Developmental disability - Knowledge (XXG)

549:

zero and five and their caregivers, eliciting a sense of safety and improving emotional regulation and behavior. Children with developmental disabilities have a higher risk of exposure to traumatic events than children within the general population. Child-parent psychotherapy can accommodate non-verbal communication, making it a good fit for children with a wide range of abilities. Child-parent psychotherapy has been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in children with developmental disabilities and may help enhance caregivers' understanding of their children's disabilities and individual needs. Two 2014 case studies demonstrated the efficacy of child-parent psychotherapy with two children who were exposed to traumatic events. One of the children was 14 months with global developmental delays, and the other was six with autism spectrum disorder. At the time of this study, most studies that evaluated the efficacy of child-parent psychotherapy did not include any information about children with autism or intellectual disabilities. Both children and their families had about one year of weekly therapy, and both saw improvements in attachment relations, decreased trauma symptoms, and overall improvements in functioning.

589:

with developmental, and particularly intellectual, disabilities. Still, there is evidence that trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy can be adapted using metaphors and simplified examples to be accessible and beneficial for individuals with mild intellectual disabilities. In a 2016 case study, therapists used a metaphor to describe post-traumatic stress disorder and aid treatment for a young man diagnosed with an intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. They explained his symptoms by describing his brain as a kitchen cupboard and his traumatic memories as tins that had not been organized properly, and therefore kept falling out. The young man had a significant improvement in mood and symptoms after 12 sessions of adapted trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy.

724:

insensitivity of staff and services to the person's wishes and needs), environmental (physical aspects such as noise and lighting, or gaining access to preferred objects or activities), psychological (feeling excluded, lonely, devalued, labelled, disempowered, living up to people's negative expectations) or simply a means of communication. A lot of the time, challenging behavior is learned and brings rewards and it is very often possible to teach people new behaviors to achieve the same aims. Challenging behavior in people with developmental disabilities can often be associated with specific mental health problems.

970:). Support services are funded through government block funding (paid directly to service providers by the government), through individualized funding packages (paid directly to the individual by the government, specifically for the purchase of services) or privately by the individual (although they may receive certain subsidies or discounts, paid by the government). There also are a number of non-profit agencies dedicated to enriching the lives of people living with developmental disabilities and erasing the barriers they have to being included in their community. 712:

likely to seriously limit or deny access to the use of ordinary community facilities". Common types of challenging behavior include self-injurious behavior (such as hitting, headbutting, biting, hair-pulling), aggressive behavior (such as hitting others, shouting, screaming, spitting, kicking, swearing, headbutting, hair-pulling), inappropriate sexualized behavior (such as public masturbation or groping), behavior directed at property (such as throwing objects and stealing) and stereotyped behaviors (such as repetitive rocking,

1090:, adult family homes, congregate living facilities, etc.) with other people with similar assessed needs. These homes are usually staffed around the clock, usually house between three and fifteen residents, and tend to be highly structured. The prevalence of this type of support is gradually decreasing, however, as residential accommodation is replaced by at-home and community support, which can offer increased choice and self-determination for individuals. Some U.S. states still provide institutional care, such as the 728:

dissatisfaction with the failure of those providing services to focus on what kind of life makes the most sense to the person and is often the only recourse a developmentally disabled person has against unsatisfactory services or treatment and the lack of opportunities made available to the person. This is especially the case where the services deliver lifestyles and ways of working that are centered on what suits the service provider and its staff, rather than what best suits the person.

162:

intrusive treatment. Furthermore, exhaustion resulting from adaptation or stress could damage or disturb development. In addition, the highly stimulating hospital environment and the lack of social interactive experiences with the mother or the abundant interaction with others could add to the risk. In short, many reasons are conceivable that by itself or in different combinations could result in developmental problems of very preterm children.

904:, sub-human and burdens of charity, resulting in the adoption of that "deviant" role. Wolfensberger argued that this dehumanization, and the segregated institutions that result from it, ignored the potential productive contributions that all people can make to society. He pushed for a shift in policy and practice that recognized the human needs of "retardates" and provided the same basic human rights as for the rest of the population. 4759: 1015:) requires educational institutions and training providers to make "reasonable adjustments" to curriculum and teaching methods in order to accommodate the learning needs of students with disabilities, wherever possible. There are also some vocational training centers that cater specifically to people with disabilities, providing the skills necessary to work in integrated settings, one of the largest being 5230: 5240: 1186: 758: 4769: 930:, a number of scandalous revelations around the horrific conditions within state institutions created public outrage that led to change to a more community-based method of providing services. By the mid-1970s, most governments had committed to de-institutionalization, and had started preparing for the wholesale movement of people into the general community, in line with the principles of 1051:, and personal care such as showering, dressing and the administration of medication). The need for full 24-hour support is usually associated with difficulties recognizing safety issues (such as responding to a fire or using a telephone) or for people with potentially dangerous medical conditions (such as asthma or diabetes) who are unable to manage their conditions without assistance. 1152:. High functioning individuals with developmental disabilities can find it difficult to work in an environment that requires teamwork and direct communication due to their lack of social awareness. Working with employers to better understand the disorders and barriers that may come from the struggles associated with them, can greatly impact the quality of life for these individuals. 537:

improve understanding of treatment approaches. Frequent prompting, repetition of explanations, and developing detailed timelines of life events may also improve focus and engagement in psychological treatment. Providers should clearly understand individual needs and abilities and ensure that expectations for treatment are consistent with individual abilities and functioning.

838:

to focus solely on the provision of basic needs. Conditions in such institutions varied widely, but the support provided was generally non-individualized, with aberrant behavior and low levels of economic productivity regarded as a burden to society. Heavy tranquilization and assembly line methods of support (such as "birdfeeding" and cattle herding) were the norm, and the

601:

disorder across individuals with varying severity of intellectual disabilities; it has the most evidence for treating individuals with developmental disabilities based on numerous case studies. Eye-movement desensitization can be adapted for individuals with limited language abilities, making it accessible to a wide range of developmental disabilities.

3766: 574:

used a shield analogy, in which they encouraged the client to envision newly learned relaxation techniques and coping statements as a shield protecting her. They used modified exposure to reduce the risk of re-traumatizing the client; she imagined her nightmares and flashbacks rather than the trauma itself.

1123:

In the United States, a variety of initiatives have been launched in the past decade to reduce unemployment among workers with disabilities—estimated by researchers at over 60%. Most of these initiatives are directed at employment in mainstream businesses. They include heightened placement efforts by

837:

in Pennsylvania which housed 7,000 people through the 1960s), many of which were self-sufficient through the labor of the residents. Some of these institutions provided a very basic level of education (such as differentiation between colors and basic word recognition and numeracy), but most continued

711:

People with developmental disabilities (particularly autistic spectrum disorders) can exhibit challenging behavior, defined as "culturally abnormal behaviours of such intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is

573:

can reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with developmental disabilities. In a 2009 case study, a 24-year-old woman with an intellectual disability experienced a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following nine exposure therapy sessions. The therapists

33:

is a diverse group of chronic conditions, comprising mental or physical impairments that arise before adulthood. Developmental disabilities cause individuals living with them many difficulties in certain areas of life, especially in "language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living".

1160:

Non-vocational day services are usually known as day centers, and are traditionally segregated services offering training in life skills (such as meal preparation and basic literacy), center-based activities (such as crafts, games and music classes) and external activities (such as day trips). Some

588:

is a short-term treatment that focuses on reducing and changing negative and unhelpful thought processes related to traumatic experiences and processing and managing associated negative emotions. Differences in language and thinking can make cognitive-based interventions challenging for individuals

1249:

is a burgeoning support field for people with developmental disabilities. Advocacy groups now exist in most jurisdictions, working collaboratively with people with disabilities for systemic change (such as changes in policy and legislation) and for changes for individuals (such as claiming welfare

688:

and appropriate behavior and communication difficulties are strong contributing factors to the high incidence of abuse among this population. A study on the association between different types of childhood maltreatment and the risk of criminal recidivism has also shown that physical neglect during

548:

Child-parent psychotherapy is a relational treatment that focuses on improving child-parent relationships and functioning following a young child's exposure to one or more traumatic experiences. This treatment is designed to enhance the attachment relationships between children between the ages of

514:

and is characterized by negative thoughts, memories, or dreams about the trauma, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, adverse changes in thinking and mood, and heightened acute stress response. Post-traumatic stress disorder often goes undiagnosed among individuals with developmental disabilities

462:

Access to health care providers: in the United States, all federal- or state-funded residences require the residents to have annual visits to various health care providers. With consistent visits to health care providers more people with developmental disabilities are likely to receive appropriate

1127:

Additionally, state-level initiatives are being launched to increase employment among workers with disabilities. In California, the state senate in 2009 created the Senate Select Committee on Autism and Related Disorders. The committee has been examining additions to existing community employment

1119:

Workers with developmental disabilities have historically been paid less for their labor than those in the general workforce, although this is gradually changing with government initiatives, the enforcement of anti-discrimination legislation and changes in perceptions of capability in the general

1114:

The provision of specific employment opportunities within segregated business services. Although these are designed as "transitional" services (teaching work skills needed to move into integrated employment), many people remain in such services for the duration of their working life. The types of

600:

is a psychological treatment in which the patient's stress is reduced by associating traumatic experiences with bilateral stimulation such as rapid, rhythmic eye movements or tapping. Eye-movement desensitization is demonstrated to be highly effective at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress

536:

Some individuals with developmental disabilities may have difficulty understanding and articulating negative thought processes and emotions associated with traumatic events. Metaphors, simplified explanations, and explicit examples may help elucidate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and

532:

Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment approaches for post-traumatic stress disorder typically require verbal communication and insight into cognitions, emotions, and functioning. Individual differences in communication and intellectual ability among individuals with developmental, and particularly

458:

External monitoring factor: all federal- or state-funded residences are required to have some form of behavioral monitoring for each person with developmental disability at the residence. With this information psychological diagnoses are more easily given than with the general population that has

402:, are more likely to occur in people with developmental disabilities than in the general population, including amongst children who need the support of caregivers who have sufficient psychoeducation and peer support. A number of factors are attributed to the high incidence rate of dual diagnoses: 382:

among people with developmental disabilities as a group is estimated at 20 years below average, although this is improving. Society has advanced in its adaptive and medical technologies, and other methods to help people lead healthier, more fulfilling lives. In addition, some conditions (such as

635:

is associated with psychological disturbance. Sequeira, Howlin, & Hollins found that sexual abuse was associated with increased rates of mental illness and behavioral problems, including symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Psychological reactions to abuse were similar to those observed in the

