933:, high-explosive and intermediate. The armour-piercing shell was designed to smash through concrete and metal armour but was largely ineffective against reinforced concrete. High-explosive shells were fitted with two charges and could be set to have no delay, a short delay or a long delay. If set to "no delay" the shell burst on impact. If set to a delayed detonation, it could penetrate up to 12 m (39 ft) of earth. Finally, the intermediate, or "short shell", weighed half as much as the high-explosive shell and was fitted with a ballistic tip for range and accuracy. Shells for the 42-centimetre guns were generally 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) long, weighed between 400 and 1,160 kg (880 and 2,560 lb), and were propelled via primer loaded into the gun with a brass casing. Siege artillery shells were produced in limited runs of varying quality. Beginning in early 1916, German siege guns began to suffer internal explosions due to faulty ammunition. Crews were required to disembark from the gun before firing via a
1389:
monstrous size. The gun outlet itself can accommodate an adult person. The missiles, almost the size of a human, are transported on separate carts directly into the mouth of the colossus. Strong shelters and traverses were placed next to the gun, protecting the crew from enemy bullets. Marked cannons are placed further away from the gun to confuse the pilots. The entire position is masked by trees and branches. Specialists have been working on the construction for several weeks. The work is almost finished and shooting will start in two days. On the designated day, we go to the very edge of the mountain to witness the shootings - something interesting for a hiker. The shot is gone! A deep thud splits the air and a huge cloud of smoke rises upwards. We cover our ears and open our mouths to protect our eardrums from damage. To cause confusion, branded cannons also fire only with gunpowder and create similar clouds of smoke. Every ten minutes a shot goes off. You can't shoot more
1079:
922:
1302:, which the Germans had surrounded on 10 August. On 13 August, KMK Batteries 3 and 5 attacked with the siege guns from the north, shelling forts XIV, XV and XVI. On 16 August, German infantry stormed forts XV and XVI as the artillery bombarded them. A 42-centimetre shell struck German troops attacking Fort XV, resulting in heavy casualties but the Germans took the forts. The Russians abandoned the outer ring on 18 August, allowing the Germans to open a hole in the inner ring and capture Novogeorgievsk the next day. The Russians abandoned fortresses wholesale during the
530:
83:
1118:(Fort Sarts) but it mistakenly shelled an interval fortification in front of Sarts. By 5 September, a hole in the fortress ring had been opened by German 21-centimetre guns, but they had by now exhausted their ammunition. To widen that gap, the siege guns then expended their remaining ammunition against Forts Leveau, HĂ©ronfontaine, and Cerfontaine on 7 September, and destroyed them in quick succession. The two remaining French forts surrendered that same day and the Germans occupied Maubeuge on 8 September.
981:
44:
1286:, which had been captured by the Russians from Austria-Hungary on 22 March 1915. KMK Battery 6 took part in the bombardment of forts X, Xa, XI and XIa, opened on 30 March. Two days later, the Germans took and held forts X, Xa and XI against counter-attack, compelling the Russians to abandon Przemyśl. German troops entered the city on 3 June, then took the remaining forts two days later. From 8 August, KMK Battery 6 supported the
1267:
1336:, who had inherited the Krupp works from her father. The name spread to German newspapers and then to Allied troops as "Big Bertha" and became slang for all heavy German artillery, but especially the 42-centimetre guns. The name has since entered the public consciousness, for example being applied as a moniker to a line of
457:, it had been allowed to stagnate. By the 1880s the barrel diameter of the German Army's most powerful gun, the 21 cm (8.3 in) field howitzer, was no longer adequate against fortresses. Moltke began requesting more powerful guns that same decade. More powerful artillery became essential to his successor,
1213:
but were unable to penetrate the concrete of the modern fortresses. On the second day of the battle, both of KMK Battery 7's M-Gerät guns were destroyed by premature detonations and KMK Batteries 5 and 6 both lost an M-Gerät each to the same cause. Most of the siege guns at Verdun were moved north in
955:
that formed with M-Gerät guns were 3 (2 August 1914), 5 (June 1915), 6 (Summer 1915) and 7 (early 1916). Battery 3 was split in half in April 1916 to form 10 with a single M-Gerät each. The four Beta-M-Gerät guns produced were fielded by KMK Batteries 8 and 10 after their M-Gerät gun barrels had been
712:
had to be assembled for firing and for transport was dismantled and towed in five wagons. These wagons, weighing 16 to 20 t (16 to 20 long tons; 18 to 22 short tons) each, were designed to hold a specific portion of the M-Gerät, sans the gun carriage, which was its own wagon. These were towed by
1388:
They moved Fat Bertha 20 km closer to the front. At the edge of the forest, a strong concrete base was built on which the cannon was mounted. The area around the gun was reinforced with concrete in a wide radius. Rails were added to the gun on which ammunition is delivered. The cannon is of
422:
artillery could now fire out of range of fortress guns, so military architects began placing forts in rings around cities or in barriers to block approaching armies. These forts were vulnerable to new artillery shells, which could penetrate earth to destroy masonry underground. In response,
589:. Testing resulted in a 28 cm (11 in) howitzer transportable over road and countryside but it was rejected by the APK, as was Krupp's 30.5-centimetre model. Finally, in late 1911, Krupp and the APK developed a wheeled 42-centimetre howitzer, the
584:
had the destructive power the
General Staff required and could outrange French and Belgian fort guns, it could only be emplaced near rail lines and took 24 hours to prepare. As early as 1907, Krupp began development of siege artillery transported by
1221:
In the final two years of the war, KMK batteries that suffered losses of their big guns had them replaced with smaller–calibre weapons. Those that remained primarily shelled field works and often had low survivability due to malfunctions or Allied
1366:, while the other was left unassembled in its transport configuration. Both were scrapped in 1943 and the early 1950s. World War I veteran Emil Cherubin built a replica of an M-Gerät, which toured Germany and appeared on a few postage stamps. The
1310:, KMK Batteries 3, 5, and 6 were not even fully emplaced when the fortress was evacuated on 3 September. The last deployment of M-Gerät guns on the Eastern Front was in October 1915, when KMK Battery 6 was attached to the German
771:
guns to explode, forcing their crews to limit its range by 4,000 m (13,000 ft), defeating the purpose of the longer L/30 barrel. Only four Beta-M-Gerät guns were modified from two M-Gerät guns and two
759:. Two large spring cylinders were added to the front of the gun to counterbalance the new barrel, which had to be carried in a new carriage weighing 22 t (22 long tons; 24 short tons). Fully assembled, the
1137:
had ordered a general retreat to
Antwerp on 18 August, and his army arrived in the city two days later. From Antwerp, Albert made attacks on the German flank on 24–25 August and 9 September, prompting General
649:), was 4.5 m (15 ft) tall, 10 m (33 ft) long and 4.7 m (15 ft) wide, and sat on a steel base with a spade for bracing. This spade could be lifted out of the ground while the
1294:
by bombarding Kaunas's three westernmost forts. Although the German siege artillery's shelling of Kaunas was slow, the fortifications were outdated and were easily destroyed. The city fell on 18 August.
