40:
147:
735:
640:
56:
796:
407:
711:. A ZP3 glycoprotein on the zona pellucida binds to a receptor on the cell surface of the sperm head. This binding triggers the acrosome to burst, releasing acrosomal enzymes that help the sperm penetrate through the thick zona pellucida layer surrounding the oocyte, ultimately gaining access to the egg's cell membrane.
718:
prematurely on the surface of the egg cell, facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells. As a population, mature haploid sperm cells have on average 50% genome similarity, so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort. It may be regarded as a mechanism of
984:
Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process. Whether that results in the process of contact between the sperm and egg, or the state of health of the biological parent carrying the zygote cell. The following are a few of the diseases that can occur and be present during the
887:
forms between them. The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm. Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis (which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together. Thus, the first mitosis
842:
receptors on the oocyte membrane. Once it is bound, two blocks to polyspermy then occur. After approximately 40 minutes, the other Juno receptors on the oocyte are lost from the membrane, causing it to no longer be fusogenic. Additionally, the cortical reaction will happen which is caused by
755:
inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell, causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida. This in turn causes the glycoproteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other — i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to
620:
receptor on the sperm membrane and increases intracellular calcium levels, causing hyperactive motility. The sperm will continue to swim towards higher concentrations of progesterone, effectively guiding it to the oocyte. Around 200 out of 200 million spermatozoa reach the ampulla.
695:) is drawn out into a conical elevation, termed the cone of attraction or reception cone. Once the spermatozoon has entered, the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane, the perivitelline membrane, which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa.
945:
of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP-to-ovulation time of 14.6. In a reference group representing all women, the 95% prediction interval of the LMP-to-ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days.
992:
results from multiple sperm fertilizing an egg, leading to an offset number of chromosomes within the embryo. Polyspermy, while physiologically possible in some species of vertebrates and invertebrates, is a lethal condition for the human
1023:
Endocrine system disorders affect human fertility by decreasing the body's ability to produce the level of hormones needed to successfully carry a zygote. Examples of these disorders include diabetes, adrenal disorders, and thyroid
1030:
is a condition that affects women in which the tissue normally produced in the uterus proceeds to grow outside of the uterus. This leads to extreme amounts of pain and discomfort and may result in an irregular menstrual
1217:
Integrated
History and Philosophy of Science. Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Institute Vienna Circle, University of Vienna, Vienna Circle Society, Society for the Advancement of Scientific World Conceptions
1966:
437:
683:. The corona radiata sends out chemicals that attract the sperm in the fallopian tube to the oocyte. It lies above the zona pellucida, a membrane of glycoproteins that surrounds the oocyte.
2336:
1014:
Autoimmune disorders can lead to complications in implantation of the egg in the uterus, which may be the immune system's attack response to an established embryo on the uterine wall.
937:(LMP) as the start point. By convention, gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa. Fertilization though usually occurs within a day of
1712:
891:
Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage. Thus, they are genetically identical.
964:
Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally (after birth) as well to estimate various risk factors. For example, it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of
941:, which, in turn, occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation (LMP). There is also considerable variability in this interval, with a 95%
430:
378:
583:, who believed that Aristotle had been proven correct. Some observers believed they could see an entirely pre-formed little human body in the head of a sperm. The human
726:
Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process. In other words, they too appear to undergo changes that help facilitate such interaction.
879:(approximately half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome). Their membranes dissolve, leaving no barriers between the male and female
655:
At the beginning of the process, the sperm undergoes a series of changes, as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize. The sperm must undergo
368:
2707:
423:
2702:
747:
After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte, the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate. The fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes causes
773:
In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes.
2329:
383:
2692:
1941:
810:
degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus. This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin. Still, a considerable amount of
544:
held that only male semen gave rise to an embryo, while the female only provided a place for the embryo to develop, a concept he acquired from the
1451:
1020:
ultimately affects fertility and may lead to birth defects or miscarriages. Cancer severely damages reproductive organs, which affects fertility.
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2322:
209:
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1143:
1076:
393:
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303:
1606:
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from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring.
760:
into ZP2f — making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm. This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm.
519:
fuse, triggering the sperm head to disconnect from its flagellum as the egg travels down the fallopian tube to reach the uterus.
