1077:
576:
112:
1103:
1148:
935:
587:
1205:
154:
968:
926:
1229:
902:
347:
5186:
1238:
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1036:
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1139:
1065:
1048:
554:
4820:
959:
893:
1179:
4009:
1167:
999:
1012:
131:
820:. Dicynodontia was later ranked as a suborder or infraorder with the larger group Anomodontia, which is classified as an order. The ranking of Dicynodontia has varied in recent studies, with Ivakhnenko (2008) considering it a suborder, Ivanchnenko (2008) considering it an infraorder, and Kurkin (2010) considering it an order.
471:
possibly vindicates the status of dicynodonts as endothermic animals. As these coprolites come from carnivorous species and digested dicynodont bones are abundant, it has been suggested that at least some of these hair remnants come from dicynodont prey. A new study using chemical analysis seemed to
884:. Most of these taxa are no longer considered valid. Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009) suggested that the problematic taxonomy and nomenclature of Dicynodontia and other groups results from the large number of conflicting studies and the tendency for invalid names to be mistakenly established.
375:
temporal openings at the rear of the skull greatly enlarged to accommodate larger jaw muscles. The front of the skull and the lower jaw are generally narrow and, in all but a number of primitive forms, toothless. Instead, the front of the mouth is equipped with a horny beak, as in
387:. Food was processed by the retraction of the lower jaw when the mouth closed, producing a powerful shearing action, which would have enabled dicynodonts to cope with tough plant material. Dicynodonts typically had a pair of enlarged maxillary caniniform teeth, analogous to the
2855:
Bajdek, Piotr; Qvarnström, Martin; Owocki, Krzysztof; Sulej, Tomasz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Golubev, Valeriy K.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2016). "Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper
Permian coprolites from Russia".
391:
present in some living mammals. In the earliest genera, they were merely enlarged teeth, but in later forms they independently evolved into ever-growing teeth like mammal tusks multiple times. In some dicynodonts, the presence of tusks has been suggested to be
823:
Many higher taxa, including infraorders and families, have been erected as a means of classifying the large number of dicynodont species. Cluver and King (1983) recognised several main groups within
Dicynodontia, including Eodicynodontia (containing only
2883:
Rey, Kévin; Amiot, Romain; Fourel, François; Abdala, Fernando; Fluteau, Frédéric; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Liu, Jun; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Smith, Roger MH; Steyer, J. Sébastien; Viglietti, Pia A; Wang, Xu; Lécuyer, Christophe (2017).
449:, and their bodily proportions are conducive to heat preservation. In young specimens, the bones are so highly vascularised that they exhibit higher channel densities than most other therapsids. Yet, studies on
527:. Since Bain was preoccupied with the Corps of Royal Engineers, he wanted Owen to describe his fossils more extensively. Owen did not publish a description until 1876 in his
2656:"Triassic pentadactyl tracks from the Los Menucos Group (Río Negro province, Patagonia Argentina): possible constraints on the autopodial posture of Gondwanan trackmakers"
306:
that typically bore a pair of tusks, hence their name, which means 'two dog tooth'. Members of the group possessed a horny, typically toothless beak, unique amongst all
2425:
Racki, Grzegorz; Lucas, Spencer G. (2018). "Timing of dicynodont extinction in light of an unusual Late
Triassic Polish fauna and Cuvier's approach to extinction".
2789:"Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?"
545:
as a replacement name for his
Dicynodontia. The name Bidentalia quickly fell out of use in the following years, replaced by popularity of Owen's Dicynodontia.
3533:
Cluver, M.A.; King, G.M. (1983). "A reassessment of the relationships of
Permian Dicynodontia (Reptilia, Therapsida) and a new classification of dicynodont".
3424:
Espen M. Knutsen; Emma
Oerlemans (2019). "The last dicynodont? Re-assessing the taxonomic and temporal relationships of a contentious Australian fossil".
618:. During this time, they included a large variety of ecotypes, including large, medium-sized, and small herbivores and short-limbed mole-like burrowers.
655:, the only dicynodonts who diversified during the Triassic. These stocky, pig- to ox-sized animals were the most abundant herbivores worldwide from the
2538:"A new tusked cistecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the upper Permian upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Luangwa Basin, Zambia"
3643:
679:(middle of the Late Triassic), perhaps due to increasing aridity, they drastically declined, and the role of large herbivores was taken over by
5480:
622:
319:
3671:
5490:
501:
gave the first description of dicynodonts in 1845. At the time, Bain was a supervisor for the construction of military roads under the
5485:
2820:
Bajdek, Piotr; Owocki, Krzysztof; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2014). "Putative dicynodont coprolites from the Upper
Triassic of Poland".
505:
and had found many reptilian fossils during his surveys of South Africa. Bain described these fossils in an 1845 letter published in
326:
but died out towards the end of that period. They were the most successful and diverse of the non-mammalian therapsids, with over 70
3161:
2460:
Crompton, A. W.; Hotton, N. (1967). "Functional morphology of the masticatory apparatus of two dicynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida)".
3384:"A reappraisal of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaur faunas from Australia and New Zealand: Evidence for their Gondwanan affinities"
739:
With the decline and extinction of the kannemeyerids, there were to be no more dominant large synapsid herbivores until the middle
3144:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (2018). "5. Non-Mammalian synapsids: The deep roots of the mammalian family tree".
1076:
712:, Australia, were interpreted as remains of a skull in 2003. This suggested to indicate that dicynodonts survived into the
507:
153:
2987:
Descriptive and
Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the British Museum
529:
Descriptive and
Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the British Museum
4951:
2182:
3664:
610:
in the
Southern Hemisphere, with South Africa being the centre of their known diversity, and underwent a rapid
502:
472:
suggest that cynodonts and dicynodonts both developed warm blood independently before the Permian extinction.
