717:. The pronunciation of French words is very different from other dialects and resembles English pronunciation. Chiac cannot be identified solely on its frequent use of English words since many other French dialects use many English words as well, but Chiac has an unusual amount of English. Chiac French has developed through proximity to English-speakers who settled nearby during the colonial period. Sounds that are characteristic of Chiac are the different use of the letters "d", "t", "r", and "c". Other differences include the use of vowel sounds such as "ea", "eo", "on", "an", and "oi". Such English-stylized pronunciations are different from other dialects of North American French such as Québécois and Brayon. Some forms of Chiac deviate from the original language to the extent that it is nearly incomprehensible to the larger Francophone community. Chiac is perhaps best categorized as a
581:
French, is linguistically distinct from a "standard" French through its unique phonetic and phonological differences, lexical substitutions, and grammatical borrowings. Many of these linguistic differences are influenced, either directly or indirectly, by the various native
African languages spoken in the Ivory Coast. Concerning the phonetics and phonology of Ivorian French, it is not uncommon for the nasal phoneme to be produced as , specifically at the start of a word while the palato-alveolar fricatives and often possess a degree of difficulty in their pronunciation. An abundance of words from regional African languages are utilized as loanwords in Ivorian French and some meanings of French words have changed over time (ex. the term
612:) that are spoken much more frequently and casually. Many elements of Kinshasa French are also influenced from Belgian French, for reasons relating back to colonial times. The French spoken in Kinshasa varies from a "standard" French in many ways; including the posteriorization of the French anterior vowel (converting it to the phoneme ), the delabialization of the phoneme (which becomes ), as well as the palatalization of apico-dental consonants that are followed by the anterior vowels and (ex. a French word such as
390:
144:
43:
1102:. Otherwise, its speakers are generally elderly. Since the 1990s, there has been a small revival of French in Cambodia with French-language schools and centres opening. Many Cambodian students travel to France to receive studies as well as French-language media. Nevertheless, Cambodia has the smallest Francophone population of former
569:
and use of borrowed words from local languages. Many dialects of French found in the continent of Africa are highly influenced by the native languages that are spoken in each respective country. Two examples of the various dialects of
African French are Abidjan French, or more broadly Ivorian French,
580:
While various indigenous
African languages are still spoken within the city of Abidjan, as well as within the entire country of the Ivory Coast, French is used by a significant amount of the population as it is the main language used in commerce, education, and government. Abidjan French, or Ivorian
802:
Ontario French is often divided into two categories: North and South. The further north the more French is spoken and the closer the dialect and culture is to Quebec French. Further south, the French is closer to the global standard, with a more
English cultural influence as well as a more Parisian
937:
that developed long before
Haitian immigrants arrived in Louisiana, largely developed as the tongue of the Louisiana Creole community and a significant portion of self-identified Cajuns. However, linguists now believe that the Colonial and Acadian dialects have largely merged into modern Louisiana
585:
which in French relates to the domain of "trade, business", in
Ivorian French has evolved into meaning a large "shopping street" with many stores where "trade occurs". Additionally, differences in grammar are seen in Abidjan French, as compared to a more traditional French, such as the omission of
941:
French has gained co-official status with
English in Louisiana, and there is both a thriving multi-generational base of speakers as well as a growing network of French immersion schools across the state in order to preserve the language. Louisiana also has a French-language society called CODOFIL
1186:
despite a decline in the language after the country's independence and the communist takeover. A revival has now raised the number of students learning French to 35%. In addition, the
Laotian Ă©lite and the elderly population speak French, which is the diplomatic language of Laos.
1205:, which has the largest Francophone population in Asia. Over 5% of the population learn the language or speak it well. French is also spoken among the elderly in Vietnam as a legacy of the colonial French era and also by the country's Ă©lite. A French
1850:
476:. Levantine French was also spoken by Sephardic Jews in Salonica, Istanbul and Smyrna, by Armenians and Greek bourgeois in the urban centres of Asia Minor, by Syrian Catholics and Melkites in Aleppo and Beirut.
2296:
1098:
Cambodian French is still used as a second language in some schools, universities and government offices, but most of the younger generations and members of the business world choose to learn
1217:
in 1975, the number of French-speakers in
Vietnam and the number of students taking the language have declined, but French remains taught as an optional foreign language in higher education.
