Diffusion of innovations - Knowledge (XXG)

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individual and socially motivated, can be represented by such models as a series of nodes and connections that represent real relationships. Borrowing from social network analysis, each node is an innovator, an adopter, or a potential adopter. Potential adopters have a threshold, which is a fraction of his neighbors who adopt the innovation that must be reached before he will adopt. Over time, each potential adopter views his neighbors and decides whether he should adopt based on the technologies they are using. When the effect of each individual node is analyzed along with its influence over the entire network, the expected level of adoption was seen to depend on the number of initial adopters and the network's structure and properties. Two factors emerge as important to successful spread of the innovation: the number of connections of nodes with their neighbors and the presence of a high degree of common connections in the network (quantified by the

1058:, individual-blame bias, recall problem, and issues of equality. The pro-innovation bias, in particular, implies that all innovation is positive and that all innovations should be adopted. Cultural traditions and beliefs can be consumed by another culture's through diffusion, which can impose significant costs on a group of people. The one-way information flow, from sender to receiver, is another weakness of this theory. The message sender has a goal to persuade the receiver, and there is little to no reverse flow. The person implementing the change controls the direction and outcome of the campaign. In some cases, this is the best approach, but other cases require a more participatory approach. In complex environments where the adopter is receiving information from many sources and is returning feedback to the sender, a one-way model is insufficient and multiple communication flows need to be examined. 785:. Using their definition, Rogers defines homophily as "the degree to which pairs of individuals who interact are similar in certain attributes, such as beliefs, education, social status, and the like". When given the choice, individuals usually choose to interact with someone similar to themselves. Homophilous individuals engage in more effective communication because their similarities lead to greater knowledge gain as well as attitude or behavior change. As a result, homophilous people tend to promote diffusion among each other. However, diffusion requires a certain degree of heterophily to introduce new ideas into a relationship; if two individuals are identical, no diffusion occurs because there is no new information to exchange. Therefore, an ideal situation would involve potential adopters who are homophilous in every way, except in knowledge of the innovation. 456:

ability), innovation-system fit (compatibility), and assessment of implications (observability). Organizations can feel pressured by a tension for change. If the organization's situation is untenable, it will be motivated to adopt an innovation to change its fortunes. This tension often plays out among its individual members. Innovations that match the organization's pre-existing system require fewer coincidental changes and are easy to assess and more likely to be adopted. The wider environment of the organization, often an industry, community, or economy, exerts pressures on the organization, too. Where an innovation is diffusing through the organization's environment for any reason, the organization is more likely to adopt it. Innovations that are intentionally spread, including by political mandate or directive, are also likely to diffuse quickly.

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traits, have a large impact on a potential adopter's likelihood to adopt an innovation. Unsurprisingly, potential adopters who are motivated to adopt an innovation are likely to make the adjustments needed to adopt it. Motivation can be impacted by the meaning that an innovation holds; innovations can have symbolic value that encourage (or discourage) adoption. First proposed by Ryan and Gross (1943), the overall connectedness of a potential adopter to the broad community represented by a city. Potential adopters who frequent metropolitan areas are more likely to adopt an innovation. Finally, potential adopters who have the power or agency to create change, particularly in organizations, are more likely to adopt an innovation than someone with less power over his choices.

856:. The book argued that the widespread adoption of computer networks of individuals would lead to much better diffusion of innovations, with greater understanding of their possible shortcomings and the identification of needed innovations that would not have otherwise occurred. The social model proposed by Ryan and Gross is expanded by Valente who uses social networks as a basis for adopter categorization instead of solely relying on the system-level analysis used by Ryan and Gross. Valente also looks at an individual's personal network, which is a different application than the organizational perspective espoused by many other scholars. 824:

the hierarchy having most influence over other members in the same level, and on those in the next level below it. The lowest levels were generally larger in numbers and tended to coincide with various demographic attributes that might be targeted by mass advertising. However, it found that direct word of mouth and example were far more influential than broadcast messages, which were only effective if they reinforced the direct influences. This led to the conclusion that advertising was best targeted, if possible, on those next in line to adopt, and not on those not yet reached by the chain of influence.

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are less risky are easier to adopt as the potential loss from failed integration is lower. Innovations that are disruptive to routine tasks, even when they bring a large relative advantage, might not be adopted because of added instability. Likewise, innovations that make tasks easier are likely to be adopted. Closely related to relative complexity, knowledge requirements are the ability barrier to use presented by the difficulty to use the innovation. Even when there are high knowledge requirements, support from prior adopters or other sources can increase the chances for adoption.

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positions of power within an organization. Unlike the optional innovation decision process, these decision processes only occur within an organization or hierarchical group. Research indicated that, with proper initial screening procedures, even simple behavioral model can serve as a good predictor for technology adoption in many commercial organizations. Within an organization certain individuals are termed "champions" who stand behind an innovation and break through opposition. The champion plays a very similar role as the champion used within the efficiency business model

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teach them to boil water, burn their garbage, install latrines and report cases of illness to local health agencies. In Los Molinos, a stigma was linked to boiled water as something that only the "unwell" consumed, and thus, the idea of healthy residents boiling water prior to consumption was frowned upon. The two-year educational campaign was considered to be largely unsuccessful. This failure exemplified the importance of the roles of the communication channels that are involved in such a campaign for social change. An examination of diffusion in