3298:
314:, ca. 270–260 million years ago, and became globally distributed and the dominant herbivorous animals in the
5185:
724:
crocodyliform by Agnolin et al. in 2010), and in 2019 Knutsen and Oerlemans considered this fossil to be of
533:
4824:
4400:
575:
427:
dicynodont tracks suggest that dicynodonts had fleshy pads on their feet. Mummified skin from specimens of
5400:
720:. The dicynodont affinity of these specimens was questioned (including a proposal that they belonged to a
611:
614:, becoming globally distributed and amongst the most successful and abundant land vertebrates during the
5447:
804:. Cryptodonts were distinguished from dicynodonts from their absence of tusks. Although it lacks tusks,
517:
511:, calling them "bidentals" for their two prominent tusks. In that same year, the English paleontologist
486:
2584:
5475:
5336:
5315:
5000:
4395:
3657:
3565:
3261:
3202:
3108:
2829:
2761:
2718:
2596:
2405:
2231:
335:
5329:
5245:
2654:
Citton, Paolo; Díaz-Martínez, Ignacio; de Valais, Silvina; Cónsole-Gonella, Carlos (7 August 2018).
531:. By this time, many more dicynodonts had been described. In 1859, another important species called
111:
5322:
5266:
4675:
3556:, a Bidentalian Dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the ?Guadalupian of Northwestern China".
2886:"Oxygen isotopes suggest elevated thermometabolism within multiple Permo-Triassic therapsid clades"
2025:
1081:
809:
776:
423:
5308:
5294:
3619:
781:
5252:
4855:
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3346:
3303:
3167:
3077:
2964:
2734:
2706:
2620:
2565:
2536:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Benoit, Julien; Rubidge, Bruce S. (February 2021). Ruta, Marcello (ed.).
2518:
2442:
2119:
652:
498:
393:
148:
5452:
3000:
Owen, R. (1860). "On the orders of fossil and recent Reptilia, and their distribution in time".
5438:
3383:
5231:
5014:
4600:
4149:
3602:
3364:
3279:
3230:
3157:
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4008:
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3433:
3398:
3354:
3338:
3269:
3220:
3210:
3149:
3116:
3061:
3002:
Report of the Twenty-Ninth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
2956:
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2907:
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2800:
2769:
2726:
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2017:
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829:
668:
523:
1204:
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934:
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5063:
5039:
4942:
4901:
4883:
4876:
4745:
4627:
4616:
4311:
4286:
4099:
2707:"Taphonomy of drought afflicted tetrapods in the Early Triassic Karoo Basin, South Africa"
2338:
2267:
2143:
2135:
2097:
1963:
1869:
1794:
1725:
1666:
1382:
1126:
1003:
967:
869:
861:
853:
791:
733:
680:
446:
412:
407:
537:
was named from South Africa. In the same year, Owen named the group Dicynodontia. In his
457:
paradoxically showcase digestive patterns more typical of animals with slow metabolisms.
405:
The body is short, strong and barrel-shaped, with strong limbs. In large genera (such as
3569:
3265:
3206:
3112:
3023:
2833:
2765:
2722:
2600:
2537:
346:
5134:
4931:
4728:
4696:
4566:
4534:
4445:
4140:
4074:
4053:
3875:
3359:
3326:
3225:
3186:
2912:
2885:
2682:
2655:
2505:
2481:"The evolution of the synapsid tusk: Insights from dicynodont therapsid tusk histology"
2480:
2345:
2149:
2059:
1937:
1877:
1631:
1618:
1597:
1450:
1427:
1359:
1228:
1040:
849:
845:
837:
687:
28:
2773:
480:
5469:
5343:
5072:
4775:
4761:
4654:
4647:
4466:
4334:
4327:
4300:
4174:
3857:
3585:
3519:
3445:
3410:
3081:
3049:
2968:
2805:
2788:
2738:
2624:
2569:
2522:
2291:
2104:
2082:
1990:
1983:
1927:
1815:
1745:
1731:
1701:
1652:
1462:
1404:
991:
786:
721:
450:
69:
32:
3484:
3171:
3121:
3096:
2446:
1035:
901:
5369:
5287:
5224:
5214:
5162:
5155:
5107:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4965:
4958:
4869:
4768:
4717:
4589:
4348:
4259:
4060:
3957:
3923:
2952:
2937:"On the discovery of fossil remains of bidental and other reptiles in South Africa"
2373:
2366:
2326:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2196:
2189:
2125:
2111:
2053:
1897:
1851:
1829:
1759:
1604:
1335:
1247:
1214:
1112:
1023:
795:
765:
639:
512:
491:
442:
429:
416:
398:
261:
240:
3577:
2438:
1237:
1121:
3460:
3215:
2841:
2730:
2608:
402:
lacked true tusks and instead bore tusk-like extensions on the side of the beak.
5432:
5375:
5273:
5259:
5238:
5148:
5093:
5086:
5021:
4917:
4668:
4640:
4555:
4541:
4452:
4341:
4277:
4250:
4203:
4183:
4156:
4122:
4088:
4067:
3891:
3864:
3836:
3815:
3802:
3765:
3680:
2400:
2359:
2319:
2305:
2252:
2163:
2004:
1969:
1951:
1919:
1911:
1823:
1788:
1752:
1706:
1686:
1658:
1644:
1611:
1475:
1311:
1183:
1157:
1069:
944:
911:
877:
865:
857:
825:
808:
is now classified as a dicynodont, and the name Cryptodontia is no longer used.