1214:
Maienschein J (2017). "The first century of cell theory: From structural units to complex living systems.". In
Stadler F (ed.).
388:
1109:
1041:
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are attracted to progesterone, which is secreted from the cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte. Progesterone binds to the
136:
2566:
1742:
1004:
930:
348:
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in the female's reproductive tract, which increases its motility and hyperpolarizes its membrane, preparing it for the
965:
676:
470:
171:
2773:
323:
128:
2081:
Geirsson RT (May 1991). "Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment".
503:, external ejaculation without copulation, or copulation shortly after ovulation. Upon encountering the secondary
2760:
2551:
1249:
1000:
363:
2768:
958:
373:
338:
308:
294:
1068:
Spermatogenesis — Fertilization — Contraception: Molecular, Cellular and
Endocrine Events in Male Reproduction
39:
2035:
Robinson HP, Fleming JE (September 1975). "A critical evaluation of sonar "crown-rump length" measurements".
580:
493:
2601:
1945:
1046:
564:
497:
146:
107:
2814:
2809:
2650:
2479:
313:
1578:
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002).
522:
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb,
1447:
899:
Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the beginning point of life, in descriptions of
2804:
1405:
1049:, the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology
900:
552:
265:
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1866:"Ovastacin, a cortical granule protease, cleaves ZP2 in the zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy"
1429:
1396:
Publicover S, Barratt C (March 2011). "Reproductive biology: Progesterone's gateway into sperm".
954:
572:
485:
2282:
492:, and finishes with fertilization. Various exceptions to this sequence are possible, including
2596:
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2150:
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2017:
1921:
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Puga Molina LC, Luque GM, Balestrini PA, MarĂn-Briggiler CI, Romarowski A, Buffone MG (2018).
1421:
1378:
1337:
1296:
1221:
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1072:
1011:. This results in the ovulation period between contact of the egg being postponed or excluded.
748:
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2007:
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1186:
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934:
752:
55:
2000:
Biomedical Papers of the
Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia
571:, asserting that eggs from the female were somehow caused to become a fetus as a result of
2403:
2357:
2314:
884:
545:
511:
of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer shell called the
1996:"Degradation phase of apoptosis during the early stages of human metanephros development"
1598:
949:
The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days (38 weeks and two days) from
643:
The sperm entering the ovum using acrosomal enzymes to dissolve the gelatinous envelope (
2094:
1671:
1409:
843:
ovastacin binding and cleaving ZP2 receptors on the zona pellucida. These two blocks of
792:
in this process, to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization.
551:. Aristotle argued for form and function emerging gradually, in a mode called by him as
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2408:
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1890:
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The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum, enabling fusion of their genetic material.
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45:
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1355:
Oren-Benaroya R, Orvieto R, Gakamsky A, Pinchasov M, Eisenbach M (October 2008).
1215:
1066:
855:
The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte, rapidly replicating their
515:
of the egg. The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg's plasma membrane and their
473:. Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the 19th century.
17:
2799:
2794:
2525:
2234:
540:
believed that the embryo was the product of male semen and a female factor. But
537:
481:
465:. The result of this union leads to the production of a fertilized egg called a
328:
318:
214:
203:
1579:
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989:
880:
844:
789:
548:
255:
219:
95:
83:
1526:"LibGuides: BIO 140 - Human Biology I - Textbook: Chapter 45 - Fertilization"
1491:
1357:"The sperm chemoattractant secreted from human cumulus cells is progesterone"
2745:
2735:
2712:
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2546:
2457:
2430:
2418:
2380:
2189:
1783:
1373:
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1008:
950:
938:
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of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes.
876:
757:
541:
489:
275:
250:
61:
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2021:
1899:
1850:
1801:
1510:
1425:
1382:
1341:
1300:
1200:
1167:"Restarting life: Fertilization and the transition from meiosis to mitosis"
480:
involves a sperm fusing with an ovum. The most common sequence begins with
2056:
1881:
1071:. Ernst Schering Foundation Symposium Proceedings. Springer-Verlag. 1992.
795:
2677:
2633:
2628:
2505:
2462:
2450:
2435:
2365:
1864:
Burkart AD, Xiong B, Baibakov B, Jiménez-Movilla M, Dean J (April 2012).