1146:
to seize
Antwerp. It arrived and partially surrounded Antwerp from the south-west on September 27, and bombardment began the next day. KMK Battery 3 arrived on 30 September and opened fire on the
617:
in July 1912 and another in
February 1913. Tests of the gun's mobility began in December 1913 and found that gas-powered tractors were best for pulling it. Test firing, at one point observed by
1230:
in August 1917 and was rearmed with captured
Russian 12 cm (4.7 in) howitzers. It and KMK Battery 10 were given the four Beta-M-Geräts made during the war in early 1918. For the
753:
and lower the likelihood of premature detonation, the APK selected a 9 m (30 ft)-long, 16 t (16 long tons; 18 short tons) naval barrel to be mounted onto the chassis of the
996:
for final adjustments and would have been formed into a reserve artillery battery on completion in
October. On 2 August 1914, they were organised into KMK Battery 3 and sent to the
713:
purpose-built, gas-powered tractors as the wagons were too heavy to be pulled by horses. To move across open country, the wagon wheels were fitted with articulated feet called
765:
weighed 47 t (46 long tons; 52 short tons) and had a maximum range of 20,500 m (67,300 ft). The propellant used to achieve that range caused three of the four
2551:
2987:
2660:
1502:
Siege guns were held in reserve as "non-standing batteries" that would be mobilised in the event of war. When mobilised, the batteries were assigned to
3069:
1095:
1157:, whose artillery narrowly missed the battery. The fort was abandoned by its garrison on 2 October, allowing KMK Battery 3 to attack and destroy the
2650:
1190:
was opened on 21 February 1916 with an intense, nine-hour long artillery bombardment. The 42-centimetre guns had to suppress the artillery of Forts
1075:, and compelled its surrender. With the eastern forts occupied, the Germans entered Namur and the remaining Belgian forces evacuated from the city.
560:. The APK recommended a more powerful gun, with a diameter as large as 45 centimetres (18 in), but the German Army opted for a 30.5-centimetre
1102:, their base of operations after arriving in France. On 24 August 1914, the advancing Germans arrived at the fortresses of Maubeuge and began the
2919:
2826:
1020:
and had to be reduced. Heavy artillery began their attack on 8 August. KMK Battery 3 was the first siege battery sent into battle to bombard the
2087:
2665:
1352:
1110:
were left behind the main German armies to take the city. Bombardment of the forts began on 30 August, with KMK Battery 3 tasked with reducing
1078:
379:. German soldiers bestowed the gun with the nickname "Big Bertha", which then spread through German newspapers to the Allies, who used it as a
2150:
2670:
2416:
2394:
2375:
2353:
2330:
2307:
2284:
1399:
337:
1179:, which was also destroyed within two days. From 7 to 9 October, the Belgian army fled from Antwerp and the city surrendered on 10 October.
2243:
Ryszard
Kaczmarek: Polacy w armii kajzera na frontach I wojny światowej, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2014, p.345 ISBN 978-83-08-05331-7.
2607:
435:. Combining rings and barriers, France created a vast fortified zone on its border with Germany, while Belgium began construction of the
1242:. The effect of the siege guns was negligible. For Germany's final offensive in July 1918, KMK Batteries 5 and 6 were reassigned to the
418:
The quick advancement of artillery technology beginning in the 1850s provoked an arms race between artillery and military architecture.
2934:
2929:
1059:, whose forts were undermanned, unmaintained, and poorly stocked with ammunition. The 2nd Army arrived on 20 August 1914 to open the
1143:
1107:
971:
2617:
2612:
1386:
A Pole from
Greater Poland serving in the Army of the German Empire during the Battle of Verdun remembered "Fat Berta" as follows:
357:
and entered production in 1912. Test firing began in early 1914 and the gun was estimated to be finished by
October 1914. When the
2939:
2726:
2544:
2924:
1040:
and caused an explosion that destroyed the fort. The
Germans carried Leman, unconscious, out of Loncin, and the last two forts,
1440:. By the 1890s, the use of mortars against ships had fallen out of favour, as hitting ships with a mortar was very difficult.