729:
672:
607:
558:
311:
224:
44:
2960:
986:
411:) the hindlimbs were held erect, but the forelimbs bent at the elbow. Both the
354:
5350:
5280:
5141:
4910:
4890:
4710:
4431:
4418:
4363:
4223:
4211:
3936:
3912:
3829:
3722:
3511:
3402:
3185:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Fröbisch, Jörg; Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (31 May 2013).
3153:
3065:
2352:
2281:
2156:
2046:
1846:
1767:
1490:
1195:
1171:
1093:
1064:
873:
768:. It was erected as a family of the order Anomodontia and included the genera
713:
709:
705:(latest Triassic); this animal was also the largest known dicynodont species.
701:
indicate that dicynodonts survived at least until the late Norian or earliest
542:
381:
211:
89:
54:
5423:
3437:
3130:
3073:
2616:
2561:
497:
Dicynodonts have been known since the mid-1800s. The South African geologist
5361:
5100:
5079:
5052:
4753:
4737:
4703:
4689:
4661:
4582:
4525:
4293:
4266:
4232:
4196:
4163:
4108:
4081:
3738:
3713:
3614:
The Marshall illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs & prehistoric animals
3274:
3249:
3097:"A review of the Guadalupian (middle Permian) global tetrapod fossil record"
2312:
2298:
2274:
2074:
2066:
2011:
1997:
1976:
1905:
1890:
1836:
1808:
1801:
1773:
1712:
1672:
1625:
1285:
1262:
1138:
1047:
1016:
977:
841:
800:
770:
740:
692:
656:
633:
627:
615:
596:
553:
468:
454:
372:
359:
331:
322:
that wiped out most other therapsids ca. 252 Mya. They rebounded during the
303:
299:
295:
198:
165:
140:
121:
94:
38:
3368:
3342:
3283:
3234:
2921:
2691:
2514:
2496:
651:). None of these survived long into the Triassic. The fourth group was the
3612:
Cox, B., Savage, R.J.G., Gardiner, B., Harrison, C. and Palmer, D. (1988)
3191:, a kannemeyeriiform dicynodont (Anomodontia) from Triassic North America"
958:
5417:
4924:
4682:
4514:
4491:
4473:
4459:
4129:
4115:
3884:
3704:
2170:
2039:
1719:
1693:
1679:
748:
725:
717:
702:
660:
648:
384:
323:
307:
185:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
2902:
2479:
Whitney, M. R.; Angielczyk, K. D.; Peecook, B. R.; Sidor, C. A. (2021).
1178:
892:
4239:
3950:
3943:
3905:
3898:
3350:
2672:
1780:
1166:
998:
664:
563:
465:
315:
99:
74:
3382:
Agnolin, F. L.; Ezcurra, M. D.; Pais, D. F.; Salisbury, S. W. (2010).
3299:"An Elephant-Size Relative of Mammals That Grazed Alongside Dinosaurs"
2869:
2705:
Smith, Roger M.H.; Botha, Jennifer; Viglietti, Pia A. (October 2022).
2553:
1011:
751:, began to diversify after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.
130:
5301:
4548:
3698:
3050:"Permian anomodonts: Paleobiogeography and distribution of the group"
1944:
1052:
744:
698:
676:
644:
377:
175:
5394:
2936:
2583:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Ordoñez, Maria de los Angeles (2021-06-01).
732:
age, and reinterpreted it as a fossil of a large mammal, probably a
643:, the latter being the most common and widespread herbivores of the
3498:
Kurkin, A.A. (2010). "Late Permian dicynodonts of Eastern Europe".
3476:
4480:
2090:
1165:
1120:
1075:
1063:
1046:
1034:
1022:
985:
552:
479:
368:
353:
345:
327:
291:
3552:
Angielczyk, K. D.; Liu, J.; Yang, W. (2021). "A Redescription of
764:
Dicynodontia was originally named by the English paleontologist
461:
388:
5398:
5201:
4840:
4416:
4024:
3800:
3691:
3653:
3649:
310:. Dicynodonts first appeared in Southern Pangaea during the
3250:"An elephant-sized Late Triassic synapsid with erect limbs"
445:
animals. Their bones are highly vascularised and possess
3095:
Olroyd, Savannah L.; Sidor, Christian A. (August 2017).
2752:
Bakker, Robert T. (April 1975). "Dinosaur renaissance".
2585:"Dicynodonts (Therapsida: Anomodontia) of South America"
625:; the first three represented with a single genus each:
3331:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2485:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3327:"The last dicynodont: an Australian Cretaceous relict"
2787:
Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (2010).
812:
revised Owen's Dicynodontia as an order that included
3626:, Gutsav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and New York, 1988
3024:"A proposed higher taxonomy of anomodont therapsids"
515:
named two species of dicynodonts from South Africa:
5407:
5360:
5212:
5117:
5062:
5038:
4941:
4900:
4853:
4786:
4727:
4626:
4599:
4565:
4524:
4490:
4429:
4362:
4310:
4276:
4249:
4222:
4182:
4173:
4139:
4098:
4037:
3975:
3922:
3874:
3847:
3813:
3764:
3737:
3644:
Therapsida : Neotherapsida : Dicynodontia
621:Only four lineages are known to have survived the
371:is highly specialised, light but strong, with the
2822:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2711:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2941:Transactions of the Geological Society of London
1007:, a small dicynodont from Africa's Upper Permian
508:Transactions of the Geological Society of London
318:, ca. 260–252 Mya. They were devastated by the
3187:"On the validity and phylogenetic position of
3146:Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics
441:Dicynodonts have long been suspected of being
3665:
8:
3248:Tomasz Sulej; Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki (2019).
490:, first published in an 1845 description by
433:in South Africa have numerous raised bumps.
