their role is to seek out new economic opportunities and retain their existing business wealth.
922:
1067:. Development and urban studies scholar Karl Seidman summarizes economic development as "a process of creating and utilizing physical, human, financial, and social assets to generate improved and broadly shared economic well-being and quality of life for a community or region". Daphne Greenwood and Richard Holt distinguish economic development from economic growth on the basis that economic development is a "broadly based and sustainable increase in the overall
51:
1035:
1425:
dataset for each 50 states with unemployment, labor force participation by race, and annual labor market statistics. In addition, for contractionary monetary policy, they utilize the federal funds rate, the short-term interest rates charged to banks. Seguino and Heintz
Seguino concludes that the impact of a one percentage point increase in the federal funds rate relative to white and black women's unemployment is 0.015 and 0.043, respectively
1018:
1280:
opportunities to get them and the proper functionality of institutions and organizations that can attend more technically and logistically complex tasks (i.e. raise taxes and deliver public services). These processes describe the State's capabilities to manage its economy, polity, society and public administration. Generally, economic development policies attempt to solve issues in these topics.
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economic development; the focus of development had been on industrialization and infrastructure. Poverty also came to be redefined as a condition faced by people rather than countries. According to Martha
Finnemore, the World Bank under McNamara's tenure "sold" states poverty reduction "through a mixture of persuasion and coercion."
1302:
Many times the economic development goals of specific countries cannot be reached because they lack the State's capabilities to do so. For example, if a nation has little capacity to carry out basic functions like security and policing or core service delivery it is unlikely that a program that wants
1581:
GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by mid-year population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidizes not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation
1546:
There are numerous other organizations whose primary function is not economic development that work in partnership with economic developers. They include the news media, foundations, utilities, schools, health care providers, faith-based organizations, and colleges, universities, and other education
1424:
Contractionary monetary policy is a tool used by central banks to slow down a country's economic growth. An example would be raising interest rates to decrease lending. In the United States, the use of contractionary monetary policy has increased women's unemployment. Seguino and Heintz uses a panel
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During Robert McNamara's 13 years at the World Bank, he introduced key changes, most notably, shifting the Bank's economic development policies toward targeted poverty reduction. Before his tenure at the World Bank, poverty did not receive substantial attention as part of international and national
1306:
Beyond the incentive compatibility problems that can happen to foreign aid donations –that foreign aid granting countries continue to give it to countries with little results of economic growth but with corrupt leaders that are aligned with the granting countries' geopolitical interests and agenda
1136:
argued that the less developed the country is at the outset of economic development (relative to others), the more likely certain conditions are to occur. Hence, all countries do not progress similarly. From the 1940s to the 1960s the state played a large role in promoting industrialization in
1716:
The Gender
Empowerment Measure (GEM) focuses on aggregating various indicators that focus on capturing the economic, political, and professional gains made by women. The GEM is composed of just three variables: income earning power, share in professional and managerial jobs, and share of
1279:
The development of a country has been associated with different concepts but generally encompasses economic growth through higher productivity, political systems that represent as accurately as possible the preferences of its citizens, The extension of rights to all social groups and the
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in 1997 defined development as increasing people‟s choices. Choices depend on the people in question and their nation. The UNDP indicates four chief factors in development, especially human development, which are empowerment, equity, productivity, and sustainability.
3615:
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1731:
The Gender
Development Index (GDI) measures the gender gap in human development achievements. It takes the disparity between men and women into account through three variables, health, knowledge, and living standards.
3230:
3225:
3301:
2288:
Todd Moss, Gunilla
Pettersson and Nicolas van de Walle (2006), "An Aid Institutions Paradox? A review essay on aid dependency and State building in Sub-Saharan Africa", Working Paper 74, Center for Global
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3345:
3035:
3564:
3254:
3137:
3025:
2435:
3296:
1997:
1451:(GVCs) and international financial markets. The last financial crisis had a huge effect on economies in developing countries. Economist Jayati Ghosh states that it is necessary to make
3547:
3020:
2948:
1827:
1045:
2210:
C.A. Bayly (2008). "Indigenous and
Colonial Origins of Comparative Economic Development: The Case of Colonial India and Africa", Policy Research Working Paper 4474, The World Bank.