560:

are among the most common treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. Exposure therapy involves exposing a patient to a source of stress (such as a memory or reminder of a traumatic event) to increase tolerance to feared stimuli, overcome avoidance, and gradually reduce acute stress response

365:

Many physical health factors associated with developmental disabilities. For some specific syndromes and diagnoses, these are inherent, such as poor heart function in people with Down syndrome. People with severe communication difficulties find it difficult to articulate their health needs and,

161:

premature birth could already have resulted from earlier and longer existing difficulties. Second, being born at such an immature gestation could immediately have damaged the main organs (lungs and brain) or, third, such damage could arise in the neonatal period, for instance from the necessary

723:

Challenging behavior in people with developmental disabilities may be caused by a number of factors, including biological (pain, medication, the need for sensory stimulation), social (boredom, seeking social interaction, the need for an element of control, lack of knowledge of community norms,

1285:

Programs are set up around the country in hopes to educate individuals with and without developmental disabilities. Studies have tested specific scenarios on the most beneficial way to educate people. Interventions are one way to educate people, but are also the most time-consuming: with busy

1073:

Supports of this type also include assistance to identify and undertake new hobbies or to access community services (such as education), learning appropriate behavior or recognition of community norms, or with relationships and expanding circles of friends. Most programs offering at-home and

518:

Individuals with developmental disabilities may develop more intense symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder when compared to the general population due to maladaptive coping and neurological differences. These symptoms may manifest differently depending on the severity of the disability;

696:

is recognized as a significant, if misunderstood, problem. Rates of criminal offenses among people with developmental disabilities are also disproportionately high, and it is widely acknowledged that criminal justice systems throughout the world are ill-equipped for the needs of people with

169:

Developmental disabilities affect between 1 and 2% of the population in most western countries, although many government sources acknowledge that statistics are flawed in this area. The worldwide proportion of people with developmental disabilities is believed to be approximately 1.4%. Such

727:

Experience and research suggest that what professionals call "challenging behavior" is often a reaction to the challenging environments that those providing services create around people with developmental disabilities. "Challenging behavior" in this context is a method of communicating

937:

Individuals with developmental disabilities are not fully integrated into society. Person-centered planning and person-centered approaches are seen as methods of addressing the continued labeling and exclusion of socially devalued people, such as people with a developmental disability

735:

has been found to be effective in reducing specific challenging behavior. Recently, efforts have been placed on developing a developmental pathway model in the behavior analysis literature to prevent challenging behavior from occurring. This method is controversial according to the

3244: 1161:

more progressive day centers also support people to access vocational training opportunities (such as college courses), and offer individualized outreach services (planning and undertaking activities with the individual, with support offered one-to-one or in small groups).

1453:

Larson, Sheryl A.; Lakin, K. Charlie; Anderson, Lynda; Kwak Lee, Nohoon; Lee, Jeoung Hak; Anderson, Deborah (2001). "Prevalence of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities: Estimates from the 1994/1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplements".

523:

such as aggression and self-harm, and communication of symptoms may be limited by verbal ability. Mental health problems are often reported by proxy rather than self-report, which can increase the risk of underreporting and of psychological symptoms going undiagnosed.

1286:

schedules, the intervention approach can be difficult. Another less beneficial but more realistic scenario, in the time sense, was the psychoeducational approach. It focuses on informing people on what abuse is, how to spot abuse, and what to do when it is spotted.

561:

symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Exposure therapy should be carefully tailored to the individual when treating individuals with developmental disabilities to reduce the risk of re-traumatization. There is preliminary evidence that exposure therapy paired with

1144:, to support students with autism on the college level. Other Committee efforts include mutual support employment efforts, such as disability job networks, job boards, and identifying business lines that build on the strengths of persons with disabilities. 833:, led to housing and care using the asylum model. People were placed by, or removed from, their families (usually in infancy) and housed in large institutions (of up to 3,000 people, although some institutions were home to many more, such as the 170:

disabilities are twice as common in males as in females, and some researchers have found that the prevalence of mild developmental disabilities is likely to be higher in areas of poverty and deprivation, and among people of certain ethnicities.

2983:

Brady, Nancy C.; Bruce, Susan; Goldman, Amy; Erickson, Karen; Mineo, Beth; Ogletree, Bill T.; Paul, Diane; Romski, Mary Ann; Sevcik, Rose; Siegel, Ellin; Schoonover, Judith; Snell, Marti; Sylvester, Lorraine; Wilkinson, Krista (1 March 2016).

865:. The eugenics movement was later thought to be seriously flawed and in violation of human rights and the practice of forced sterilization and prohibition from marriage was discontinued by most of the developed world by the mid 20th century. 1106:

Support to access or participate in integrated employment, in a workplace in the general community. This may include specific programs to increase the skills needed for successful employment (work preparation), job placement assistance or a

145:

The causes of developmental disabilities are varied and remain unknown in a large proportion of cases. Even in cases of known etiology, the line between "cause" and "effect" is not always clear, leading to difficulty in categorizing causes.

3317:

Around 61 million people (nearly one in four) people in the United States are living with some sort of disability. But people with disabilities are often excluded from social relationships, community participation, leisure activities, and

5034: 3434:

Chaplin, Eddie; Paschos, Dimitrios; O'Hara, Jean; McCarthy, Jane; Holt, Geraldine; Bouras, Nick; Tsakanikos, Elias (2010). "Mental ill-health and care pathways in adults with intellectual disability across different residential types".

3955: 1074:

community support are designed with the goal of increasing the individual's independence, although it is recognized that people with more severe disabilities may never be able to achieve full independence in some areas of daily life.

3252: 984:

Education and training opportunities for people with developmental disabilities have expanded greatly in recent times, with many governments mandating universal access to educational facilities, and more students moving out of

889:, which he described as a "snake pit" and the publication the next year of Christmas in Purgatory, a photoessay featuring photos covertly taken of institutions, shone a light on the inhumane conditions in public institutions. 4348: 1147:

Though efforts are being made to integrate individuals with developmental disabilities into the workforce, businesses are still reluctant to employ individuals with IDD because of their poor communication skills and

351: 1411:

Anneloes L. van Baar, PhD, Aleid G. van Wassenaer, MD, PhD, Judy M. Briët, PhD, Friedo W. Dekker, PhD, Joke H. Kok, MD, PhD, "Very Preterm Birth is Associated with Disabilities in Multiple Developmental Domains",

4384: 868:

In the United States, the segregation of people with developmental disabilities and the conditions of these institutions was not widely questioned by academics or policy-makers until the 1960s. US President

101:

is a genetic condition in which people are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra copy affects the development of the body and brain, causing a range of physical and mental impairments for the

34:

Developmental disabilities can be detected early on and persist throughout an individual's lifespan. Developmental disability that affects all areas of a child's development is sometimes referred to as

1031:

Many people with developmental disabilities live in the general community, either with family members, in supervised-group homes or in their own homes (that they rent or own, living alone or with

3059:

Roane, H.S., Ringdahl, J.E., Vollmer, T.R., Whitmarsh, E.L. and Marcus, B.A. (2007). A Preliminary Description of the Occurrence of Proto-injurious Behavior in Typically Developing Children.

533:

intellectual disabilities can limit identification and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Thus, diagnosis and treatment approaches should be modified to fit the individual.

149:

Genetic factors have long been implicated in causing developmental disabilities. These conditions are also believed to have a large environmental component, and the relative contributions of

87:) that cause difficulties in communications. Autistic spectrum disorders affect speech, understanding body language, social interactions, difficulty in understanding others in areas such as 697:

developmental disabilities, both as perpetrators and victims of crime. Failings in care have been identified in one in eight deaths of people with learning difficulties under NHS England.

5019: 3212: 5745: 1172:

for family members caring for their loved ones with disabilities. This is slowly changing, however, as programs offered become more skills-based and focused on increasing independence.

958:

providers. Support services address most aspects of life for people with developmental disabilities, and are usually theoretically based in community inclusion, using concepts such as

540:

The following trauma-specific treatments have demonstrated efficacy among individuals with developmental disabilities, particularly when tailored to individual needs and presentation.

4364: 934:. In most countries, this was essentially complete by the late 1990s, although the debate over whether or not to close institutions persists in some states, including Massachusetts. 4477: 4374: 5198: 5029: 3902: 4949: 2276:

Spratt, Eve G.; Nicholas, Joyce S.; Brady, Kathleen T.; Carpenter, Laura A.; Hatcher, Charles R.; Meekins, Kirk A.; Furlanetto, Richard W.; Charles, Jane M. (January 2012).

4405: 810:

Throughout history, people with developmental disabilities have been viewed as incapable and incompetent in their capacity for decision-making and development. Until the

922:

From the 1960s to the present, most U.S. states have moved towards the elimination of segregated institutions. Along with the work of Wolfensberger and others including

3973: 1295: 1115:

work performed in business services include mailing and packaging services, cleaning, gardening and landscaping, timberwork, metal fabrication, farming, and sewing.

900:'s seminal work "The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models", was very influential. This book posited that society characterizes people with disabilities as 136:(ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by executive dysfunction. It has effects on attention span, cognition, self-control, and emotional regulation. 2439:"Trauma Treatment in Young Children with Developmental Disabilities: Applications of the Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP) Model to the Cases of "James" and "Juan"" 467:

These problems are exacerbated by difficulties in diagnosis of mental health issues, and in appropriate treatment and medication, as for physical health issues.

5205: 5188: 4999: 4379: 916: 915:

against governments and an increasing awareness of human rights and self-advocacy also contributed to this process, resulting in the passing in the U.S. of the

597: 3072:

Kupferstein, H. (2018), "Evidence of increased PTSD symptoms in autistics exposed to applied behavior analysis", Advances in Autism, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 19-29.

1798: 1732:

Chaplin, E.; Gilvarry, C.; Tsakanikos, E. (2011). "Recreational substance use patterns in adults with intellectual disability and co-morbid psychopathology".

1577: 689:

childhood plays a critical role in the repeated crime, independent of mental-health problems for high-risk adults involved with the criminal justice system.

4217: 585: 2748:

Psychological disturbance associated with sexual abuse in people with learning disabilities. Case-control study. / Sequeira, H; Howlin, P; Hollins, S.In:

130:

or mental retardation, is defined as assessed to have an IQ below 70, along with limitations in adaptive functioning and onset before the age of 18 years.

6217: 6173: 5276: 4954: 4568: 3304: 3638: 2623:"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a person with an Autism Spectrum Condition and Intellectual Disability: A Case Study" 124:

is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. They are the most common motor disability in childhood.