708:Six fragments of fossil bone discovered in
5395:
5209:
5198:
5044:
4861:
4850:
4837:
4632:
4437:
4426:
4413:
4188:
4179:
4045:
4034:
4021:
3928:
3821:
3810:
3797:
3743:
3734:
3688:
3672:
3658:
3650:
129:
110:
20:
3631:The Dicynodonts: A Study in Palaeobiology
3358:
3273:
3224:
3214:
3120:
3022:Kammerer, C.F.; Angielczyk, K.D. (2009).
2911:
2901:
2804:
2793:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2681:
2671:
2504:
419:are large and strong. The tail is short.
2589:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1265:modified from Angielczyk et al. (2021):
1177:
1010:
997:
3633:, Chapman and Hall, London and New York
3017:
3015:
2980:
2978:
2417:
780:. Other groups of Anomodontia included
3297:St. Fleur, Nicholas (4 January 2019).
606:Dicynodonts first appeared during the
3607:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
2989:. London: British Museum. p. 88.
2644:, John Wiley & Sons Inc (2nd ed.)
539:Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue
7:
3391:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1468:
1443:
1419:
1397:
1375:
1351:
1327:
1303:
1278:
1268:
856:), Kingoriamorpha (containing only
828:), Endothiodontia (containing only
298:, an extinct type of non-mammalian
3616:, 2nd Edition, Marshall Publishing
3558:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3535:Annals of the South African Museum
3461:"Reclassification of the Reptilia"
437:Endothermy and soft tissue anatomy
14:
3325:Thulborn, T.; Turner, S. (2003).
2774:10.1038/scientificamerican0475-58
562:, a basal dicynodont from middle
5184:
4823:
4818:
4399:
4394:
4007:
3624:Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology
2806:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00601.x
1236:
1227:
1203:
1194:
1146:
1137:
1101:
1092:
1058:G. elginensis and G. locusticeps
966:
957:
933:
924:
900:
891:
585:
574:
541:, Owen honored Bain by erecting
484:An illustration of the skull of
460:More recently, the discovery of
152:
3122:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.001
2953:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.72
330:known, varying from rat-sized
1:
5481:Guadalupian first appearances
3578:10.1080/02724634.2021.1922428
2439:10.1080/08912963.2018.1499734
277:
3216:10.1371/journal.pone.0064203
2842:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.06.013
2731:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111207
2642:Evolution of the Vertebrates
2609:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103171
667:they had been supplanted by
3622:, "Anomodontia" Part 17 C,
3048:Kurkin, A. A. (July 2011).
600:, from Late Triassic Poland
396:. Some dicynodonts such as
16:Extinct clade of therapsids
5507:
5491:Taxa named by Richard Owen
5486:Late Triassic extinctions
5208:
5197:
5182:
5047:
4864:
4849:
4836:
4816:
4635:
4440:
4425:
4412:
4392:
4191:
4048:
4033:
4020:
4005:
3931:
3824:
3809:
3796:
3746:
3733:
3687:
3512:10.1134/S0031030110060092
3403:10.1080/14772011003594870
3154:10.1515/9783110341553-005
3066:10.1134/S0031030111030075
1488:
1473:
1466:
1448:
1441:
1424:
1417:
1402:
1395:
1380:
1373:
1356:
1349:
1332:
1325:
1308:
1301:
1283:
1276:
747:, distant descendants of
274:
269:
149:Scientific classification
147:
137:
128:
118:
109:
23:
3629:King, Gillian M., 1990,
3438:10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.011
503:Corps of Royal Engineers
3500:Paleontological Journal
3465:The American Naturalist
3275:10.1126/science.aal4853
3054:Paleontological Journal
2542:Papers in Palaeontology
3609:, WH Freeman & Co.
3343:10.1098/rspb.2002.2296
3189:Eubrachiosaurus browni
2497:10.1098/rspb.2021.1670
1586:Current classification
1187:
1175:
1130:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
995:
612:evolutionary radiation
567:
534:Ptychognathus declivis
494:
364:
351:
320:end-Permian Extinction
5448:Paleobiology Database
3459:Osborn, H.F. (1904).
3101:Earth-Science Reviews
1181:
1169:
1124:
1079:
1067:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1001:
989:
675:reptiles. During the
556:
518:Dicynodon lacerticeps
487:Dicynodon lacerticeps
483:
357:
349:
5001:Shaanbeikannemeyeria
3148:. pp. 117–198.
2406:Evolution of mammals
2232:Shaanbeikannemeyeria
1113:Lystrosaurus murrayi
832:), Pristerodontia (
790:(now known to be an
549:Evolutionary history
270:Clades & genera
5362:Paraphyletic groups
3570:2021JVPal..41E2428A
3266:2019Sci...363...78S
3207:2013PLoSO...864203K
3113:2017ESRv..171..583O
2961:2027/uc1.c034667778
2935:Bain, A.G. (1845).
2903:10.7554/eLife.28589
2834:2014PPP...411....1B
2766:1975SciAm.232d..58B
2754:Scientific American
2723:2022PPP...60411207S
2601:2021JSAES.10803171K
842:Aulacephalodontidae
810:Thomas Henry Huxley
743:epoch (60 Ma) when
302:. Dicynodonts were
4856:Kannemeyeriiformes
4843:Kannemeyeriiformes
4788:Kannemeyeriiformes
3554:Kunpania scopulusa
3304:The New York Times
2673:10.7717/peerj.5358
2427:Historical Biology
2131:Dinodontosauridae
2120:Kannemeyeriiformes
1188:
1176:
1131:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
996:
690:-sized dicynodont
653:Kannemeyeriiformes
568:
499:Andrew Geddes Bain
495:
394:sexually dimorphic
365:
352:
350:Dicynodont fossils
334:to elephant-sized
5463:
5462:
5401:Taxon identifiers
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5193:
5192:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5015:Uralokannemeyeria
4832:
4831:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4601:Rhachiocephalidae
4408:
4407:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4358:
4357:
4016:
4015:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3426:Gondwana Research
3337:(1518): 985–993.