3618:
3180:
2819:
3490:
3142:
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1447:, resulting in trade surpluses or deficits. Furthermore, the growth of globalization has linked economic development with trends on international trade and participation in
1220:), economic development and more generally development economics emerged amidst these mid-20th century theoretical interpretations of how economies prosper. Also, economist
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Economic development has evolved into a professional industry of highly specialized practitioners. The practitioners have two key roles: one is to provide leadership in
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1567:'s "World Development Indicators" are compiled annually from officially recognized international sources and include national, regional and global estimates.
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and
Backhaus (2003), the changes in this equilibrium state documented in economic theory can only be caused by intervening factors coming from the outside.
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2831:
2784:
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Lant
Pritchett, Michael Woolcock & Matt Andrews (2013). Looking Like a State: Techniques of Persistent Failure in State Capability for Implementation,
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The precise definition of economic development has been contested: while economists in the 20th century viewed development primarily in terms of
963:" are other terms often used while discussing economic development. Historically, economic development policies focused on industrialization and
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3574:
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3005:
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2037:
Mansell, R & and Wehn, U. 1998. Knowledge
Societies: Information Technology for Sustainable Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
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2585:
2548:
2524:'2014 LTI Rome Conference: Infrastructure-Driven Development to Conjure Away the EU Malaise?', Revue Analyse Financière, Q1 2015 – Issue N°54
1979:
1952:
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1890:
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infrastructure constitutes a significant indicator of a country's economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through the
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1822:
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1097:. Economic development can also be considered as a static theory that documents the state of an economy at a certain place. According to
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3372:
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Hirschman, A. O. (1981). The Rise and
Decline of Development Economics. Essays in Trespassing: Economics to Politics to Beyond. pp. 1–24
2009:
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1842:
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In economics, the study of economic development was born out of an extension to traditional economics that focused entirely on the
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With this in mind, economic development is typically associated with improvements in a variety of areas or indicators (such as
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1504:
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Seguino, Stephanie; Heintz, James (July 2012). "Monetary Tightening and the Dynamics of US Race and Gender Stratification".
2094:
1443:
International trade and exchange rates are key issues in economic development. Currencies are often either under-valued or
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The term has been used frequently in the 20th and 21st centuries, but the concept has existed in the West for far longer. "
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Deborah Bräutigam (2002), "Building Leviathan: Revenue, State Capacity and Governance", IDS Bulletin 33, no. 3, pp. 1 – 17
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2010:"Telecommunications and Social Development: The Meaning of Development, Sustainable Development and Rural Development"
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1160:, or the aggregate output of goods and services. Economic development was concerned with the expansion of people's
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374:
364:
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1493:
4150:
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1807:
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1614:(known as BRTI Index) and related models such as the (Modified) Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index (RTI).
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of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives.
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369:
138:
82:
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1328:
526:
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324:
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181:
104:
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4175:
4145:
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1792:
1189:
1157:
1133:
1041:
1023:
696:
541:
279:
219:
176:
123:
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period of reconstruction initiated by the United States. In 1949, during his inaugural speech, President
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1401:
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403:
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128:
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Mansell and Wehn state that economic development has been understood by non-practitioners since the
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2145:
1896:
1695:
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1371:
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1129:
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1007:
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34:
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4012:
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2727:
2710:
2610:
2591:
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2554:
2544:
2412:
2367:
2111:
2050:
2046:
1975:
1948:
1921:
1886:
1797:
1379:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1074:
1003:
968:
960:
726:
701:
651:
611:
491:
448:
384:
349:
339:
171:
133:
89:
1690:, schools (measured by the distance learners must travel to reach them), ability to use hard
4335:
4310:
4305:
4211:
4101:
4063:
4058:
4017:
4007:
3997:
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2719:
2694:
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2404:
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2017:
1969:
1942:
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There are various types of macroeconomic and sociocultural indicators or "metrics" used by
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development. This third category is a primary focus of economic development professionals.
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161:
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2580:. New York: Oxford University Press for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
2543:. New York: Oxford University Press for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
1634:(GEM). These indicators were first introduced in the 1995 UNDP Human Development Report.