552:) and interpersonal, confirmation the group has made the right decision. This stage allows the adopter to seek reassurance that the decision and implementation are beneficial. Adopters typically experience cognitive dissonance without this final confirmation. Dissonance could be heightened by negative information about the innovation, and if dissonance is not relieved, the innovation may be discounted to restore balance. Change agents help adopters in this stage feel comfortable with their decision. 489:

evaluation, trial, and adoption are integral to this theory. An individual might reject an innovation at any time during or after the adoption process. Abrahamson examined this process critically by posing questions such as: How do technically inefficient innovations diffuse and what impedes technically efficient innovations from catching on? Abrahamson makes suggestions for how organizational scientists can more comprehensively evaluate the spread of innovations. In later editions of

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Midwest agricultural colleges led to the adoption of harder tomatoes (disliked by consumers) and the loss of thousands of jobs leading to the collapse of thousands of small farmers. In another example, the adoption of snowmobiles in Saami reindeer herding culture is found to lead to the collapse of their society with widespread alcoholism and unemployment for the herders, ill-health for the reindeer (such as stress ulcers, miscarriages) and a huge increase in inequality.

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encourage good health. This presents a critical challenge for health communications, as ties between heterophilous people are relatively weaker, harder to create, and harder to maintain. Developing heterophilous ties to unhealthy communities can increase the effectiveness of the diffusion of good health behaviors. Once one previously homophilous tie adopts the behavior or innovation, the other members of that group are more likely to adopt it, too.

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An example would be the need to buy a new kind of pesticide to use innovative seeds. Indirect costs may also be social, such as social conflict caused by innovation. Marketers are particularly interested in the diffusion process as it determines the success or failure of a new product. It is quite important for a marketer to understand the diffusion process so as to ensure proper management of the spread of a new product or service.

987:. Roger's diffusion model concludes that the popularity of a new product will grow with time to a saturation level and then decline, but it cannot predict how much time it will take and what the saturation level will be. Bass (1969) and many other researchers proposed modeling the diffusion based on parametric formulas to fill this gap and to provide a means for a quantitative forecast of adoption timing and levels. The 6197: 5034: 133: 5009: 33: 4173: 1026:). The interactions that link these individuals are represented by the edges of the network and can be based on the probability or strength of social connections. In the dynamics of such models, each node is assigned a current state, indicating whether or not the individual has adopted the innovation, and model equations describe the evolution of these states over time. 6221: 6209: 760:

a failed diffusion might be widely adopted within certain clusters but fail to make an impact on more distantly related people. Networks that are over-connected might suffer from a rigidity that prevents the changes an innovation might bring, as well. Sometimes, some innovations also fail as a result of lack of local involvement and community participation.

467:) can be used to complement the diffusion framework and reveal further details, these models are not directly applicable to organizational decisions. However, research suggested that simple behavioral models can still be used as a good predictor of organizational technology adoption when proper initial screening procedures are introduced. 676:, early majority, late majority and laggards. In addition to the gatekeepers and opinion leaders who exist within a given community, change agents may come from outside the community. Change agents bring innovations to new communities – first through the gatekeepers, then through the opinion leaders, and so on through the community. 482: 903:

local politicians' learning of successes and failures elsewhere and outside mandates made by global financial organizations. As a group of countries succeed with a set of policies, others follow, as exemplified by the deregulation and liberalization across the developing world after the successes of the

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The diffusion of innovations theory has been used to conduct research on the unintended consequences of new interventions in public health. In the book multiple examples of the unintended negative consequences of technological diffusion are given. The adoption of automatic tomato pickers developed by

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Both positive and negative outcomes are possible when an individual or organization chooses to adopt a particular innovation. Rogers states that this area needs further research because of the biased positive attitude that is associated with innovation. Rogers lists three categories for consequences:

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They adopt an innovation after the average participant. These individuals approach an innovation with a high degree of skepticism and after the majority of society has adopted the innovation. Late Majority are typically skeptical about an innovation, have below average social status, little financial

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Studies also identify other characteristics of innovations, but these are not as common as the ones that Rogers lists above. The fuzziness of the boundaries of the innovation can impact its adoption. Specifically, innovations with a small core and large periphery are easier to adopt. Innovations that

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These qualities interact and are judged as a whole. For example, an innovation might be extremely complex, reducing its likelihood to be adopted and diffused, but it might be very compatible with a large advantage relative to current tools. Even with this high learning curve, potential adopters might

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Benefits of an innovation obviously are the positive consequences, while the costs are the negative. Costs may be monetary or nonmonetary, direct or indirect. Direct costs are usually related to financial uncertainty and the economic state of the actor. Indirect costs are more difficult to identify.

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finds that the hierarchy of influence for innovations need not, and likely does not, coincide with hierarchies of official, political, or economic status. Elites are often not innovators, and innovations may have to be introduced by outsiders and propagated up a hierarchy to the top decision makers.

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Research was done in the early 1950s at the University of Chicago attempting to assess the cost-effectiveness of broadcast advertising on the diffusion of new products and services. The findings were that opinion leadership tended to be organized into a hierarchy within a society, with each level in

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Failed diffusion does not mean that the technology was adopted by no one. Rather, failed diffusion often refers to diffusion that does not reach or approach 100% adoption due to its own weaknesses, competition from other innovations, or simply a lack of awareness. From a social networks perspective,

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Public consequences comprise the impact of an innovation on those other than the actor, while private consequences refer to the impact on the actor. Public consequences usually involve collective actors, such as countries, states, organizations or social movements. The results are usually concerned

894:. Specifically, policy transfer can be defined as "knowledge about how policies administrative arrangements, institutions, and ideas in one political setting (past or present) is used in the development of policies, administrative arrangements, institutions, and ideas in another political setting". 455:

Organizations face more complex adoption possibilities because organizations are both the aggregate of its individuals and its own system with a set of procedures and norms. Three organizational characteristics match well with the individual characteristics above: tension for change (motivation and