3696: 1207: 775: 6032: 5649: 5462: 3921: 3376: 2940:

Hemmings, C.; Underwood, L.; Tsakanikos E.; Holt, G.; Bouras, N. (2008). "Clinical predictors of challenging behaviour in intellectual disability".

931: 893: 157:

is known to be a predictor for potential developmental disabilities later in childhood, which complicates the question of nature versus nurture, as

133: 5442: 4603: 4467: 4369: 3608: 1315: 814:

in Europe, care and asylum was provided by families and the Church (in monasteries and other religious communities), focusing on the provision of

166:

Current theories on causation focus on genetic factors; more than 1,000 known genetic conditions include developmental disabilities as a symptom.

1266:

Therapeutic services, such as speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, massage, aromatherapy, art, dance/movement or music therapy

3485:

Whitney, David J.; Warren, Christopher R.; Smith, Jenni; Arenales, Milady; Meyers, Stephanie; Devaney, Melissa; Christian, LeeAnn (2021-10-01).

5768: 4710: 3220: 2582:

Stenfert Kroese, Biza; Willott, Sara; Taylor, Frances; Smith, Philippa; Graham, Ruth; Rutter, Tara; Stott, Andrew; Willner, Paul (2016-09-05).

1003:

is also increasing for people with these types of disabilities, although many programs offer only segregated "access" courses in areas such as

3947: 1250:

benefits or when responding to abuse). Most advocacy groups also work to support people, throughout the world, to increase their capacity for

4959: 2132: 214: 4805: 4436: 2158:"Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a high secure forensic learning disability population: future directions for practice" 1141: 4118:

Wishart, Guy (2003-09-01). "The sexual abuse of people with learning difficulties: do we need a social model approach to vulnerability?".

3418: 3198: 3033:

Neef, N. A. (2001). "The Past and Future of Behavior Analysis in Developmental Disabilities: When Good News is Bad and Bad News is Good".

2228:"Trauma-Specific Treatment for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Review of the Literature From 2008 to 2018" 1828:"A prospective study of the relationship between adverse life events and trauma in adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities" 1035:). At-home and community supports range from one-to-one assistance from a support worker with identified aspects of daily living (such as 1927:"Association between perceived social support and strain, and positive and negative outcome for adults with mild intellectual disability" 911:

in regard to these types of disabilities, and was the impetus for the development of government strategies for desegregation. Successful

6534: 6229: 5377: 5009: 4679: 1310: 717: 5479: 5454: 5289: 4994: 4969: 4573: 4472: 4426: 3147: 1140:, the former director of the state labor department, has established a program at the California state university system, starting at 1012: 716:

or elective incontinence). Such behaviors can be assessed to suggest areas of further improvement, using assessment tools such as the

5983: 6265: 6085: 4772: 3837: 3816: 3280: 3122: 1602: 1233: 797: 84: 3931: 3720: 6357: 5594: 5565: 5506: 4984: 4964: 4271: 3909: 1278:

Specialist behavior support services, such as high-security services for people with high-level, high-risk challenging behaviors

1094:. The type of residential accommodation is usually determined by the level of developmental disability and mental health needs. 5599: 5394: 5319: 5193: 4989: 4838: 4674: 4210: 3992: 1129: 115: 1783: 842:

prevailed. Services were provided based on the relative ease to the provider, not based on the human needs of the individual.

6037: 6008: 5269: 5095: 5065: 5024: 4588: 4532: 3870: 2066:

Andrews, Erin E.; Forber-Pratt, Anjali J.; Mona, Linda R.; Lund, Emily M.; Pilarski, Carrie R.; Balter, Rochelle (May 2019).

1211: 951: 779: 741: 737: 481: 5778: 3967: 3860: 3375:

McLain, Kimberly B.; O'Hara-Leslie, Erin K.; Wade, Andrea C. (2016). "Working with People with Developmental Disabilities".

201:

to a person, who may be classified by age group resulting from their test scores. This, in turn, can be used to calculate a

4020:

Jones, Jessica (December 2007). "Persons with intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system: Review of issues".

5496: 5472: 5090: 5039: 4974: 4639: 4400: 4276: 4075:"Effects of the changes in legislation governing offenders with intellectual disabilities in Norway: A descriptive study" 384: 6441: 5978: 5511: 5356: 4441: 2986:"Communication Services and Supports for Individuals With Severe Disabilities: Guidance for Assessment and Intervention" 2883: 2837: 579: 6499: 2584:"Trauma-focussed cognitive-behaviour therapy for people with mild intellectual disabilities: outcomes of a pilot study" 118:

are a group of conditions caused prior to birth that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.

5686: 5484: 4446: 4421: 4250: 1974:"Relationships between Social Support, Stress and Mother-Child Interactions in Mothers with Intellectual Disabilities" 1059: 1016: 839: 834: 80: 66: 1196: 1799:"CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN ADULTS WITH LEARNING [INTELLECTUAL] DISABILITIES" 6436: 5351: 5004: 4715: 4507: 4343: 4255: 4203: 2788:"Type of childhood maltreatment and the risk of criminal recidivism in adult probationers: a cross-sectional study" 2708: 2583: 1802: 1082:

Most people with developmental disabilities live with their parents or in residential accommodation (also known as

990: 908: 35: 1581: 1215: 1200: 768: 6446: 6415: 5793: 5676: 5262: 5183: 5080: 5075: 4848: 4843: 4431: 4286: 3805:

Carey, William B.; Crocker, Allen C.; Elias, Ellen Roy; Feldman, Heidi M.; Coleman, William L. (April 28, 2009).

3076: 732: 5570: 2157: 1467: 6494: 6410: 6405: 6102: 6065: 6057: 5875: 5844: 5127: 5122: 5014: 4798: 4608: 4583: 4178: 996: 959: 927: 892:

Initial efforts focused around reforming the institution; however, that began to change by the late 1960s. The

886: 179: 3296: 2865: 1128:

services, and also new employment approaches. Committee member Lou Vismara, chairman of the MIND Institute at

425:

The social and developmental restrictions placed upon people with developmental disabilities (such as lack of

3662: 510:

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing

451:

and appropriate behavior, inability of those around to allow/understand expressions of grief and other human

6431: 5938: 5788: 5783: 5740: 5557: 5215: 4722: 4669: 4664: 4593: 4000:. Communications and Corporate Development, Research Branch.: Correctional Service of Canada. Archived from 2762: 967: 878: 570: 566: 484:

compared to the general population due to heightened vulnerability to negative life experiences, including:

127: 2526:"My shield will protect me against the ANTS: Treatment of PTSD in a client with an intellectual disability" 1926: 1874: 1351: 6309: 5948: 5839: 5798: 5773: 5681: 5162: 4898: 4858: 4705: 4644: 4598: 1511: 1149: 1132:, is pursuing the development of a planned community for persons with autism and related disorders in the 1124:

the community agencies serving people with developmental disabilities, as well as by government agencies.

183: 50: 3915: 2385:"Comparison of Self- and Proxy Report of Mental Health Symptoms in People With Intellectual Disabilities" 1627:

Yoo, Ahrang; Kim, Monique; Ross, Melissa M.; Vaughn-Lee, Angela; Butler, Beverly; dosReis, Susan (2018).

1552: 829:

The movement towards individualism in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the opportunities afforded by the

658:

Constraint and restrictive practices (such as turning off an electric wheelchair so a person cannot move)

6504: 6237: 6117: 6024: 6003: 5243: 5210: 5085: 5060: 4979: 4833: 4296: 1556: 830: 706: 520: 150: 3962:

People with Intellectual Disabilities: from Invisible to Visible Citizens of the EU Accession Countries

3616: 2669: 815: 1066:

for the individual with a developmental disability, in communicating their needs, self-expression and

907:

The publication of this book may be regarded as the first move towards the widespread adoption of the

6329: 6242: 5998: 5818: 5419: 5399: 5137: 5132: 4878: 4868: 4828: 4629: 4613: 4578: 4512: 2438: 2384: 1165: 1000: 850: 811: 562: 511: 407: 187: 3994:

Persons with intellectual disability who are incarcerated for criminal offences: A literature review

942:, encouraging a focus on the person as someone with capacities and gifts, as well as support needs. 6379: 6361: 6324: 6314: 6168: 6070: 6047: 5895: 5887: 5666: 5644: 5372: 5055: 4913: 4893: 4873: 4791: 4762: 4281: 3982: 1091: 5229: 3806: 2334: 1629:"Engaging Caregivers in the Treatment of Youth with Complex Developmental and Mental Health Needs" 1525: 515:

due to providers' and caregivers' lack of understanding and differences in communication ability.

463:

treatment than the general population that is not required to visit various health care providers.

6252: 6042: 5639: 5491: 5157: 4888: 4695: 4517: 4245: 4061: 4037: 3896: 3565: 3549: 3392: 2965: 2650: 2561: 2525: 2412: 2255: 2103: 2048: 1749: 1714: 1683: 1664: 1137: 963: 897: 823: 105: 3785: 4085:(3). International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities: 229–235. 3415: 3190: 857:

for those with developmental disabilities in most of the developed world and was later used by

6288: 5813: 5803: 5735: 5661: 5545: 5233: 5117: 4883: 4649: 4552: 4502: 4313: 4135: 4096: 4053: 4045: 3876: 3866: 3843: 3833: 3812: 3781: 3654: 3646: 3589: 3581: 3573: 3557: 3508: 3460: 3452: 3332:"Crisis and Revolution in Developmental Disabilities: The Dilemma of Community Based Services" 3276: 3143: 3118: 3015: 2957: 2819: 2728: 2689: 2642: 2603: 2553: 2545: 2506: 2460: 2404: 2362: 2354: 2315: 2297: 2247: 2177: 2138: 2128: 2095: 2087: 2040: 2032: 1993: 1954: 1946: 1902: 1894: 1855: 1847: 1765: 1757: 1706: 1656: 1648: 1479: 1471: 1108: 979: 939: 882: 76: 3960: 3767:"Single-Session Intervention for Abuse Awareness Among People with Developmental Disabilities 1043:

or paying bills) to full 24-hour support (including assistance with household tasks, such as

6158: 6112: 6080: 5928: 5906: 5871: 5634: 5516: 5467: 5414: 5389: 5384: 5341: 5329: 5102: 4742: 4737: 4634: 4547: 4291: 4127: 4086: 4029: 3774: 3539: 3498: 3444: 3343: 3042: 3005: 2997: 2949: 2809: 2799: 2720: 2681: 2634: 2595: 2537: 2498: 2450: 2396: 2346: 2305: 2289: 2239: 2169: 2079: 2024: 1985: 1938: 1886: 1839: 1827: 1741: 1698: 1640: 1463: 1305: 1272:

Short-stay respite services (for people who live with family members or other unpaid carers)

1067: 874: 557: 2670:"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder" 178:

Developmental disabilities can be initially suspected when a child does not reach expected

6334: 6292: 6163: 6150: 6097: 6092: 6075: 5955: 5750: 5722: 5523: 5346: 5285: 5152: 5112: 5070: 4918: 4908: 4863: 4451: 3977: 3925: 3749:

Melrose, Sherri; Dusome, Debra; Simpson, John; Crocker, Cheryl; Athens, Elizabeth (2015).