3074:
2597:
2496:
2475:
2443:
2126:
551:
510:
could not destroy French or Belgian forts, even with improved shells. Interest in a more powerful siege gun waned until the
453:
desired the ability to break through Franco-Belgian fortifications. Although German artillery had been effective during the
956:
destroyed by premature detonation. When the German Army was reorganised in late 1918, only Battery 5 had M-Gerät guns, and
1250:. The batteries again had little to no effect, and Battery 10 became the last German siege battery to fire on a fort, the
2622:
1255:
693:
in July 1912, delivered the following December, and a second in February 1913. Another two guns were ordered before the
687:
guns had a crew platform in front of the blast shield, a detachable breech, and solid wheels. The APK ordered the first
450:
2944:
2655:
2537:
1511:
997:
477:
2791:
2751:
2675:
2602:
1036:
directed the defence of Liège. Firing commenced on 15 August and lasted two hours, as the 25th shot fired struck a
436:
404:
was built and fielded from 1916 until the end of the war. It had a longer and heavier barrel that was mated to the
2949:
472:
3059:
2871:
1311:
1239:
1223:
1126:
930:
395:
349:
designed in 1911 as an iteration of earlier super-heavy German siege guns intended to break modern fortresses in
57:
3064:
2972:
2881:
1374:
developed during the war and used to bomb Paris in 1918, has historically been confused with the M-Gerät since
1279:
1243:
1235:
1183:
1052:
1017:
1001:
921:
2914:
1016:. Although German troops entered the city on 7 August, its forts were firing upon the road to be taken by the
681:
of about 815 m/s (2,670 ft/s) and a maximum range of 9,300 m (30,500 ft). Post-prototype
3038:
2959:
2706:
2592:
2582:
1363:
1303:
1299:
1231:
1072:
1063:, but began their main attacks the following day with 400 pieces of artillery. KMK Battery 3 fired upon the
466:
307:
697:
on 31 July 1914, and then two more on 28 August and another pair on 11 November. Krupp eventually built 12
2806:
2801:
2796:
1340:
668:
515:
227:
2467:
2201:
2121:
1505:
1445:
1337:
1064:
1060:
529:
458:
2060:
1466:
1203:
836:
747:
guns that had been rendered inoperable by premature detonation of shells. To increase the range of the
573:
536:
1169:
2967:
2896:
2846:
2569:
2098:
1275:
1037:
554:
became Chief of the General Staff and instructed the APK to study and improve the performance of the
523:
447:
323:
111:
1254:. In November 1918, KMK Battery 5 surrendered its guns, the remaining two M-Gerät howitzers, to the
1158:
2876:
2645:
1251:
1226:. KMK Battery 10 lost one M-Gerät to a premature detonation and the other to British warships near
1215:
1139:
1134:
1087:
1045:
519:
454:
333:
1147:
2209:
1450:
1287:
1208:
723:. Under optimal circumstances, the tractors and wagons could move at 7 km/h (4.3 mph).
511:
2861:
2856:
2851:
1186:, which amassed a total of 24 siege guns, the highest concentration of them during the war. The
1067:, which was destroyed on 23 August by a magazine explosion. The battery shifted its fire to the
1013:
504:(Beta Apparatus) to disguise its purpose as a siege gun. Tests in the mid-1890s showed that the
2409:
Superguns 1854–1991: Extreme Artillery from the Paris Gun and the V–3 to Iraq's Project Babylon
1362:
in November 1918. One was taken to the United States, evaluated and then put on display at the
2977:
2776:
2721:
2640:
2587:
2492:
2471:
2439:
2412:
2390:
2371:
2363:
2349:
2345:
2326:
2303:
2280:
2065:
1437:
1113:
1103:
952:
618:
2982:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
1454:
reported about a Krupp-built coastal defence gun with a diameter of 45 cm (18 in).
1344:
1315:
1187:
1068:
1041:
1021:
975:
372:
1174:
1028:
but the fort surrendered as the battery was being emplaced. KMK Battery 3 relocated to the
3015:
2838:
2786:
2756:
2690:
2680:
2632:
2299:
1433:
1291:
720:
694:
678:
489:
462:
358:
257:
43:
1326:
The nickname "Big Bertha" appeared early in the war, when German soldiers named the guns
1033:
2992:
1490:
1195:
1163:
1091:
1029:
985:
775:
428:
376:
1493:
pieces in May 1916, which were replaced with two Beta-M-Gerät howitzers in early 1918.
1471:
and another 12 were needed to assemble the gun. Rail lines also had to be laid to the
3053:
3007:
2997:
2404:
2276:
2092:
1406:
1218:, and by September the only M-Gerät units left in Verdun were KMK Batteries 3 and 6.
1199:
1025:
443:
304:
88:
2489:
Die schwersten Steilfeuer-Geschütze 1914–1945. Geheimwaffen "Dicke Berta" und "Karl"
2821:
2816:
2811:
2781:
2716:
2711:
2574:
2484:
in 'Museum Ordnance: The Magazine for the U.S. Army Ordnance Museum', November 1992
1348:
1333:
1152:
660:
586:
522:(28 cm (11 in) coastal guns) brought from Japan to end the 11-month long
247:
2529:
2511:
431:, mostly underground and made of concrete with guns mounted in armoured, rotating
2270:
1129:
blocked the advance of the 1st and 2nd Armies, and the guns were instead sent to
780:
guns (a one- to two-month-long process per gun), but 12 L/30 barrels were built.