1093:, and (if currently absent) the attainment of a standard of living equivalent to that of
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2115:
2085:
1837:
1802:
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1405:
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describes economic growth as but "one aspect of the process of economic development".
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In its broadest sense, policies of economic development encompass three major areas:
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1900:
1141:. This period was followed by a brief period of basic needs development focusing on
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1117:
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94:
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1436:. In today's global landscape, location is vitally important and becomes a key in
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17:
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3820:
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761:
551:
186:
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to assess the relative economic advancement of a given region or nation. The
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identified the development of undeveloped areas as a priority for the West:
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of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
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1177:
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42:
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2199:
Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Views.
1267:
are necessary to ensure sustainable economic growth in emerging countries.
1606:
have argued that the existence of modern transportation networks- such as
1192:(stressing reduced intervention), with the rise of high-growth countries (
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1113:
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do not necessarily correlate with improvements in quality of life. The
4221:
4083:
2362:
2149:
1671:
1459:. This could also add to financial security for small-scale producers.
1389:
1363:
1256:
1109:
2300:
The Oil Curse: How petroleum wealth shapes the development of nations.
1428:
One growing understanding in economic development is the promotion of
3875:
2708:
Nunn, Nathan (2020). "The historical roots of economic development".
2049:& Backhaus, Ursula, 2003. The Theory of Economic Development. In
1247:
It has also been argued, notably by Asian and European proponents of
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1217:
2141:
1149:
emerged in the 1980s pushing an agenda of free trade and removal of
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for individuals within a community", and measures of growth such as
2497:
1344:
1320:
1319:
Governments undertaking to meet broad economic objectives such as
1213:
1209:
920:
1455:
in developing countries more resilient by providing a variety of
1026:
real growth rates, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in selected countries
2311:
1367:
1237:
1228:, asserted that economic development grew to concentrate on the
3659:
2766:
1998:
Economic development and change in Tanzania since independence
1472:
1348:
987:
3655:
2611:"Gender Development Index (GDI) | Human Development Reports"
1622:
In an effort to create an indicator that would help measure
2498:"Transportation Infrastructure and Country Attractiveness"
2259:
William Easterly (2003), "Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth?" in
978:
intervention aiming to improve the well-being of people,
1694:(railways, roads, ports, airports, harbours, etc.), and
1251:, that systematic, long-term government investments in
1244:
yet on the outpouring of fundamental ideas and models.
1828:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1046:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1089:
to involve economic growth, namely the increases in
4234:
4188:
4124:
4035:
3884:
3703:
3168:
2995:
2957:
2899:
2840:
2805:
1626:, the United Nations has created two measures: the
1388:and retention through specific efforts in business
1063:instead emphasized broader processes of change and
27:
Process and policies to improve economic well-being
2671:"Culture, Institutions, and the Wealth of Nations"
2573:
2536:
2173:Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure and Spread
1968:Greenwood, Daphne T.; Holt, Richard P. F. (2010).
967:; since the 1960s, it has increasingly focused on
2748:Adaptive Political Economy: Toward a New Paradigm
2639:"How Deep Are the Roots of Economic Development?"
1974:. Armonk and London: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 3–4.
2175:, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
3841:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
2250:, 49:1, 1–18, DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2012.709614
2072:Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective
1947:. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. p. 5.
2316:Business Retention and Expansion International
2201:Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
2128:Sen, A (1983). "Development: Which Way Now?".
1971:Local Economic Development in the 21st Century
1612:Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index
1164:and their corresponding capabilities, such as
3671:
2778:
2669:Gorodnichenko, Yuriy; Roland, Gerard (2017).
2572:United Nations Development Programme (1995).
2535:United Nations Development Programme (1995).
2338:"Engendering Macroeconomic Theory and Policy"
1145:development and redistribution in the 1970s.
902:
8:
1885:. Cornell University Press. pp. 89–97.
1137:developing countries, following the idea of
3616:*Top country subdivisions by GDP per capita
2637:Spolaore, Enrico; Wacziarg, Romain (2013).
2397:American Journal of Economics and Sociology
1920:. Westport and London: Praeger. p. 3.
1917:Levels of Socio-economic Development Theory
1883:National Interests in International Society
1507:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1299:and Andrews call 'premature load bearing'.