3422: 1530: 1300: 896:

movement began to gain ground in the US and internationally. In the US the publication of

870: 661: 644: 612:

is a significant issue for people with developmental disabilities. They are regarded as a

379: 6384: 2437:

Harley, Eliza K.; Williams, Marian E.; Zamora, Irina; Lakatos, Patricia P. (2014-11-07).

2227: 1606: 3686:, 32+ Personnel Publications Ltd. Gale Academic OneFile Document Number: GALE|A397218906 2622: 1973: 881:

and was in an institution, created the President's Panel on Mental Retardation in 1961.

17: 6319: 6260: 6184: 5993: 5960: 5943: 5933: 5147: 4933: 4928: 4700: 4308: 3827: 3266: 3010: 2985: 2928:

Challenging behaviour: analysis and intervention with people with learning difficulties

2814: 2787: 2685: 2310: 2277: 2067: 1972:

Feldman, Maurice A.; Varghese, Jean; Ramsay, Jennifer; Rajska, Danuta (December 2002).

986: 955: 673:

Systemic abuse (denied access to an appropriate service due to perceived support needs)

620: 399: 121: 6528: 6353: 6304: 5622: 5167: 4923: 4537: 4303: 4091: 4074: 3270: 2486: 2416: 2259: 1989: 1942: 1890: 1628: 1251: 1062:(DSP). The DSP works in assisting the individual with their ADLs and also acts as an 1055: 1020: 923: 819: 613: 395: 154: 98: 5254: 4108: 4065: 4001: 2969: 2654: 2565: 2107: 2052: 2012: 1718: 6207: 5988: 5540: 5142: 5107: 4654: 4522: 4482: 3941:

Rights of People with Intellectual Disabilities: Access to Education and Employment

1668: 1512:"Valuing People — A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century" 1169: 1048: 861:

as rationale for the mass murder of intellectually disabled individuals during the

685: 648: 632: 448: 375: 191: 2400: 4183: 2028: 1702: 1387:

Improving health outcomes for children and youth with developmental disabilities,

480:

Individuals with developmental disabilities have an increased risk of developing

6192: 5923: 5654: 5404: 4732: 3503: 3486: 3163: 3001: 2491:

The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention

1185: 757: 681: 667: 62: 3939: 3448: 2724: 2599: 2350: 1875:"Life events and psychiatric symptoms in adults with intellectual disabilities" 1745: 1580:. St. George's University of London/Down's Syndrome Association. Archived from 1262:

Other types of support for people with developmental disabilities may include:

6509: 6202: 6107: 5808: 5533: 5528: 5324: 5035:

Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes

4814: 4727: 4542: 4240: 4226: 4131: 3847: 3778: 3077:

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016/full/html

2953: 2804: 2541: 2333:

Fujiura, Glenn T.; the RRTC Expert Panel on Health Measurement (August 2012).

2293: 2013:"Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability" 1684:"Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability" 1644: 1133: 1083: 693: 640:. The more serious the abuse, the more severe the symptoms that were reported. 434: 419: 58: 4139: 4100: 4049: 4041: 4033: 3650: 3561: 3553: 3512: 3456: 3245:""Hell on Earth" two case studies on institutionalization that led to change" 3140:

War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race

2910: 2887: 2841: 2732: 2693: 2607: 2549: 2510: 2464: 2455: 2408: 2358: 2301: 2251: 2181: 2142: 2091: 2068:"#SaytheWord: A disability culture commentary on the erasure of "disability"" 2036: 1997: 1950: 1898: 1851: 1761: 1753: 1652: 1497: 1475: 676:

Passive neglect (a caregiver's failure to provide adequate food, and shelter)

6462: 6394: 6212: 5671: 5409: 5334: 4903: 4527: 4073:

Søndenaa, Erik; Linaker, Olav Martin; Nøttestad, Jim Aage (September 2009).

3585: 3493:. Emploi et Handicap : Le vécu des personnes en situation de handicap. 3088: 2173: 1254:, teaching the skills necessary for people to advocate for their own needs. 1087: 1036: 862: 713: 426: 54: 4057: 3985:

Invisible Victims: Violence against persons with developmental disabilities

3658: 3593: 3464: 3073: 3019: 2961: 2823: 2646: 2557: 2366: 2319: 2099: 2044: 1958: 1906: 1859: 1769: 1710: 1660: 1483: 437:

opportunities, limited opportunities for fulfilling relationships, boredom)

3752:

Supporting Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities & Mental Illness

3544: 3527: 2122: 1377:, 4th Edition, Text Revision, American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1994) 826:

for people with epilepsy) were prominent in social attitudes of the time.

6197: 5867: 5834: 5760: 4659: 4147: 3272:

Willowbrook: A Report on How it is and Why it Doesn't Have to Be That Way

1246: 1063: 1040: 1032: 1008: 1004: 854: 846: 637: 452: 441: 415: 367: 92: 46: 4170: 3569: 3201:

from the original on Jul 11, 2010 – via Disability History Museum.

1417: 629:(withholding help when required, e.g., assistance with personal hygiene) 366:

without adequate support and education, might not recognize ill health.

4338: 2243: 2083: 1044: 912: 901: 782: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 652: 626: 430: 371: 346:{\displaystyle DQ={\frac {Developmental\ age}{Chronological\ age}}*100} 88: 3297:"The Importance of Community Integration for People with Disabilities" 2638: 1843: 818:

such as food, shelter and clothing. Stereotypes such as the dimwitted

5915: 5730: 4022:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

3950:

The Definition and Prevalence of Intellectual Disability in Australia

3347: 3046: 2502: 858: 410:

events throughout their lifetime (such as abandonment by loved ones,

109: 72: 3750: 3682:

Lewis, Grace. (2014, December). Business is still scared of autism.

3933:

Real Lives: Contemporary supports to people with mental retardation

3195:

Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded

2709:"EMDR treatment for PTSD and Intellectual Disability: a case study" 186:

may be used to diagnose an underlying disease, which may include a

5693: 4385:

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

3788: 2124:

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5

740:, saying that this type of therapy can lead to the development of 609: 411: 4146:

Piper, Julia. (Michaelmas 2007). "The Case of the Pillow Angel".

2127:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 1873:

Hastings, R. P.; Hatton, C.; Taylor, J. L.; Maddison, C. (2004).

3880: 3577: 3197:. President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, D.C. 1338: 6483: 6351: 6286: 6138: 5865: 5710: 5620: 5440: 5301: 5258: 4787: 4199: 3859:

Levine, Melvin D; Carey, William B.; Crocker, Allen C. (1999).

2990:

American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

664:(charging unnecessary fees, holding onto pensions, wages, etc.) 91:

and other's feelings, and causes repetitive behaviors known as

2914: 2389:

Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities

1578:"Health Guidelines for Adults with an Intellectual Disability" 1375:

DSM-IV - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

1179: 849:

movement became popular throughout the world. This led to the

751: 4783: 4195: 3917:

A History of the Treatment of Persons with Mental Retardation

3487:"Work expectations of adults with developmental disabilities" 2335:"Self-Reported Health of People with Intellectual Disability" 1514:. Secretary of State (UK) for Health. March 2001. p. 16. 1102:

Employment support usually consists of two types of support:

950:

Today, support services are provided by government agencies,

731:

In general, behavioral interventions or what has been termed

616:

people in most jurisdictions. Common types of abuse include:

3331: 3170:. Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities 2786:

Kim, Eun Young; Park, Jiung; Kim, Bongseog (December 2016).

2278:"Enhanced Cortisol Response to Stress in Children in Autism" 1111:, assistive technology, or extra support from other workers. 4079:

Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities

3851: 3528:"United States Disability Policy in a Changing Environment" 3168:

Parallels In Time | A History of Developmental Disabilities

3061:

Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 3(4),

2232:

Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities

1468:

10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0231:POMRAD>2.0.CO;2

1400:

Introduction to special issue on developmental disabilities

3910:

US Administration on Developmental Disabilities fact sheet

3697:"Services For Individuals With Developmental Disabilities" 3093:

Parallels in Time: A History of Developmental Disabilities

2707:

Barrowcliff, Alastair L.; Evans, Gemma A. L (2015-03-02).

1275:

Transport services, such as dial-a-ride or free bus passes

197:

The degree of disability can be quantified by assigning a

5020:

Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

3115:

A Social History of Madhouses, Mad-Doctors & Lunatics

2011:

Martorell, Almudena; Tsakanikos, Elias (September 2008).

1605:. NSW Council for Intellectual Disability. Archived from 1567:, in turn citing Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2627:

Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities

1978:

Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities

1633:

The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research

1164:

Traditional day centers were based on the principles of

692:

In addition to abuse from people in positions of power,

447:

Developmental factors (such as lack of understanding of

2713:

Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities

2588:

Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities

2162:

Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities

1402:. National Society of Genetic Counselors, Inc. 749-751. 3361: 2530:

Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability

1011:

and other basic skills. Legislation (such as the UK's

370:, sensory problems (such as poor vision and hearing), 4375:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

3701:

New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services

2383:

Scott, Haleigh M.; Havercamp, Susan M. (2018-04-03).

2156:

Brackenridge, Irene; Morrissey, Catrin (2010-09-27).