596:
Kinshasa French is the main language used in government and commerce domains in the
Democratic Republic of Congo, however this French is highly influenced by the four national languages (
1956:
2289:
1759:
779:
729:, French dialects that incorporate Indigenous, African, and other European languages, as opposed to dialects such as Québécois and Brayon that deviate slightly from
2917:
184:
143:
2282:
2958:
1504:
409:
1949:
776:. Although Quebec French constitutes a coherent and standard system, it has no objective norm since the very organization mandated to establish it, the
376:
565:
the continent with the most French speakers in the world. While there are many varieties of African French, common features include the use of an
942:(Conseil pour le développement du français en Louisiane) and cultural institutions dedicated to preserving French such as the Nous Foundation.
1942:
1619:
1581:
2163:
854:
60:
31:
1417:
1796:
1733:
126:
212:
971:, which was colonized as part of French Louisiana. It is considered very moribund, with only a few elderly speakers still fluent.
107:
2951:
1036:. The main difference between Haitian French and the Metropolitan French is in the Haitian speaker's intonation, a rather subtle
653:
79:
1924:
998:
240:
3154:
3124:
3109:
1763:
202:
64:
733:
but are nonetheless derived primarily from earlier dialects of French with little contribution from other source languages.
86:
2242:
1524:
1385:
934:
512:
369:
307:
179:
2833:
1255:, where there is a significant trilingual Francophone population. Some expressions, words and phrases are different from
3069:
2741:
2694:
2944:
2493:
2011:
1308:
1054:
921:. Colonial French was originally the dialect spoken by the land-holding educated classes. Acadian, the dialect of the
553:. As of 2023, an estimated 350 million African people spread across 34 African countries can speak French either as a
93:
3144:
2587:
2572:
2222:
2031:
2026:
1990:
1196:
53:
3064:
2735:
1929:
1646:"Analyzing the effect of interference on the utilization of French in ivory coast: social and linguistic aspects"
926:
75:
3205:
3200:
960:
362:
249:
152:
1644:
Baghana, Jerome; Glebova, Yana A.; Voloshina, Tatiana G.; Blazhevich, Yuliya S.; Birova, Jana (14 June 2022).
803:
grammar and dialect structure. Both Parisian and Canadian French are taught in the French immersion schools.
747:
Newfoundland French is a regional dialect of French that was once spoken by settlers in the French colony of
2535:
2353:
2348:
2305:
2021:
1493:
1169:
1002:
918:
1331:. Notable features include a strong distinction between long and short vowels, the lack of the approximant
3084:
2799:
2724:
2523:
1332:
906:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
688:
684:
680:
676:
268:
1040:-based tone being used. Importantly, differences are not enough to cause problems between both speakers.
2967:
2923:
2810:
2699:
2606:
1701:
1405:
1389:
930:
769:
748:
397:
217:
1213:, was spoken by Vietnamese servants in French households during the colonial era. Since the end of the
473:
3029:
3004:
2890:
2820:
2793:
2689:
2430:
1273:
1264:
1125:
1084:
312:
3119:
3044:
2984:
2879:
2709:
2567:
2529:
2358:
2143:
2064:
1529:
1373:
1348:
1282:
1145:
742:
730:
669:
609:
508:
413:
389:
207:
2331:
1509:
1271:. Both French and Italian overlay the indigenous local language continuum of Aosta Valley, called
496:
274:
169:
3169:
3114:
3099:
3019:
2999:
2989:
2852:
2508:
2470:
2401:
2368:
2201:
2176:
1689:
1667:
1587:
1336:
980:
872:
868:
665:
293:
263:
174:
100:
500:
1917:
L'Aménagement Linguistique dans le Monde - Vallée d'Aoste, Linguistic situation in Aosta Valley
3134:
3089:
3074:
3054:
2994:
2979:
2844:
2679:
2547:
2498:
2391:
2381:
2054:
1824:
1792:
1729:
1615:
1577:
1564:
Aslanov, Cyril (2018). "The Historical Formation of a Macro-ecology: The Case of the Levant".