3678:
3664:
3656:
2785:
2771:
2763:
2475:"Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All"
2228:Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson (2012),
2074:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1188:(advocating government intervention), and
909:
895:
29:
2698:
2688:
2659:
2379:
2361:
2276:, Princeton University Press, chapter 11.
2184:Kenneth Shepsle and Mark Bonchek (2010),
1527:Learn how and when to remove this message
1184:indicators. Borne out of the backdrop of
3631:Lists of countries by financial rankings
2496:Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (September 2013).
2014:Macro Environment and Telecommunications
1128:There have been several major phases of
1993:
1991:
1864:
1698:and other soft infrastructure like the
41:
2929:Latin American and Caribbean countries
2676:The Review of Economics and Statistics
2284:
2282:
2242:
2240:
2238:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1662:, education levels (measured through
1588:real gross national income per capita
1151:import substitution industrialization
940:is the process by which the economic
7:
2188:Second Edition, Norton, pp. 67 – 86.
1505:adding citations to reliable sources
1079:United Nations Development Programme
2274:Political Economy for Public Policy
2248:The Journal of Development Studies
1843:United Nations Development Program
1551:Development indicators and indices
974:Whereas economic development is a
25:
2438:from the original on Oct 5, 2023.
2336:Seguino, Stephanie (2019-05-28).
1469:economic development organization
3619:*Top country metropolitan by GDP
3613:*Top country subdivisions by GDP
2485:from the original on 2012-02-17.
2430:Jayati Gosh (January 17, 2013).
2409:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2012.00826.x
2272:Ethan Bueno de Mesquita (2016),
2261:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2070:Gerschenkron, Alexander (1962).
1628:Gender-Related Development Index
1477:
1249:infrastructure-based development
1033:
1016:
876:
864:
49:
2097:(11th ed.). Archived from
1768:European Free Trade Association
1763:Development finance institution
1618:Introduction of The GDI and GEM
938:economic and social development
151:Concepts, theory and techniques
3639:List of international rankings
3032:Latin America & Caribbean
2881:Private consumption per capita
2647:Journal of Economic Literature
2450:"World Development Indicators"
1571:GDP per capita and real income
1112:development originated in the
1:
4207:Critique of political economy
2576:Human development report 1995
2539:Human development report 1995
2354:10.1080/13545701.2019.1609691
1758:Democracy and economic growth
1311:Economic development policies
3791:History of capitalist theory
2919:European Union member states
2522:M. Nicolas J. Firzli :
1944:Economic Development Finance
2959:Gross national income (GNI)
2479:International Monetary Fund
2232:, New York: Crown Business.
1813:International Monetary Fund
1204:) and planned governments (
4392:
2197:G. Bingham Powell (2000).
1881:Finnemore, Martha (1996).
1833:Private sector development
1818:Local Economic Development
1724:
1712:Gender Empowerment Measure
1709:
1706:Gender Empowerment Measure
1642:Other factors include the
1632:Gender Empowerment Measure
1574:
1547:or research institutions.
1466:
1275:Economic development goals
1001:
998:Definition and terminology
982:is a phenomenon of market
4151:Labour market flexibility
3826:Multinational corporation
3693:
3626:
1941:Seidman, Karl F. (2005).
1808:International development
1654:, birth and death rates,
1412:retention and expansion,
1230:poor regions of the world
1224:, a major contributor to
3017:Commonwealth of Nations
2891:Ten largest historically
2746:Yuen Ang, Yuen (2024). "
2502:Revue Analyse Financière
1748:Critical juncture theory
1743:Constitutional economics
1727:Gender Development Index
1721:Gender Development Index
1398:neighborhood development
1339:policies, regulation of
1095:industrialized countries
139:JEL classification codes
4296:Individualist anarchism
3125:Former Soviet Republics
2842:Purchasing power parity
2724:10.1126/science.aaz9986
2059:10.1007/0-306-48082-4_3
2051:Joseph Alois Schumpeter
1331:. Such efforts include
325:Industrial organization
182:Computational economics
4261:Collectivist anarchism
4176:Social venture capital
4146:Freedom of association
3081:nominal and per capita
2432:"Too much of the same"
2171:Simon Kuznets (1966).
