1779:) but with the inputs and outputs negated. Use of these alternative symbols can make logic circuit diagrams much clearer and help to show accidental connection of an active high output to an active low input or vice versa. Any connection that has logic negations at both ends can be replaced by a negationless connection and a suitable change of gate or vice versa. Any connection that has a negation at one end and no negation at the other can be made easier to interpret by instead using the De Morgan equivalent symbol at either of the two ends. When negation or polarity indicators on both ends of a connection match, there is no logic negation in that path (effectively, bubbles "cancel"), making it easier to follow logic states from one symbol to the next. This is commonly seen in real logic diagrams – thus the reader must not get into the habit of associating the shapes exclusively as OR or AND shapes, but also take into account the bubbles at both inputs and outputs in order to determine the "true" logic function indicated.
2320:
443:
but is not considered to be in contradiction to that standard." IEC 60617-12 correspondingly contains the note (Section 2.1) "Although non-preferred, the use of other symbols recognized by official national standards, that is distinctive shapes in place of symbols , shall not be considered to be in contradiction with this standard. Usage of these other symbols in combination to form complex symbols (for example, use as embedded symbols) is discouraged." This compromise was reached between the respective IEEE and IEC working groups to permit the IEEE and IEC standards to be in mutual compliance with one another.
48:
1783:
The "signaled" state (motor on) occurs when either one OR the other switch is on. Unlike a regular NAND symbol, which suggests AND logic, the De Morgan version, a two negative-input OR gate, correctly shows that OR is of interest. The regular NAND symbol has a bubble at the output and none at the inputs (the opposite of the states that will turn the motor on), but the De Morgan symbol shows both inputs and output in the polarity that will drive the motor.
519:
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1103:
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948:
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2182:
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2189:
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2113:
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2068:
2170:
2125:
2094:
395:
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2132:
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2203:
2752:(for example, either a NOR or a NAND gate) can be used to make any kind of digital logic circuit. Note that the use of 3-state logic for bus systems is not needed, and can be replaced by digital multiplexers, which can be built using only simple logic gates (such as NAND gates, NOR gates, or AND and OR gates).
1577:, and false if they are equal, regardless of the value. If there are more than two inputs, the output of the distinctive-shape symbol is undefined. The output of the rectangular-shaped symbol is true if the number of true inputs is exactly one or exactly the number following the "=" in the qualifying symbol.
2688:
In electronics, a high output would mean the output is sourcing current from the positive power terminal (positive voltage). A low output would mean the output is sinking current to the negative power terminal (zero voltage). High impedance would mean that the output is effectively disconnected from
2570:
Uses transistors switching between saturated and cutoff states to perform logic. The transistors require carefully controlled parameters. Economical because few other components are needed, but tends to be susceptible to noise because of the lower voltage levels employed. Often considered to be the
2305:
Electronic logic gates differ significantly from their relay-and-switch equivalents. They are much faster, consume much less power, and are much smaller (all by a factor of a million or more in most cases). Also, there is a fundamental structural difference. The switch circuit creates a continuous
1782:
A De Morgan symbol can show more clearly a gate's primary logical purpose and the polarity of its nodes that are considered in the "signaled" (active, on) state. Consider the simplified case where a two-input NAND gate is used to drive a motor when either of its inputs are brought low by a switch.
442:
IEC 617-12 and its renumbered successor IEC 60617-12 do not explicitly show the "distinctive shape" symbols, but do not prohibit them. These are, however, shown in ANSI/IEEE Std 91 (and 91a) with this note: "The distinctive-shape symbol is, according to IEC Publication 617, Part 12, not preferred,
2365:
An important advantage of standardized integrated circuit logic families, such as the 7400 and 4000 families, is that they can be cascaded. This means that the output of one gate can be wired to the inputs of one or several other gates, and so on. Systems with varying degrees of complexity can be
438:
The mutual goal of IEEE Std 91-1984 and IEC 617-12 was to provide a uniform method of describing the complex logic functions of digital circuits with schematic symbols. These functions were more complex than simple AND and OR gates. They could be medium-scale circuits such as a 4-bit counter to a
2631:
Uses tunnelable q-bits for synthesizing the binary logic bits. The electrostatic repulsive force in between two electrons in the quantum dots assigns the electron configurations (that defines state 1 or state 0) under the suitably driven polarizations. This is a transistorless, currentless,
418:
MIL-STD-806 of the 1950s and 1960s. It is sometimes unofficially described as "military", reflecting its origin. The "rectangular shape" set, based on ANSI Y32.14 and other early industry standards as later refined by IEEE and IEC, has rectangular outlines for all types of gate and allows
2240:, because it has two stable states which it can maintain indefinitely. The combination of multiple flip-flops in parallel, to store a multiple-bit value, is known as a register. When using any of these gate setups the overall system has memory; it is then called a
2361:
has reduced the 'hard' property of hardware; it is now possible to change the logic design of a hardware system by reprogramming some of its components, thus allowing the features or function of a hardware implementation of a logic system to be changed.
2672:
A three-state logic gate is a type of logic gate that can have three different outputs: high (H), low (L) and high-impedance (Z). The high-impedance state plays no role in the logic, which is strictly binary. These devices are used on
2377:', from a change in input of a gate to the corresponding change in its output. When gates are cascaded, the total propagation delay is approximately the sum of the individual delays, an effect which can become a problem in high-speed
2419:(transistor–transistor logic) and CMOS. There are also sub-variants, e.g. standard CMOS logic vs. advanced types using still CMOS technology, but with some optimizations for avoiding loss of speed due to slower PMOS transistors.