1766:
Jodar M, Selvaraju S, Sendler E, Diamond MP, Krawetz SA (November 2013).
1275:"An Amazing 10 Years: The Discovery of Egg and Sperm in the 17th Century"
715:
584:
524:
508:
44:
Sperm about to enter the ovum with acrosomal head ready to penetrate the
2250:
Biology of
Fertilization V3 : the Fertilization Response Of the Egg
2012:
1995:
113:
2717:
2613:
1332:
1315:
860:
788:
and the release of a polar body. The nucleus of the oocyte is called a
781:
692:
617:
270:
224:
187:
1920:(5th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. pp. 1119–1122.
2727:
2517:
2467:
2440:
2174:"Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation"
1832:
1017:
994:
835:
777:
680:
648:
504:
466:
280:
182:
166:
161:
100:
88:
1417:
1182:
595:
prove that fertilization is due to fusion of an egg and sperm cell.
1150:
Pregnancy is well known to occur from such external ejaculation ...
2423:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2221:
Jobe AH (2004). "Post-conceptional age and IVH in ECMO patients".
794:
733:
638:
568:
285:
229:
193:
176:
1967:"BRIEF OF BIOLOGISTS AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF NEITHER PARTY"
800:
785:
454:
2318:
2669:
856:
811:
1942:"Five Facts about XX or XY | Gender Selection Authority"
663:, the enzymatic penetration of the egg's tough membrane, the
679:, a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary
1817:"Izumo meets Juno: preventing polyspermy in fertilization"
1768:"The presence, role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs"
1003:
is a condition in which the woman does not produce enough
703:
After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the
1138:(2nd ed.). London: Cavendish Pub. Ltd. p. 188.
2135:
Journal of
Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
1624:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. p. 17.
1622:
Science and babies: private decisions, public dilemmas
1599:"Sleek, Fast and Focused: The Cells That Make Dad Dad"
903:
of the embryo or fetus. The resultant age is known as
847:
are what prevent the zygote from having too much DNA.
1316:"The status of the human embryo in various religions"
691:
Where the spermatozoan is about to pierce, the yolk (
2782:
2759:
2726:
2691:
2668:
2580:
2478:
2394:
2356:
94:
82:
74:
69:
32:
2131:"Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle"
1994:Wagner F, Erdösová B, Kylarová D (December 2004).
859:as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first
2129:Fehring RJ, Schneider M, Raviele K (May 2006).
2076:
2074:
933:, in contrast, takes the beginning of the last
536:Fertilization was not understood in antiquity.
1110:"Go Ask Alice!: Pregnant without intercourse?"
2330:
2172:, McConnaughey DR, Wilcox AJ (October 2013).
2037:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
1475:"Molecular Basis of Human Sperm Capacitation"
687:Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane
431:
8:
612:, the section that curves around the ovary.
1670:Flaws, Jodi A.; Spencer, Thomas E. (2018),
1479:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
608:Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the
2337:
2323:
2315:
1584:Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th Edition
1268:
1266:
1095:An Introduction to the History of Medicine
438:
424:
123:
54:
38:
2197:
2083:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
2011:
1911:
1909:
1889:
1840:
1791:
1649:(Third ed.). Elsevier. p. 238.
1500:
1490:
1372:
1331:
1290:
1190:
1160:
1158:
738:Fertilization and implantation in humans.
1058:
346:
293:
237:
153:
135:
2127:in this interval of 2.6, as given in:
1713:"Fertilization: The Cortical Reaction"
925:(intrauterine) developmental (IUD) age
707:, which is an extracellular matrix of
111:
29:
2708:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
1171:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
7:
1815:Bianchi E, Wright GJ (1 July 2014).
699:Zona pellucida and acrosome reaction
2703:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
2095:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01030212.x
1165:Clift, Dean; Schuh, Melina (2013).
1136:Lawyer's guide to forensic medicine
974:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
784:. This results in a mature haploid
2049:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1975.tb00710.x
1684:10.1016/b978-0-12-811899-3.64622-0
980:Diseases affecting human fertility
25:
2283:"Diseases That Cause Infertility"
1454:from the original on 24 June 2010
1220:. Vol. 20. Cham.: Springer.