2906:
2561:
2155:
1375:
1371:
1283:
980:
664:
488:
in 1893. The first result of this partnership was a 30.5 cm (12.0 in)
388:
289:
121:
2886:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2701:
1024:
on 12 August, which surrendered after two days. The battery next moved to the
656:
424:
237:
177:
3020:
2866:
1367:
1359:
1266:
1191:
432:
391:
used to bomb Paris in 1918, has historically been confused for the M-Gerät.
384:
70:
17:
3030:
2322:
1099:
1051:
With Liège captured, the 1st Army continued north-west while the 2nd and
1005:
736:
561:
485:
380:
368:
311:
2088:"Very droll: The French have jokes, but do they have a sense of humour?"
461:, who planned quickly to defeat France by sweeping through Belgium (the
1130:
1121:
With Maubeuge taken, German siege guns were available for an attack on
1009:
934:
354:
319:
217:
1307:
1227:
419:
350:
1444:
had built and exhibited a 35.5 cm (14.0 in) mortar at the
1441:
1265:
1247:
1246:
at the Marne, while Batteries 3, 8 and 10 went to the 1st Army at
1122:
1077:
1056:
993:
979:
962:(SKM) Battery 3 was assigned the remaining two Beta-M-Gerät guns.
920:
642:
528:
410:'s carriage but was found to be less effective than the base gun.
315:
136:
1646:
1644:
570:
09 and a 42 cm (17 in) gun. Design and testing for the
398:, a smaller-calibre (30.5 cm (12.0 in)) gun called the
2368:
World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
1820:
1818:
1595:
1593:
2533:
992:
By June 1914, the prototype M-Gerät howitzers had returned to
646:
2296:
The Story of the Gun: History, Science, and Impact on Society
2342:
42cm "Big Bertha" and German Siege Artillery of World War I
1568:
1566:
1182:
Early in 1916, all 42-centimetre guns were assigned to the
1012:, the first objective of the Schlieffen Plan and began the
484:(Artillery Test Commission, APK) formed a partnership with
667:
and had a 5.04 m (16.5 ft) barrel that could be
469:. To be able to reduce French and Belgian fortresses, the
1859:
1857:
1922:
1920:
1661:
1659:
1298:
To the south, KMK Batteries 3 and 5 participated in the
1106:
and its garrison of 45,000 soldiers. The next day, the
929:
German siege artillery had three types of projectiles:
621:, began in February 1914, and Krupp estimated that the
1071:, already under bombardment by four Austro-Hungarian
1358:
Two M-Gerät guns were surrendered to the US Army at
3029:
3006:
2958:
2905:
2835:
2689:
2631:
2568:
2464:
RiesengeschĂĽtze und schwere Brummer einst und jetzt
2149:Reiermann, Christian; Seith, Anne (23 April 2014).
266:
256:
246:
236:
226:
216:
203:
195:
187:
176:
168:
160:
155:
142:
132:
127:
117:
107:
99:
94:
76:
66:
34:
2097:
1463:12 hours were required to prepare the base of the
1238:, Battery 6 to the 2nd Army, and Battery 3 to the
1082:A ruined cupola at one of the Maubeuge forts, 1914
578:began in 1906 and lasted until 1911. Although the
1436:designed to be used in coastal batteries against
2061:".S. Golf Club Manufacturer Carries A Big Stick"
492:, accepted into service four years later as the
394:Due to losses from faulty ammunition and Allied
2319:Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact
2122:"Interview with Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung"
1168:in a day. The battery then moved to attack the
1086:Following the defeat of the Western Allies at
2545:
2452:. Journal of Coastal Artillery, February 1943
1282:. By the end of the month, his forces neared
820:42.6 t (41.9 long tons; 47.0 short tons)
446:also fortified its borders, but Chief of the
8:
2252:
2176:
2046:
2022:
2010:
1986:
1974:
1950:
1938:
1911:
1899:
1875:
1824:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1713:
1701:
1677:
1650:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1572:
1545:
1503:
1472:
1464:
1427:
1327:
1111:
957:
946:
897:
875:
854:
834:
809:
773:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
741:L/30, was developed in late 1917 to replace
733:
727:
714:
707:
698:
688:
682:
672:
650:
636:
622:
612:
606:
600:
592:
579:
571:
565:
555:
542:
534:
505:
499:
493:
470:
405:
399:
362:
344:
327:
279:
147:
55:
49:
2151:"ECB Considers Possible Deflation Measures"
252:8 shells an hour or 1 shell per 7.5 minutes
2552:
2538:
2530:
1432:(coastal mortar), refers to large-calibre
843:150 t (150 long tons; 170 short tons)
383:for all super-heavy German artillery. The
31:
2988:7.7 cm Leichte KraftwagengeschĂĽtze M1914
2661:24 cm schwere FlĂĽgelMinenWerfer Albrecht
2651:9.15 cm leichtes Minenwerfer System Lanz
782:
2450:German Siege Guns of the Two World Wars
2387:World War I: A Country–by–Country Guide
2202:"Paris again Shelled by Long-Range Gun"
1584:
1557:
1533:
1526:
1489:KMK Battery 8 had been formed with two
1485:
1483:
1420:
1332:at the Battle of Liège, a reference to
904:30 t (30 long tons; 33 short tons)
883:45 t (44 long tons; 50 short tons)
864:47 t (46 long tons; 52 short tons)
183:5.04 m (16 ft 6 in) L/12
2411:. Illustrated by Jim Laurier. Osprey.