1433:
1420:. Today there is media, both digital and physical in Jewish French. It is not descendent from
1396:, it is not considered in decline, but instead is doing well. It contains some influence from
1312:
1133:
480:
449:
429:
421:
193:
967:. It is the last remnant of the form of French once spoken widely in the region known as the
3179:
3174:
3164:
3159:
3149:
3139:
3094:
3024:
3014:
2885:
2839:
2815:
2764:
2759:
2747:
2624:
2552:
2396:
2386:
2340:
2181:
2049:
1657:
1569:
1514:
1447:
1393:
1328:
1316:
1268:
1103:
1099:
1076:
1068:
968:
896:
864:
788:
would lead to reduced inter intelligibility with other French communities around the world.
726:
661:
601:
504:
488:
340:
335:
326:
3129:
3104:
3079:
3059:
3034:
3009:
2873:
2805:
2775:
2674:
2597:
2577:
2557:
2503:
2411:
2320:
2191:
2101:
2092:
2041:
1974:
1544:
1499:
1481:
1465:
1381:
1320:
1304:
1256:
1244:
1206:
1175:
1153:
1088:
1029:
990:
956:
951:
910:
876:
718:
625:
558:
492:
484:
469:
453:
401:
350:
302:
245:
160:
2465:
2186:
2148:
884:
279:
30:"French accent" redirects here. For the pronunciation of English by French speakers, see
1210:
3039:
2910:
2729:
2719:
2634:
2562:
2513:
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2448:
2443:
2437:
2420:
2376:
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2217:
2196:
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2131:
2059:
1995:
1982:
1916:
1605:
1294:
1149:
1137:
1080:
1037:
1023:
1006:
984:
880:
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722:
672:
and even of other Canadian dialects have some difficulty understanding Acadian French.
636:
605:
566:
554:
528:
524:
457:
433:
317:
235:
226:
709:
Chiac is a dialect of combined Acadian French and English and is spoken mainly around
3194:
2714:
2541:
2475:
2455:
2263:
2109:
2082:
2016:
1671:
1591:
1409:
1401:
1236:
1231:
1121:
1115:
860:
785:
765:
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714:
479:
Note that the discussion here refers to varieties of the French language, not to the
441:
417:
2704:
2582:
2518:
2171:
2077:
1934:
1534:
1459:
1260:
1248:
1129:
1072:
914:
437:
256:
1908:
1690:"Particularités phonétiques du français dans la presse audio-visuelle de Kinshasa"
533:
French is an administrative language and is commonly but unofficially used in the
483:
sister languages (sometimes considered dialects) of French spoken in France (e.g.
468:, French was an official language until 1941 and the main dialect spoken there is
460:. Standard French (e.g. used by Anglophones speaking French or by Francophones in
17:
1786:
1723:
1705:
1692:[The French Phonetic particularities in the broadcast media in Kinshasa]
2827:
2639:
2629:
1875:
1473:
1214:
1092:
994:
692:
345:
42:
1662:
1645:
1353:
Jersey Legal French is the official dialect of French used administratively in
2787:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2069:
1573:
1539:
1324:
538:
2618:
1905:
Francais de Belgique, Francais de Suisse, Francais du Canada, Francais BEPO.
1443:
1421:
1377:
1183:
1157:
905:
and derives from the forms of the language spoken by the colonists of lower
902:
649:
464:
using a different dialect) is also commonly grouped as Canadian French. In
1762:. Department of French Studies, Louisiana State University. Archived from
2936:
1060:
964:
922:
2612:
1519:
1477:
1397:
1202:
710:
642:
597:
550:
546:
542:
534:
465:
425:
841:
Long vowels are generally diphthongized in closed syllables (the word
2781:
2769:
2752:
2486:
2247:
2126:
2119:
1413:
1354:
1064:
933:, was spoken largely by the white lower classes. Louisiana Creole, a
773:
646:
562:
461:
445:
405:
901:
Louisiana French, the largest of the groupings, is spoken mostly in
1357:. Notable features include some archaic word choices and the words
2684:
2481:
2425:
2136:
2114:
1252:
1141:
1033:
704:
657:
452:
along with English; the two main dialects of French in Canada are
388:
1472:) is the variety of French spoken in the French-speaking area of
909:. Louisiana French is traditionally divided into three dialects:
1179:
2940:
2278:
1938:
1785:
Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989).