875:and 23 chromosomes from egg cell
579:cells were discovered in 1677 by
2147:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00051.x
1609:from the original on 2017-04-29.
1292:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02105.x
1279:Reproduction in Domestic Animals
405:
145:
2287:Center of Reproductive Medicine
1560:from the original on 2010-12-02
1242:"1578-1657 A.D. William Harvey"
714:Some sperm cells consume their
1918:Human anatomy & physiology
667:, which surrounds the oocyte.
587:was first observed in 1827 by
559:refuted Aristotle's idea that
27:Union of a human egg and sperm
1:
1672:"Content and Volume Overview"
1098:. Saunders. pp. 566–567.
1042:Development of the human body
883:. During this dissolution, a
463:ampulla of the fallopian tube
461:, occurring primarily in the
2252:. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
1676:Encyclopedia of Reproduction
1005:follicle stimulating hormone
871:Usually 23 chromosomes from
836:sperm-specific protein Izumo
675:The sperm binds through the
349:Developmental stage theories
210:Emerging and early adulthood
2235:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.010
1974:United States Supreme Court
1870:The Journal of Cell Biology
1719:. Boundless. Archived from
1645:Jones RE, Lopez KH (2006).
1550:"Fertilization of the Ovum"
966:intraventricular hemorrhage
2857:
2693:Reproductive endocrinology
2310:Fertilization (Conception)
1678:, Elsevier, pp. 1–2,
1647:Human Reproductive Biology
830:When the sperm enters the
764:Fusion of genetic material
628:
295:Development and psychology
2761:Human reproductive system
2223:The Journal of Pediatrics
1772:Human Reproduction Update
1743:"Prefertilization Events"
1007:and excessively produces
1001:Polycystic ovary syndrome
565:involved in the formation
106:
53:
37:
1492:10.3389/fcell.2018.00072
1314:Neaves, William (2017).
959:coefficient of variation
374:Psychosexual development
1597:Angier N (2007-06-12).
782:second meiotic division
581:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
494:artificial insemination
60:Illustration depicting
2783:Diseases and disorders
2592:Sexual differentiation
1620:Wymelenberg S (1990).
1530:guides.hostos.cuny.edu
1246:Understanding Heredity
1047:Spontaneous conception
803:
739:
652:
108:Anatomical terminology
2815:Premature ejaculation
2810:Hard flaccid syndrome
2480:Human sexual activity
2190:10.1093/humrep/det297
1882:10.1083/jcb.201112094
1784:10.1093/humupd/dmt031
1374:10.1093/humrep/den265
838:on the head binds to
806:The sperm's tail and
798:
737:
642:
629:Further information:
599:Sperm and oocyte meet
471:embryonic development
412:Psychology portal
314:Nature versus nurture
238:Biological milestones
48:and fertilize the egg
2805:Erectile dysfunction
2168:Jukic AM, Baird DD,
1092:Garrison FH (1921).
901:prenatal development
826:Blocks of polyspermy
266:Language acquisition
2584:reproductive system
2572:Vaginal lubrication
2350:sexual reproduction
2013:10.5507/bp.2004.054
1410:2011Natur.471..313P
943:prediction interval
909:fertilizational age
832:perivitelline space
591:. Only in 1876 did
589:Karl Ernst von Baer
453:is the union of an
451:Human fertilization
389:Cultural-historical
33:Human fertilization
2582:Development of the
2493:Sexual intercourse
2178:Human Reproduction
2125:standard deviation
1916:Marieb EN (2001).
1603:The New York Times
1361:Human Reproduction
1333:10.1242/dev.151886
955:standard deviation
804:
740:
653:
573:sexual intercourse
304:Pre- and perinatal
2828:
2827:
2597:Sexual dimorphism
2562:Postpartum period
2259:978-0-323-14843-6
2184:(10): 2848–2855.
1927:978-0-8053-4989-4
1827:(13): 2019–2020.
1747:www.med.umich.edu
1656:978-0-08-050836-8
1631:978-0-309-04136-2
1404:(7338): 313–314.
1367:(10): 2339–2345.
1326:(14): 2541–2543.
1227:978-3-319-53258-5
1145:978-1-85941-159-9
1134:Knight B (1998).