1416:, Volume 30, Issue 3, April/May 2005, Pages 247–255, 822:, and potentially harmful characterizations (such as 217: 5030:

Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

4160: 3956:

2001 New Zealand Snapshot of Intellectual Disability

2911:

Failings in learning disability deaths, report finds

2487:"Exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder" 1429: 623:(withholding food, hitting, punching, pushing, etc.) 6455: 6424: 6393: 6372: 6251: 6228: 6182: 6149: 6056: 6023: 5971: 5914: 5905: 5886: 5827: 5759: 5721: 5581: 5556: 5453: 5365: 5312: 5176: 5048: 4950:

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

4942: 4821: 4688: 4622: 4561: 4495: 4460: 4414: 4393: 4357: 4331: 4324: 4264: 4233: 4164: 3191:"The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models" 2866:"Family Violence and People with a Mental Handicap" 1786:. Mind (UK National Association for Mental Health). 1337:Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). 684:and self-advocacy skills, lack of understanding of 45:Motor disorders, and learning difficulties such as 3791:1573-6717 Proquest Central document ID 1500659797. 345: 3948:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare paper 3416:Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services 2524:Fernando, Kumari; Medlicott, Louisa (June 2009). 444:, illicit and prescribed drug and alcohol misuse) 108:, most frequent among males, is thought to cause 3901:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1603:"Health and People with Intellectual Disability" 1296:American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities 41:The most common developmental disabilities are: 3883:. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023 1784:"Learning Disabilities: Mental Health Problems" 1389:A literature review/Surrey Place Services, 2013 159: 2942:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2886:. The Arc of the United States. Archived from 2872:. Public Health Agency of Canada. 4 July 2011. 1826:Wigham, S.; Taylor, J. L.; Hatton, C. (2014). 670:or civil abuse (restricted access to services) 519:post-traumatic stress disorder may present as 5270: 5000:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia 4799: 4380:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons 4211: 3765:Lund, Emily, & Hammond, Marilyn. (2014). 3609:"With Housing that Caters to All, We all Win" 2282:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 917:Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act 636:general population, but with the addition of 598:Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing 593:Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing 8: 4152:. University of Cambridge The Triple Helix. 3943:, bilingual reports on 14 European countries 3865:(3 ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. 1430:"OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" 3219:. Disability History Museum. Archived from 2339:Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 1931:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 1879:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 1832:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 1352:"Types of Developmental Delays in Children" 1281:Specialist relationships and sex education. 1214:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 586:Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy 6480: 6369: 6348: 6283: 6174:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 6146: 6135: 5911: 5883: 5862: 5718: 5707: 5617: 5450: 5437: 5309: 5298: 5277: 5263: 5255: 4955:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology 4806: 4792: 4784: 4768: 4569:Augmentative and alternative communication 4328: 4218: 4204: 4196: 4161: 3826:Gray, Barry; Jackson, Robin, eds. (2002). 3239: 3237: 2752:, Vol. 183, No. NOV., 11.2003, p. 451–456. 2621:Carrigan, Neil; Allez, Kate (March 2017). 440:Biological factors (such as brain injury, 4090: 3543: 3502: 3381:. Foundations for Assisting in Home Care. 3009: 2870:National Clearinghouse on Family Violence 2813: 2803: 2674:Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2485:Joseph, Jeremy S.; Gray, Matt J. (2008). 2454: 2309: 1234:Learn how and when to remove this message 798:Learn how and when to remove this message 744:and worsening of symptoms later in life. 378:are over-represented in this population. 227: 216: 6437:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 6033:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 3526:Burkhauser, Richard; Daly, Mary (2002). 3189:Wolfensberger, Wolf (January 10, 1969). 3089:"Part One: The Ancient Era to the 1950s" 3074:https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016 134:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 4604:Disproportionality in special education 3301:United Disabilities Services Foundation 2930:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2443:Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy 1327: 1316:List of disability rights organizations 3894: 3437:Research in Developmental Disabilities 3307:from the original on 21 September 2022 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 1821: 1819: 1734:Research in Developmental Disabilities 1526:"Definition of DEVELOPMENTAL QUOTIENT" 1456:American Journal on Mental Retardation 5189:Neurological conditions and disorders 4960:American Neuropsychiatric Association 3983:The American Bar Association's paper 3773:1, 99-105. Netherlands NY: Springer. 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3393:"Direct Support Professionals (DSPs)" 2744: 2742: 2577: 2575: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2378: 2376: 2271: 2269: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1682:Martorell, A.; Tsakanikos E. (2008). 1418:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsi035 1333: 1331: 391:Mental health issues (dual diagnoses) 27:Disability beginning before adulthood 7: 3811:(4 ed.). Elsevier: RELX Group. 1212:adding citations to reliable sources 1142:California State University East Bay 845:Early in the twentieth century, the 780:adding citations to reliable sources 406:The high likelihood of encountering 6140:Physiological and physical behavior 5010:National Institute of Mental Health 4711:Disability in children's literature 3862:Developmental-behavioral pediatrics 3808:Developmental-behavioral pediatrics 2763:"The British Journal of Psychiatry" 1311:List of disability rights activists 1136:region. Another committee member, 718:Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form 6086:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 5480:Emotional and behavioral disorders 4995:Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists 4970:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse 4574:Emotional or behavioral disability 3970:Education and Employment in the UK 2686:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00142.x 2226:Keesler, John M. (December 2020). 1925:Lunsky, Y.; Benson, B. A. (2001). 1013:Disability Discrimination Act 1995 79:are a series of conditions called 25: 6266:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 1058:, a support worker is known as a 387:) do not affect life expectancy. 85:pervasive developmental disorders 5566:X-linked intellectual disability 5238: 5228: 4985:European Psychiatric Association 4965:American Psychiatric Association 4767: 4758: 4757: 4092:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2009.00206.x 3829:Advocacy and learning disability 3615:. Sacramento Bee. Archived from 3607:Vismara, Louis A. (2008-09-18). 3532:Journal of Economic Perspectives 1990:10.1046/j.1468-3148.2002.00132.x 1943:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00334.x 1891:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2004.00584.x 1184: 756: 116:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 5395:Intermittent explosive disorder 5320:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation 5239: 4990:Global Initiative on Psychiatry 4839:Child and adolescent psychiatry 4120:The Journal of Adult Protection 3914:Goode, David. (December 1998). 3637:Bernick, Michael (2009-08-04). 3330:Kormann & Petronko (2003). 1414:Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1130:University of California, Davis 767:needs additional citations for 153:have been debated for decades. 6038:Dissociative identity disorder 5303:Adult personality and behavior 5206:Psychiatric survivors movement 5096:Psychiatric survivors movement 5066:Controversies about psychiatry 5025:Royal College of Psychiatrists 4589:Disability and LGBT identities 4107:Byzek, Julie. (January 1998). 1801:. St. George's. Archived from 952:non-governmental organizations 742:post-traumatic stress disorder 738:Autistic Self Advocacy Network 482:post-traumatic stress disorder 471:Post-traumatic stress disorder 1: 5091:Political abuse of psychiatry 5040:World Psychiatric Association 4975:Chinese Society of Psychiatry 4401:Services for mental disorders 3771:Sexuality and Disability (32) 2750:British Journal of Psychiatry 2401:10.1080/19315864.2018.1431746 2017:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1691:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1553:"developmental quotient (DQ)" 1027:At-home and community support 6442:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 5979:Generalized anxiety disorder 5712:Neurological and symptomatic 5357:Sexual relationship disorder 4406:Services for disabled people 3832:. London: Jessica Kingsley. 3613:Disability Rights California 3213:"Gunnar and Rosemary Dybwad" 3164:"The Reawakening 1950 -1980" 2029:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e60e 1703:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e60e 580:cognitive behavioral therapy 174:Diagnosis and quantification 112:and intellectual disability. 6218:REM sleep behavior disorder 5687:Seasonal affective disorder 5485:Separation anxiety disorder 4689:Arts, media, culture, sport 3504:10.1016/j.alter.2020.06.010 3443:(2). Elsevier BV: 458–463. 3002:10.1352/1944-7558-121.2.121 1339:Developmental disabilities. 1060:direct support professional 1017:Dale Rogers Training Center 840:medical model of disability 835:Philadelphia State Hospital 680:Lack of education, lack of 459:less consistent monitoring. 81:autistic spectrum disorders 67:nonverbal learning disorder 6551: 6535:Developmental disabilities 6485:Symptoms and uncategorized 5586:developmental disabilities 5352:Sexual maturation disorder 5005:Indian Psychiatric Society 4716:Disability in horror films 4508:Activities of daily living 3991:Endicott, Orville (1991). 3449:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.10.015 3336:The Behavior Analyst Today 3275:. New York: Random House. 