1722:
Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989).
36:
1902:
1079:
peoples, learned French. Cambodian French was influenced by
641:
Acadian French is a variant of French spoken by Francophone
1845:
1843:
1841:
1788:
Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties
1725:
Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties
925:
who came to French Louisiana in droves following their
586:
articles and prepositions in some linguistic contexts.
1903:
Learn to type with different French keyboard layouts
1480:. The differences between Swiss French and Parisian
668:, along the St. Lawrence's north shore. Speakers of
2866:
2667:
2596:
2410:
2367:
2339:
2330:
2313:
2256:
2235:
2210:
2162:
2100:
2091:
2040:
2004:
1981:
806:Notable features include , , and as allophones of
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1650:Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del QuindĂo
1442:) is the regional variant of the French spoken in
938:French but remain distinct from Louisiana Creole.
32:Non-native pronunciations of English § French
656:Valley in the northern part of the U.S. state of
515:, which are also considered separate languages.
1384:spoken by 200-300 thousand of 480-600 thousand
2952:
2290:
1950:
1182:. It goes back to the French colonization of
370:
8:
1505:Geographical distribution of French speakers
959:is now spoken by a handful of people in the
777:
768:is the dominant and most prevalent regional
393:Dialects of the French language in the world
2918:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
1120:Indian French is the French spoken by some
859:Several varieties of French emerged in the
412:. The Francophones of France generally use
2959:
2945:
2937:
2336:
2297:
2283:
2275:
2097:
1957:
1943:
1935:
1925:Sondage sur la pratique des langues en Vda
1717:
1715:
784:, believes that objectively standardizing
377:
363:
138:
1661:
1365:for "seventy" and "ninety" respectively.
1144:. There is a considerable influence from
989:New England French is the local name for
561:, mostly as a secondary language, making
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1688:Gombé-Apondza, Guy-Roger Cyriac (2015).
1607:La Francophonie dans le monde: 2006–2007
1819:
1817:
1815:
1566:Linguistic Ecology and Language Contact
1556:
818:in closed syllables and affrication of
780:Office québécois de la langue française
325:
292:
225:
192:
159:
1870:
1868:
1754:
1752:
432:. In Europe outside France there are
7:
1930:French in India: A privileged status
1700:(4). Sylvains les Moulins: 101–116.
1683:
1681:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1496: – Simplified version of French
855:French language in the United States
65:adding citations to reliable sources
695:and the use of some archaic words.
2922:Languages between parentheses are
1791:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 308.
1728:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 307.
1263:and some reflect the influence of
1059:Cambodian French is the French of
424:) although some also use regional
27:Family of local language varieties
25:
1909:linguasphere on Romance languages
1698:Synergies Afrique des Grands Lacs
1614:] (in French). Nathan. 2007.
1612:The Francophonie around the world
1470:français de Suisse, Suisse romand
1028:Haitian French is the variety of
495:, etc.; for these languages see:
1966:Varieties of the French language
1418:being expelled from North Africa
142:
41:
1825:"Haiti French Vs. Paris French"
1446:. It is strongly influenced by
1201:Vietnamese French is spoken in
52:needs additional citations for
2926:of the language on their left.
1484:are minor and mostly lexical.
1259:, some of them are similar to
1071:in 1863. Many, especially the
213:Ordinance of Villers-CotterĂŞts
1:
2243:French-based creole languages
1525:French-based creole languages
1311:, alongside related minority
513:French-based creole languages
2072:(England, Wales and Ireland)
1152:(Puducherry Tamil dialect),
1438:Meridional French (French:
1309:French Community of Belgium
1156:(Yanam Telugu dialect) and
1055:French language in Cambodia
3222:
1663:10.33975/riuq.vol34ns2.873
1457:
1431:
1346:
1292:
1229:
1197:French language in Vietnam
1194:
1167:
1160:(Mahé Malayalam dialect).
1124:in the former colonies of
1113:
1052:
1021:
978:
949:
894:
852:
795:
758:
740:
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634:
623:
522:
29:
2975:
2901:
1972:
1855:, France-Diplomatie, 2005
1574:10.1017/9781139649568.006
1335:, and the use of certain
917:or "Acadian" French, and
675:Notable features include
1299:Belgian French (French:
961:Midwestern United States
241:Articles and determiners
2306:Gallo-Romance languages
1852:La Francophonie in Asia
1760:"What is Cajun French?"