1078:978-3-662-02817-9
905:fertilization age
895:Fertilization age
753:Cortical granules
749:cortical reaction
743:Cortical reaction
661:acrosome reaction
631:Acrosome reaction
625:Sperm preparation
614:Capacitated sperm
448:
447:
122:
121:
117:
64:and fertilization
18:Developmental age
16:(Redirected from
2848:
2567:Mechanics of sex
2376:Follicular phase
2346:Human physiology
2339:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2264:
2263:
2248:Gould M (2012).
2245:
2239:
2238:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1944:. Archived from
1938:
1932:
1931:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1833:10.4161/cc.29461
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1723:on 10 April 2013
1709:
1703:
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1701:
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1305:
1304:
1294:
1273:Cobb, M (2012).
1270:
1261:
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1231:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1112:. Archived from
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1063:
970:premature babies
935:menstrual period
913:conceptional age
440:
433:
426:
410:
409:
408:
309:Infant and child
149:
124:
114:edit on Wikidata
58:
42:
30:
21:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2778:
2755:
2722:
2695:and infertility
2694:
2687:
2664:
2583:
2576:
2474:
2404:Spermatogenesis
2390:
2358:Menstrual cycle
2352:
2343:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2267:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2128:
2123:Derived from a
2122:
2118:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1580:"Fertilization"
1577:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1448:"Fertilization"
1446:
1445:
1441:
1418:10.1038/471313a
1395:
1394:
1390:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1183:10.1038/nrm3643
1164:
1163:
1156:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1038:
982:
931:Gestational age
897:
885:mitotic spindle
869:
853:
828:
820:
771:
766:
745:
732:
701:
689:
673:
637:
627:
606:
601:
561:menstrual blood
546:preformationist
534:
488:, follows with
476:The process of
444:
406:
404:
351:
206:
190:
179:
139:and development
138:
118:
65:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Sexual arousal
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2409:spermatogonium
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2304:External links
2302:
2300:
2299:
2265:
2258:
2240:
2213:
2160:
2141:(3): 376–384.
2116:
2089:(3): 212–219.
2070:
2043:(9): 702–710.
2027:
2006:(2): 255–256.
1986:
1958:
1933:
1926:
1905:
1856:
1807:
1778:(6): 604–624.
1758:
1734:
1704:
1692:
1662:
1655:
1637:
1630:
1612:
1589:
1570:
1554:Gray's Anatomy
1541:
1524:Miles, Linda.
1516:
1465:
1439:
1388:
1347:
1306:
1262:
1233:
1226:
1206:
1177:(9): 549–562.
1154:
1144:
1126:
1101:
1084:
1077:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
998:
981:
978:
957:of 10 days or
896:
893:
868:
865:
852:
849:
827:
824:
819:
816:
799:Drawing of an
780:completes its
770:
767:
765:
762:
744:
741:
731:
728:
705:zona pellucida
700:
697:
688:
685:
677:corona radiata
672:
671:Corona radiata
669:
665:zona pellucida
645:zona pellucida
626:
623:
610:fallopian tube
605:
602:
600:
597:
557:William Harvey
533:
530:
513:zona pellucida
446:
445:
443:
442:
435:
428:
420:
417:
416:
415:
414:
399:
398:
397:
396:
391:
386:
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366:
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336:
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316:
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298:
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217:
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196:
191:
185:
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174:
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156:
155:
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150:
142:
141:
133:
132:
120:
119:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
59:
51:
50:
46:zona pellucida
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2853:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2751:Breastfeeding
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:Fertilization
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2396:Gametogenesis
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1948:on 2016-10-06
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1695:
1693:9780128151457
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1116:on 2011-12-22
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1028:Endometriosis
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
991:
988:
987:
986:
979:
977:
975:
972:treated with
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:embryonic age
914:
910:
906:
902:
894:
892:
889:
886:
882:
878:
874:
866:
864:
862:
858:
850:
848:
846:
841:
837:
833:
825:
823:
817:
815:
813:
809:
802:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
768:
763:
761:
759:
754:
750:
742:
736:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:kin selection
717:
712:
710:
709:glycoproteins
706:
698:
696:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
650:
646:
641:
636:
632:
624:
622:
619:
615:
611:
603:
598:
596:
594:
593:Oscar Hertwig
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
531:
529:
527:
526:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:fertilization
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:fertilization
474:
472:
469:, initiating
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
441:
436:
434:
429:
427:
422:
421:
419:
418:
413:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
350:
345:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
299:
296:
292:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Fertilization
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
205:
202:
200:
199:Preadolescent
197:
195:
192:
189:
186:
184:
181:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
148:
144:
143:
140:
134:
130:
126:
125:
115:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:
96:Gives rise to
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
63:
57:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2655:Paternal age
2651:Maternal age
2624:Tanner scale
2607:Virilization
2602:Feminization
2552:Implantation
2542:
2538:Insemination
2522:Ejaculation
2498:Masturbation
2414:spermatocyte
2386:Luteal phase
2371:Menstruation
2290:. Retrieved
2286:
2249:
2243:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2181:
2177:
2163:
2138:
2134:
2119:
2086:
2082:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1936:
1917:
1876:(1): 37–44.
