480:(宋太宗) enacted the policy of emphasising literature and restricting military force (重文輕武) to further enlarge the power of the emperor and weaken the power of the military to prevent the military coup and consolidate the domination of the empire, which led to increasing occupation requirement and the fierce competition of the government officials in the imperial political system. With the rising political party movements and conflicts, the dynamic of the imperial court and the appointment and dismission of the government officials that published on
685:
453:
168:
277:
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the country, but also a way to for the citizen to supervise the speeches and behaviours of the emperor. Everything related to the emperor's daily life, such as the important speeches, summons, hunts, religious duties, conferment and award ceremonies would be written by the imperial historians on books and published on
666:
gradually shifted to maintain the legitimacy of governance rather than supervising the edicts and decisions of the emperor and the government officials due to the development of high centralisation of authority with the policy of emphasising literature and restricting military force (重文輕武). The loss
562:
first, then further reviewed and selected by the emperor carefully because it was equal to official government documents, which was used as evidence and reference for the local governments to deal with the local affairs that played an important role in the imperial government organisation operation.
657:
in the Song dynasty started to publish the content periodically related to the daily life of the emperor, edicts and political decisions, the dynamic of the imperial court, and the reports of military, diplomacy and natural disaster as a result of the ruling classes attached great importance to the
357:
was regarded as the pivot of the whole empire, who played the most important role to govern the country. The speeches and behaviours of the emperor would be recorded by the imperial historians surrounding him, which was not only a way for the emperor to ensure the legitimacy of governance and unite
188:
was implemented to govern the country. The Jun-Xian system is a county system that divided the country into 100 Juns and 1400 Xians, which were the subnational governments that owned the right of autonomy to govern the local issues. Under the Jun-Xian system, the county governments were required to
310:
during the 8th century. In
Chinese imperial historical, there were many recordings written in historical texts that were not completely correct and provable as they could be falsified by historians throughout different imperial dynasties with different political and historical purposes. Historians
602:(藩鎮), literally means "buffer town", a governmental administration system through regional governors, was instituted to replace the Jun-Xian system. The messengers from different Fanzhens collected the information related to the imperial court and those could be beneficial for their
117:
might only be intended for a certain subset of bureaucrats). Selected items from a gazette might then be conveyed to local citizenry by word of mouth and/or posted announcements. Frequency of publication varied widely over time and place. Before the invention of moveable type
435:
records a memorial to the throne about a new type of grape brought from the western region in the Han dynasty, which was marked as reviewed and commented with 'boring' by the emperor and not allowed to publish on Dibao. Some memorials to the throne were requested to
108:
contained official political edicts, announcements, and news from the
Chinese imperial central government or local governments, which would be delivered to inform both the central and local governments by messengers periodically and were intended to be seen only by
410:(Chinese: Zouzhang/奏章). Memorials to the throne from the local government would be written carefully with the specific honorific format to transmit the information from different regions to the imperial court first, which will be discussed and selected by the
513:, literally means 'the paper in the palace', involved the specific information about the imperial court and the appointment and dismission of the government officials, which would be discussed by the officials and selected by the emperor to publish on
484:
gradually became the most significant information source for both the civil officials and military officers to know the occupation demand of the government, understand and analyse the political circumstance of the empire in the Song dynasty. In the
553:
because they could disturb the popular mind and destroy the societal stabilisation and harmony, which can threaten the imperial regime and the authority of the ruling class directly. The content related to military and diplomacy that published on
533:, which literally means 'the edict of the emperor', was the decisions that the emperor made on the memorials to the throne, which usually were the praises, awards, and the appointment and dismission of the government officials.
675:
and delivered to the local governments and shown to the public, which presented the good image of the emperor that aimed to quell the public anger, increase the military morale, and maintain the image of the ruling class.
92:(June 18, 618 – June 4, 907) according to the earliest verified and proved Dibao with historical relics. Dibao was continuously published among different imperial dynasties until the last imperial emperor in the
704:
although it was still aimed to maintain feudal governance of the empire. Historians believe the subtle balance of the power between the emperor and the government officials was because the emperor in the
440:' by the local government as they involved significant national secrets in political and military fields that could not be published to the public. Both the edicts and decisions published on
189:
report the local affairs to the central government and receive the edicts and political decisions from the central government, which took much time to deliver and receive the information.
729:
usually involved the conflicts and argument between the government officials and the emperor, sometimes even had the criticism on the edicts and decisions that the emperor made.