2231:
2188:
2034:
1998:
1962:
1926:
1887:
1863:
1848:
1836:
1809:
1725:
1689:
1665:
1510:, which assigned the batteries to the
1353:President of the European Central Bank
2671:24 cm schwerer LadungsWerfer Ehrhardt
2340:Romanych, Marc; Rupp, Martin (2013).
1400:List of the largest cannon by caliber
655:was emplaced to move it, giving it a
367:guns, still prototypes, were sent to
338:largest artillery pieces ever fielded
7:
1345:a satirical French-language magazine
1234:, KMK Battery 8 was assigned to the
2666:24 cm schwere FlĂĽgelminenwerfer IKO
627:would be complete by October 1914.
299:), popularly known by the nickname
36:42 centimetre M-Gerät "Big Bertha"
2096:. 18 December 2003. Archived from
1477:'s position to allow its assembly.
25:
2608:7.62 cm InfanteriegeschĂĽtz L/16.5
2436:German Artillery of World War One
2344:. Illustrated by Henry Morshead.
1382:Big Bertha in soldiers' memories.
972:German invasion of Belgium (1914)
784:"Gerät" siege artillery variants
665:horizontally-sliding breech block
3070:World War I artillery of Germany
2457:Die "Dicke Berta" aus Vluynbusch
81:
42:
2459:, Museumverein Neukirchen-Vluyn
2272:Breaking the Fortress Line 1914
1270:Kaunas's Fort II in ruins, 2011
1000:with 240 men. On 4 August, the
371:, Belgium, and destroyed Forts
164:42,600 kg (93,900 lb)
2618:7.7 cm InfanteriegeschĂĽtz L/27
2613:7.7 cm InfanteriegeschĂĽtz L/20
2598:7.5 cm Gebirgskanone L/13 C/80
2127:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1125:, but Germany's defeat at the
886:12,000 m (39,000 ft)
867:20,500 m (67,300 ft)
846:14,000 m (46,000 ft)
552:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
332:had a 42 cm (17 in)
267:Maximum firing range
262:400 m/s (1,300 ft/s)
1:
2059:Holley, David (5 June 1994).
907:8,200 m (26,900 ft)
823:9,300 m (30,500 ft)
611:). The APK ordered its first
336:barrel, making it one of the
270:9,300 m (30,500 ft)
2935:24 cm SK L/40 "Theodor Karl"
2930:24 cm SK L/30 "Theodor Otto"
2623:10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12
1347:and a bond-buying policy by
1256:American Expeditionary Force
1142:of the 1st Army to send the
1048:, capitulated on 16 August.
635:Assembled and emplaced, the
473:ArtillerieprĂĽfungskommission
451:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
1214:July to participate in the
1096:British Expeditionary Force
861:30.5 cm (12.0 in)
3091:
2792:15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R.
2603:Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904
2213:. 6 August 1918. p. 3
1800:, pp. 19, 23, 25, 26.
1073:Skoda 30.5-centimetre guns
969:
925:A 42 cm projectile in 1918
465:) in response to the 1893
2925:21 cm SK "Peter Adalbert"
2482:The World War I "Brummer"
2480:Konrad F. Schreier, Jr.:
2269:Donnell, Clayton (2013).
1638:, pp. 15–16, 19, 22.
1224:counter-battery artillery
891:
860:
825:
816:
671:to a maximum of 65°. The
396:counter-battery artillery
286:(short naval cannon), or
211:
77:Place of origin
41:
2973:3.7 cm SockelFlak L/14.5
2882:28 cm Haubitze L/14 i.R.
2385:Tucker, Spencer (2019).
2294:Hazell, Paul J. (2021).
2253:Romanych & Rupp 2013
2177:Romanych & Rupp 2013
2047:Romanych & Rupp 2013
2023:Romanych & Rupp 2013
2011:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1987:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1975:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1951:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1939:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1912:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1900:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1876:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1825:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1798:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1786:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1774:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1762:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1750:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1740:, p. 16, 18, 28–29.
1738:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1714:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1702:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1678:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1651:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1636:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1624:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1612:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1600:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1573:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1546:Romanych & Rupp 2013
1381:
1280:Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive
804:Time to emplace (hours)
222:420 mm (17 in)
3039:5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt
2960:Anti-aircraft artillery
2940:28 cm K L/40 "KurfĂĽrst"
2707:Krupp 7.5 cm Model 1903
2593:7.5 cm GebirgsKanone 13
2583:5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt
1448:in 1876. A year later,
1364:Aberdeen Proving Ground
1300:siege of Novogeorgievsk
1232:German spring offensive
817:42 cm (17 in)
467:Franco-Russian Alliance
326:from 1914 to 1918. The
207:42 cm (17 in)
199:4.5 m (15 ft)
191:4.7 m (15 ft)
2920:17 cm SK L/40 "Samuel"
2872:21 cm Versuchmörser 06
2807:15 cm Ring Kanone L/30
2802:15 cm Ring Kanone C/92
2797:15 cm Ring Kanone C/72
1776:, pp. 25, 44, 47.
1704:, pp. 19, 22, 28.