727:
and is used in logic diagrams to indicate a logic negation between the external logic state and the internal logic state (1 to 0 or vice versa). On a circuit diagram it must be accompanied by a statement asserting that the
328:, which they discovered independently, can describe the operation of switching circuits. Using this property of electrical switches to implement logic is the fundamental concept that underlies all electronic digital
2316:, which sinks a tiny current at its input and produces a low-impedance voltage at its output. It is not possible for current to flow between the output and the input of a semiconductor logic gate.
2618:
Uses transistors to perform logic but biasing is from constant current sources to prevent saturation and allow extremely fast switching. Has high noise immunity despite fairly low logic levels.
740:
is used in circuit diagrams to directly indicate an active-low (low voltage level = 1) input or output without requiring a uniform convention throughout the circuit diagram. This is called
2430:(RTL). Unlike simple diode logic gates (which do not have a gain element), RTL gates can be cascaded indefinitely to produce more complex logic functions. RTL gates were used in early
1635:
1150:
2713:
devices, such as the
Sorteberg relay or mechanical logic gates, including on a molecular scale. Various types of fundamental logic gates have been constructed using molecules (
1308:
652:
2989:
1334:
1176:
1663:
1494:
1768:
function with negated inputs and outputs. A NAND gate is equivalent to an OR gate with negated inputs, and a NOR gate is equivalent to an AND gate with negated inputs.
1468:
850:
824:
1003:
675:
1786:
De Morgan's theorem is most commonly used to implement logic gates as combinations of only NAND gates, or as combinations of only NOR gates, for economic reasons.
3418:
977:
553:
414:
Std 91-1984 and its supplement ANSI/IEEE Std 91a-1991. The "distinctive shape" set, based on traditional schematics, is used for simple drawings and derives from
3914:
3238:
2697:
Non-electronic implementations are varied, though few of them are used in practical applications. Many early electromechanical digital computers, such as the
2306:
metallic path for current to flow (in either direction) between its input and its output. The semiconductor logic gate, on the other hand, acts as a high-
4146:
3280:
2366:
built without great concern of the designer for the internal workings of the gates, provided the limitations of each integrated circuit are considered.
204:(OAI) are often employed in circuit design because their construction using MOSFETs is simpler and more efficient than the sum of the individual gates.
2020:) can be used to reproduce the functions of all the other logic gates, but his work on it was unpublished until 1933. The first published proof was by
3229:
4184:
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4086:
3320:
2838:
2833:
4189:
424:
3864:
3839:
3814:
3702:
Erbas-Cakmak, Sundus; Kolemen, Safacan; Sedgwick, Adam C.; Gunnlaugsson, Thorfinnur; James, Tony D.; Yoon, Juyoung; Akkaya, Engin U. (2018).
3639:
3608:
3387:
3152:
3094:
2220:
Logic gates can also be used to hold a state, allowing data storage. A storage element can be constructed by connecting several gates in a "
161:
Logic gates can be cascaded in the same way that
Boolean functions can be composed, allowing the construction of a physical model of all of
4021:
3577:
3453:
2681:
to allow multiple chips to send data. A group of three-states driving a line with a suitable control circuit is basically equivalent to a
3551:
3545:
3219:
3424:
4134:
4033:
2787:
2576:
347:
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3907:
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3121:
2948:
2484:
logic. CMOS uses complementary (both n-channel and p-channel) MOSFET devices to achieve a high speed with low power dissipation.
2319:
3379:
2276:
2439:
2416:
2328:
35:
4354:
4080:
4016:
2562:
415:
3372:
Reprints from the Early Days of
Information Sciences: TICSP Series On the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory
2623:
274:
2427:
2408:
2589:(metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors), the basis for most modern logic gates. The MOS logic family includes
4206:
4074:
2878:
2802:
2353:, which allow designers to pack many mixed logic gates into a single integrated circuit. The field-programmable nature of
459:
455:
3900:
4323:
4218:
2225:
322:
2435:
4238:
4196:
3600:
3183:
2818:
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4010:
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2777:
2354:
2350:
2263:, complexity, and reliability of storage, and many different types of designs are used based on the application.
419:
representation of a much wider range of devices than is possible with the traditional symbols. The IEC standard,
217:
2546:
Performed by semiconductor diodes and small ferrite toroidal cores for moderate speed and moderate power level.
4151:
4056:
4044:
3503:
3202:
ordering made by Shao Yong, was, with a few modifications, the same order found in
Leibniz's binary arithmetic.
2915:
2480:. To reduce power consumption still further, most contemporary chip implementations of digital systems now use
2272:
318:
3111:
3084:
1605:
756:-shape symbols on circuit diagrams, depending on the logic convention used. On pure logic diagrams, only the
4201:
3979:
3974:
3474:
2813:
2808:
2465:
2233:
2004:
1120:
383:
123:
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2557:
Uses thyristors and SCRs to perform logic operations where high current and or high voltages are required.
4295:
4092:
3339:
2890:
2767:
2349:, and their more recent descendants. Increasingly, these fixed-function logic gates are being replaced by
2009:
518:
241:
100:
3543:
Peirce, C. S. (manuscript winter of 1880–1881), "A Boolian
Algebra with One Constant", published 1933 in
3175:
2323:
The 7400 chip, containing four NANDs. The two additional pins supply power (+5 V) and connect the ground.