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Like innovations, adopters have been determined to have traits that affect their likelihood to adopt an innovation. A bevy of individual personality traits have been explored for their impacts on adoption, but with little agreement. Ability and motivation, which vary on situation unlike personality

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The passage of time is necessary for innovations to be adopted; they are rarely adopted instantaneously. In fact, in the Ryan and Gross (1943) study on hybrid corn adoption, adoption occurred over more than ten years, and most farmers only dedicated a fraction on their fields to the new corn in the

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Innovations are often adopted by organizations through two types of innovation-decisions: collective innovation decisions and authority innovation decisions. The collective decision occurs when adoption is by consensus. The authority decision occurs by adoption among very few individuals with high

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Innovators are willing to take risks, have the highest social status, have financial liquidity, are social and have closest contact to scientific sources and interaction with other innovators. Their risk tolerance allows them to adopt technologies that may ultimately fail. Financial resources help

198:, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Diffusion manifests itself in different ways and is highly subject to the type of adopters and innovation-decision process. The criterion for the adopter categorization is innovativeness, defined as the degree to which an individual adopts a new idea. 902:

creation is transmitted by country and sector channels. At the local level, examining popular city-level policies make it easy to find patterns in diffusion through measuring public awareness. At the international level, economic policies have been thought to transfer among countries according to

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For example, Rogers discussed a situation in Peru involving the implementation of boiling drinking water to improve health and wellness levels in the village of Los Molinos. The residents had no knowledge of the link between sanitation and illness. The campaign worked with the villagers to try to

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Diffusion of existing technologies has been measured using "S curves". These technologies include radio, television, VCR, cable, flush toilet, clothes washer, refrigerator, home ownership, air conditioning, dishwasher, electrified households, telephone, cordless phone, cellular phone, per capita

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Diffusion of Innovations has been applied beyond its original domains. In the case of political science and administration, policy diffusion focuses on how institutional innovations are adopted by other institutions, at the local, state, or country level. An alternative term is 'policy transfer'

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determined that there can be more than one social network at play as innovations are communicated. One network carries information and the other carries influence. While people might hear of an innovation's uses, in Rogers' Los Molinos sanitation case, a network of influence and status prevented

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Opinion leaders have the most influence during the evaluation stage of the innovation-decision process and on late adopters. In addition opinion leaders typically have greater exposure to the mass media, more cosmopolitan, greater contact with change agents, more social experience and exposure,

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They are the last to adopt an innovation. Unlike some of the previous categories, individuals in this category show little to no opinion leadership. These individuals typically have an aversion to change-agents. Laggards typically tend to be focused on "traditions", lowest social status, lowest

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Diffusion occurs through a five–step decision-making process. It occurs through a series of communication channels over a period of time among the members of a similar social system. Ryan and Gross first identified adoption as a process in 1943. Rogers' five stages (steps): awareness, interest,

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Even though there have been more than four thousand articles across many disciplines published on Diffusion of Innovations, with a vast majority written after Rogers created a systematic theory, there have been few widely adopted changes to the theory. Although each study applies the theory in

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The rate of adoption is defined as the relative speed at which participants adopt an innovation. Rate is usually measured by the length of time required for a certain percentage of the members of a social system to adopt an innovation. The rates of adoption for innovations are determined by an

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In threshold models, the uptake of technologies is determined by the balance of two factors: the (perceived) usefulness (sometimes called utility) of the innovation to the individual as well as barriers to adoption, such as cost. The multiple parameters that influence decisions to adopt, both

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Promotion of healthy behavior provides an example of the balance required of homophily and heterophily. People tend to be close to others of similar health status. As a result, people with unhealthy behaviors like smoking and obesity are less likely to encounter information and behaviors that

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among the adopter categories. Early adopters have a higher social status, financial liquidity, advanced education and are more socially forward than late adopters. They are more discreet in adoption choices than innovators. They use judicious choice of adoption to help them maintain a central

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The individual takes the concept of the change and weighs the advantages/disadvantages of using the innovation and decides whether to adopt or reject the innovation. Due to the individualistic nature of this stage, Rogers notes that it is the most difficult stage on which to acquire empirical

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in the midwestern United States in the 1920s and 1930s. Agriculture technology was advancing rapidly, and researchers started to examine how independent farmers were adopting hybrid seeds, equipment, and techniques. A study of the adoption of hybrid corn seed in Iowa by Ryan and Gross (1943)

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Peres, Muller and Mahajan suggested that diffusion is "the process of the market penetration of new products and services that is driven by social influences, which include all interdependencies among consumers that affect various market players with or without their explicit knowledge".

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Diffusion is difficult to quantify because humans and human networks are complex. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to measure what exactly causes adoption of an innovation. This variety of variables has also led to inconsistent results in research, reducing heuristic value.

274:, with a particularly large impact on the use of medicines, medical techniques, and health communications. In organizational studies, its basic epidemiological or internal-influence form was formulated by H. Earl Pemberton, such as postage stamps and standardized school ethics codes. 991:

focuses on the first two (Introduction and Growth). Some of the Bass-Model extensions present mathematical models for the last two (Maturity and Decline). MS-Excel or other tools can be used to solve the Bass model equations, and other diffusion models equations, numerically.

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also identifies a significant overlap between the ANT concepts and the diffusion of innovation which examine the characteristics of innovation and its context among various interested parties within a social system to assemble a network or system which implements innovation.

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with issues of societal well-being. Private consequences usually involve individuals or small collective entities, such as a community. The innovations are usually concerned with the improvement of quality of life or the reform of organizational or social structures.