1504:
1473:
1465:
1428:
1328:
1271:
1112:
1083:
989:
958:
947:
926:
898:
876:
855:
835:
810:
774:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
734:
728:
715:
708:
699:
689:
683:
673:
651:
637:
623:
613:
607:
601:
593:
580:
572:
566:
556:
547:
543:
535:
506:
500:
498:L/8, but known as the
494:
471:
414:Development and design
406:
400:
363:
345:
328:
280:
248:Rate of fire
172:10 m (33 ft)
148:
56:
50:
3075:World War I howitzers
2968:3.7 cm Maxim Flak M14
2945:28 cm SK L/40 "Bruno"
2468:J. F. Lehmanns Verlag
2438:, The Crowood Press,
2317:Kinard, Jeff (2007).
1989:, pp. 45, 46–47.
1902:, pp. 30–31, 34.
1752:, pp. 40, 45–46.
1614:, pp. 8, 10, 11.
1506:Oberste Heeresleitung
1446:Centennial Exposition
1269:
1081:
1065:Fort de Marchovelette
983:
924:
659:of 360°. The gun was
631:Design and production
541:, predecessor of the
532:
495:schwerer Küstenmörser
459:Alfred von Schlieffen
2897:42 cm Gamma howitzer
2847:21 cm Haubitze M1891
2827:17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L.
2560:German artillery of
1839:, pp. 958, 960.
1276:August von Mackensen
959:schwere Küstenmörser
726:The 30.5-centimetre
524:Siege of Port Arthur
324:Imperial German Army
258:Muzzle velocity
112:Imperial German Army
2950:38 cm SK L/45 "Max"
2877:28 cm Haubitze L/12
2491:, Motorbuch-Verlag
1322:Replicas and legacy
1252:Fort de la Pompelle
1216:Battle of the Somme
1140:Alexander von Kluck
1127:Battle of the Marne
785:
520:28 cm howitzer L/10
514:, during which the
455:Franco-Prussian War
361:broke out, the two
322:and fielded by the
2907:Railroad artillery
2210:The New York Times
2130:. 24 February 2012
1812:, pp. 958–60.
1653:, pp. 21, 28.
1602:, pp. 6, 7–8.
1451:The New York Times
1288:XXXX Reserve Corps
1272:
1084:
990:
948:kurze Marinekanone
927:
910:15 shells an hour
783:
641:weighed 42.6
594:kurze Marinekanone
548:
512:Russo-Japanese War
281:kurze Marinekanone
128:Production history
3047:
3046:
2978:7.62 cm FlaK L/30
2915:15 cm SK "Nathan"
2777:12 cm Kanone C/80
2722:7.7 cm FK 96 n.A.
2702:5.3 cm Fahrpanzer
2641:Granatenwerfer 16
2588:6 cm S-Bts K L/21
2516:firstworldwar.com
2510:Duffey, Michael.
2418:978-1-4728-2609-1
2405:Zaloga, Steven J.
2396:978-1-4408-6369-1
2377:978-1-85109-964-1
2355:978-1-78096-017-3
2346:Osprey Publishing
2332:978-1-85109-561-2
2309:978-3-03-073652-1
2286:978-1-4738-3012-7
2066:Los Angeles Times
2025:, pp. 39–42.
2013:, pp. 38–39.
1977:, pp. 43–44.
1941:, pp. 35–37.
1878:, pp. 30–31.
1827:, pp. 26–27.
1764:, pp. 22–23.
1716:, pp. 17–18.
1438:ironclad warships
1290:in its attack on
1144:III Reserve Corps
1114:Ouvrage Les Sarts
1108:VII Reserve Corps
1104:Siege of Maubeuge
914:
913:
889:12 shells an hour
619:Kaiser Wilhelm II
602:Minenwerfer-Gerät
274:
273:
16:(Redirected from
3082:
3060:420 mm artillery
2983:7.7 cm FlaK L/35
2892:42 cm Big Bertha
2887:38 cm Langer Max
2752:10.5 cm FH 98/09
2747:9 cm Kanone C/79
2742:9 cm Kanone C/73
2737:8 cm Kanone C/80
2732:8 cm Kanone C/73
2554:
2547:
2540:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2455:Raimund Lorenz:
2422:
2400:
2381:
2359:
2336:
2313:
2290:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2191:, pp. 9–17.
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
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1681:
1675:
1669:
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1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
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1588:
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1576:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1431:
1425:
1331:
1212:
1188:Battle of Verdun
1178:
1170:Fort de Broechem
1167:
1156:
1117:
1069:Fort de Maizeret
1022:Fort de Pontisse
976:Battle of Verdun
961:
950:
901:
879:
858:
840:
826:8 shells an hour
813:
786:
779:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
731:
719:to reduce their
718:
711:
702:
692:
686:
676:
654:
640:
626:
616:
610:
604:
596:
583:
577:
569:
559:
546:
540:
509:
503:
497:
483:
481:
437:National Redoubt
409:
403:
366:
348:
331:
283:
151:
146:30.5 centimetre
87:
85:
84:
61:
58:Musée de l'Armée
53:
46:
37:
32:
21:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3065:Siege artillery
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3025:
3016:3.7 cm TAK 1918
3002:
2954:
2901:
2867:21 cm Paris Gun
2862:21 cm Mörser 99
2857:21 cm Mörser 16
2852:21 cm Mörser 10
2839:siege artillery
2837:
2836:Superheavy and
2831:
2787:15 cm Kanone 16
2757:10.5 cm leFH 16
2694:
2685:
2681:Albrecht mortar
2627:
2573:
2564:
2558:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2487:Gerhard Taube:
2434:Herbert Jäger:
2430:
2428:Further reading
2425:
2419:
2403:
2397:
2384:
2378:
2364:Tucker, Spencer
2362:
2356:
2339:
2333:
2316:
2310:
2300:Springer Nature
2293:
2287:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2102:on 6 March 2019
2086:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2049:, pp. 4–5.