527:
4307:
4261:
4129:
4027:
3964:
3268:
3144:
2792:
2749:
2327:
For small-scale logic, designers now use prefabricated logic gates from families of devices such as the
2287:
182:
52:
47:
1278:
3362:
3019:
2965:
2434:. For higher speed and better density, the resistors used in RTL were replaced by diodes resulting in
1590:
1102:
4349:
4233:
4228:
4211:
3931:
3284:
3041:
2900:
2714:
2381:. Additional delay can be caused when many inputs are connected to an output, due to the distributed
2369:
The output of one gate can only drive a finite number of inputs to other gates, a number called the '
630:
213:
151:
1597:
1111:
723:
In electronics a NOT gate is more commonly called an inverter. The circle on the symbol is called a
4280:
4223:
4062:
3984:
3959:
3923:
3495:
3445:
3344:
2828:
2717:), which are based on chemical inputs and spectroscopic outputs. Logic gates have been made out of
2423:
2378:
2252:
is purely a combination of its present inputs, unaffected by the previous input and output states.
2249:
2221:
1749:
1432:
1313:
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283:
265:
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inputs that produces a single binary output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to an
3666:
3366:
1771:
This leads to an alternative set of symbols for basic gates that use the opposite core symbol (
1447:
4256:
3860:
3835:
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3733:
3635:
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3449:
3393:
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3187:
3148:
3138:
3117:
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3057:
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2742:
2632:
junctionless binary logic synthesis technique allowing it to have very fast operation speeds.
2598:
2374:
2335:
2036:
829:
803:
371:
363:
244:
described how logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits. Early
155:
80:
982:
229:
s binary system. Leibniz established that using the binary system combined the principles of
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3774:
3723:
3715:
3594:
3437:
3292:
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of all the inputs and wiring and the finite amount of current that each output can provide.
2295:
2241:
2237:
2215:
2021:
657:
428:
314:
76:
31:
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As integrated circuits became more complex, bipolar transistors were replaced with smaller
336:
design, as it became widely known in the electrical engineering community during and after
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and that change only on a rising or falling edge of the clock are called edge-triggered "
956:
536:
3655:
Rowe, Jim. "Circuit Logic – Why and How". No. December 1966. Electronics
Australia.
3288:
3045:
406:
There are two sets of symbols for elementary logic gates in common use, both defined in
402:
symbol (74LS192) in accordance with ANSI/IEEE Std. 91-1984 and IEC Publication 60617-12.
4109:
3214:
2858:
2738:
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2400:
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39:
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201:
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84:
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3069:
2643:
FeFET transistors can retain their state to speed recovery in case of a power loss.
3849:
Brown, Stephen D.; Francis, Robert J.; Rose, Jonathan; Vranesic, Zvonko G. (1992).
3378:. Tampere International Center for Signal Processing (TICSP) Series. Vol. 40.
2991:
Acoustic logic gates and
Boolean operation based on self-collimating acoustic beams
2843:
2823:
2394:
2229:
1413:
1086:
736:
is being used (high voltage level = 1 or low voltage level = 1, respectively). The
337:
3053:
2105:
1573:
The output of a two input exclusive-OR is true only when the two input values are
3850:
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3527:
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system since its output can be influenced by its previous state(s), i.e. by the
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510:
497:
367:
291:
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135:
127:
2403:
with different characteristics (power consumption, speed, cost, size) such as:
2181:
4328:
3939:
3688:
3569:
2868:
2863:
2685:, which may be physically distributed over separate devices or plug-in cards.
2654:
2594:
2590:
2477:
2473:
2299:
2017:
451:
355:
351:
261:
230:
143:
111:
3737:
3684:
3397:
3313:"Switching Theory/Relay Circuit Network Theory/Theory of Logical Mathematics"
17:
4285:
3954:
3297:
2710:
2313:
2013:
1094:
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359:
92:
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777:
602:
329:
64:
56:
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463:
222:
96:
60:
3892:
3778:
3759:
Stojanovic, Milan N.; Mitchell, Tiffany E.; Stefanovic, Darko (2002).
3083:
Deschamps, Jean-Pierre; Valderrama, Elena; TerĂ©s, LluĂs (2016-10-12).
2999:
3334:
Stanković, Radomir S.; Astola, Jaakko T.; Karpovsky, Mark G. (2007).
2602:
2586:
2469:
2457:
249:
147:
119:
115:
446:
In the 1980s, schematics were the predominant method to design both
2524:
Exactly the same as diode logic but can perform at a higher speed.
2202:
3036:
2706:
2653:
2535:
Uses neon bulbs or 3-element neon trigger tubes to perform logic.
2291:
2260:
2201:
393:
294:
designed and built electromechanical logic gates for his computer
234:
131:
107:
46:
3528:"Overview of IEEE Standard 91-1984 Explanation of Logic Symbols"
2481:
2449:
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2339:
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467:
411:
407:
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432:
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302:
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in physics, for the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924.
2662:
is on, the switch is closed. If B is off, the switch is open.
30:"Discrete logic" redirects here. For discrete circuitry, see
2487:
Other types of logic gates include, but are not limited to:
3470:"1963: Complementary MOS Circuit Configuration is Invented"
3198:... one of the traditional orderings of the hexagrams, the
2024:
in 1913, so the NAND logical operation is sometimes called
264:(from which later electronic computers were constructed).
370:
in 1960. Both types were later combined and adapted into
3533:. Texas Instruments Semiconductor Group. 1996. SDYZ001A.
3357:
3355:
3827:
Programmable logic devices: technology and applications
1760:
function with negated inputs and outputs. Likewise, an
423:
60617-12, has been adopted by other standards, such as
193:, which may contain more than 100 million logic gates.
99:, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device (see
3704:"Molecular logic gates: the past, present and future"
2748:
In principle any method that leads to a gate that is
1643:
1608:
1476:
1450:
1316:
1281:
1158:
1123:
985:
959:
832:
806:
660:
633:
539:
2658:
A tristate buffer can be thought of as a switch. If
332:. Switching circuit theory became the foundation of
4316:
4249:
4165:
4102:
3930:
2373:
limit'. Also, there is always a delay, called the '
3269:"History of Research on Switching Theory in Japan"
3116:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 317–319.