2985:Owen, R. (1876).
2870:10.1111/let.12156
2554:10.1002/spp2.1285
2246:Uralokannemeyeria
1857:Rhachiocephalidae
1582:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
860:), Diictodontia (
798:, which included
784:, which included
285:
284:
265:
5498:
5456:
5455:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5396:
5210:
5199:
5188:
5045:
5029:Xiyukannemeyeria
5008:Sinokannemeyeria
4973:Parakannemeyeria
4862:
4851:
4838:
4827:
4822:
4633:
4610:Kitchinganomodon
4576:Australobarbarus
4508:Interpresosaurus
4438:
4427:
4414:
4403:
4398:
4321:Cistecephaloides
4189:
4180:
4046:
4035:
4022:
4011:
3965:Anomocephaloidea
3929:
3849:Anomocephaloidea
3822:
3811:
3798:
3744:
3735:
3728:
3727:
3689:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3651:
3620:King, Gillian M.
3590:
3589:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3218:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2651:
2645:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2422:
2334:Stahleckeriinae
2260:Xiyukannemeyeria
2239:Sinokannemeyeria
2204:Parakannemeyeria
2178:Kannemeyeriidae
2033:Interpresosaurus
1884:Australobarbarus
1863:Kitchinganomodon
1739:Cistecephaloides
1469:
1444:
1420:
1398:
1376:
1352:
1328:
1304:
1279:
1269:
1240:
1231:
1207:
1198:
1150:
1141:
1105:
1096:
1029:Australobarbarus
970:
961:
937:
928:
904:
895:
882:Venyukoviamorpha
834:Pristerodontidae
830:Endothiodontidae
589:
578:
524:Dicynodon bainii
447:Haversian canals
363:life-sized model
260:
255:
239:
223:
157:
156:
133:
114:
104:
41:
27:Temporal range:
21:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5451:
5446:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5403:
5393:
5380:
5356:
5337:Platypodosaurus
5316:Opisthoctenodon
5204:
5189:
5168:
5128:Eubrachiosaurus
5119:Stahleckeriinae
5113:
5058:
5040:Stahleckeriidae
5034:
4943:Kannemeyeriidae
4937:
4902:Shansiodontidae
4896:
4884:Elephantosaurus
4877:Dinodontosaurus
4858:
4845:
4828:
4802:
4782:
4746:Euptychognathus
4723:
4628:Dicynodontoidea
4622:
4617:Rhachiocephalus
4595:
4561:
4520:
4486:
4434:
4421:
4404:
4378:
4354:
4312:Cistecephalidae
4306:
4287:Dicynodontoides
4272:
4245:
4218:
4169:
4135:
4100:Pylaecephalidae
4094:
4042:
4029:
4012:
3991:
3971:
3918:
3870:
3843:
3818:
3805:
3780:
3760:
3729:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3640:
3599:
3597:Further reading
3594:
3593:
3564:(1): e1922428.
3551:
3550:
3546:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3471:(446): 93–115.
3458:
3457:
3453:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3260:(6422): 78–80.
3247:
3246:
3242:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3164:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3013:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2636:
2632:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2397:
2339:Eubrachiosaurus
2268:Stahleckeriidae
2144:Shansiodontidae
2136:Dinodontosaurus
2098:Euptychognathus
1964:Dicynodontoidea
1870:Rhachiocephalus
1795:Dicynodontoides
1726:Cistecephalidae
1667:Pylaecephalidae
1588:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1383:Pylaecephalidae
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1127:Dinodontosaurus
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1004:Dicynodontoides
984:
983:
982:
981:
973:
972:
971:
963:
962:
951:
950:
949:
948:
940:
939:
938:
930:
929:
918:
917:
916:
915:
907:
906:
905:
897:
896:
870:Cistecephalidae
854:Kannemeyeriidae
792:archosauromorph
762:
757:
604:
603:
602:
601:
592:
591:
590:
581:
580:
579:
551:
478:
439:
413:pectoral girdle
408:Dinodontosaurus
367:The dicynodont
344:
342:Characteristics
259:
253:
237:
221:
151:
105:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
37:268–201.4
36:
35:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5504:
5502:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5468:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5444:
5429:
5413:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5330:Planitorostris
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5246:Chelyoposaurus
5242:
5235:
5228:
5220:
5218:
5206:
5205:
5203:Other articles
5202:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5135:Ischigualastia
5131:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4947:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4932:Rhinodicynodon
4928:
4921:
4914:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4865:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4733:
4731:
4729:Lystrosauridae
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4697:Repelinosaurus
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4569:
4567:Oudenodontidae
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4535:Aulacephalodon
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4446:Daqingshanodon
4441:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4186:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4145:
4143:
4141:Endothiodontia
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4075:Lanthanostegus
4071:
4064:
4057:
4054:Brachyprosopus
4049:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3878:
3876:Venyukovioidea
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3701:
3692:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3638:External links
3636:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3617:
3610:
3603:Carroll, R. L.
3598:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3544:
3525:
3490:
3477:10.1086/278383
3451:
3416:
3397:(2): 257–300.
3374:
3317:
3289:
3240:
3177:
3162:
3136:
3087:
3060:(4): 432–444.
3040:
3011:
2992:
2974:
2927:
2875:
2864:(4): 455–477.
2847:
2812:
2799:(2): 341–365.
2779:
2744:
2697:
2646:
2638:Colbert, E. H.
2630:
2575:
2548:(1): 405–446.