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Diffusion, by definition, takes place among people or organizations. Communication channels allow the transfer of information from one unit to the other. Communication patterns or capabilities must be established between parties as a minimum for diffusion to occur.

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The first interests with regards to policy diffusion were focused in time variation or state lottery adoption, but more recently interest has shifted towards mechanisms (emulation, learning and coercion) or in channels of diffusion where researchers find that

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and creating an instinctive desire for a specific innovation. Another strategy includes injecting an innovation into a group of individuals who would readily use said technology, as well as providing positive reactions and benefits for early adopters.

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and Rogers' later books are among the most often cited in diffusion research. His methodologies are closely followed in recent diffusion research, even as the field has expanded into, and been influenced by, other methodological disciplines such as

309:. Rogers applied it to the healthcare setting to address issues with hygiene, cancer prevention, family planning, and drunk driving. Using his synthesis, Rogers produced a theory of the adoption of innovations among individuals and organizations. 343:

Innovation is a broad category, relative to the current knowledge of the analyzed unit. Any idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption could be considered an innovation available for study.

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Studies have explored many characteristics of innovations. Meta-reviews have identified several characteristics that are common among most studies. These are in line with the characteristics that Rogers initially cited in his reviews.

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They adopt an innovation after a varying degree of time that is significantly longer than the innovators and early adopters. Early Majority have above average social status, contact with early adopters and seldom hold positions of

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solidified the prior work on diffusion into a distinct paradigm that would be cited consistently in the future. Since its start in rural sociology, Diffusion of Innovations has been applied to numerous contexts, including

907:. The reintroduction of regulations in the early 2000s also shows this learning process, which would fit under the stages of knowledge and decision, can be seen as lessons learned by following China's successful growth. 651:

Adoption is an individual process detailing the series of stages one undergoes from first hearing about a product to finally adopting it. Diffusion signifies a group phenomenon, which suggests how an innovation spreads.

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The individual employs the innovation to a varying degree depending on the situation. During this stage the individual also determines the usefulness of the innovation and may search for further information about it.

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Carroll, N. (2014). Actor-Network Theory: A Bureaucratic View of Public Service Innovation, Chapter 7, Technological Advancements and the Impact of Actor-Network Theory, pp. 115-144, Publisher IGI Global, Hershey,

493:, Rogers changes his terminology of the five stages to: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. However, the descriptions of the categories have remained similar throughout the editions. 190:

theorized that this point lies at the boundary between the early adopters and the early majority. This gap between niche appeal and mass (self-sustained) adoption was originally labeled "the marketing chasm".

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The individual is first exposed to an innovation, but lacks information about the innovation. During this stage the individual has not yet been inspired to find out more information about the innovation.

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Adopters are the minimal unit of analysis. In most studies, adopters are individuals, but can also be organizations (businesses, schools, hospitals, etc.), clusters within social networks, or countries.

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models can also be used to investigate the spread of innovations among individuals connected to each other by a network of peer-to-peer influences, such as in a physical community or neighborhood.

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Eveland evaluated diffusion from a phenomenological view, stating, "Technology is information, and exists only to the degree that people can put it into practice and use it to achieve values".

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is communicated through certain channels over time among the participants in a social system. The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines.

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Ferlie, E; Gabbay, L; Fitzgerald, L; Locock, L; Dopson, S (2001). "Organisational Behaviour and Organisational Studies in Health Care: Reflections on the Future". In Ashburner, L (ed.).

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Recent research by Wear shows, that particularly in regional and rural areas, significantly more innovation takes place in communities which have stronger inter-personal networks.

1629:; Robert, G.; Macfarlane, F.; Bate, P.; Kyriakidou, O.; Peacock, R. (2005). "Storylines of Research in Diffusion of Innovation: A Meta-narrative Approach to Systematic Review". 668:, Rogers suggests a total of five categories of adopters in order to standardize the usage of adopter categories in diffusion research. The adoption of an innovation follows an 5042: 2539:

Exworthy, M; Berney, L; Powell, M (2003). "How Great Expectations in Westminster May Be Dashed Locally: The Local Implementation of National Policy on Health Inequalities".

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individual's adopter category. In general, individuals who first adopt an innovation require a shorter adoption period (adoption process) when compared to late adopters.

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Nasrinpour, Hamid Reza; Friesen, Marcia R.; McLeod, Robert D. (2016-11-22). "An Agent-Based Model of Message Propagation in the Facebook Electronic Social Network".

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Rogers outlines several strategies in order to help an innovation reach this stage, including when an innovation adopted by a highly respected individual within a

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The social system is the combination of external influences (mass media, surfactants, organizational or governmental mandates) and internal influences (

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Giesler, Markus (2012). "How Doppelgänger Brand Images Influence the Market Creation Process: Longitudinal Insights from the Rise of Botox Cosmetic".

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are influential in spreading either positive or negative information about an innovation. Rogers relies on the ideas of Katz & Lazarsfeld and the

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slightly different ways, critics say this lack of cohesion has left the theory stagnant and difficult to apply with consistency to new problems.

6052: 5368: 182:. The innovation must be widely adopted in order to self-sustain. Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation reaches 3822: 1749: 872:. The process contains five stages that are slightly similar to the innovation-decision process that individuals undertake. These stages are: 6110: 6017: 3975:

Meyers, P; Sivakumar, K; Nakata, C (1999). "Implementation of Industrial Process Innovations: Factors, Effects, and Marketing Implications".