2003:Further information on the theoretical basis:
1657:
1629:
1488:
1462:
1328:
1302:
1170:
1144:
997:
971:
844:
818:
669:
646:
547:
3806:Semiconductor Spintronics and Quantum Computation
2725:) and used to create a computer called MAYA (see
2040:. Consequently, these gates are sometimes called
744:. See IEEE Std 91/91A and IEC 60617-12. Both the
3803:Awschalom, D. D.; Loss, D.; Samarth, N. (2002).
2259:. They vary in performance, based on factors of
3593:BĂĽning, Hans Kleine; Lettmann, Theodor (1999).
3273:IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials
3086:Digital Systems: From Logic Gates to Processors
3020:"Thermal Logic Gates: Computation with Phonons"
2248:of input states. In contrast, the output from
220:(published in 1705), influenced by the ancient
38:. For the former image processing company, see
439:large-scale circuit such as a microprocessor.
3908:
3596:Propositional logic: deduction and algorithms
3562:"7.12 The Graphical Analysis of Propositions"
3239:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
106:The primary way of building logic gates uses
8:
2460:are the most common way to make logic gates.
431:EN 60617-12:1999 in the United Kingdom, and
3566:The Existential Graphs of Charles S. Peirce
3522:
3520:
3336:Some Historical Remarks on Switching Theory
2966:"Moore's Law to roll on for another decade"
165:, and therefore, all of the algorithms and
3915:
3901:
3893:
3685:"Two Types of Mechanical Reversible Logic"
3549:v. 4, paragraphs 12–20. Reprinted 1989 in
3417:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3281:Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan
2255:These logic circuits are used in computer
1794:Output comparison of various logic gates:
169:that can be described with Boolean logic.
3727:
3343:
3296:
3251:
3035:
2224:" circuit. Latching circuitry is used in
1644:
1642:
1609:
1607:
1475:
1449:
1315:
1282:
1280:
1157:
1124:
1122:
984:
958:
831:
805:
659:
634:
632:
540:
538:
340:, with theoretical rigor superseding the
3766:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2489:
2444:
2422:The simplest family of logic gates uses
2318:
2046:
1848:
1796:
1667:
1498:
1338:
1180:
1007:
854:
679:
557:
472:
118:. Today, most logic gates are made from
4087:Application-specific integrated circuit
3321:Information Processing Society of Japan
2927:
2839:List of 7400 series integrated circuits
2834:List of 4000 series integrated circuits
1630:{\displaystyle {\overline {A\oplus B}}}
344:methods that had prevailed previously.
3496:"Graphical Symbols for Logic Diagrams"
3410:
3180:Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light
1145:{\displaystyle {\overline {A\cdot B}}}
126:). They can also be constructed using
2236:". Formally, a flip-flop is called a
752:can be used on distinctive-shape and
256:rather than the later innovations of
7:
4022:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
3440:History of Semiconductor Engineering
2228:. More complicated designs that use
51:A logic circuit diagram for a 4-bit
27:Device performing a Boolean function
321:in a series of papers showing that
268:introduced a version of the 16-row
91:, one that has, for instance, zero
4034:Erasable programmable logic device
3213:Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to
2788:Espresso heuristic logic minimizer
661:
189:, all the way up through complete
25:
4069:Complex programmable logic device
3761:"Deoxyribozyme-Based Logic Gates"
3667:"Tapping into Non-Volatile Logic"
2198:Data storage and sequential logic
1303:{\displaystyle {\overline {A+B}}}
3880:
3380:Tampere University of Technology
2964:Kanellos, Michael (2003-02-11).
2729:). Logic gates can be made from
2709:. Logic gates can be made using
2705:gates, using electro-mechanical
2290:logic system may be composed of
2277:Semiconductor device fabrication
2187:
2180:
2168:
2161:
2149:
2142:
2130:
2123:
2111:
2104:
2092:
2085:
2073:
2066:
1596:
1589:
1438:
1431:
1269:
1262:
1110:
1101:
946:
937:
793:
784:
620:
611:
526:
517:
4081:Field-programmable object array
4017:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
3253:10.1090/S0002-9904-1978-14533-9
3232:The new elements of mathematics
3223:, v. 5, 1993, pp. 420–423. See
2563:Direct-coupled transistor logic
2012:(during 1880–1881) showed that
647:{\displaystyle {\overline {A}}}
416:United States Military Standard
3852:Field Programmable Gate Arrays
3018:Wang, Lei; Li, Baowen (2007).
2937:Microelectronic Circuit Design
1320:
1162:
460:Hardware Description Languages
350:(MOS) devices in the forms of
275:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
34:. For discrete TTL logic, see
1:
4207:Hardware description language
4075:Field-programmable gate array
3552:Writings of Charles S. Peirce
3220:Writings of Charles S. Peirce
3140:The Five "Confucian" Classics
3054:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.177208
2879:Programmable logic controller
2803:Field-programmable gate array
2624:Quantum-dot cellular automata
2456:, also known as an inverter.
2411:(resistor-transistor logic),
1329:{\displaystyle A\downarrow B}
456:field-programmable gate array
435:EN 60617-12:1998 in Germany.
3230:"Review: Charles S. Peirce,
2571:father to modern TTL logic.
1764:function is identical to an
1756:function is identical to an
1744:De Morgan equivalent symbols
1622:
1295:
1137:
639:
458:are typically designed with
398:A synchronous 4-bit up/down
246:electro-mechanical computers
75:is a device that performs a
53:carry lookahead binary adder
4219:Formal equivalence checking
3110:Tinder, Richard F. (2000).
2442:(TTL) then supplanted DTL.