545:
was controlled strictly on every imperial dynasty, which aimed to maintain the feudal governance, safeguard the interest of the ruling class, and ensure the stabilisation of the
709:
understood the importance of the transparent political system as the Ming dynasty was established with the peasant revolt led by the political corrosion and corruption in the
671:(宋寧宗) and the imperial military caused huge casualties, which ignited the anger of the public. A deep self-criticism written by the emperor Ningzong of Song was published on
847:
to further control the public opinion and consolidate feudal governance. In the Qing dynasty, publishers who published the content without the permission of the emperor on
753:
rather than the son of the empress, which against the imperial law and led to the strong dissatisfaction of the public opinion and the government officials that forced the
662:, which aimed to transmit the information, consolidate feudal governance, and protect the rights and interests of the ruling classes. In the Song dynasty, the function of
418:
with the comments and decisions with the permission of the emperor. Memorials to the throne that were not allowed to publish on Dibao would be marked by the emperor as '
549:. The content about military action, especially related to the mutiny, peasant revolt, and the minority armed resistance, generally would not be allowed to publish on
269:
delivery situation in the Han dynasty based on the detailed information about the Jun-Xian system, which is used as reliable evidence to prove the existence of
596:
was developed in the Tang dynasty and started to form a stable delivery system between the local government and the central government. In the Tang dynasty,
831:
only involved the edicts and decisions, which was used as
Bulletin Board for the public and foreign ambassadors. The content published on other
126:, along with the growing intersection of Chinese and global affairs generally, applied pressure for the Dibao to adapt, and circulation of the
835:
was also allowed to only involve the edicts and decisions, which would be also selected by the emperor that aimed to make the content on all
961:
1023:
Cioffi-Revilla, C., & Lai, D. (1995). War and
Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C.: Measurement and Comparative Analysis.
292:
in the Han dynasty, is used as indirect historical text evidence rather than direct historical relics evidence to prove the existence of
213:
had two functions: to transmit the information, and provide food and accommodation for messengers. Messengers who came and stayed in
60:' is a general term to describe the ancient Chinese gazette. Historically, there were different types of names used to describe
56:, which was the only official government newspaper published by the ancient Chinese central government in different dynasties. '
867:
353:, it was significant for both the publisher and reader to know the speech and behaviour of the emperor because the emperor in
197:', was instituted to solve the intelligence transmission issues and made it more efficient for the Jun-Xian system. Although
52:), literally "reports from the residences", were a type of publications issued by central and local governments in imperial
123:
1264:
311:
also doubt the societal and economic conditions in the Han dynasty that if it was powerful enough to support the huge
1047:
Gunaratne, S. A. (2001). Paper, Printing and the
Printing Press: A Horizontally Integrative Macro-history Analysis.
406:
that published periodically, which involved the new edicts, penal laws, political decisions from the emperor on the
1004:
668:
653:, which was the earliest official gazette instituted directly by the central government in the feudal society.
468:, where the emperor published the changes on the appointment and dismission of the government officials in the
202:
684:
619:
559:
477:
469:
411:
823:; 京報), which literally means 'reports of the capital', became one of the imperial gazettes to publish with
422:(留中)', which literally means 'leave in the palace', because the content on it was not proper to publish on
522:
407:
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were used as evidences for the imperial court and government officials to engage the government affairs.
1279:
1269:
473:
1274:
1237:
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delivered to the emperor, would be selected, commented, then permitted by the emperor to publish on
618:
in the Tang dynasty did not publish periodically and did not have fixed content with headings. The
497:
related to the dynamic of the imperial court was further divided into three essential parts :
258:
965:
1124:
Man, Li. (2012). On Yuan
Dynasty ‘Newspaper’: The existence of ‘Dibao’ and ‘Guanbao’ Reexamined.
749:(明神宗/萬曆皇帝) planned to give the position of the crown prince to the son of imperial noble consort
64:
in different dynasties among the imperial
Chinese history. While closest in form and function to
1188:
Li Shi Min, founding the Tang dynasty the strategies that made China the greatest empire in Asia
253:
in the Han dynasty had been recorded in several imperial historical texts among many dynasties.
1247:
209:
was founded by county governments without the official permission from the central government.
201:
was instituted in the capital, it was not an official administrative department in the ancient
72:, they have also been called "palace reports" or "imperial bulletins". Different sources place
414:, then transferred to the emperor to review. The memorial to the throne would be published on
167:
133:
1129:
1077:
1052:
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delivery system among 100 Juns and 1400 Xians because the continuous wars with the northern
276:
110:
25:
128:
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in the Qing dynasty still had the right to publish the criticism and opposition like the
43:
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became the official administrative department governed by the central government in the
452:
861:
815:
427:
302:
541:
The content related to the military, diplomacy and natural disaster that published on
1258:
1204:
A Newspaper for China? Power, Identity, and Change in
Shanghai's News Media,1872–1912
755:
745:
734:
354:
69:
321:(匈奴) nomadic nation continuously weakened the national strength of the Han dynasty.