1170:French language in Laos
1063:. It dates back to the
1003:Aroostook County, Maine
929:from Acadia during the
919:Louisiana Creole French
915:Modern Louisiana French
871:and the nearly-extinct
1469:
778:
575:Abidjan/Ivorian French
394:
2916:A star (*) indicates
2811:Poitevin-Saintongeais
2742:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
1766:on September 14, 2010
1390:French Jews in Israel
1307:spoken mainly in the
931:French and Indian War
570:and Kinshasa French.
428:or varieties such as
392:
76:"Varieties of French"
1568:. pp. 131–146.
1494:Français fondamental
1392:. Unlike most other
1303:) is the variety of
1301:français de Belgique
1265:Piedmontese language
1243:) is the variety of
616:is pronounced as ).
203:Phonological history
61:improve this article
2369:Bourbonnais Creoles
1530:Languages of France
1440:français méridional
1349:Jersey Legal French
1146:Dravidian languages
993:as it is spoken in
772:of French found in
743:Newfoundland French
731:Metropolitan French
670:Metropolitan French
509:languages of France
208:Oaths of Strasbourg
1313:regional languages
1241:français valdôtain
981:New England French
873:Frenchville French
869:New England French
666:Havre-Saint-Pierre
650:Maritime provinces
416:French (spoken in
395:
18:Dialects of French
3188:
3187:
2934:
2933:
2911:extinct languages
2867:Francoprovencalic
2862:
2861:
2845:Wisconsin Walloon
2272:
2271:
2231:
2230:
2073:
1621:978-2-09-882177-4
1583:978-1-139-64956-8
1434:Meridional French
1388:and 200 thousand
1085:Chinese varieties
999:Saint John Valley
845:is pronounced ).
838:is pronounced ).
691:becoming before
450:official language
430:Meridional French
387:
386:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3213:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2938:
2880:Franco-Provençal
2876:/Faetar-CigliĂ je
2765:Louisiana French
2760:Louisiana Creole
2573:Saint-Barthélemy
2341:Antillean Creole
2337:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2223:Saint-Barthélemy
2098:
2071:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1923:
1915:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1880:Jewish Languages
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1394:Jewish languages
1334:
1283:Franco-Provençal
1104:French Indochina
1067:colonization of
997:, except in the
969:Illinois Country
907:French Louisiana
897:Louisiana French
865:Louisiana French
833:
829:
826:to and before
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
783:
727:Louisiana Creole
690:
686:
682:
678:
662:Magdalen Islands
654:Saint John River
474:Levantine French
410:around the world
379:
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365:
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45:
37:
21:
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3206:French dialects
3201:French language
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3184:
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2965:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2897:
2858:
2776:Moselle Romance
2736:KaripĂşna Creole
2663:
2592:
2504:Franco-Ontarian
2406:
2363:
2326:
2321:Canadian French
2309:
2303:
2273:
2268:
2252:
2227:
2206:
2158:
2087:
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2000:
1977:
1975:Standard French
1968:
1963:
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1893:
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1882:
1876:"Jewish French"
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1369:Jewish French
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1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Aostan French
1233:
1232:Aostan French
1225:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:is spoken in
1177:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1116:Indian French
1110:Indian French
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1012:
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986:
982:
974:
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966:
962:
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953:
945:
943:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
898:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:United States
856:
849:United States
848:
846:
844:
839:
837:
804:
799:
791:
789:
787:
786:Quebec French
782:
781:
775:
771:
767:
766:Quebec French
762:
761:Quebec French
754:
752:
750:
744:
736:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:New Brunswick
712:
706:
698:
696:
694:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:
644:
638:
630:
627:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
593:
587:
584:
578:
577:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
530:
526:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:Langues d'oĂŻl
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:Aostan French
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
380:
375:
373:
368:
366:
361:
360:
358:
357:
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314:
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309:
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275:passé composé
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206:
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201:
200:
199:
198:
195:
191:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
170:Langues d'oĂŻl
168:
167:
166:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
145:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3049:
2970:of languages
2906:
2851:
2832:
2821:Saintongeais
2798:
2786:
2774:
2740:
2705:Camfranglais
2651:
2644:
2617:
2607:Anglo-Norman
2605:
2568:Newfoundland
2553:Metropolitan
2540:
2530:Jersey Legal
2528:
2519:Houma French
2359:Saint Lucian
2314:Areal groups
2308:and dialects
2144:Newfoundland
2065:Jersey Legal
1965:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:
1857:, retrieved
1851:
1828:. Retrieved
1802:. Retrieved
1787:
1780:
1770:September 3,
1768:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1741:September 3,
1739:. Retrieved
1724:
1697:
1653:
1649:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1565:
1559:
1463:
1460:Swiss French
1439:
1437:
1406:Judeo-Arabic
1372:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1343:Jersey Legal
1300:
1298:
1281:), which is
1278:
1272:
1261:Swiss French
1249:Aosta Valley
1240:
1235:
1200:
1173:
1130:Chandannagar
1119:
1097:
1083:and various
1058:
1027:
1001:of northern
988:
955:
940:
900:
885:MĂ©tis French
858:
842:
840:
835:
805:
801:
764:
749:Newfoundland
746:
737:Newfoundland
708:
693:front vowels
674:
640:
613:
595:
589:
588:
582:
579:
573:
572:
532:
511:). See also
478:
438:Swiss French
414:Metropolitan
396:
280:passé simple
218:Anglo-Norman
185:Francophonie
123:
117:October 2022
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3005:Azerbaijani
2913:or dialects
2800:Petit nègre
2690:Bourbonnais
2635:Guernésiais
2630:Cotentinais
2509:Frenchville
2471:New England
2402:Seychellois
2202:New England
2177:Frenchville
1922:(in French)
1914:(in French)
1804:February 1,
1474:Switzerland
1404:as well as
1215:Vietnam War
995:New England
975:New England
346:Aspirated h
294:Orthography
264:conjugation
3195:Categories
3120:Portuguese
3085:Macedonian
2788:Old French
2710:Champenois
2695:Burgundian
2659:Sercquiais
2653:Old Norman
2646:Law French
2588:Vietnamese
2548:Meridional
2382:Chagossian
2055:Meridional
2027:Vietnamese
1885:2024-02-05
1859:2010-10-14
1830:8 February
1706:2060963904
1551:References
1540:Law French
1428:Meridional
1337:Belgicisms
1325:Champenois
1277:(locally,
1191:Vietnamese
1126:Pondichéry
1087:, such as
1032:spoken in
834:(the word
721:alongside
539:Mauritania
313:Circumflex
269:morphology
87:newspapers
3170:Ukrainian
3100:Norwegian
3020:Bulgarian
3000:Aromanian
2990:Aragonese
2968:Varieties
2924:varieties
2909:indicate
2891:ValdĂ´tain
2882:/Arpitan
2853:Zarphatic
2794:Orléanais
2680:Berrichon
2619:Auregnais
2494:Cambodian
2476:Québécois
2397:Rodriguan
2387:Mauritian
2354:Grenadian
2349:Dominican
2211:Caribbean
2182:Louisiana
2012:Cambodian
1672:249701668
1592:150123855
1476:known as
1444:Occitania
1422:Zarphatic
1378:ethnolect
1285:in type.