2440:Transistor–transistor logic
2226:static random-access memory
1171:{\displaystyle A\uparrow B}
454:. Today custom ICs and the
122:(metal–oxide–semiconductor
36:Transistor–transistor logic
4371:
4239:Hierarchical state machine
4197:Transaction-level modeling
3601:Cambridge University Press
3555:v. 4, pp. 218–221, Google
3184:Cambridge University Press
3174:Perkins, Franklin (2004).
3113:Engineering digital design
2819:Integrated injection logic
2693:Non-electronic logic gates
2665:
2415:(diode–transistor logic),
2392:
2355:programmable logic devices
2351:programmable logic devices
2270:
2213:
2002:
1658:{\displaystyle {A\odot B}}
1489:{\displaystyle A\veebar B}
742:Direct Polarity Indication
29:
4140:Digital signal processing
4125:Logic in computer science
4051:Programmable logic device
4011:Hybrid integrated circuit
2906:Superconducting computing
2885:Programmable logic device
2778:Depletion-load NMOS logic
2577:Metal–oxide–semiconductor
2428:resistor–transistor logic
1859:
1854:
1807:
1802:
1670:
1572:
1501:
1463:{\displaystyle A\oplus B}
1412:
1341:
1183:
1081:
1010:
857:
764:
734:negative logic convention
730:positive logic convention
722:
503:
427:60617-12:1999 in Europe,
348:Metal–oxide–semiconductor
218:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
83:performed on one or more
4152:Switching circuit theory
4057:Programmable Array Logic
4045:Programmable logic array
3708:Chemical Society Reviews
3560:Roberts, Don D. (2009).
3504:Defense Logistics Agency
3267:Yamada, Akihiko (2004).
2916:Unconventional computing
2466:field-effect transistors
2407:(resistor–diode logic),
2273:Unconventional computing
845:{\displaystyle A\land B}
819:{\displaystyle A\cdot B}
450:and custom ICs known as
319:switching circuit theory
272:as proposition 5.101 of
173:include such devices as
124:field-effect transistors
4202:Register-transfer level
3824:Bostock, Geoff (1988).
3627:Engineering mathematics
3475:Computer History Museum
3298:10.1541/ieejfms.124.720
3137:Nylan, Michael (2001).
3024:Physical Review Letters
2814:Functional completeness
2809:Flip-flop (electronics)
2650:Three-state logic gates
2206:Animation of how an SR
2005:Functional completeness
998:{\displaystyle A\lor B}
384:Fairchild Semiconductor
286:, got part of the 1954
260:(thermionic valves) or
208:History and development
4355:Charles Sanders Peirce
4093:Tensor Processing Unit
2891:Propositional calculus
2768:Boolean algebra topics
2663:
2461:
2436:diode–transistor logic
2324:
2211:
2010:Charles Sanders Peirce
1659:
1631:
1490:
1464:
1330:
1304:
1172:
1146:
999:
973:
846:
820:
671:
670:{\displaystyle \neg A}
648:
549:
486:(IEEE Std 91/91a-1991)
481:(IEEE Std 91/91a-1991)
403:
248:were constructed from
242:Charles Sanders Peirce
183:arithmetic logic units
101:ideal and real op-amps
68:
55:design using only the
4308:Electronic literature
4262:Hardware acceleration
4130:Computer architecture
4028:Emitter-coupled logic
3965:Printed circuit board
3444:. Springer. pp.
3363:Stanković, Radomir S.
3176:"Exchange with China"
3145:Yale University Press
2793:Emitter-coupled logic
2750:functionally complete
2715:molecular logic gates
2657:
2448:
2322:
2288:functionally complete
2205:
2042:universal logic gates
1999:Universal logic gates
1660:
1632:
1491:
1465:
1331:
1305:
1173:
1147:
1000:
974:
847:
821:
672:
649:
550:
397:
358:were demonstrated by
298:(from 1935 to 1938).
196:Compound logic gates
158:or thermal elements.
154:, acoustics, or even
50:
4234:Finite-state machine
4212:High-level synthesis
4147:Circuit minimization
3889:at Wikimedia Commons
3382:, Tampere, Finland.
3367:Astola, Jaakko Tapio
3317:IPSJ Computer Museum
3147:. pp. 204–206.
2943:. pp. 226–233.
2901:Reversible computing
2379:synchronous circuits
2034:is sometimes called
1850:2-input logic gates
1798:1-input logic gates
1641:
1606:
1474:
1448:
1314:
1279:
1156:
1121:
983:
957:
830:
804:
658:
631:
537:
214:binary number system
4281:Digital photography
4063:Generic Array Logic
3985:Combinational logic
3960:Printed electronics
3924:Digital electronics
3624:Bird, John (2007).
3500:ASSIST Quick Search
3289:2004IJTFM.124..720Y
3046:2007PhRvL..99q7208W
2829:Combinational logic
2551:4Layer Device Logic
2491:
2432:integrated circuits
2424:bipolar transistors
2298:(vacuum tubes), or
2250:combinational logic
2048:
1851:
1799:
972:{\displaystyle A+B}
548:{\displaystyle {A}}
504:Single-input gates
488:(IEC 60617-12:1997)
301:From 1934 to 1936,
284:coincidence circuit
266:Ludwig Wittgenstein
240:In an 1886 letter,
116:electronic switches
4229:Asynchronous logic
4005:Integrated circuit
3970:Electronic circuit
3720:10.1039/C7CS00491E
3436:Lojek, Bo (2007).