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Prior to the introduction of the Internet, it was argued that social networks had a crucial role in the diffusion of innovation particularly

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Valente, T.; Rogers, E. (1995). "The Origins and Development of the Diffusion of Innovations Paradigm as an Example of Scientific Growth".

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Denis, JL; Herbert, Y; Langley, A; Lozeau, D; Trottier, LH (2002). "Explaining Diffusion Patterns for Complex Health Care Innovations".

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are often used to investigate this balance between the social aspects of diffusion and perceived intrinsic benefit to the individuals.

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The diffusion of innovations according to Rogers. With successive groups of consumers adopting the new technology (shown in blue), its

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Ghoshal, DS.; Bartlett, C. (1988). "Creation, Adoption and Diffusion of Innovations by Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations".

1823: 1331: 1287: 1268: 1178: 116: 4666: 1138: 1068: 6225: 76: 6272: 5758: 5386: 5363: 4775: 6032: 5982: 5794: 5691: 5452: 5353: 5266: 4245: 3337: 54: 6282: 6247: 5865: 5636: 1073: 627: 387:). There are many roles in a social system, and their combination represents the total influences on a potential adopter. 183: 83: 6267: 5730: 5457: 4962: 4792: 4720: 4420: 4349: 1631: 1023: 3565:

Peres, Renana (2010). "Innovation diffusion and new product growth models: A critical review and research directions".

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Burt, R. S. (1973). "The differential impact of social integration on participation in the diffusion of innovations".

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Strang, D.; Soule, Sarah (1998). "Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements: From Hybrid Corn to Poison Pills".

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The individual finalizes their decision to continue using the innovation. This stage is both intrapersonal (may cause

460: 440: 289:. Rogers synthesized research from over 508 diffusion studies across the fields that initially influenced the theory: 4037:

Damanpour, F (1996). "Organizational Complexity and Innovation: Developing and Testing Multiple Contingency Models".

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follow a more intuitive process by designing individual-level rules to model the diffusion of ideas and innovations.

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Rogers describes five characteristics that potential adopters evaluate when deciding whether to adopt an innovation:

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Robertson, M; Swan, Jacky; Newell, Sue (1996). "The Role of Networks in the Diffusion of Technological Innovation".

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Stone, Diane (January 2000). "Non-governmental policy transfer: the strategies of independent policy institutes".

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Jordana, J. (2011). "The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Agencies: Channels of Transfer and Stages of Diffusion".

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where the focus is more on the agents of diffusion and the diffusion of policy knowledge, such as in the work of

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Eveland, J. D. (1986). "Diffusion, Technology Transfer, and Implementation: Thinking and Talking About Change".

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Choi, H; Kim, S-H; Lee, J (2010). "Role of Network Structure and Network Effects in Diffusion of Innovations".

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Meyer, AD; Goes, JB (1988). "Organizational Assimilation of Innovations: A multi-Level Contextual Analysis".

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Stone, Diane (February 1999). "Learning lessons and transferring policy across time, space and disciplines".

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airline miles, personal computer and the Internet. These data can act as a predictor for future innovations.

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Observability: Are its benefits noticeable? If someone else is using the innovation, can I see it being used?

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Rogers proposes that five main elements influence the spread of a new idea: the innovation itself, adopters,

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Berry, Frances Stokes (1990). "State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis".

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Wejnert, Barbara (August 2002). "Integrating models of diffusion of innovations: a conceptual framework".

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Dobbins, R; Cockerill, R; Barnsley, J (2001). "Factors Affecting the Utilization of Systematic Reviews".

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Radford, Scott K. (2011). "Linking Innovation to Design: Consumer Responses to Visual Product Newness".

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Rogers, E; Bhowmik, D (1970). "Homophily-Heterophily: Relational Concepts for Communication Research".

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Compatibility: How well does this innovation fit with existing values, patterns of behavior, or tools?

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McPherson, M; Smith-Lovin, L; Cook, JM (2001). "Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks".

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Evidence-Based Medicine and Organisational Change: An Overview of Some Recent Qualitiative Research

1753: 1128: 1055: 1034:). These models are particularly good at showing the impact of opinion leaders relative to others. 251: 5008: 3495:

Way, Christopher (2005). "Political Insecurity and the Diffusion of Financial Market Regulation".

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financial liquidity, oldest among adopters, and in contact with only family and close friends.

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The individual is interested in the innovation and actively seeks related information/details.

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Rogers placed the contributions and criticisms of diffusion research into four categories:

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The diffusion of an innovation typically follows an S-shaped curve which often resembles a

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reveal contrasts in the diffusion process of personal technologies versus infrastructure.

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Based on these considerations, three types of innovation-decisions have been identified.

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In contrast Wejnert details two categories: public vs. private and benefits vs. costs.

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apply the diffusion of innovations theory to real data problems. In addition to that,

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Fabrizio Gilardi (July 2010). "Who Learns from What in Policy Diffusion Processes?".

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made for the entire social system by individuals in positions of influence or power.

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Gustafson, DH; F Sanfort, M; Eichler, M; ADams, L; Bisognano, M; Steudel, H (2003).

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Simplicity / Complexity: The easier it is to learn or grasp, the faster it diffuses.

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desirable vs. undesirable, direct vs. indirect, and anticipated vs. unanticipated.

290: 167:, first published in 1962. Rogers argues that diffusion is the process by which an 137: 1919: 808:

Not all individuals exert an equal amount of influence over others. In this sense

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liquidity, in contact with others in late majority and early majority and little

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Personal Influence, the Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications

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Relative advantage: In what way is this innovation better than the alternatives?

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when plotted over a length of time. The categories of adopters are innovators,

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Rogers defines an adopter category as a classification of individuals within a

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How does innovation take hold in a community? Math modeling can provide clues

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theory in developing his ideas on the influence of opinion leaders.