3035:The Behavior Analyst Today 2725:10.1108/AMHID-09-2014-0034 2600:10.1108/AMHID-05-2016-0008 2351:10.1352/1934-9556-50.4.352 1746:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.002 1341:Retrieved October 18, 2013 977: 909:social model of disability 704: 544:Child–parent psychotherapy 36:global developmental delay 6490: 6479: 6447:Simple-type schizophrenia 6416:Schizophreniform disorder 6368: 6347: 6300: 6282: 6145: 6134: 5882: 5861: 5794:Mild cognitive impairment 5779:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 5717: 5706: 5677:Major depressive disorder 5630: 5616: 5582:Psychological development 5449: 5436: 5308: 5297: 5224: 5081:Electroconvulsive therapy 5076:Biopsychiatry controversy 4849:Cross-cultural psychiatry 4844:Cognitive neuropsychiatry 4753: 4149:Science in Society Review 4132:10.1108/14668203200300021 4109:'Fighting to keep 'em in' 3779:10.1007/s11195-013-9335-3 3421:February 6, 2007, at the 2954:10.1007/s00127-008-0370-9 2805:10.1186/s12888-016-1001-8 2542:10.1080/13668250902845228 2294:10.1007/s10803-011-1214-0 2121:DSM-5 Task Force (2013). 2072:Rehabilitation Psychology 1645:10.1007/s11414-018-9604-0 1078:Residential accommodation 993:classrooms with support. 885:'s visit with TV crew to 733:applied behavior analysis 500:Diminished social support 6495:Impulse-control disorder 6411:Schizoaffective disorder 6406:Brief reactive psychosis 6103:Mass psychogenic illness 6066:Body dysmorphic disorder 5845:Post-concussion syndrome 5455:Emotional and behavioral 5128:Psychiatric epidemiology 5123:Philosophy of psychiatry 5015:Philadelphia Association 4854:Developmental disability 4609:Sexuality and disability 4584:Disability and disasters 4496:Structural and assistive 4034:10.1177/0306624X07299343 3249:The Arc of Massachusetts 3117:(3rd ed.). Stroud. 2456:10.14713/pcsp.v10i3.1869 997:Post-secondary education 960:social role valorization 887:Willowbrook State School 558:Exposure-based therapies 494:Dependence on caregivers 385:Freeman–Sheldon syndrome 180:child development stages 31:Developmental disability 18:Developmentally disabled 6432:Childhood schizophrenia 5784:Frontotemporal dementia 5741:High-functioning autism 5558:Intellectual disability 5194:Psychiatric medications 4723:Disability in the media 4594:Disability and religion 4533:Personal Care Assistant 3924:August 5, 2016, at the 3728:Alberta Health Services 3645:. Hearst. p. A-9. 3643:San Francisco Chronicle 3639:"College for Autistics" 3364:. Bloomfield Hills, MI. 2174:10.5042/amhid.2010.0544 1740:(6). Elsevier: 2981–6. 968:Person Centred Planning 879:intellectual disability 605:Abuse and vulnerability 567:cognitive restructuring 528:Psychological treatment 128:Intellectual disability 5949:Specific social phobia 5840:Organic brain syndrome 5682:Melancholic depression 5443:Childhood and learning 5163:Psychosomatic medicine 4899:Nutritional psychiatry 4859:Descriptive psychiatry 4706:Disability in the arts 4599:Disability and poverty 4538:Physical accessibility 3397:US Department of Labor 2884:"Criminal Justice FAQ" 2668:Feske, Ulrike (1998). 1258:Other types of support 1168:, and were created as 1150:emotional intelligence 974:Education and training 966:(using models such as 638:stereotypical behavior 361:Physical health issues 347: 205:developmental quotient 184:differential diagnosis 164: 6505:Psychomotor agitation 6295:and substance-related 6238:Postpartum depression 6118:Somatization disorder 6004:Acute stress reaction 5769:AIDS dementia complex 5086:Insulin shock therapy 5061:Clinical neuroscience 4980:Democratic Psychiatry 4834:Biological psychiatry 4297:driver rehabilitation 4126:(3). Emerald: 14–27. 3545:10.1257/0895330027067 3138:Black, Edwin (2012). 1557:TheFreeDictionary.com 831:Industrial Revolution 707:Challenging behaviour 563:relaxation techniques 521:challenging behaviors 476:Risks and development 400:psychiatric illnesses 348: 151:nature versus nurture 6500:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 6330:Substance dependence 6243:Postpartum psychosis 5789:Huntington's disease 5571:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 5420:Personality disorder 5199:by condition treated 5138:Psychiatric hospital 5133:Psychiatric genetics 4879:Geriatric psychiatry 4869:Emergency psychiatry 4829:Addiction psychiatry 4630:Models of disability 4614:Youth and disability 4579:Invisible disability 4528:Orthotics and braces 4513:Assistive technology 4325:Rights, law, support 4113:Ragged Edge magazine 4028:(6). Sage: 723–733. 3113:Porter, Roy (1987). 1498:"Enable, Scotland -" 1208:improve this section 1166:occupational therapy 946:Services and support 851:forced sterilization 816:basic physical needs 776:improve this article 701:Challenging behavior 506:Stigma and prejudice 488:Interpersonal trauma 215: 188:physical examination 6380:Delusional disorder 6325:Stimulant psychosis 6315:Physical dependence 6169:Rumination syndrome 6071:Conversion disorder 6048:Psychogenic amnesia 5898:with depressed mood 5896:Adjustment disorder 5799:Parkinson's disease 5774:Alzheimer's disease 5667:Atypical depression 5503:Social functioning 5378:Munchausen syndrome 5373:Factitious disorder 5056:Behavioral medicine 4914:Palliative medicine 4894:Military psychiatry 4874:Forensic psychiatry 4282:Learning disability 3721:"Adult Day Program" 1398:Finucane, B.(2012) 1092:Texas State Schools 1001:vocational training 853:and prohibition of 51:Tourette's syndrome 6399:schizophrenia-like 6043:Dissociative fugue 5492:Movement disorders 5158:Psychopharmacology 4889:Liaison psychiatry 4696:Disability culture 4623:Disability studies 4518:Independent living 4246:Disability studies 3976:2009-09-27 at the 3920:. AHRC. New York. 3854:on 11 August 2020. 2926:Emerson, E. 1995. 2838:"Sexual Abuse FAQ" 2244:10.1111/jppi.12347 2084:10.1037/rep0000258 1797:Sally-Ann Cooper. 1269:Supported holidays 1109:career counselling 1098:Employment support 964:self-determination 898:Wolf Wolfensberger 824:demonic possession 748:Societal attitudes 343: 182:. Subsequently, a 106:Fragile X syndrome 6522: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6343: 6342: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6019: 6018: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5814:Vascular dementia 5736:Asperger syndrome 5702: 5701: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5546:Tourette syndrome 5432: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5252: 5251: 5184:Counseling topics 5118:Pentylenetetrazol 4884:Immuno-psychiatry 4781: 4780: 4650:Neuroqueer theory 4553:Web accessibility 4503:Accessible toilet 4491: 4490: 4344:Disability rights 4339:Ableism/disablism 4193: 4192: 3684:People Management 3217:Beyond Affliction 2639:10.1111/jar.12243 2134:978-0-89042-554-1 1844:10.1111/jir.12107 1838:(12): 1131–1140. 1500:. 16 August 2023. 1244: 1243: 1236: 980:Special education 883:Robert F. Kennedy 808: 807: 800: 643:Psychological or 356:Associated issues 335: 324: 271: 209:(DQ) as follows: 199:developmental age 83:(formerly called 77:Asperger syndrome 16:(Redirected from 6542: 6481: 6370: 6349: 6284: 6159:Anorexia nervosa 6147: 6136: 6113:Psychogenic pain 6081:Globus pharyngis 5929:Childhood phobia 5912: 5884: 5863: 5719: 5708: 5618: 5517:Selective mutism 5468:Conduct disorder 5451: 5438: 5415:Trichotillomania 5390:Gender dysphoria 5385:Fear of intimacy 5342:Sexual anhedonia 5310: 5299: 5286:Mental disorders 5279: 5272: 5265: 5256: 5242: 5241: 5232: 5103:Imaging genetics 4808: 4801: 4794: 4785: 4771: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4743:Special Olympics 4635:Inspiration porn 4548:Universal design 4349:Pejorative terms 4329: 4292:Physical therapy 4220: 4213: 4206: 4197: 4162: 4143: 4104: 4094: 4069: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3855: 3850:. Archived from 3822: 3792: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3661:. Archived from 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3547: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3482: 3469: 3468: 3431: 3425: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3348:10.1037/h0099996 3327: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3303:. 2 March 2021. 3293: 3287: 3286: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3251:. Archived from 3241: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3142:. Dialog Press. 3135: 3129: 3128: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3085: 3079: 3070: 3064: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3047:10.1037/h0099950 3030: 3024: 3023: 3013: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2892: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2840:. Archived from 2834: 2828: 2827: 2817: 2807: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2503:10.1037/h0100457 2482: 2469: 2468: 2458: 2434: 2421: 2420: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2313: 2273: 2264: 2263: 2223: 2186: 2185: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1922: 1911: 1910: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1688: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1426: 1420: 1409: 1403: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1348: 1342: 1335: 1306:Disability abuse 1239: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1188: 1180: 803: 796: 792: 789: 783: 760: 752: 553:Exposure therapy 497:Lack of autonomy 352: 350: 349: 344: 336: 334: 322: 281: 269: 228: 207: 206: 21: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6514: 6486: 6467: 6451: 6420: 6398: 6389: 6364: 6339: 6296: 6293:substance abuse 6270: 6247: 6224: 6178: 6164:Bulimia nervosa 6141: 6122: 6098:Hypochondriasis 6093:False pregnancy 6076:Ganser syndrome 6058:Somatic symptom 6052: 6015: 5967: 5956:Specific phobia 5901: 5878: 5849: 5823: 5755: 5751:Savant syndrome 5723:Autism spectrum 5713: 5698: 5626: 5604: 5583: 5577: 5552: 5445: 5424: 5400:Dermatillomania 5361: 5347:Sexual anorexia 5304: 5293: 5283: 5253: 5248: 5220: 5216:Psychotherapies 5172: 5153:Psycho-oncology 5113:Neurophysiology 5071:Anti-psychiatry 5044: 4938: 4909:Neuropsychiatry 4864:Eating disorder 4817: 4812: 4782: 4777: 4749: 4684: 4618: 4557: 4487: 4461:Activist groups 4456: 4410: 4389: 4353: 4320: 4260: 4229: 4224: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4173: 4159: 4117: 4072: 4019: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3978:Wayback Machine 3926:Wayback Machine 3893: 3886: 3884: 3873: 3858: 3840: 3825: 3819: 3804: 3801: 3799:Further reading 3796: 3795: 3764: 3760: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3703: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3484: 3483: 3472: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3423:Wayback Machine 3414: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3310: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3267:Rivera, Geraldo 3265: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3226: 3224: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3071: 3067: 3058: 3054: 3032: 3031: 3027: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2948:(10): 824–830. 