2095:"Economic Development"
1914:Jaffee, David (1998).
1793:Gender and development
1604:development economists
1457:financial institutions
1354:Programs that provide
1341:financial institutions
1190:neoclassical economics
1134:Alexander Gerschenkron
1042:gross domestic product
1024:Gross domestic product
925:
177:Experimental economics
4371:Development economics
4326:Post-scarcity economy
4301:Libertarian socialism
4286:Free-market socialism
4217:Market fundamentalism
4202:Capitalist propaganda
3796:Industrial Revolution
3711:Anarchy of production
3169:Subnational divisions
2298:Michael Ross (2012),
1717:parliamentary seats.
1598:Modern transportation
1575:Further information:
1438:competitive advantage
1402:workforce development
1226:development economics
924:
4366:Economic development
3781:Financial Revolution
3746:Economic development
2690:10.1162/REST_a_00599
2661:10.1257/jel.51.2.325
1901:10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh
1501:improve this section
1434:metropolitan economy
1139:modernization theory
404:Social choice theory
4376:Economic indicators
4256:Anarcho-syndicalism
4251:Anarcho-primitivism
4136:Economic inequality
3751:Economic liberalism
3109:Asia & Pacific
2996:Countries by region
2886:Per person employed
2312:"What is BR&E?"
2263:17(3), pp. 23 – 48.
2186:Analyzing Politics,
1788:Financial deepening
1592:income distribution
1449:global value chains
1414:technology transfer
1222:Albert O. Hirschman
1186:Keynesian economics
959:", and especially "
871:Business portal
192:Operations research
172:National accounting
4276:Economic democracy
4097:Private foundation
3385:nominal per capita
3148:nominal per capita
3086:PPP and per capita
3061:nominal per capita
2972:Nominal per capita
2934:Oceanian countries
2924:European countries
2869:Past and projected
2832:Sector composition
2820:Past and projected
2794:Lists of countries
2342:Feminist Economics
2047:Schumpeter, Joseph
1823:North–South divide
1696:telecommunications
1372:affordable housing
1329:sustainable growth
1130:development theory
1070:standard of living
1040:Rate of change of
1008:Developing country
926:
202:Industrial complex
197:Middle income trap
4353:
4352:
4246:Anarcho-communism
4117:Spontaneous order
4112:Social alienation
4069:Economic mobility
3756:Economic planning
3653:
3652:
2987:Disposable income
2982:Per capita growth
2949:Industrial growth
2909:African countries
2609:Nations, United.
2587:978-0-19-510023-5
2550:978-0-19-510023-5
2112:Pearson Education
1981:978-0-7656-2817-6
1954:978-0-7656-2817-6
1927:978-0-275-95658-5
1892:978-0-8014-8323-3
1798:Green Development
1686:, clean and safe
1684:health facilities
1537:
1536:
1529:
1453:financial markets
1430:regional clusters
1091:per capita income
1075:per capita income
1004:Developed country
986:and increases in
969:poverty reduction
961:industrialization
919:
918:
18:Development model
16:(Redirected from
4383:
4336:Social anarchism
4311:Market socialism
4306:Market anarchism
4212:Critique of work
4102:Private property
4064:Economic freedom
4059:Decentralization
4037:Cultural aspects
3998:Regulated market
3776:Financial crisis
3761:Entrepreneurship
3680:
3673:
3666:
3657:
3644:Lists by country
2944:1980–2010 growth
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2743:
2704:
2702:
2692:
2665:
2663:
2643:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2542:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2365:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2233:
2230:Why Nations Fail
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2130:Economic Journal
2125:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2090:Stephen C. Smith
2082:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2016:. Archived from
2006:
2000:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1878:
1853:World Bank Group
1532:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1481:
1473:
1376:crime prevention
1323:stability, high
1158:national product
1037:
1020:
911:
904:
897:
883:Money portal
881:
880:
879:
869:
868:
365:Natural resource
157:Economic systems
53:
30:
21:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4331:Sharing economy
4321:Post-capitalism
4291:Green anarchism
4230:
4197:Anti-capitalism
4184:
4120:
4031:
4023:State-sponsored
3880:
3856:Property rights
3831:Nationalization
3741:Economic bubble
3699:
3689:
3684:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3622:
3164:
2991:
2953:
2895:
2843:
2836:
2801:
2791:
2761:
2707:
2668:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2631:Further reading
2628:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2588:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2551:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2142:10.2307/2232744
2136:(372): 745–62.