2528:
2471:
2452:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2346:Ischigualastia
2342:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2285:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2150:Rhinodicynodon
2141:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2060:Lystrosauridae
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1938:Aulacephalodon
1931:
1923:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1878:Oudenodontidae
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1723:
1716:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1632:Endothiodontia
1629:
1622:
1619:Lanthanostegus
1615:
1608:
1601:
1598:Brachyprosopus
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:Endothiodontia
1447:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:Brachyprosopus
1423:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:Lanthanostegus
1355:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1286:"Eodicynodon"
1282:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1041:Aulacephalodon
975:
974:
965:
964:
956:
955:
954:
953:
952:
942:
941:
932:
931:
923:
922:
921:
920:
919:
909:
908:
899:
898:
890:
889:
888:
887:
886:
862:Diictodontidae
850:Lystrosauridae
846:Dicynodontidae
838:Cryptodontidae
761:
758:
756:
753:
697:discovered in
688:Asian elephant
686:Fossils of an
681:sauropodomorph
671:cynodonts and
608:Middle Permian
594:
593:
584:
583:
582:
573:
572:
571:
570:
569:
550:
547:
477:
474:
438:
435:
343:
340:
290:is an extinct
283:
282:
272:
271:
267:
266:
251:
244:
243:
235:
228:
227:
219:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
144:
135:
134:
126:
125:
116:
115:
107:
106:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
42:
29:Middle Permian
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5503:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5344:Putillosaurus
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5323:Parvobestiola
5320:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5267:Dicranozygoma
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5196:
5187:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5073:Argodicynodon
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4826:
4821:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4777:
4776:Sintocephalus
4773:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4762:Kwazulusaurus
4759:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:Delectosaurus
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:Daptocephalus
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4467:Odontocyclops
4464:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4402:
4397:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4335:Kawingasaurus
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:Cistecephalus
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4301:Thliptosaurus
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Therochelonia
4172:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4010:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:Anomocephalus
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3201:(5): e64203.
3200:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3163:9783110341553
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2292:Argodicynodon
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:Kwazulusaurus
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:Sintocephalus
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1991:Delectosaurus
1988:
1986:
1985:
1984:Daptocephalus
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1928:Odontocyclops
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1816:Thliptosaurus
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1746:Kawingasaurus
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1732:Cistecephalus
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:Therochelonia
1700:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:Eumantellidae
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:Therochelonia
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:Eumantellidae
1400:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1140:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1000:
994:
993:
992:Cistecephalus
988:
980:
979:
969:
960:
947:
946:
936:
927:
914:
913:
903:
894:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
793:
789:
788:
787:Rhynchosaurus
783:
779:
778:
777:Ptychognathus
773:
772:
767:
759:
754:
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
734:diprotodontid
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
694:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
599:
598:
588:
577:
566:South Africa.
565:
561:
560:
555:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
535:
530:
526:
525:
520:
519:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
493:
489:
488:
482:
475:
473:
470:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
451:Late Triassic
448:
444:
436:
434:
432:
431:
426:
425:
424:Pentasauropus
420:
418:
414:
410:
409:
403:
401:
400:
395:
390:
386:
383:
379:
374:
370:
362:
361:
356:
348:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
281:
279:
273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
143:
142:
136:
132:
127:
124:
123:
117:
113:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
34:
33:Late Triassic
30:
22:
19:
5439:Dicynodontia
5409:Dicynodontia
5408:
5370:Cryptodontia
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5309:Nasoplanites
5307:
5300:
5295:Keirognathus
5293:
5288:Haughtoniana
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5225:Azarifeneria
5223:
5215:Nomina dubia
5213:
5163:Ufudocyclops
5161:
5156:Stahleckeria
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5108:Zambiasaurus
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5051:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4994:Rhadiodromus
4992:
4987:Rechnisaurus
4985:
4980:Rabidosaurus
4978:
4971:
4966:Kannemeyeria
4964:
4959:Dolichuranus
4957:
4952:Acratophorus
4950:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4870:Angonisaurus
4868:
4774:
4769:Lystrosaurus
4767:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4736:
4718:Vivaxosaurus
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4615:
4608:
4590:Tropidostoma
4588:
4581:
4574:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4349:Sauroscaptor
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4265:
4260:Myosauroides
4258:
4238:
4231:
4210:
4202:
4195:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4061:Colobodectes
4059:
4052:
4040:Dicynodontia
4039:
4027:Dicynodontia
4026:
3977:Dicynodontia
3976:
3963:
3958:Patranomodon
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3924:Chainosauria
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3863:
3856:
3835:
3828:
3718:
3709:
3630:
3623:
3613:
3606:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3506:(6): 72–80.
3503:
3499:
3493:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3394:
3390:
3377:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3302:
3292:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3180:
3145:
3139:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3034:
3030:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2893:
2889:
2878:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2760:(4): 58–79.