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:, p. 1616.
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:, p. 1051.
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1866:, p. 1140.
1862:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1587:, pp. 1–2.
1583:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1560:, pp. 8–9.
1556:
1552:
1548:, pp. 5–6.
1544:
1540:
1536:, pp. 6–8.
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1481:
1462:
1458:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1396:
1384:
1324:
1292:Kaunas Fortress
1274:On 2 May 1915,
1264:
1206:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1014:Battle of Liège
978:
968:
943:
941:Service history
931:armour-piercing
919:
721:ground pressure
695:First World War
679:muzzle velocity
633:
475:
463:Schlieffen Plan
429:polygonal forts
416:
359:First World War
212:
100:In service
95:Service history
82:
80:
71:Siege artillery
62:
35:
30:
29:Siege artillery
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3008:Anti-tank guns
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2993:8.8 cm Flak 16
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2695:and heavy guns
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2505:
2504:External links
2502:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2478:
2462:Rudolf Lusar:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2401:
2395:
2382:
2376:
2360:
2354:
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2331:
2314:
2308:
2291:
2285:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2236:
2234:, p. 224.
2224:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2141:
2113:
2079:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
2001:, p. 679.
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1929:, p. 118.
1916:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1853:
1851:, p. 960.
1841:
1829:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1728:, p. 257.
1718:
1706:
1694:
1692:, p. 677.
1682:
1670:
1668:, p. 362.
1655:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1589:
1577:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1495:
1479:
1456:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1323:
1320:
1316:invaded Serbia
1263:
1260:
1159:Fort de Kessel
1098:withdrew past
1061:Siege of Namur
1030:Fort de Loncin
986:Fort de Loncin
967:
964:
942:
939:
918:
915:
912:
911:
908:
905:
902:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
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871:
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865:
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859:
851:
850:
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841:
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830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
806:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
632:
629:
591:42-centimetre
415:
412:
308:siege howitzer
278:42 centimetre
272:
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268:
264:
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244:
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165:
162:
158:
157:
156:Specifications
153:
152:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
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68:
64:
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47:
39:
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28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2998:Flaming onion
2996:
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2599:
2596:
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2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2575:mountain guns
2571:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2541:
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2535:
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2451:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2277:Pen and Sword
2274:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2255:, p. 25.
2254:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2179:, p. 47.
2178:
2173:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:The Economist
2089:
2083:
2080:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2037:, p. 66.
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1953:, p. 43.
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:, p. 34.
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1788:, p. 23.
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1680:, p. 21.
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1626:, p. 14.
1625:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1512:Imperial Army
1508:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1404:German WW II
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Great Retreat
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:launched the
1277:
1268:
1262:Eastern Front
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:Fort de Liers
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:arrived near
1003:
999:
998:Western Front
995:
987:
984:Ruins of the
982:
977:
973:
966:Western Front
965:
963:
960:
954:
949:
940:
938:
936:
932:
923:
916:
909:
906:
903:
900:
896:
895:
888:
885:
882:
878:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
857:
853:
852:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
833:
832:
828:
822:
819:
814:"Big Bertha"
812:
808:
807:
803:
801:Rate of fire
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
781:
778:
777:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
738:
732:, called the
730:
724:
722:
717:
710:
704:
701:
696:
691:
685:
680:
675:
670:
666:
662:
661:breech loaded
658:
653:
648:
644:
639:
630:
628:
625:
620:
615:
609:
603:
598:
595:
588:
582:
576:
575:
568:
563:
558:
553:
545:
539:
538:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
516:Japanese Army
513:
508:
502:
496:
491:
487:
482:
479:
474:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
448:General Staff
445:
444:German Empire
440:
438:
434:
430:
427:evolved into
426:
421:
413:
411:
408:
402:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
360:
356:
352:
347:
341:
339:
335:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
291:
285:
282:
269:
265:
261:
259:
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
239:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
150:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:
89:German Empire
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
60:
59:
52:
45:
40:
33:
27:
19:
2891:
2822:15 cm sFH 93
2817:15 cm sFH 13
2812:15 cm sFH 02
2782:13.5 cm K 09
2717:7.7 cm FK 96
2712:7.7 cm FK 16
2646:7.58 cm leMW
2519:. Retrieved
2515:
2512:"Big Bertha"
2488:
2481:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2435:
2408:
2389:. ABC-Clio.
2386:
2370:. ABC-Clio.
2367:
2341:
2318:
2295:
2271:
2248:
2239:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2154:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2125:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2099:the original
2091:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2064:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1844:
1832:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1585:Donnell 2013
1580:
1575:, p. 7.