2977:Integrated circuit
2763:And-inverter graph
2735:quantum logic gate
2731:quantum mechanical
2723:DNA nanotechnology
2701:, were built from
2664:
2611:Current-mode logic
2518:Tunnel diode logic
2490:
2462:
2399:There are several
2325:
2212:
2055:NAND construction
2047:
2016:(or alternatively
1849:
1797:
1655:
1627:
1486:
1460:
1326:
1300:
1168:
1142:
1083:Alternative denial
995:
969:
842:
816:
667:
644:
545:
404:
282:, inventor of the
130:, electromagnetic
69:
4337:
4336:
4286:Digital telephone
4257:Computer hardware
4224:Synchronous logic
3885:Media related to
3866:978-0-7923-9248-4
3841:978-0-07-006611-3
3816:978-3-540-42176-4
3779:10.1021/ja016756v
3773:(14): 3555–3561.
3641:978-0-7506-8555-9
3610:978-0-521-63017-7
3389:978-952-15-1980-2
3154:978-0-300-08185-5
3096:978-3-319-41198-9
3000:10.1063/1.4915338
2743:nonlinear optical
2647:
2646:
2637:Ferroelectric FET
2599:complementary MOS
2375:propagation delay
2336:Texas Instruments
2195:
2194:
2058:NOR construction
1996:
1995:
1847:
1846:
1741:
1740:
1737:
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1625:
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1408:
1407:
1298:
1250:
1249:
1140:
1077:
1076:
924:
923:
718:
717:
642:
596:
595:
484:Rectangular shape
479:Distinctive shape
372:complementary MOS
364:Mohamed M. Atalla
103:for comparison).
81:logical operation
16:(Redirected from
4362:
3990:Sequential logic
3917:
3910:
3903:
3894:
3884:
3870:
3845:
3820:
3791:
3790:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3731:
3714:(7): 2228–2248.
3699:
3693:
3692:
3681:Merkle, Ralph C.
3677:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3579:978-3-11022622-5
3546:Collected Papers
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3455:978-3-54034258-8
3443:
3433:
3427:
3423:(3+207+1 pages)
3422:
3416:
3408:
3406:
3400:. Archived from
3377:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3264:
3258:
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3226:Burks, Arthur W.
3211:
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3006:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2932:
2874:Processor design
2773:Boolean function
2668:Tri-state buffer
2605:(bipolar CMOS).
2540:Core diode logic
2492:
2426:, and is called
2282:Electronic gates
2242:sequential logic
2238:bistable circuit
2216:Sequential logic
2191:
2184:
2172:
2165:
2153:
2146:
2134:
2127:
2115:
2108:
2096:
2089:
2077:
2070:
2049:
2022:Henry M. Sheffer
2018:NAND gates alone
1852:
1800:
1750:De Morgan's laws
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521:
473:
374:(CMOS) logic by
315:Victor Shestakov
228:
89:ideal logic gate
77:Boolean function
32:Discrete circuit
21:
4370:
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4364:
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4359:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4312:
4245:
4180:Place and route
4175:Logic synthesis
4161:
4157:Gate equivalent
4120:Logic synthesis
4115:Boolean algebra
4098:
4040:Macrocell array
4000:Boolean circuit
3926:
3921:
3877:
3867:
3857:Kluwer Academic
3848:
3842:
3823:
3817:
3802:
3799:
3797:Further reading
3794:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3634:. p. 532.
3623:
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3592:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3572:. p. 131.
3559:
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3507:
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3489:
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3434:
3430:
3409:
3404:
3390:
3375:
3369:, eds. (2008).
3361:
3360:
3353:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3246:(5): 913–918 .
3224:
3217:", dated 1886,
3212:
3208:
3194:
3186:. p. 117.
3173:
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2983:
2963:
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2958:
2951:
2935:Jaeger (1997).
2934:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2783:Digital circuit
2758:
2695:
2670:
2652:
2397:
2391:
2284:
2279:
2269:
2218:
2200:
2014:NOR gates alone
2007:
2001:
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1471:
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1154:
1153:
1126:
1119:
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981:
980:
955:
954:
828:
827:
802:
801:
760:is meaningful.
656:
655:
629:
628:
606:
535:
534:
494:between A and B
492:Boolean algebra
487:
485:
480:
392:
334:digital circuit
326:Boolean algebra
307:Akira Nakashima
226:
216:was refined by
210:
191:microprocessors
187:computer memory
144:pneumatic logic
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4296:cinematography
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4135:Digital signal
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4110:Digital signal
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3875:External links
3873:
3872:
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3792:
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3585:
3578:
3536:
3516:
3487:
3461:
3454:
3428:
3407:on 2021-03-08.
3388:
3351:
3345:10.1.1.66.1248
3326:
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3166:
3153:
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2859:Magnetic logic
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2739:Photonic logic
2699:Harvard Mark I
2694:
2691:
2666:Main article:
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2393:Main article:
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773:
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569:
564:
555:
543:
532:
523:
514:
506:
505:
501:
500:
495:
489:
482:
477:
462:(HDL) such as
448:circuit boards
400:decade counter
391:
388:
311:Claude Shannon
209:
206:
171:Logic circuits
95:and unlimited
40:Discreet Logic
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4367:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Metastability
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:Design issues
4315:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4291:Digital video
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:Digital audio
4267:
4263:
4260:
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4255:
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4237:
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4181:
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4128:
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4088:
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4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
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3968:
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3883:
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3868:
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3822:
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3808:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3796:
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3784:
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3767:
3762:
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3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3669:. 2021-04-21.
3668:
3662:
3659:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3603:. p. 2.
3602:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3506:. MIL-STD-806
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3193:9780521830249
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3123:0-12-691295-5
3119:
3115:
3114:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3011:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2950:0-07-032482-4
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
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2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Logical graph
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
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2810:
2807:
2804:
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2799:
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2776:
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2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:effects, see
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2689:the circuit.