1274:ValdĂ´tain
1239:(French:
1184:Indochina
1158:Malayalam
1093:Cantonese
1069:Indochina
1049:Cambodian
1013:Caribbean
927:expulsion
903:Louisiana
891:Louisiana
398:Varieties
327:Phonology
3135:Romanian
3075:Japanese
3055:Georgian
2995:Armenian
2980:Albanian
2886:Savoyard
2816:Poitevin
2725:Guianese
2640:Jèrriais
2625:Cauchois
2578:Standard
2558:Missouri
2499:Francien
2449:Kinshasa
2192:Missouri
2102:Canadian
2042:European
2032:Lebanese
1991:Maghrebi
1702:ProQuest
1488:See also
1359:septante
1315:such as
1134:Karaikal
1061:Cambodia
1005:, where
965:Missouri
946:Missouri
923:Acadians
647:Canadian
643:Acadians
610:Tshiluba
583:commerce
537:states,
489:Limousin
426:dialects
422:standard
303:Alphabet
250:personal
246:Pronouns
175:Dialects
153:a series
151:Part of
3180:Yiddish
3165:Turkish
3160:Swedish
3155:Spanish
3150:Slovene
3140:Russian
3125:Punjabi
3110:Persian
3095:Maltese
3045:English
3030:Chinese
3025:Catalan
3015:Bengali
2907:Italics
2840:Walloon
2834:Tây Bồi
2748:Lorrain
2675:Angevin
2613:Augeron
2563:Muskrat
2536:Laotian
2514:Haitian
2461:Belgian
2444:Abidjan
2438:African
2421:Acadian
2392:RĂ©union
2377:Agalega
2236:Related
2218:Haitian
2197:Muskrat
2154:Ontario
2132:Acadian
2060:Belgian
2022:Laotian
1996:African
1983:African
1520:Dialect
1515:Occitan
1478:Romandy
1448:Occitan
1398:Yiddish
1363:nonante
1329:Gaumais
1317:Walloon
1289:Belgian
1269:Italian
1211:Tây Bồi
1203:Vietnam
1122:Indians
1100:English
1089:Teochew
1077:Chinese
792:Ontario
770:variety
711:Moncton
645:in the
631:Acadian
606:Kikongo
602:Swahili
598:Lingala
551:Tunisia
547:Morocco
543:Algeria
535:Maghreb
505:Occitan
481:Romance
466:Lebanon
400:of the
341:Liaison
336:Elision
318:Braille
308:Reforms
236:Adverbs
227:Grammar
194:History
180:Creoles
101:scholar
3130:Romani
3115:Polish
3105:Pashto
3080:Korean
3060:German
3050:French
3035:Danish
3010:Basque
2985:Arabic
2874:Faetar
2806:Picard
2782:Nouchi
2770:Michif
2753:Welche
2668:Others
2598:Norman
2524:Indian
2487:Magoua
2456:Aostan
2412:French
2257:Signed
2248:Michif
2127:Brayon
2120:Magoua
2110:Quebec
2083:Aostan
2050:French
2017:Indian
1795:
1732:
1704:
1670:
1618:
1590:
1580:
1482:French
1466:French
1416:after
1414:France
1382:French
1376:is an
1355:Jersey
1321:Picard
1305:French
1279:patois
1245:French
1226:Aostan
1221:Europe
1207:pidgin
1176:French
1154:Telugu
1065:French
1038:creole
1030:French
935:creole
814:, and
774:Canada
755:Quebec
660:, the
652:, the
620:Canada
608:, and
563:Africa
519:Africa
493:Gascon
485:Picard
462:Canada
446:Canada
406:France
155:on the
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3090:Malay
3070:Hindi
3065:Greek
3040:Dutch
2720:Gallo
2685:Bolze
2583:Swiss
2482:Joual
2466:MĂ©tis
2426:Chiac
2187:MĂ©tis
2172:Houma
2149:MĂ©tis
2137:Chiac
2115:Joual
2078:Swiss
2005:Asian
1694:(PDF)
1668:S2CID
1610:[
1588:S2CID
1454:Swiss
1408:from
1253:Italy
1150:Tamil
1148:like
1142:Yanam
1081:Khmer
1073:Khmer
1034:Haiti
1018:Haiti
705:Chiac
699:Chiac
658:Maine
555:first
444:. In
418:Paris
257:Verbs
108:JSTOR
94:books
3175:Urdu
2828:Tayo
2070:Law
1832:2014
1806:2012
1793:ISBN
1772:2010
1743:2010
1730:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1361:and
1327:and
1180:Laos
1174:Lao
1140:and
1138:Mahé
1091:and
1075:and
1044:Asia
983:and
883:and
843:fĂŞte
830:and
822:and
725:and
689:/dj/
687:and
681:/tj/
679:and
664:and
549:and
527:and
507:and
456:and
408:and
80:news
1658:doi
1570:doi
1380:of
1333:/ÉĄ/
1267:or
1251:of
1164:Lao
832:/y/
828:/i/
824:/d/
820:/t/
816:/u/
812:/y/
808:/i/
685:/ɡ/
677:/k/
614:dix
557:or
472:or
63:by
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