1873:
1869:
1859:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1716:
1707:
1697:, retrieved
1675:
1665:
1646:
1640:
1621:
1615:
1602:
1592:
1583:
1573:
1562:. Retrieved
1553:
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1519:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1442:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1282:
1278:
1254:. Retrieved
1245:
1236:
1216:
1209:
1174:
1170:
1149:
1135:
1129:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:the original
1104:
1094:
1087:
1067:
1061:
983:
963:
948:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
898:
890:
873:spermatozoon
870:
854:
829:
821:
808:mitochondria
805:
775:
772:
746:
725:
713:
702:
690:
674:
657:capacitation
654:
635:Capacitation
607:
535:
523:
521:
498:
475:
450:
449:
394:Evolutionary
369:Psychosocial
245:
220:Middle adult
137:Human growth
2800:Dyspareunia
2795:Dysorgasmia
2741:Development
2170:Weinberg CR
1320:Development
1250:Nova online
881:chromosomes
851:Replication
769:Preparation
555:. In 1651
538:Hippocrates
482:ejaculation
329:Young adult
215:Young adult
2820:Vaginismus
2790:Anorgasmia
2644:Adrenarche
2639:Spermarche
2619:Gonadarche
1952:2016-07-31
1821:Cell Cycle
1752:2022-11-28
1699:2022-11-28
1564:2010-10-16
1535:2022-11-28
1256:2019-03-24
1120:2016-01-24
1054:References
1024:disorders.
990:Polyspermy
863:division.
845:polyspermy
790:pronucleus
751:to occur.
553:epigenetic
549:Pythagoras
486:copulation
364:Ecological
359:Attachment
319:Adolescent
256:Childbirth
204:Adolescent
2841:Fertility
2746:Lactation
2736:Thelarche
2713:Andrology
2660:Menopause
2557:Pregnancy
2547:Fertility
2502:Erection
2458:Germ cell
2431:Oogenesis
2419:spermatid
2381:Ovulation
2229:(2): A2.
1717:Boundless
1434:205062974
1009:androgens
985:process.
961:of 3.7%.
953:, with a
951:ovulation
939:ovulation
921:fetal age
758:hydrolyse
563:could be
542:Aristotle
490:ovulation
384:Cognitive
276:Menopause
251:Pregnancy
225:Old adult
84:Precursor
62:ovulation
2835:Category
2683:Vivipary
2653: /
2634:Menarche
2629:Pubarche
2511:Clitoral
2463:gonocyte
2436:oogonium
2366:Menarche
2208:23922246
2155:16700687
2111:29063110
2103:12797075
2065:31663686
2022:15744391
1979:20 April
1900:22472438
1851:24906131
1802:23856356
1727:14 March
1607:Archived
1558:Archived
1511:30105226
1452:Archived
1426:21412330
1383:18621752
1342:28720650
1301:22827343
1201:23942453
1036:See also
716:acrosome
647:)of the
525:in vitro
509:acrosome
499:in vitro
339:Maturity
129:a series
127:Part of
2718:Hormone
2614:Puberty
2292:6 March
2199:3777570
2057:1182090
1891:3317803
1842:4111690
1793:3796946
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