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made by an individual who is in some way distinguished from others.

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Complementary to the diffusion framework, behavioral models such as

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higher socioeconomic status, and are more innovative than others.

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Lazarsfeld and Merton first called attention to the principles of

480: 186:. In 1989, management consultants working at the consulting firm 5814: 5065: 152: 5069: 4218: 799:

Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation

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Whether the decision is made freely and implemented voluntarily

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International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care

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Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

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Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives

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by Francisco Rodrigues Gomes, Academia.edu share research.

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Two factors determine what type a particular decision is:

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Unlike individual decisions where behavioral models (e.g.

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Communication of innovations: a cross-cultural approach

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that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new

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(2001). 2568:Li, Jerry (2020), 2377:Rogers, EM (1995). 1129:Pro-innovation bias 1056:pro-innovation bias 996:models such as the 634:Adoption strategies 498: 318:and communication. 293:, early sociology, 252:development studies 188:Regis McKenna, Inc. 6263:Product management 5742:disease prevention 5677:Case–control study 5349:Security of person 5198:Health care reform 5021:History of science 4938:Funding of science 4808:Skunkworks project 4505:Double hermeneutic 4290:History of science 4181:has a profile for 4120:10.1509/jm.10.0406 4039:Management Science 3765:Hochbaum, Dorit S. 3731:Management Science 3127:. Souvenir Press. 3107:2011-09-20 at the 2831:Rogers, E (1995). 1591:10.1111/conl.12442 1320:Rogers, Everett M. 1298:Rogers, Everett M. 1261:Consumer behaviour 1124:Pace of innovation 1119:Opinion leadership 1002:agent-based models 781:and its opposite, 737:opinion leadership 720:opinion leadership 706:opinion leadership 656:Adopter categories 496: 486: 272:complexity studies 142: 6235: 6234: 6187: 6186: 6097:Higher education 5928:Positive deviance 5923:Health psychology 5899:Health behavioral 5826:safety management 5800:Social distancing 5574:Population health 5554:Smoking cessation 5502:Pharmacovigilance 5473:Injury prevention 5441:Infection control 5359:Social psychology 5309:Prisoners' rights 5252:Medical sociology 5220:Public health law 5116:Biological hazard 5063: 5062: 4990:Technology policy 4721:Dematerialization 4530:black swan events 4187: 3962:10.1137/120885371 3431:(10): 1343–1369. 3134:978-0-285-62662-1 3037:978-1-4128-3070-6 1943:, p. 21, 23. 1679:(15): 1969–1975. 1409:978-0-7432-5823-4 1104:Lateral diffusion 1084:Frugal innovation 1022:in a network (or 985:logistic function 979:Logistic function 900:regulatory agency 752: 751: 682:Adopter category 611: 610: 556: 555: 391: 390: 307:medical sociology 240:medical sociology 127: 126: 119: 101: 16:(Redirected from 6290: 6223: 6222: 6211: 6210: 6199: 6198: 6093:Health education 5970: 5824:Food hygiene and 5805:Tropical disease 5617:Infant mortality 5592:Community health 5468:Controlled Drugs 5404:Health promotion 5334:Right to housing 5178:Health economics 5090: 5083: 5076: 5067: 5036: 5035: 5011: 4963:Right to science 4943:Horizon scanning 4918:Academic freedom 4818:Technical change 4679:Women in science 4674:Unity of science 4455:Strong programme 4239: 4232: 4225: 4216: 4185: 4175: 4174: 4159: 4158: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4034: 4028: 4027: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3955: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3912: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3875: 3858:(9): 5766–5771. 3843: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3775:(5): 1171–1183. 3761: 3755: 3754: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3668:. Archived from 3657: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3475: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3360: 3342: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3118: 3112: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2926: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2740:10.2307/20159633 2725: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2519: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2470: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2421: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2307: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2258: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2085: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2021: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1813: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1623: 1614: 1613: 1603: 1593: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1546: 1535: 1534: 1498: 1489: 1488: 1465:Acta Sociologica 1460: 1454: 1448: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1393: 1376: 1337: 1315: 1293: 1274: 1255: 1226: 1203: 1175: 1079:Delphi technique 755:Failed diffusion 679: 614:Rate of adoption 577: 499: 383:, distance from 329: 256:health promotion 227:Friedrich Ratzel 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 100: 59: 35: 27: 21: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6183: 6154:Margaret Sanger 6122: 6081: 5965: 5963: 5957: 5900: 5894: 5866:Safety scandals 5825: 5819: 5741: 5735: 5669: 5663: 5659:Social medicine 5652:Race and health 5587:Child mortality 5568: 5527:Open defecation 5409:Human nutrition 5399:Family planning 5387:Behavior change 5373: 5329:Right to health 5242:Maternal health 5232:Health politics 5183:Health literacy 5099: 5094: 5064: 5059: 4999: 4958:Research ethics 4904: 4803:Reverse salient 4697: 4690: 4466: 4459: 4450:Sociotechnology 4394: 4306: 4271: 4248: 4243: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4085:10.2307/2391725 4066: 4065: 4058: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4016:10.2307/2090611 4001: 4000: 3996: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3655: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3636:Policy Analysis 3631: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3473:10.1.1.204.6531 3457: 3456: 3452: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3358:10.1.1.459.2364 3340: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3307:10.2307/1963526 3292: 3291: 3287: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3154:Social Networks 3147: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3109:Wayback Machine 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3071:(s1): 208–220. 