2127:
2126:
2122:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1738:
1729:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1676:social services
1656:life expectancy
1640:
1624:gender equality
1620:
1608:high-speed rail
1600:
1579:
1573:
1553:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1498:
1482:
1471:
1465:
1432:and a thriving
1313:
1289:life expectancy
1277:
1232:, primarily in
1107:
1057:economic growth
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1010:
1000:
980:economic growth
946:quality of life
915:
877:
875:
863:
856:
855:
826:
816:
815:
814:
813:
577:von Böhm-Bawerk
465:
454:
453:
215:
207:
206:
162:Economic growth
152:
144:
143:
85:
83:classifications
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4389:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4125:Social aspects
4122:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4049:American Dream
4046:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3811:Market failure
3808:
3806:Market economy
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3766:Ecopreneurship
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Centralization
3718:
3716:Business cycle
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3543:United Kingdom
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:Czech Republic
3279:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:PPP per capita
3135:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3067:South America
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:North America
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2967:PPP per capita
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2760:
2759:External links
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:World Politics
2744:
2705:
2683:(3): 402–416.
2666:
2654:(2): 325–369.
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2601:
2586:
2564:
2549:
2527:
2515:
2488:
2465:
2441:
2422:
2403:(3): 603–638.
2387:
2328:
2303:
2291:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2234:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2164:
2155:
2120:
2116:Addison-Wesley
2086:Michael Todaro
2077:
2062:
2053:. pp. 61–116.
2039:
2030:
2001:
1987:
1980:
1960:
1953:
1933:
1926:
1906:
1891:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:Socioeconomics
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Infrastructure
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:European Union
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1725:Main article:
1722:
1719:
1710:Main article:
1707:
1704:
1692:infrastructure
1688:drinking water
1639:
1636:
1630:(GDI) and the
1619:
1616:
1599:
1596:
1586:is related to
1572:
1569:
1552:
1549:
1535:
1534:
1517:September 2020
1485:
1483:
1476:
1467:Main article:
1464:
1461:
1422:
1421:
1406:small business
1383:
1380:K–12 education
1356:infrastructure
1352:
1312:
1309:
1293:poverty rates)
1285:literacy rates
1276:
1273:
1253:transportation
1182:socio-economic
1126:
1125:
1106:
1103:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
999:
996:
965:infrastructure
957:Westernization
917:
916:
914:
913:
906:
899:
891:
888:
887:
886:
885:
873:
858:
857:
854:
853:
848:
838:
833:
827:
822:
821:
818:
817:
812:
811:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
467:
466:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
370:Organizational
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
216:
214:By application
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
107:
102:
97:
92:
86:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
73:
68:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4388:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Eco-socialism
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:Labour supply
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Individualism
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3932:Laissez-faire
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:Authoritarian
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Privatization
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Merchantilism
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Globalization
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
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3608:
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3598:
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3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:United States
3563:
3559:
3556:
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3549:
3546:
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3544:
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3539:
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3534:
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3212:
3209:
3207:
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3202:
3201:Baltic States
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
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3159:
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3141:
3139:
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3004:
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2998:
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2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2700:2027.42/78010
2696:
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2528:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:Callen, Tim.