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to withdrawal his decision. In the 16th century before the establishment of the
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246:
226:
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was in the tens of thousands by the time publication ceased altogether with the
77:
947:
Zhao, Y., Sun, P. (Ed.). (2018). The communication mechanism in ancient China.
566:
1155:
Brook, T. (Ed.). (1998). Spring: The Middle
Century (1450–1550) (pp. 86–152).
802:
638:
813:, but they were all reviewed and selected by the emperor before publishing.
770:
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85:
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would collect information from the central government, which was called '
119:
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317:
65:
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Historians who disagree with the Han dynasty Origin theory argue that
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published numerous criticism and opposition on the decision that the
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to collect the useful information due to high transparency it had.
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and the emperor did not review and restrict the content written on
122:
they were hand-written or printed with engraved wooden blocks. The
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637:
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451:
275:
166:
53:
929:
Honolulu, HI: Enrich
Professional Publishing (S) Private Limited.
460:
The dynamic of the imperial court became the official content on
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in imperial Chinese history since it was first published in the
98:
1157:
The confusions of pleasure: commerce and culture in Ming China
529:
usually without the discussion with the government officials.
140:
in 1911. The gazettes from Beijing at this time were known as
921:
Ng, C., Fang, H. (Ed.). (2012). Journalism in Ancient China.
349:
Under the influence of traditional Chinese ideology based on
1072:
Quigley, H. (1923). The Political System of Imperial China.
992:
A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions
630:
governor, which was not the official gazette of the empire.
249:
origin theory argue that the historical information about
124:
introduction of European-style Chinese language newspapers
306:(開元雜報), which was published in the Kaiyuan period in the
1097:
Communication, Empire, and Authority in the Qing Gazette
229:. The information written on paper and transmitted from
1051:(Leiden, Netherlands), 63(6), 459–479. Retrieved from
1027:, 39(3), 467–494. doi: org/10.1177/0022002795039003004
366:
The significant edict, political decision, and decree
171:
Kingdoms with the Jun-Xian system in the Han dynasty
801:who completely controlled and managed the imperial
372:
300:with historical text and relics was a Dibao called
949:A History of Journalism and Communication in China
221:'(報), and wrote it on the bamboo slips during the
288:, which is the only historical text that records
241:Tang dynasty Origin theory and Origin controversy
1248:History of Newspapers For Collier's Encyclopedia
1206:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Centre.
472:and the local governments. In the Song dynasty,
257:(西漢會要), literally 'Institutional history of the
1159:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
1101:http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/40303
1005:"The Rise of the Press in Late Imperial China"
773:who afterward became the first emperor in the
692:The social climate and the restriction on the
329:There was little alteration in the content of
951:(pp.4–22). London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
843:and controlled all content published on each
8:
1172:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield
144:(京報), literally "reports from the capital".
851:would be sentenced because it was a crime.
827:at the same time. The content published on
667:of the Northern Expedition war led by the
384:
296:in the Han dynasty. The earliest verified
402:, legislation became an official part of
891:
280:Xiongnu on the north of the Han dynasty
48:
1216:
1214:
1212:
986:
984:
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369:
337:. There were four main aspects of the
152:There are two main origin theories of
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1074:The American Political Science Review
917:
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184:, the Jun-Xian system (郡縣制) from the
148:Historical origin and the controversy
76:'s first publication as early as the
16:Type of publication in imperial China
7:
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584:Both the historians who support the
537:The report of military and diplomacy
80:(206 BCE–220 CE), which would make
1025:The Journal of Conflict Resolution
14:
1224:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
448:The dynamic of the imperial court
225:, and afterwards on paper in the
923:A history of journalism in china
626:because it only represented the
261:', written by Xu Tianlin in the
88:in the world, or as late as the
868:List of the earliest newspapers
777:, dispatched many spies to buy
797:became the editor in chief of
642:Emperor Ningzong of Song (宋寧宗)
38:
1:
456:Emperor Taizong of Song (宋太宗)
345:The daily life of the emperor
1126:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
233:to the counties was called '
1057:10.1177/0016549201063006001
721:, the content published on
570:Fanzhen in the Tang dynasty
493:, the content published on
245:Historians who support the
1296:
994:, Focal Press, 1997, p. 30
700:were not as strict as the
688:Jiajing Emperor (嘉靖皇帝/明世宗)
610:and delivered them to the
1170:Imperial China, 1350–1900
962:"Newspaper – MSN Encarta"
769:(努爾哈赤), the chieftain of
592:origin theory agree that
558:would be reviewed by the
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383:
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176:Han dynasty origin theory
29:
1241:Canadian Library Journal
669:emperor Ningzong of Song
203:Chinese political system
180:At the beginning of the
1190:. New York: Algora Pub.