2939: 2938: 2934: 2925: 2921: 2909: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2769: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2740: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2484: 2483: 2472: 2436: 2435: 2424: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2225: 2224: 2189: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2135: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1924: 1923: 1914: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1808: 1806: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1531:Merriam-Webster 1524: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1438: 1436: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1410: 1406: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1336: 1329: 1324: 1301:Behavioral cusp 1292: 1260: 1240: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1205: 1189: 1178: 1158: 1138:Michael Bernick 1100: 1080: 1029: 987:special schools 982: 976: 948: 928:Rosemary Dybwad 873:, whose sister 871:John F. Kennedy 804: 793: 787: 784: 773: 761: 750: 709: 703: 662:Financial abuse 655:and belittling) 645:emotional abuse 607: 578:Trauma focused 571:problem-solving 473: 393: 380:Life expectancy 363: 358: 282: 229: 213: 212: 204: 203: 176: 143: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6548: 6546: 6538: 6537: 6527: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6376: 6374: 6366: 6365: 6352: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6320:Rebound effect 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6287: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6261:Hypersexuality 6257: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6200: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6006: 5996: 5994:Panic disorder 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5961:Claustrophobia 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5944:Anthropophobia 5936: 5934:Social anxiety 5931: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5892: 5890: 5880: 5879: 5866: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5804:Pick's disease 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5621: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5295: 5294: 5290:Classification 5284: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5236: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5148:Psychoanalysis 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5049:Related topics 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4934:Telepsychiatry 4931: 4929:Sleep medicine 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4822:Subspecialties 4819: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4703: 4701:Disability art 4698: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165:Classification 4158: 4157:External links 4155: 4154: 4153: 4144: 4115: 4105: 4070: 4017: 4007:on 1 July 2013 3988: 3980: 3968:Policy brief: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3945: 3937: 3929: 3912: 3907: 3871: 3856: 3838: 3823: 3817: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3758: 3741: 3712: 3688: 3675: 3641:. Open forum. 3629: 3599: 3538:(1): 213–224. 3518: 3497:(4): 321–340. 3470: 3426: 3408: 3384: 3367: 3353: 3342:(4): 434–443. 3322: 3288: 3281: 3233: 3204: 3181: 3155: 3149:978-0914153290 3148: 3130: 3123: 3105: 3080: 3065: 3052: 3041:(4): 336–343. 3025: 2996:(2): 121–138. 2975: 2932: 2919: 2903: 2875: 2857: 2829: 2792:BMC Psychiatry 2778: 2767:Cambridge Core 2754: 2738: 2699: 2680:(2): 171–181. 2660: 2633:(2): 326–335. 2613: 2594:(5): 299–310. 2571: 2536:(2): 187–192. 2516: 2470: 2449:(3): 156–195. 2422: 2395:(2): 143–156. 2372: 2345:(4): 352–369. 2325: 2265: 2238:(4): 332–345. 2187: 2148: 2133: 2113: 2078:(2): 111–118. 2058: 2023:(5): 445–448. 2003: 1984:(4): 314–323. 1964: 1937:(2): 106–114. 1912: 1865: 1815: 1789: 1775: 1724: 1697:(5): 445–448. 1674: 1639:(3): 440–453. 1619: 1594: 1569: 1544: 1517: 1503: 1489: 1462:(3): 231–252. 1445: 1421: 1404: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1356:nyulangone.org 1343: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1259: 1256: 1242: 1241: 1192: 1190: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1157: 1154: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1099: 1096: 1079: 1076: 1028: 1025: 975: 972: 962:and increased 956:private sector 947: 944: 806: 805: 764: 762: 755: 749: 746: 705:Main article: 702: 699: 678: 677: 674: 671: 665: 659: 656: 641: 630: 624: 621:Physical abuse 606: 603: 508: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 472: 469: 465: 464: 460: 456: 445: 438: 423: 392: 389: 362: 359: 357: 354: 342: 339: 333: 330: 327: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 280: 277: 274: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 226: 223: 220: 175: 172: 142: 139: 138: 137: 131: 125: 122:Cerebral palsy 119: 113: 103: 96: 70: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6547: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6482: 6478: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425:Schizophrenia 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6354:Schizophrenia 6350: 6346: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6305:Drug overdose 6303: 6302: 6299: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6253:Sexual desire 6250: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6133: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5939:Social phobia 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5874:-related and 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5580: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5245: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211:Psychiatrists 5209: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5168:Psychosurgery 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943:Organizations 4941: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4924:Psychotherapy 4922: 4920: 4919:Pain medicine 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4774: 4766: 4764: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562:Social issues 4560: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4304:Special needs 4302: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4287:Mainstreaming 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4251:Medical model 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4003: 3996: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3839:1-281-32552-X 3835: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3818:9780323809726 3814: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3742: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3665:on 2009-08-06 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3630: 3619:on 2011-05-26 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3282:0-394-71844-5 3278: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3255:on 2010-07-11 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3223:on 2007-10-25 3222: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3124:9780752437309 3120: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2893:on 2007-01-06 2889: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2847:on 2007-01-06 2843: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2779: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1805:on 2009-04-15 1804: 1800: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1620: 1609:on 2006-03-03 1608: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1584:on 2009-05-04 1583: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1446: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1252:self-advocacy 1248: 1238: 1235: 1227: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1193:This section 1191: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056:United States 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1021:Oklahoma City 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 992: 988: 981: 973: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 945: 943: 941: 935: 933: 932:normalization 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 894:normalization 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 836: 832: 827: 825: 821: 820:village idiot 817: 813: 812:Enlightenment 802: 799: 791: 781: 777: 771: 770: 765:This section 763: 759: 754: 753: 747: 745: 743: 739: 734: 729: 725: 721: 719: 715: 708: 700: 698: 695: 690: 687: 683: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 650: 646: 642: 639: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 618: 617: 615: 611: 604: 602: 599: 595: 594: 590: 587: 583: 582: 581: 575: 572: 568: 564: 559: 555: 554: 550: 546: 545: 541: 538: 534: 530: 529: 525: 522: 516: 513: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 486: 485: 483: 478: 477: 470: 468: 461: 457: 454: 450: 446: 443: 439: 436: 432: 428: 424: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 404: 403: 401: 397: 396:Mental health 390: 388: 386: 381: 377: 376:dental health 373: 369: 360: 355: 353: 340: 337: 331: 328: 325: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 278: 275: 272: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 224: 221: 218: 210: 208: 200: 195: 193: 192:genetic tests 189: 185: 181: 173: 171: 167: 163: 158: 156: 155:Preterm birth 152: 147: 140: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 107: 104: 100: 99:Down syndrome 97: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 71: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 43: 42: 39: 37: 32: 19: 6385:Folie à deux 6310:Intoxication 6291:substances, 6289:Psychoactive 6208:Night terror 6025:Dissociative 5989:Panic attack 5585: 5541:Tic disorder 5143:Psychiatrist 5108:Neuroimaging 4853: 4665:Anthropology 4655:Deaf studies 4645:Crip as verb 4523:Mobility aid 4483:Reach Canada 4256:Social model 4177: 4148: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4082: 4078: 4025: 4021: 4009:. Retrieved 4002:the original 3993: 3984: 3969: 3961: 3949: 3940: 3932: 3916: 3885:. Retrieved 3861: 3852:the original 3828: 3807: 3770: 3761: 3751: 3744: 3734:December 27, 3732:. Retrieved 3727: 3715: 3704:. Retrieved 3700: 3691: 3683: 3678: 3667:. Retrieved 3663:the original 3642: 3632: 3621:. Retrieved 3617:the original 3612: 3602: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3494: 3490: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3411: 3400:. Retrieved 3396: 3387: 3377: 3370: 3356: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3316: 3311:21 September 3309:. Retrieved 3300: 3291: 3271: 3257:. Retrieved 3253:the original 3248: 3225:. Retrieved 3221:the original 3216: 3207: 3194: 3184: 3172:. Retrieved 3167: 3158: 3139: 3133: 3114: 3108: 3096:. Retrieved 3092: 3083: 3068: 3060: 3055: 3038: 3034: 3028: 2993: 2989: 2978: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2927: 2922: 2913: 2906: 2895:. Retrieved 2888:the original 2878: 2869: 2860: 2849:. Retrieved 2842:the original 2832: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2770:. Retrieved 2766: 2757: 2749: 2719:(2): 90–98. 