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
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2578:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2452:diagram of a
2451:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
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2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2267:Manufacturing
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:clock signals
2227:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2167:
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2160:
2157:
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2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2110:
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2100:
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2033:
2029:
2028:
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2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
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1973:
1970:
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1965:
1962:
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1956:
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1947:
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1483:
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1457:
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1451:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:biconditional
1415:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
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1291:
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1285:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1259:
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1254:
1253:
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1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
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1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
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1179:
1165:
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1133:
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1127:
1117:
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1080:
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1061:
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1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
992:
989:
986:
966:
963:
960:
953:
951:
949:
944:
942:
940:
935:
933:
932:
928:
927:
919:
916:
913:
912:
908:
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
891:
890:
886:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
868:
865:
862:
860:
856:
853:
839:
836:
833:
813:
810:
807:
800:
798:
796:
791:
789:
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782:
780:
779:
775:
774:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
721:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
701:
697:
694:
693:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:
664:
636:
627:
625:
623:
618:
616:
614:
609:
605:
604:
600:
599:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
571:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
556:
541:
533:
531:
529:
524:
522:
520:
515:
513:
512:
508:
507:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
483:
478:
475:
474:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
440:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
413:
409:
401:
396:
389:
387:
385:
381:
380:Frank Wanlass
377:
376:Chih-Tang Sah
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Walther Bothe
277:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
225:
224:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
202:OR-AND-Invert
199:
198:AND-OR-Invert
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:Boolean logic
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:fluidic logic
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Digital logic
4250:Applications
3994:
3851:
3826:
3809:. Springer.
3805:
3770:
3764:
3754:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3675:
3661:
3650:
3626:
3619:
3595:
3588:
3565:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3508:. Retrieved
3499:
3490:
3479:. Retrieved
3473:
3464:
3439:
3431:
3402:the original
3371:
3335:
3329:
3316:
3307:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3218:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3179:
3169:
3158:. Retrieved
3139:
3132:
3112:
3105:
3089:. Springer.
3085:
3078:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3003:, retrieved
2990:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2936:
2930:
2844:Logic family
2824:Karnaugh map
2747:
2696:
2687:
2671:
2659:
2601:(CMOS), and
2501:Description
2498:Abbreviation
2495:Logic family
2486:
2463:
2421:
2398:
2395:Logic family
2368:
2364:
2326:
2304:
2285:
2254:
2245:
2219:
2210:latch works.
2041:
2035:
2025:
2008:
1860:
1855:
1808:
1803:
1793:
1790:Truth tables
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1676:
1671:
1582:
1574:
1507:
1502:
1424:
1414:Exclusive or
1347:
1342:
1255:
1189:
1184:
1109:
1100:
1093:
1087:joint denial
1016:
1011:
945:
936:
929:
863:
858:
792:
783:
776:
757:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
688:
683:
619:
610:
601:
566:
561:
525:
516:
509:
445:
441:
437:
405:
346:
341:
338:World War II
300:
273:
258:vacuum tubes
239:
221:
211:
195:
185:(ALUs), and
175:multiplexers
170:
160:
128:vacuum tubes
105:
88:
72:
70:
67:logic gates.
44:
4350:Logic gates
3980:Memory cell
3887:Logic gates
3832:McGraw-Hill
3729:11693/50034
3283:: 720–726.
3215:A. Marquand
3200:xiantian tu
2941:McGraw-Hill
2911:Truth table
2896:Race hazard
2849:Logic level
2703:relay logic
2683:multiplexer
2507:Diode logic
2383:capacitance
2343:4000 series
2332:7400 series
2300:transistors
2032:logical NOR
770:disjunction
766:Conjunction
754:rectangular
607:(inverter)
498:Truth table
452:gate arrays
368:Dawon Kahng
317:introduced
292:Konrad Zuse
288:Nobel Prize
270:truth table
262:transistors
254:relay logic
167:mathematics
136:relay logic
112:transistors
4344:Categories
4329:Runt pulse
4301:television
3995:Logic gate
3940:Transistor
3932:Components
3689:Xerox PARC
3570:De Gruyter
3510:2021-08-27
3481:2019-07-06
3160:2010-06-08
3005:2024-08-17
2923:References
2869:Parametron
2864:NMOS logic
2741:gates use
2595:NMOS logic
2591:PMOS logic
2529:Neon logic
2271:See also:
2234:flip-flops
1748:By use of
362:engineers
323:two-valued
231:arithmetic
200:(AOI) and
156:mechanical
114:acting as
73:logic gate
4185:Placement
3975:Flip-flop
3955:Capacitor
3738:0306-0012
3425:10:00 min
3413:cite book
3398:1456-2774
3340:CiteSeerX
3037:0709.0032
2745:effects.
2711:pneumatic
2314:amplifier
1821:Inverter
1649:⊙
1623:¯
1616:⊕
1575:different
1481:⊻
1455:⊕
1321:↓
1296:¯
1163:↑
1138:¯
1131:⋅
990:∨
837:∧
811:⋅
662:¬
640:¯
386:in 1963.
360:Bell Labs
330:computers
305:engineer
179:registers
152:molecules
93:rise time
3950:Inductor
3945:Resistor
3787:11929243
3746:29493684
3683:(1993).
3228:(1978).
3070:10934270
3062:17995368
2756:See also
2454:NOT gate
2357:such as
2246:sequence
2208:NOR gate
748:and the
278:(1921).
250:switches
4190:Routing
4024:(3D IC)
3285:Bibcode
3042:Bibcode
2798:Fan-out
2727:MAYA-II
2677:of the
2587:MOSFETs
2472:); see
2470:MOSFETs
2458:MOSFETs
2438:(DTL).