2469:
2466:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
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2283:
2279:
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2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
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2239:
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2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2101:on 2018-06-23
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2020:on 2010-01-30
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1907:
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1898:
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1888:
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1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:national debt
1649:
1645:
1638:Other factors
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:Median income
1578:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:policy-making
1531:
1528:
1520:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1486:This section
1484:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:development,
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
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1346:
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1338:
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1330:
1326:
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1310:
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1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1242:Latin America
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:Neoliberalism
1144:
1143:human capital
1140:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:modernization
1062:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1025:
1019:
1009:
1005:
997:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:Modernization
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:public sector
932:study of the
931:
923:
912:
907:
905:
900:
898:
893:
892:
890:
889:
884:
874:
872:
867:
862:
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852:
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829:
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505:
503:
500:
498:
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493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:de Mandeville
470:
469:
464:
458:
457:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
401:
400:Public choice
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Participation
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Institutional
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Expeditionary
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:Environmental
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
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221:
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217:
211:
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198:
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193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
148:
147:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
106:
105:International
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:Branches and
78:
77:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4227:Wage slavery
4181:Unemployment
4161:Productivity
4092:Philanthropy
3953:Mercantilist
3930:
3901:Conservative
3745:
3736:Deregulation
3697:perspectives
3695:Aspects and
3611:
3513:South Africa
3498:Saudi Arabia
3077:Arab League
2914:Asian states
2751:
2715:
2709:
2680:
2674:
2651:
2645:
2618:. Retrieved
2615:hdr.undp.org
2614:
2604:
2575:
2567:
2538:
2530:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2501:
2491:
2478:
2468:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2444:
2425:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2348:(2): 27–61.
2345:
2341:
2331:
2320:. Retrieved
2318:. 2018-10-23
2315:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2289:Development.
2273:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2229:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:the original
2080:
2071:
2065:
2042:
2033:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2013:
2004:
1970:
1963:
1943:
1936:
1916:
1909:
1882:
1848:Universities
1730:
1715:
1641:
1621:
1601:
1580:
1554:
1545:
1538:
1523:
1514:
1499:Please help
1487:
1463:Organization
1442:
1427:
1423:
1386:Job creation
1314:
1305:
1301:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1246:
1180:, and other
1162:entitlements
1155:
1132:since 1945.
1127:
1118:Harry Truman
1108:
1087:World War II
1084:
1068:
1061:sociologists
1054:
1048:, since 1961
1044:, world and
990:; economist
984:productivity
973:
950:
937:
927:
841:Publications
806:
429:Sociological
402: /
300:Geographical
280:Evolutionary
255:Digitization
220:Agricultural
124:Mathematical
95:Econometrics
4346:Syndicalism
4266:Communalism
4131:Corporatism
4107:Rule of law
4054:Consumerism
4044:Advertising
3943:Libertarian
3921:Free-market
3891:Anglo-Saxon
3871:Wage labour
3821:Meritocracy
3771:Externality
3726:Competition
3533:Switzerland
3518:South Korea
3466:Philippines
3436:Netherlands
3265:prefectures
3098:subdivision
2977:Real income
2901:Growth rate
2363:10986/28951
1577:Real income
1561:geographers
1445:over-valued
1418:real estate
1198:South Korea
1170:nourishment
992:Amartya Sen
677:von Neumann
330:Information
270:Engineering
250:Development
245:Demographic
187:Game theory
129:Methodology
4360:Categories
4235:Antithesis
4166:Prosperity
4141:Employment
4088:Mainstream
4079:Liberalism
4003:Regulatory
3978:Neoliberal
3926:Humanistic
3911:Democratic
3866:Regulation
3731:Depression
3687:Capitalism
3548:per capita
3491:per capita
3424:per capita
3404:Kazakhstan
3397:per capita
3363:per capita
3351:per capita
3319:per capita
3302:per capita
3255:per capita
3243:per capita
2939:Per capita
2874:per capita
2862:per capita
2852:Per capita
2825:per capita
2815:Per capita
2620:2019-12-19
2459:2020-12-01
2322:2019-01-09
2105:2012-03-30
2024:2009-10-14
1860:References
1650:level and
1648:investment
1565:World Bank
1557:economists
1325:employment
1265:healthcare
1153:policies.
1099:Schumpeter
1002:See also:
942:well-being
836:Economists
707:Schumacher
612:Schumpeter
582:von Wieser
502:von Thünen
463:economists
439:Statistics
434:Solidarity
355:Managerial
320:Humanistic
315:Historical
260:Ecological
225:Behavioral
119:Mainstream
4341:Socialism
4316:Mutualism
4271:Communism
4241:Anarchism
4190:Criticism
4171:Syndicate
3906:Corporate
3861:Recession
3836:Oligopoly
3801:Invention
3373:regencies
3358:Indonesia
3191:Australia
3181:Argentina
2740:214671144
2417:0002-9246
2381:158543241
2372:1354-5701
1783:Economics
1778:Education
1680:hospitals
1660:morbidity
1644:inflation
1602:European
1488:does not
1394:marketing
1351:policies.