1558:Donnell 2013
1553:
1541:
1534:Donnell 2013
1529:
1498:
1459:
1449:
1429:Küstenmörser
1423:
1405:
1387:
1385:
1357:
1349:Mario Draghi
1334:Bertha Krupp
1325:
1297:
1273:
1220:
1204:Moulainville
1181:
1148:Fort de Lier
1120:
1085:
1050:
1034:GĂ©rard Leman
991:
944:
928:
856:Beta-M-Gerät
768:Beta-M-Gerät
762:Beta-M-Gerät
729:Beta-M-Gerät
725:
705:
634:
590:
587:gun carriage
549:
441:
417:
401:Beta-M-Gerät
393:
342:
300:
296:
288:
287:
277:
275:
180: length
149:Beta-M-Gerät
133:Manufacturer
108:Used by
48:Model of an
26:
2562:World War I
2521:5 September
2448:Willy Ley:
2232:Tucker 2014
2189:Zaloga 2018
2162:5 September
2156:Der Spiegel
2134:5 September
2106:5 September
2072:5 September
2035:Hazell 2021
1999:Tucker 2014
1963:Tucker 2014
1927:Tucker 2014
1888:Tucker 2014
1864:Tucker 2014
1849:Tucker 2014
1837:Tucker 2014
1810:Tucker 2014
1726:Kinard 2007
1690:Tucker 2019
1666:Kinard 2007
1491:Gamma-Gerät
1474:Gamma-Gerät
1467:Gamma-Gerät
1376:World War I
1372:railway gun
1329:Dicke Berta
1207: [
1173: [
1162: [
1151: [
1055:marched to
837:Gamma-Gerät
776:Gamma-Gerät
703:howitzers.
581:Gamma-Gerät
574:Gamma-Gerät
537:Gamma-Gerät
476: [
389:railway gun
290:Minenwerfer
122:World War I
18:Dicke Berta
3054:Categories
2772:10 cm K 17
2767:10 cm K 14
2762:10 cm K 04
2727:7.7 cm KiH
2497:3879438110
2476:3469003637
2444:1861264038
2262:References
2217:3 December
1407:Karl-Gerät
1341:golf clubs
1053:3rd Armies
970:See also:
917:Ammunition
899:Beta-Gerät
877:Beta-Gerät
716:radgĂĽrteln
663:, using a
567:Beta-Gerät
557:Beta-Gerät
507:Beta-Gerät
501:Beta-Gerät
425:star forts
301:Big Bertha
3031:Tank guns
3021:MG 18 TuF
2693:, medium
2676:25 cm sMW
2656:17 cm mMW
2470:MĂĽnchen,
1522:Citations
1514:by Corps.
1410:SP mortar
1368:Paris Gun
1360:Spincourt
1312:11th Army
1240:18th Army
1196:Douaumont
1088:Charleroi
953:batteries
550:In 1906,
439:in 1888.
433:casemates
385:Paris Gun
310:built by
228:Elevation
103:1914–1918
2570:Infantry
2407:(2018).
2366:(2014).
2323:ABC-Clio
1394:See also
1338:Callaway
1284:Przemyśl
1244:7th Army
1236:6th Army
1200:Souville
1184:5th Army
1135:Albert I
1100:Maubeuge
1046:Flémalle
1042:Hollogne
1038:magazine
1032:, where
1018:2nd Army
1002:1st Army
792:Calibre
737:Kartaune
735:schwere
669:elevated
657:traverse
562:howitzer
486:Krupp AG
381:nickname
373:Pontisse
312:Krupp AG
303:, was a
238:Traverse
204:Diameter
143:Variants
2633:Mortars
1434:mortars
1133:. King
1131:Antwerp
1090:and at
1010:Belgium
935:lanyard
811:M-Gerät
795:Weight
756:M-Gerät
750:M-Gerät
744:M-Gerät
709:M-Gerät
700:M-Gerät
690:M-Gerät
684:M-Gerät
674:M-Gerät
652:M-Gerät
638:M-Gerät
624:M-Gerät
614:M-Gerät
608:M-Gerät
597:14 L/12
544:M-Gerät
407:M-Gerät
364:M-Gerät
355:Belgium
346:M-Gerät
334:calibre
329:M-Gerät
320:Germany
297:M-Gerät
284:14 L/12
218:Caliber
54:at the
51:M-Gerät
2495:
2474:
2442:
2415:
2393:
2374:
2352:
2329:
2306:
2283:
1314:as it
1308:Grodno
1228:Ostend
1094:, the
988:, 1914
951:(KMK)
798:Range
677:had a
645:(47.0
564:, the
490:mortar
420:Rifled
377:Loncin
351:France
305:German
292:-Gerät
196:Height
178:Barrel
169:Length
86:
2691:Field
2205:(PDF)
1442:Krupp
1415:Notes
1306:. At
1248:Reims
1211:]
1177:]
1166:]
1155:]
1123:Paris
1057:Namur
1006:Liège
994:Essen
789:Name
518:used
480:]
369:Liège
316:Essen
188:Width
137:Krupp
2572:and
2523:2018
2493:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2440:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2219:2011
2164:2018
2136:2018
2108:2018
2074:2018
1370:, a
1343:and
1202:and
1192:Vaux
1092:Mons
1044:and
974:and
945:The
870:7–8
829:5–6
706:The
647:tons
533:The
442:The
387:, a
375:and
353:and
343:The
276:The
242:360°
232:+65°
161:Mass
118:Wars
67:Type
892:12
880:09
849:24
599:or
314:in
3056::
2514:.
2466:,
2348:.
2325:.
2321:.
2302:.
2298:.
2279:.
2275:.
2207:.
2153:.
2124:.
2090:.
2063:.
1919:^
1856:^
1817:^
1658:^
1643:^
1592:^
1565:^
1482:^
1378:.
1355:.
1351:,
1318:.
1258:.
1209:fr
1198:,
1194:,
1175:nl
1164:nl
1153:nl
1008:,
937:.
526:.
478:de
340:.
318:,
2553:e
2546:t
2539:v
2525:.
2421:.
2399:.
2380:.
2358:.
2335:.
2312:.
2289:.
2221:.
2166:.
2138:.
2110:.
2076:.
643:t
605:(
295:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