2757:
2753:
2747:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2374:Ufudocyclops
2372:
2367:Stahleckeria
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2327:Zambiasaurus
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2287:Placeriinae
2280:
2273:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2225:Rhadiodromus
2223:
2218:Rechnisaurus
2216:
2211:Rabidosaurus
2209:
2202:
2197:Kannemeyeria
2195:
2190:Dolichuranus
2188:
2183:Acratophorus
2181:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2134:
2126:Angonisaurus
2124:
2112:Lystrosaurus
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2054:Vivaxosaurus
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1898:Tropidostoma
1896:
1889:
1882:
1868:
1861:
1852:Cryptodontia
1835:
1830:Myosauroides
1828:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1779:
1772:
1760:Sauroscaptor
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1718:
1711:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1657:
1643:
1636:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1605:Colobodectes
1603:
1596:
1592:Dicynodontia
1591:
1489:
1474:
1449:
1426:
1425:
1403:
1381:
1358:
1357:
1336:Colobodectes
1334:
1333:
1310:
1309:
1287:
1284:
1273:Dicynodontia
1272:
1260:
1248:Ufudocyclops
1246:
1215:Stahleckeria
1213:
1182:
1170:
1156:
1125:
1111:
1080:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1002:
990:
976:
943:
910:
822:
817:
813:
805:
799:
796:Cryptodontia
785:
782:Gnathodontia
775:
769:
766:Richard Owen
763:
738:
722:baurusuchian
716:in southern
707:
691:
685:
669:traversodont
663:age. By the
640:Lystrosaurus
638:
632:
626:
620:
616:Late Permian
605:
595:
557:
538:
532:
528:
522:
516:
513:Richard Owen
506:
496:
492:Richard Owen
485:
464:remnants in
459:
443:warm-blooded
440:
430:Lystrosaurus
428:
422:
421:
406:
404:
399:Stahleckeria
397:
366:
358:
316:Late Permian
288:Dicynodontia
287:
286:
275:
257:Dicynodontia
256:
247:
241:Chainosauria
231:
205:
192:
139:
138:Skeleton of
120:
119:Skeleton of
24:Dicynodontia
18:
5476:Dicynodonts
5433:Wikispecies
5376:Dromasauria
5274:Elatosaurus
5260:Diaelurodon
5253:Cristonasus
5239:Calleonasus
5149:Sangusaurus
5094:Pentasaurus
5087:Moghreberia
5064:Placeriinae
5022:Wadiasaurus
4918:Tetragonias
4669:Dinanomodon
4641:Counillonia
4556:Pelanomodon
4542:Bulbasaurus
4453:Idelesaurus
4342:Kembawacela
4278:Kingoriidae
4251:Myosauridae
4204:Emydorhinus
4184:Emydopoidea
4157:Endothiodon
4123:Prosictodon
4089:Pristerodon
4068:Eodicynodon
3892:Parasuminia
3865:Tiarajudens
3837:Novocynodon
3816:Anomodontia
3803:Anomodontia
3766:Anomodontia
3681:Anomodontia
3432:: 184–203.
3107:: 583–597.
2433:(4): 1–11.
2401:Dromasauria
2360:Sangusaurus
2320:Pentasaurus
2306:Moghreberia
2253:Wadiasaurus
2164:Tetragonias
2005:Dinanomodon
1970:Counillonia
1952:Pelanomodon
1920:Idelesaurus
1912:Bulbasaurus
1824:Myosauridae
1789:Kingoriidae
1753:Kembawacela
1707:Emydopoidea
1687:Prosictodon
1659:Pristerodon
1645:Endothiodon
1612:Eodicynodon
1476:Emydopoidea
1312:Eodicynodon
1261:Below is a
1184:Moghreberia
1158:Wadiasaurus
1070:Pelanomodon
945:Pristerodon
912:Endothiodon
878:Myosauridae
866:Robertiidae
858:Kingoriidae
826:Eodicynodon
755:Systematics
730:Pleistocene
683:dinosaurs.
673:rhynchosaur
623:Great Dying
559:Eodicynodon
453:dicynodont
382:ceratopsian
312:mid-Permian
225:Anomodontia
5470:Categories
5351:Taognathus
5281:Eurycarpus
5142:Jachaleria
4911:Shansiodon
4891:Woznikella
4797:see below↓
4711:Turfanodon
4432:Bidentalia
4419:Bidentalia
4373:see below↓
4364:Bidentalia
4224:Emydopidae
4212:Palemydops
3986:see below↓
3937:Galechirus
3913:Venyukovia
3830:Biseridens
3775:see below↓
3723:Therapsida
3541:: 195–273.
3008:: 153–166.
2896:: e28589.
2717:: 111207.
2640:, (1969),
2595:: 103171.
2412:References
2353:Jachaleria
2282:Woznikella
2157:Shansiodon
2047:Turfanodon
1933:Geikiinae
1847:Bidentalia
1768:Emydopidae
1491:Bidentalia
1172:Woznikella
874:Emydopidae
714:Cretaceous
710:Queensland
647:(earliest
543:Bidentalia
469:coprolites
455:coprolites
304:herbivores
296:anomodonts
218:Suborder:
212:Therapsida
5101:Placerias
5080:Lisowicia
5053:Sungeodon
4754:Jimusaria
4738:Basilodon
4704:Taoheodon
4690:Peramodon
4662:Dicynodon
4583:Oudenodon
4526:Geikiidae
4294:Kombuisia
4267:Myosaurus
4233:Compsodon
4197:Digalodon
4164:Niassodon
4109:Diictodon
4082:Nyaphulia
3754:Synapsida
3739:Synapsida
3714:Synapsida
3697:Kingdom:
3646:- Palaeos
3586:236406006
3520:131459807
3446:202908716
3411:130568551
3310:6 January
3131:0012-8252
3082:129331000
3074:0031-0301
2969:128602890
2947:: 53–59.
2739:251781291
2666:: e5358.