1261:education
1206:Argentina
1202:Hong Kong
1194:Singapore
1178:education
1166:morbidity
930:economics
752:Greenspan
717:Samuelson
697:Galbraith
667:Tinbergen
607:von Mises
602:Heckscher
562:Edgeworth
380:Personnel
340:Knowledge
305:Happiness
295:Financial
265:Education
240:Democracy
134:Political
100:Heterodox
43:Economics
3968:National
3963:Monopoly
3916:Dirigist
3885:Ideology
3592:Thailand
3587:Tanzania
3570:counties
3553:counties
3508:Slovakia
3476:Portugal
3456:Pakistan
3431:Mongolia
3414:Malaysia
3272:Colombia
3221:Bulgaria
3154:Oceania
2800:rankings
2732:32217703
2718:(6485).
2596:33420816
2559:33420816
2508:26 April
2483:Archived
2454:DataBank
2436:Archived
1753:Commerce
1736:See also
1700:Internet
1670:rates),
1668:numeracy
1664:literacy
1410:business
1364:highways
1362:such as
1360:services
1333:monetary
1297:Woolcock
1174:literacy
1114:post-war
1110:Economic
845:journals
831:Glossary
782:Stiglitz
747:Rothbard
727:Buchanan
712:Friedman
702:Koopmans
692:Leontief
672:Robinson
557:Marshall
461:Notable
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385:Planning
360:Monetary
290:Feminist
235:Cultural
230:Business
35:a series
33:Part of
4222:Marxism
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4028:Welfare
3988:Private
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3704:General
3602:Vietnam
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3143:nominal
3129:Europe
3113:nominal
3056:nominal
3041:nominal
3026:nominal
3011:nominal
3002:Africa
2807:Nominal
2711:Science
2504:. Paris
2434:. D+C.
2150:2232744
2118:(2011).
1672:housing
1509:removed
1494:sources
1390:finance
1257:housing
1105:History
928:In the
851:Schools
843: (
802:Piketty
797:Krugman
662:Kuznets
652:Kalecki
627:Polanyi
517:Cournot
512:Bastiat
497:Ricardo
487:Malthus
477:Quesnay
449:Welfare
419:Service
90:Applied
66:Outline
61:History
4013:Social
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3851:Profit
3597:Turkey
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3575:cities
3558:cities
3528:Sweden
3503:Serbia
3486:Russia
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3451:Norway
3419:Mexico
3368:cities
3331:Greece
3324:cities
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1337:fiscal
1327:, and
1291:, and
1263:, and
1234:Africa
1218:Uganda
976:policy
787:Thaler
767:Ostrom
762:Becker
757:Sowell
737:Baumol
642:Myrdal
637:Sraffa
632:Frisch
622:Knight
617:Keynes
592:Fisher
587:Veblen
572:Pareto
552:Menger
547:George
542:Jevons
537:Walras
527:Gossen
395:Public
390:Policy
345:Labour
310:Health
167:Market
4018:State
4008:Rhine
3958:Mixed
3523:Spain
3446:Nepal
3409:Kenya
3392:Japan
3380:Italy
3341:India
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3250:China
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3093:ASEAN
2844:(PPP)
2736:S2CID
2642:(PDF)
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2146:JSTOR
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1678:like
1368:parks
1345:trade
1321:price
1214:Sudan
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824:Lists
792:Hoppe
777:Lucas
742:Solow
732:Arrow
722:Simon
687:Lange
682:Hicks
657:Röpke
647:Hayek
597:Pigou
567:Clark
482:Smith
444:Urban
424:Socio
414:Rural
114:Macro
110:Micro
71:Index
3607:OECD
3461:Peru
3105:Asia
2857:Past
2728:PMID
2592:OCLC
2582:ISBN
2555:OCLC
2545:ISBN
2510:2014
2413:ISSN
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2114:and
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1666:and
1590:and
1559:and
1492:any
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532:Marx
522:Mill
507:List
3993:Raw
3973:Neo
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3158:GDP
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3021:PPP
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2798:GDP
2796:by
2750:".
2720:doi
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2695:hdl
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