3062: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3023: 3022: 3018: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2587: 2567: 2560: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2035: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1728:10.2307/2084831 1713: 1712: 1708: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1555:Rural Sociology 1548: 1547: 1538: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1442: 1433: 1431: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1383: 1340: 1334: 1318: 1296: 1290: 1277: 1271: 1258: 1229: 1206: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1144:Tacit knowledge 1109:Lazy user model 1064: 1044: 1036:Computer models 1013:Complex network 1010: 981: 975: 966: 957: 948: 936: 913: 887: 882: 865: 850:tacit knowledge 846: 810:opinion leaders 806: 804:Opinion leaders 801: 795: 775: 757: 726:, p. 283) 714:Early Majority 658: 649: 636: 616: 561: 536:Implementation 479: 473: 453: 433: 396: 385:opinion leaders 324: 295:rural sociology 235:rural sociology 219:anthropologists 204: 130: 123: 112: 106: 103: 60: 58: 48: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6296: 6294: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6240: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5976: 5974: 5967: 5962:Organizations, 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5718: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5668:Biological and 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5634: 5629: 5627:Multimorbidity 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5564:Vector control 5561: 5556: 5551: 5549:School hygiene 5546: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5532:Sanitary sewer 5529: 5524: 5519: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5490:Patient safety 5487: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5173:Harm reduction 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4968:Science policy 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4923:Digital divide 4920: 4914: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4839:Technological 4837: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4716:Design studies 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4654: 4652:Scientometrics 4649: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4525:Paradigm shift 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4410: 4404: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4365:Postpositivism 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4325:Antipositivism 4322: 4316: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4295:and technology 4287: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4177: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165:External links 4163: 4161: 4160: 4149:(3): 333–359. 4133: 4098: 4079:(4): 700–714. 4056: 4045:(5): 693–716. 4029: 4010:(2): 237–252. 3994: 3983:(3): 295–311. 3967: 3946:(1): 515–532. 3930: 3923: 3897: 3838: 3827: 3815: 3794: 3756: 3737:(5): 215–227. 3717: 3715:, p. 301. 3702: 3700:, p. 299. 3690: 3688:, p. 470. 3678: 3675:on 3 May 2011. 3664: 3641: 3619: 3600:(2): 303–322. 3584: 3557: 3522: 3487: 3466:(4): 840–857. 3450: 3415: 3396:(3): 650–666. 3380: 3328: 3301:(2): 395–415. 3285: 3266:(3): 269–288. 3260:Policy Studies 3250: 3231:(4): 483–499. 3225:Policy Studies 3211: 3209:, p. 403. 3199: 3173: 3140: 3133: 3113: 3094: 3082: 3055: 3053:, p. 219. 3043: 3036: 3016: 2965: 2960:10.1086/267838 2954:(4): 523–538. 2938: 2917:(3): 382–399. 2897: 2885: 2850: 2838: 2823: 2812:(2): 125–144. 2796: 2777:(1): 170–177. 2761: 2734:(6): 938–951. 2711: 2709:, p. 283. 2699: 2697:, p. 282. 2687: 2660: 2658:, p. 134. 2648: 2633: 2600: 2585: 2558: 2531: 2482: 2453:(2): 751–776. 2433: 2404:(4): 607–610. 2384: 2369: 2350:(2): 303–322. 2334: 2319: 2290:(4): 599–600. 2270: 2229: 2186: 2165:10.5465/256344 2159:(4): 897–923. 2140: 2097: 2068:(4): 597–598. 2048: 2033: 2004:(4): 581–629. 1984: 1972: 1945: 1933: 1898: 1886: 1843: 1831: 1824: 1798: 1781: 1766: 1741: 1722:(4): 547–556. 1706: 1658: 1639:(2): 417–430. 1627:Greenhalgh, T. 1615: 1564: 1536: 1509:(3): 242–273. 1490: 1471:(4): 431–442. 1455: 1453:, p. 150. 1440: 1415: 1408: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1338: 1332: 1316: 1294: 1288: 1275: 1269: 1256: 1227: 1204: 1186:(3): 545–566. 1164: 1161: 1159: 1158: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1043: 1040: 1009: 1006: 977:Main article: 974: 971: 965: 962: 956: 953: 947: 944: 935: 932: 928:infrastructure 912: 909: 886: 883: 881: 878: 874:agenda-setting 864: 861: 845: 842: 805: 802: 794: 791: 774: 771: 756: 753: 750: 749: 745: 741: 740: 732: 731:Late Majority 728: 727: 715: 711: 710: 702: 700:Early adopters 696: 695: 691: 687: 686: 683: 674:early adopters 657: 654: 648: 645: 640:social network 635: 632: 624:adoption curve 615: 612: 609: 608: 605: 601: 600: 597: 593: 592: 589: 585: 584: 581: 572: 571: 568: 560: 557: 554: 553: 546: 542: 541: 537: 533: 532: 528: 524: 523: 520: 516: 515: 511: 507: 506: 503: 472: 469: 452: 449: 432: 429: 420: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 395: 392: 389: 388: 377: 376:Social system 373: 372: 368: 364: 363: 359: 355: 354: 350: 346: 345: 341: 337: 336: 333: 323: 320: 279:Everett Rogers 244:communications 203: 200: 196:early adopters 180:social capital 161:Everett Rogers 128: 125: 124: 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6295: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6228: 6227: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6149:Joseph Lister 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6028:Health Canada 6026: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973:Organizations 5971: 5968: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5897: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5810:Vaccine trial 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:Relative risk 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5647:Health equity 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Health system 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5602:Global health 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5582:Biostatistics 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5324:Right to food 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5257:Mental health 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5205:Housing First 5203: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Health system 5191: 5190: 5189: 5188:Health policy 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5097:Public health 5091: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4828:Technoscience 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4798:Media studies 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736:Early adopter 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4706:Co-production 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4693: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4555:communication 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4537:Pseudoscience 4535: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4485:Boundary-work 4483: 4481: 4480:Bibliometrics 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4390:Transhumanism 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3924:9780521195331 3920: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3901: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3665:3-7908-0479-7 3661: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3573:(2): 91–106. 