2625:233565963
2617:0895-9811
2570:210304700
2562:2056-2799
2523:239890042
2313:Placerias
2299:Lisowicia
2275:Sungeodon
2075:Jimusaria
2067:Basilodon
2012:Peramodon
1998:Dicynodon
1977:Taoheodon
1906:Geikiidae
1891:Oudenodon
1837:Myosaurus
1809:Niassodon
1802:Kombuisia
1774:Compsodon
1713:Digalodon
1673:Diictodon
1626:Nyaphulia
1288:oelofseni
1263:cladogram
1257:Phylogeny
1017:Myosaurus
978:Diictodon
818:Oudenodon
814:Dicynodon
806:Oudenodon
801:Oudenodon
771:Dicynodon
749:cynodonts
741:Paleocene
693:Lisowicia
657:Olenekian
634:Kombuisia
628:Myosaurus
597:Lisowicia
385:dinosaurs
360:Diictodon
332:burrowers
308:synapsids
300:therapsid
199:Synapsida
172:Kingdom:
166:Eukaryota
141:Placerias
122:Diictodon
5418:Wikidata
5232:Baiopsis
4925:Vinceria
4683:Kunpania
4676:Gordonia
4515:Katumbia
4492:Elphidae
4474:Rastodon
4460:Keyseria
4150:Abajudon
4130:Robertia
4116:Eosimops
3885:Otsheria
3705:Chordata
3703:Phylum:
3699:Animalia
3605:(1988),
3485:84492986
3369:12803915
3284:30467179
3235:23741307
3195:PLOS ONE
3172:92370138
2922:28716184
2828:: 1–17.
2692:30123702
2515:34702071
2491:(1961).
2462:Postilla
2447:91926999
2395:See also
2171:Vinceria
2040:Katumbia
2026:Gordonia
1720:Rastodon
1694:Robertia
1680:Eosimops
1638:Abajudon
1082:Gordonia
760:Taxonomy
718:Gondwana
703:Rhaetian
661:Ladinian
649:Triassic
415:and the
373:synapsid
336:browsers
324:Triassic
278:Taxonomy
186:Chordata
182:Phylum:
176:Animalia
162:Domain:
5424:Q131682
4240:Emydops
3951:Galepus
3944:Galeops
3906:Ulemica
3899:Suminia
3566:Bibcode
3360:1691326
3351:3558635
3262:Bibcode
3254:Science
3226:3669350
3203:Bibcode
3109:Bibcode
3037:: 1–24.
3031:Zootaxa
2913:5515572
2858:Lethaia
2830:Bibcode
2762:Bibcode
2719:Bibcode
2683:6086091
2597:Bibcode
2506:8548784
2468:: 1–51.
1781:Emydops
880:), and
745:mammals
665:Carnian
659:to the
564:Permian
476:History
466:Permian
378:turtles
5453:164268
5302:Koupia
4549:Geikia
3584:
3518:
3483:
3444:
3409:
3367:
3357:
3349:
3282:
3233:
3223:
3170:
3160:
3129:
3080:
3072:
2967:
2920:
2910:
2737:
2690:
2680:
2623:
2615:
2568:
2560:
2521:
2513:
2503:
2445:
1945:Geikia
1053:Geikia
852:, and
794:) and
699:Poland
695:bojani
677:Norian
645:Induan
637:, and
328:genera
264:, 1859
4481:Syops
3719:Clade
3710:Clade
3582:S2CID
3516:S2CID
3481:S2CID
3442:S2CID
3407:S2CID
3387:(PDF)
3347:JSTOR
3168:S2CID
3078:S2CID
3027:(PDF)
2965:S2CID
2890:eLife
2735:S2CID
2660:PeerJ
2621:S2CID
2566:S2CID
2519:S2CID
2443:S2CID
2091:Syops
417:ilium
389:tusks
369:skull
292:clade
276:see "
248:Clade
232:Clade
206:Clade
193:Clade
4501:Elph
3752:see
3365:PMID
3312:2019
3280:PMID
3231:PMID
3158:ISBN
3127:ISSN
3070:ISSN
3035:2018
3006:1859
2918:PMID
2688:PMID
2613:ISSN
2558:ISSN
2511:PMID
2019:Elph
876:and
816:and
774:and
726:Plio
521:and
462:hair
380:and
262:Owen
45:PreꞒ
3574:doi
3508:doi
3473:doi
3434:doi
3399:doi
3355:PMC
3339:doi
3335:270
3270:doi
3258:363
3221:PMC
3211:doi
3150:doi
3117:doi
3105:171
3062:doi
2957:hdl
2949:doi
2908:PMC
2898:doi
2866:doi
2838:doi
2826:411
2801:doi
2797:160
2770:doi
2758:232
2727:doi
2715:604
2678:PMC
2668:doi
2605:doi
2593:108
2550:doi
2501:PMC
2493:doi
2489:288
2466:109
2435:doi
294:of
31:to
5472::
5450::
5435::
5420::
3721::
3712::
3580:.
3572:.
3562:41
3560:.
3539:91
3537:.
3514:.
3504:44
3502:.
3479:.
3469:38
3467:.
3463:.
3440:.
3430:77
3428:.
3405:.
3393:.
3389:.
3363:.
3353:.
3345:.
3333:.
3329:.
3301:.
3278:.
3268:.
3256:.
3252:.
3229:.
3219:.
3209:.
3197:.
3193:.
3166:.
3156:.
3125:.
3115:.
3103:.
3099:.
3076:.
3068:.
3058:45
3056:.
3052:.
3033:.
3029:.
3014:^
3004:.
2977:^
2963:.
2955:.
2943:.
2939:.
2916:.
2906:.
2892:.
2888:.
2862:49
2860:.
2836:.
2824:.
2795:.
2791:.
2768:.
2756:.
2733:.
2725:.
2713:.
2709:.
2686:.
2676:.
2662:.
2658:.
2619:.
2611:.
2603:.
2591:.
2587:.
2564:.
2556:.
2544:.
2540:.
2517:.
2509:.
2499:.
2487:.
2483:.
2464:.
2441:.
2431:32
2429:.
872:,
868:,
864:,
848:,
844:,
840:,
836:,
736:.
631:,
338:.
280:"
250::
234::
208::
195::
95:Pg
39:Ma
5372:?
4779:?
4757:?
4749:?
4741:?
4215:?
4207:?
3968:?
3840:?
3673:e
3666:t
3659:v
3588:.
3576::
3568::
3522:.
3510::
3487:.
3475::
3448:.
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