2716: 2712: 2702: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2591: 2587: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2497:(4): 69–79. 2494: 2490: 2446: 2442: 2392: 2388: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2288:(1): 75–81. 2285: 2281: 2235: 2231: 2168:(3): 49–56. 2165: 2161: 2151: 2123: 2116: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2020: 2016: 2006: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1934: 1930: 1885:(1): 42–46. 1882: 1878: 1868: 1835: 1831: 1807:. Retrieved 1803:the original 1792: 1778: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1694: 1690: 1677: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1611:. Retrieved 1607:the original 1597: 1586:. Retrieved 1582:the original 1572: 1560:. Retrieved 1547: 1536:. Retrieved 1529: 1520: 1506: 1492: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1437:. Retrieved 1433: 1424: 1413: 1407: 1399: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1359:. Retrieved 1355: 1346: 1284: 1261: 1245: 1230: 1224:October 2021 1221: 1206:Please help 1194: 1163: 1159: 1156:Day services 1146: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1101: 1081: 1072: 1053: 1030: 995: 983: 949: 936: 921: 906: 891: 867: 844: 828: 809: 794: 785: 774:Please help 769:verification 766: 730: 726: 722: 710: 691: 686:social norms 679: 649:verbal abuse 633:Sexual abuse 608: 596: 592: 591: 584: 577: 576: 556: 552: 551: 547: 543: 542: 539: 535: 531: 527: 526: 517: 509: 479: 475: 474: 466: 449:social norms 398:issues, and 394: 364: 211: 202: 198: 196: 177: 168: 165: 160: 148: 144: 40: 30: 29: 6358:schizotypal 6193:Hypersomnia 6183:Nonorganic 5924:Agoraphobia 5655:Cyclothymia 5650:Bipolar NOS 5625:(affective) 5497:Stereotypic 5405:Kleptomania 4738:Paralympics 4733:Deaflympics 4543:Prosthetics 4234:Main topics 3755:. BCcampus. 3318:employment. 1120:community. 1084:group homes 682:self-esteem 374:, and poor 102:individual. 63:dyscalculia 6510:Stereotypy 6373:Delusional 6362:delusional 6335:Withdrawal 6203:Parasomnia 6108:Nosophobia 5888:Adjustment 5876:somatoform 5809:Sundowning 5662:Depression 5645:Bipolar II 5534:Stuttering 5529:Cluttering 5325:Paraphilia 4815:Psychiatry 4728:Parasports 4265:Approaches 4241:Disability 4227:Disability 3872:0721671543 3848:1193378085 3706:2023-12-28 3669:2011-05-14 3623:2011-05-14 3402:2023-12-28 3378:Pressbooks 3259:2010-06-29 3227:2010-06-29 3174:28 January 3098:28 January 2897:2006-02-11 2851:2006-02-11 2798:(1): 294. 2772:2019-10-23 1809:2006-02-11 1613:2006-02-11 1588:2006-02-11 1562:2014-11-09 1538:2014-11-09 1533:Dictionary 1439:2019-10-23 1361:2023-12-28 1322:References 1134:Sacramento 1088:care homes 991:mainstream 978:See also: 694:peer abuse 614:vulnerable 503:Harassment 435:employment 433:, limited 420:harassment 59:dysgraphia 6463:Catatonia 6395:Psychosis 6230:Postnatal 6213:Nightmare 5819:Wandering 5672:Dysthymia 5640:Bipolar I 5595:Pervasive 5410:Pyromania 5335:Voyeurism 5330:Fetishism 4904:Narcology 4675:Education 4670:Geography 4314:education 4277:Inclusion 4140:1466-8203 4101:1741-1130 4050:0306-624X 4042:1552-6933 3897:cite book 3786:0146-1044 3651:1932-8672 3562:0895-3309 3554:1944-7965 3513:1875-0672 3457:0891-4222 2733:2044-1282 2694:1468-2850 2608:2044-1282 2550:1366-8250 2511:2155-8655 2465:1553-0124 2417:149115957 2409:1931-5864 2359:1934-9491 2302:0162-3257 2260:225777520 2252:1741-1122 2182:2044-1282 2143:830807378 2092:1939-1544 2037:0951-7367 1998:1360-2322 1951:1365-2788 1899:1365-2788 1852:1365-2788 1762:0891-4222 1754:1873-3379 1653:1094-3412 1476:0895-8017 1195:does not 1037:budgeting 1033:flatmates 989:and into 919:in 1980. 863:Holocaust 788:June 2021 720:(NCBRF). 714:echolalia 427:education 408:traumatic 338:∗ 55:dyspraxia 6529:Category 6198:Insomnia 5868:Neurotic 5835:Delirium 5761:Dementia 5600:Specific 4763:Category 4680:Journals 4660:Eugenics 4640:Bodymind 4447:Students 4394:Services 4066:27995011 4058:17636203 3974:Archived 3922:Archived 3881:98012901 3730:. Canada 3594:15179975 3586:16474127 3578:88648124 3570:08953309 3465:19932596 3419:Archived 3305:Archived 3269:(1972). 3199:Archived 3063:334-347. 3020:26914467 2970:37301668 2962:18488127 2824:27543095 2655:26470862 2647:26868276 2566:21297332 2558:19404839 2367:22861136 2320:21424864 2108:73454817 2100:30762412 2053:16804572 2045:18650684 1959:11298249 1907:14675230 1860:24372838 1770:21640553 1719:16804572 1711:18650684 1661:29520663 1484:11389665 1434:omim.org 1290:See also 1247:Advocacy 1176:Advocacy 1064:advocate 1049:cleaning 1041:shopping 1009:numeracy 1005:literacy 913:lawsuits 875:Rosemary 855:marriage 847:eugenics 453:emotions 442:epilepsy 416:bullying 368:Epilepsy 93:stimming 47:dyslexia 5907:Anxiety 5746:PDD-NOS 5635:Bipolar 5288: ( 5244:Outline 4415:Support 4184:D002658 4011:30 June 3659:8812614 3011:4770561 2815:4992306 2311:3245359 1669:3801878 1216:removed 1201:sources 1170:respite 1054:In the 1045:cooking 954:and by 902:deviant 877:had an 653:shaming 627:Neglect 431:poverty 372:obesity 89:sarcasm 6151:Eating 5999:Stress 5916:Phobia 5872:stress 5731:Autism 5524:Speech 5313:Sexual 5234:Portal 4332:Rights 4309:school 4138: 4099: 4064: 4056: 4048: 4040: 3936:(1998) 3887:5 July 3879: 3869: 3846: 3836: 3815: 3784: 3657: 3649: 3592: 3584: 3576: 3568: 3560: 3552: 3511: 3463: 3455: 3362:"JARC" 3279: 3146: 3121: 3018: 3008: 2968: 2960: 2822: 2812: 2731: 2692: 2653: 2645: 2606: 2564: 2556: 2548: 2509: 2463: 2415: 2407: 2365: 2357: 2318: 2308: 2300: 2258: 2250: 2180: 2141: 2131: 2106: 2098: 2090: 2051: 2043: 2035: 1996: 1957: 1949: 1905: 1897: 1858: 1850: 1768: 1760: 1752: 1717: 1709: 1667: 1659: 1651: 1482: 1474: 924:Gunnar 859:Hitler 569:, and 512:trauma 323: 270: 141:Causes 110:autism 73:Autism 65:, and 6456:Other 6185:sleep 5972:Other 5828:Other 5694:Mania 5366:Other 5177:Lists 4773:Lists 4478:MINDS 4062:S2CID 4038:eISSN 4005:(PDF) 3998:(PDF) 3789:eISSN 3724:(PDF) 3566:JSTOR 3550:eISSN 3491:Alter 2966:S2CID 2891:(DOC) 2845:(DOC) 2651:S2CID 2562:S2CID 2413:S2CID 2256:S2CID 2104:S2CID 2049:S2CID 1750:eISSN 1715:S2CID 1687:(PDF) 1665:S2CID 1068:goals 940:label 668:Legal 610:Abuse 491:Abuse 412:abuse 6360:and 6009:PTSD 5623:Mood 5463:ADHD 4452:CNIB 4437:SSDI 4432:Rail 4427:ODSP 4365:AODA 4179:MeSH 4136:ISSN 4097:ISSN 4054:PMID 4046:ISSN 4013:2022 3903:link 3889:2022 3877:LCCN 3867:ISBN 3844:OCLC 3834:ISBN 3813:ISBN 3782:ISSN 3736:2023 3655:OCLC 3647:ISSN 3590:PMID 3582:OCLC 3574:LCCN 3558:ISSN 3509:ISSN 3461:PMID 3453:ISSN 3313:2022 3277:ISBN 3176:2023 3144:ISBN 3119:ISBN 3100:2023 3016:PMID 2958:PMID 2820:PMID 2729:ISSN 2690:ISSN 2643:PMID 2604:ISSN 2554:PMID 2546:ISSN 2507:ISSN 2461:ISSN 2405:ISSN 2363:PMID 2355:ISSN 2316:PMID 2298:ISSN 2248:ISSN 2178:ISSN 2139:OCLC 2129:ISBN 2096:PMID 2088:ISSN 2041:PMID 2033:ISSN 1994:ISSN 1955:PMID 1947:ISSN 1903:PMID 1895:ISSN 1856:PMID 1848:ISSN 1766:PMID 1758:ISSN 1707:PMID 1657:PMID 1649:ISSN 1480:PMID 1472:ISSN 1199:any 1197:cite 1047:and 999:and 926:and 418:and 190:and 75:and 6397:and 5984:OCD 5512:RAD 5507:DAD 5473:ODD 4473:DPI 4468:CCD 4442:SSI 4422:DLA 4370:ADA 4358:Law 4272:IEP 4128:doi 4087:doi 4030:doi 3775:doi 3769:." 3540:doi 3499:doi 3445:doi 3344:doi 3043:doi 3006:PMC 2998:doi 2994:121 2950:doi 2915:BBC 2810:PMC 2800:doi 2721:doi 2682:doi 2635:doi 2596:doi 2538:doi 2499:doi 2451:doi 2397:doi 2347:doi 2306:PMC 2290:doi 2240:doi 2170:doi 2080:doi 2025:doi 1986:doi 1939:doi 1887:doi 1840:doi 1742:doi 1699:doi 1641:doi 1464:doi 1460:106 1210:by 1023:. 1019:in 778:by 341:100 6531:: 6356:, 5870:, 4182:: 4134:. 4122:. 4111:, 4095:. 4081:. 4077:. 4060:. 4052:. 4044:. 4036:. 4026:51 4024:. 3899:}} 3895:{{ 3875:. 3842:. 3726:. 3699:. 3653:. 3611:. 3588:. 3580:. 3572:. 3564:. 3556:. 3548:. 3536:16 3534:. 3530:. 3507:. 3495:15 3489:. 3473:^ 3459:. 3451:. 3441:31 3439:. 3395:. 3338:. 3334:. 3315:. 3299:. 3247:. 3236:^ 3215:. 3193:. 3166:. 3091:. 3037:. 3014:. 3004:. 2992:. 2988:. 2964:. 2956:. 2946:43 2944:. 2868:. 2818:. 2808:. 2796:16 2794:. 2790:. 2765:. 2741:^ 2727:. 2715:. 2711:. 2688:. 2676:. 2672:. 2649:. 2641:. 2631:30 2629:. 2625:. 2602:. 2592:10 2590:. 2586:. 2574:^ 2560:. 2552:. 2544:. 2534:34 2532:. 2528:. 2505:. 2493:. 2489:. 2473:^ 2459:. 2447:10 2445:. 2441:. 2425:^ 2411:. 2403:. 2393:11 2391:. 2387:. 2375:^ 2361:. 2353:. 2343:50 2341:. 2337:. 2314:. 2304:. 2296:. 2286:42 2284:. 2280:. 2268:^ 2254:. 2246:. 2236:17 2234:. 2230:. 2190:^ 2176:. 2164:. 2160:. 2137:. 2102:. 2094:. 2086:. 2076:64 2074:. 2070:. 2047:. 2039:. 2031:. 2021:21 2019:. 2015:. 1992:. 1982:15 1980:. 1976:. 1953:. 1945:. 1935:45 1933:. 1929:. 1915:^ 1901:. 1893:. 1883:48 1881:. 1877:. 1854:. 1846:. 1836:58 1834:. 1830:. 1818:^ 1764:. 1756:. 1748:. 1738:32 1736:. 1713:. 1705:. 1695:21 1693:. 1689:. 1663:. 1655:. 1647:. 1637:45 1635:. 1631:. 1555:. 1528:. 1478:. 1470:. 1458:. 1432:. 1354:. 1330:^ 1086:, 1070:. 1039:, 1007:, 651:, 565:, 429:, 414:, 194:. 61:, 57:, 53:, 49:, 38:. 5588:) 5584:( 5292:) 5278:e 5271:t 5264:v 4807:e 4800:t 4793:v 4219:e 4212:t 4205:v 4171:D 4142:. 4130:: 4124:5 4103:. 4089:: 4083:6 4068:. 4032:: 4015:. 3928:. 3905:) 3891:. 3821:. 3777:: 3738:. 3709:. 3672:. 3626:. 3596:. 3542:: 3515:. 3501:: 3467:. 3447:: 3405:. 3350:. 3346:: 3340:3 3285:. 3262:. 3230:. 3178:. 3152:. 3127:. 3102:. 3049:. 3045:: 3039:2 3022:. 3000:: 2972:. 2952:: 2900:. 2854:. 2826:. 2802:: 2775:. 2735:. 2723:: 2717:9 2696:. 2684:: 2678:5 2657:. 2637:: 2610:. 2598:: 2568:. 2540:: 2513:. 2501:: 2495:1 2467:. 2453:: 2419:. 2399:: 2369:. 2349:: 2322:. 2292:: 2262:. 2242:: 2184:. 2172:: 2166:4 2145:. 2110:. 2082:: 2055:. 2027:: 2000:. 1988:: 1961:. 1941:: 1909:. 1889:: 1862:. 1842:: 1812:. 1772:. 1744:: 1721:. 1701:: 1671:. 1643:: 1616:. 1591:. 1565:. 1541:. 1486:. 1466:: 1442:. 1364:. 1237:) 1231:( 1226:) 1222:( 1218:. 1204:. 801:) 795:( 790:) 786:( 772:. 647:( 455:) 422:) 332:e 329:g 326:a 320:l 317:a 314:c 311:i 308:g 305:o 302:l 299:o 296:n 293:o 290:r 287:h 284:C 279:e 276:g 273:a 267:l 264:a 261:t 258:n 255:e 252:m 249:p 246:o 243:l 240:e 237:v 234:e 231:D 225:= 222:Q 219:D 95:. 69:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index