478:Emperor Taizong of Song
1220:Harris, L. J. (2018).
689:
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588:origin theory and the
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523:memorial to the throne
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1134:10.1353/sys.2013.0000
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606:, then wrote them on
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474:Emperor Taizu of Song
455:
279:
170:
102:, abdicated in 1912.
84:amongst the earliest
1202:Mittler, B. (2004).
805:and public opinion.
1265:Government gazettes
1246:Mitchell Stephens,
1168:Porter, J. (2016).
1095:Mokros, E. (2016).
1007:, November 27, 2007
839:become the same as
793:The emperor in the
739:(萬曆) period in the
374:Kaiyuan Za Bao 開元雜報
273:in the Han dynasty.
259:Western Han dynasty
1222:The Peking Gazette
1076:, 17(4), 551–566.
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223:Western Han period
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744:
741:Ming dynasty
735:
730:
727:Ming dynasty
722:
719:Song dynasty
714:
711:Yuan dynasty
707:Ming dynasty
702:Song dynasty
698:Ming dynasty
693:
691:
680:Ming dynasty
672:
663:
659:
658:function of
654:
651:Song dynasty
646:
645:
634:Song dynasty
627:
623:
615:
611:
607:
603:
597:
593:
590:Tang dynasty
583:
580:Tang dynasty
555:
550:
542:
540:
530:
526:
518:
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510:
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502:
498:
494:
491:Qing dynasty
487:Ming dynasty
481:
466:Song dynasty
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459:
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397:
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359:
351:Confucianism
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263:Song dynasty
254:
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206:
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179:
162:Tang dynasty
153:
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138:Qing dynasty
127:
114:
105:
104:
97:
94:Qing dynasty
90:Tang dynasty
81:
73:
61:
57:
47:
37:
20:
19:
18:
1275:Han dynasty
880:Acta Diurna
783:Ming Empire
586:Han dynasty
511:Gongmenchao
499:Gongmenchao
335:Han dynasty
286:Xihan Huiya
255:Xihan Huiya
247:Han dynasty
186:Qin dynasty
182:Han dynasty
158:Han dynasty
111:bureaucrats
78:Han dynasty
1259:Categories
972:2008-12-17
925:(pp.24–70)
886:References
803:propaganda
476:(宋太祖) and
429:Kaiyuan Za
86:newspapers
44:Wade–Giles
771:Manchuria
505:(上諭) and
341:content:
855:See also
612:Fanzhens
604:Fanzhens
519:Zouzhang
507:Zouzhang
489:and the
438:Liuzhong
420:Liuzhong
205:because
120:printing
66:gazettes
1049:Gazette
841:Jingbao
829:Jingbao
816:Jingbao
781:in the
766:Nurhaci
733:in the
725:in the
717:in the
696:in the
628:Fanzhen
599:Fanzhen
531:Shangyu
503:Shangyu
501:(宮門鈔),
464:in the
398:In the
325:Content
318:Xiongnu
195:capital
142:Jingbao
136:of the
68:in the
26:Chinese
1243:, 1992
874:Neican
509:(奏章).
156:: the
49:ti-pao
46::
36::
34:pinyin
28::
849:Dibao
845:Dibao
837:Dibao
833:Dibao
825:Dibao
807:Dibao
799:Dibao
779:Dibao
751:Zheng
736:Wanli
731:Dibao
723:Dibao
715:Dibao
694:Dibao
673:Dibao
664:Dibao
660:Dibao
655:Dibao
647:Dibao
624:Dibao
616:Dibao
608:Dibao
594:Dibao
556:Dibao
551:Dibao
543:Dibao
527:Dibao
515:Dibao
495:Dibao
482:Dibao
462:Dibao
442:Dibao
424:Dibao
416:Dibao
404:Dibao
360:Dibao
339:Dibao
331:Dibao
313:Dibao
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235:Dibao
154:Dibao
115:dibao
106:Dibao
82:Dibao
74:Dibao
62:Dibao
58:Dibao
54:China
39:dǐbào
21:Dibao
134:fall
99:Puyi
1130:doi
1078:doi
1053:doi
432:bao
237:'.
219:Bao
1261::
1239:,
1211:^
1195:^
1177:^
1140:^
1107:^
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1012:^
981:^
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763:,
614:.
517:.
426:.
362:.
231:Di
215:Di
211:Di
207:Di
199:Di
191:Di
96:,
42:;
32:;
30:邸報
1132::
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975:.
927:.
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