3572: 3568: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2895:, p. 19. 2894: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2848:, p. 18. 2847: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2598:, p. 79. 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502:(4): 345–51. 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2249:(7): 879–94. 2248: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202:(2): 203–14. 2201: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1982:, p. 24. 1981: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1896:, p. 17. 1895: 1890: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859:(S1): 59–69. 1858: 1854: 1847: 1844: 1841:, p. 11. 1840: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1825:9780521195331 1821: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1802: 1799: 1795:. Free Press. 1794: 1793: 1785: 1782: 1779:, p. 83. 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1756:on 2014-08-04 1755: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1601:10044/1/76315 1597: 1592: 1587: 1584:(3): e12442. 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1430: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1335: 1333:9780029266502 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1289:9780070387584 1285: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1270:9782940439249 1266: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1007: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 986: 980: 972: 970: 963: 961: 954: 952: 945: 943: 940: 933: 931: 929: 924: 920: 917: 910: 908: 906: 901: 895: 893: 884: 879: 877: 875: 871: 863:Organizations 862: 860: 857: 855: 851: 843: 841: 838: 833: 830: 825: 821: 817: 815: 814:two-step flow 811: 803: 800: 792: 790: 786: 784: 780: 772: 770: 767: 761: 754: 746: 743: 742: 738: 733: 730: 729: 725: 722:in a system ( 721: 716: 713: 712: 707: 703: 701: 698: 697: 692: 689: 688: 684: 681: 680: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662:social system 655: 653: 646: 644: 641: 633: 631: 629: 628:critical mass 625: 620: 613: 606: 603: 602: 598: 595: 594: 590: 587: 586: 582: 579: 578: 575: 569: 566: 565: 564: 558: 551: 547: 544: 543: 538: 535: 534: 529: 526: 525: 521: 518: 517: 512: 509: 508: 504: 501: 500: 494: 492: 483: 478: 470: 468: 466: 462: 457: 450: 448: 446: 442: 437: 430: 428: 424: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 404: 403: 400: 393: 386: 382: 378: 375: 374: 369: 366: 365: 360: 357: 356: 351: 348: 347: 342: 339: 338: 334: 331: 330: 327: 321: 319: 317: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 232: 231:Leo Frobenius 228: 224: 220: 216: 215:Gabriel Tarde 213: 209: 201: 199: 197: 192: 189: 185: 184:critical mass 181: 177: 172: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 139: 134: 121: 118: 110: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: – 67: 63: 62:Find sources: 56: 52: 46: 45: 40:This article 38: 34: 29: 28: 19: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6169:Radium Girls 6164:Typhoid Mary 5907: 5851:Microbiology 5721: 5713: 5597:Epidemiology 5495:Organization 5446:Oral hygiene 5436:Hand washing 5414:Healthy diet 5344:Right to sit 5237:Labor rights 5043:Associations 4878:criticism of 4788:Leapfrogging 4771:linear model 4760: 4657:Team science 4647:Scientocracy 4570:Neo-colonial 4320:Anthropocene 4183: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4114:(6): 55–68. 4111: 4107: 4101: 4076: 4072: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3908: 3900: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3830: 3818: 3797: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3713:Wejnert 2002 3698:Wejnert 2002 3693: 3681: 3670:the original 3651: 3644: 3635: 3622: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3348: 3344: 3331: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3176: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3123: 3116: 3097: 3085: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3046: 3026: 3019: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2888: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2841: 2832: 2826: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2731: 2727: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2651: 2642: 2636: 2617: 2614:Organization 2613: 2603: 2573: 2547:(1): 79–96. 2544: 2540: 2534: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2378: 2372: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2328: 2322: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2156: 2152: 2113:(3): 60–73. 2110: 2106: 2100: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1975: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1936: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1889: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1834: 1809: 1801: 1791: 1784: 1758:. 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1210:Governance 1163:References 989:Bass model 911:Technology 797:See also: 769:adoption. 531:evidence. 475:See also: 443:(TAM) and 169:innovation 157:technology 107:March 2023 77:newspapers 6258:Diffusion 6159:John Snow 6086:Education 6076:Full list 5964:education 5888:ISO 22000 5841:Chemistry 5754:Epidemics 5707:ROC curve 5517:Emergency 5297:Radiation 5277:Pollution 5261:Ministers 5158:Euthenics 4933:Factor 10 4761:diffusion 4600:consensus 4595:community 4560:education 4400:Sociology 4375:Scientism 4254:Economics 4186:(Q304994) 4128:167319134 3953:1207.4933 3751:0025-1909 3614:143645140 3552:154401428 3538:: 67–82. 3517:154759501 3468:CiteSeerX 3445:157148193 3353:CiteSeerX 3323:143942476 3280:154771344 3245:154487482 3196:(2): 195. 3160:: 69–89. 2676:: 75–88. 2364:143645140 1928:167588113 1610:1755-263X 1485:145291431 1252:143819195 1200:153837868 1042:Criticism 998:S-D model 870:Six Sigma 779:homophily 744:Laggards 559:Decisions 527:Decision 349:Adopters 299:education 277:In 1962, 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