2371:fan-out
2311:voltage
464:Verilog
390:Symbols
223:I Ching
120:MOSFETs
97:fan-out
4167:Design
4103:Theory
4089:(ASIC)
4083:(FPOA)
4077:(FPGA)
4071:(CPLD)
4036:(EPLD)
3863:
3838:
3813:
3785:
3744:
3736:
3638:
3632:Newnes
3607:
3576:
3558:. See
3452:
3448:–323.
3396:
3386:
3342:
3190:
3151:
3120:
3093:
3068:
3060:
2947:
2805:(FPGA)
2707:relays
2603:BiCMOS
2338:, the
2296:valves
2292:relays
2257:memory
2030:; the
1861:Output
1818:Buffer
1809:Output
1677:Output
1508:Output
1348:Output
1190:Output
1017:Output
864:Output
758:bubble
746:bubble
725:bubble
689:Output
567:Output
511:Buffer
342:ad hoc
148:optics
132:relays
108:diodes
85:binary
63:, and
4274:radio
4095:(TPU)
4065:(GAL)
4059:(PAL)
4053:(PLD)
4047:(PLA)
4030:(ECL)
4013:(HIC)
3531:(PDF)
3405:(PDF)
3376:(PDF)
3279:(8).
3066:S2CID
3032:arXiv
2975:From
2887:(PLD)
2881:(PLC)
2721:(see
2675:buses
2640:FeFET
2585:Uses
2579:logic
2359:FPGAs
2261:speed
2222:latch
2177:XNOR
2101:NAND
2052:type
1888:XNOR
1856:Input
1804:Input
1752:, an
1672:Input
1503:Input
1343:Input
1185:Input
1012:Input
859:Input
750:wedge
738:wedge
684:Input
562:Input
235:logic
227:'
134:with
4007:(IC)
3861:ISBN
3836:ISBN
3811:ISBN
3783:PMID
3742:PMID
3734:ISSN
3636:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3574:ISBN
3450:ISBN
3419:link
3394:ISSN
3384:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3149:ISBN
3118:ISBN
3091:ISBN
3058:PMID
2970:CNET
2945:ISBN
2628:QCA
2567:DCTL
2554:4LDL
2482:CMOS
2478:NMOS
2476:and
2474:PMOS
2450:CMOS
2340:CMOS
2308:gain
2275:and
2158:XOR
2139:NOR
2082:AND
2063:NOT
1876:NAND
1584:XNOR
1416:and
1095:NAND
1085:and
768:and
476:Type
468:VHDL
412:IEEE
408:ANSI
378:and
366:and
356:NMOS
354:and
352:PMOS
313:and
252:and
233:and
212:The
79:, a
3775:doi
3771:124
3724:hdl
3716:doi
3446:321
3293:doi
3277:124
3248:doi
3050:doi
2996:doi
2719:DNA
2679:CPU
2615:CML
2582:MOS
2543:CDL
2521:TDL
2417:TTL
2413:DTL
2409:RTL
2405:RDL
2347:RCA
2345:by
2334:by
2329:TTL
2120:OR
1885:XOR
1882:NOR
1873:AND
1775:or
1773:AND
1766:AND
1754:AND
1637:or
1470:or
1426:XOR
1310:or
1257:NOR
1152:or
979:or
826:or
778:AND
732:or
654:or
603:NOT
466:or
433:DIN
421:IEC
382:at
303:NEC
110:or
65:XOR
57:AND
4346::
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3855:.
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3830:.
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3564:.
3519:^
3502:.
3498:.
3472:.
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2532:NL
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2286:A
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1940:0
1914:1
1879:OR
1843:0
1832:1
1777:OR
1762:OR
1758:OR
1733:1
1722:0
1711:0
1700:1
1689:Q
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1393:0
1382:0
1371:1
1360:Q
1246:0
1235:1
1224:1
1213:1
1202:Q
1073:1
1062:1
1051:1
1040:0
1029:Q
931:OR
920:1
909:0
898:0
887:0
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714:0
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698:Q
592:1
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576:Q
470:.
429:BS
425:EN
309:,
296:Z1
237:.
181:,
177:,
150:,
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142:,
138:,
71:A
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2972:.
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2660:B
2468:(
1989:0
1986:0
1983:1
1980:0
1977:1
1974:1
1971:1
1963:1
1960:0
1957:1
1954:1
1951:0
1948:0
1945:1
1937:1
1934:0
1931:1
1928:1
1925:0
1922:1
1919:0
1911:0
1908:1
1905:0
1902:1
1899:0
1896:0
1893:0
1870:B
1867:A
1840:1
1837:1
1829:0
1826:0
1815:A
1730:1
1727:1
1719:0
1716:1
1708:1
1705:0
1697:0
1694:0
1686:B
1683:A
1652:B
1646:A
1619:B
1613:A
1561:1
1558:1
1550:0
1547:1
1539:1
1536:0
1528:0
1525:0
1517:B
1514:A
1484:B
1478:A
1458:B
1452:A
1401:1
1398:1
1390:0
1387:1
1379:1
1376:0
1368:0
1365:0
1357:B
1354:A
1324:B
1318:A
1292:B
1289:+
1286:A
1243:1
1240:1
1232:0
1229:1
1221:1
1218:0
1210:0
1207:0
1199:B
1196:A
1166:B
1160:A
1134:B
1128:A
1070:1
1067:1
1059:0
1056:1
1048:1
1045:0
1037:0
1034:0
1026:B
1023:A
993:B
987:A
967:B
964:+
961:A
917:1
914:1
906:0
903:1
895:1
892:0
884:0
881:0
873:B
870:A
840:B
834:A
814:B
808:A
711:1
703:0
695:A
665:A
637:A
589:1
581:0
573:A
542:A
410:/
42:.
20:)
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