3257:
1992:
1296:
917:, soldiers, diplomats, slaves, and hired artisans. Technology diffusion has often occurred by one society luring skilled scientists or workers by payments or another inducement. Trans-cultural marriages between two neighboring or interspersed cultures have also contributed. Among literate societies, diffusion can occur through letters, books, and, in modern times, through electronic media.
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1247:
the demise of
Byzantium at the hands of Venice and the Fourth Crusade), and that the trade allowed ideas and technology to be shared with Europe. But the constant warfare and rivalry in Europe meant there was extreme evolutionary pressure for developing these ideas for military and economic advantage, and a desperate need to use them in expansion.
51:
1573:
The term is a 'half-facetious' mechanical analogy, imagining a "bullet" of which the tip is material culture and the "charge" is language and social structure. Upon "intrusion" into a host culture, migrants will "shed" their material culture (the "tip") while possibly still maintaining their "charge"
1060:
A concept that has often been mentioned in this regard, which may be framed in the evolutionary diffusionism model, is that of "an idea whose time has come"—whereby a new cultural item appears almost simultaneously and independently in several widely separated places, after certain prerequisite items
1246:
However, historian Peter
Frankopan argues that influences, particularly trade, through the Middle East and Central Asia to China through the silk roads have been overlooked in traditional histories of the "rise of the West". He argues that the Renaissance was funded with trade with the east (due to
899:
Stimulus diffusion: an idea or innovation that spreads based on its attachment to another concept. Occurs when a certain idea is rejected but the underlying concept is adopted. Early
Siberian people domesticated reindeer only after exposure to the domesticated cattle raised by cultures to their
1049:
vs. gradual migration vs. diffusion. According to this model, local continuity of material culture and social organization is stronger than linguistic continuity, so that cultural contact or limited migration regularly leads to linguistic changes without affecting material culture or social
895:
Contagious diffusion: an idea or innovation that spreads based on person-to-person contact within a given population with no regard for hierarchies. HIV/AIDS first spread to urban neighborhoods (Hierarchical diffusion) and then spread outwards (contagious
1240:; however, in each of these cases, Europeans not only adopted the technologies but improved the manufacturing scale, inherent technology, and applications to a point clearly surpassing the evolution of the original invention in its country of origin.
1261:
While the concept of diffusion is well accepted in general, conjectures about the existence or the extent of diffusion in some specific contexts have been hotly disputed. An example of such disputes is the proposal by
886:
Expansion diffusion: an innovation or idea that develops in a source area and remains strong there, while also spreading outward to other areas. This can include hierarchical, stimulus, and contagious diffusion.
1243:
There are also some historians who have questioned whether Europe really owes the development of such inventions as gunpowder, the compass, the windmill or printing to the
Chinese or other cultures.
892:
Hierarchical diffusion: an idea or innovation that spreads by moving from larger to smaller places, often with little regard to the distance between places, and often influenced by social elites.
2878:
967:
happens when traits are passed from one culture through a middleman to another culture, without the first and final cultures being in direct contact. An example could be the presence of
1099:
or independent invention took place to any great extent throughout history; they claim that all major inventions and all cultures can be traced back to a single culture.
975:
Direct diffusion was common in ancient times when small groups of humans lived in adjoining settlements. Indirect diffusion is common in today's world because of the
3339:
3292:
941:
occurs when one culture subjugates (conquers or enslaves) another culture and forces its own customs on the conquered people. An example would be the forced
935:, where the people living on the border of these two countries engage in hockey, which started in Canada, and baseball, which is popular in American culture.
900:
south. They had no use for cattle but the idea of domesticated herds appealed to them, and they began domesticating reindeer, an animal they had long hunted.
1818:
of the
Polynesians is more similar to people from southeast Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia.
1759:
1275:
927:
occurs when two cultures are very close to each other, resulting in intermarriage, trade, and even warfare. An example of direct diffusion is between the
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1213:
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1484:
1317:
763:
655:
1741:
1185:
1972:
1927:
1712:
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1343:
889:
Relocation diffusion: an idea or innovation that migrates into new areas, leaving behind its origin or source of the cultural trait.
700:
613:
319:
1595:
Legend and lore of the
Americas before 1492: an encyclopedia of visitors, explorers, and immigrants, Ronald H. Fritze, 1993, p. 70
1176:
and were carried to the rest of the world by migrants and voyagers. His views became known as "Egyptocentric-Hyperdiffusionism".
1090:
1806:
Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that
Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the
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1321:
720:
503:
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have diffused across the respective communities. This concept was invoked with regard to the independent development of
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1911:
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401:
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1196:. Hyperdiffusionism after this did not entirely disappear, but it was generally abandoned by mainstream academia.
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Before the
Industrial revolution: European Society and Economy 1000–1700, W.W. Norton and Co., New York (1980)
1474:
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851:—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another. It is distinct from the
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and the creation of man had occurred in present-day
Bolivia and that the rest of the world was populated by
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1947:, M.D. Murphy (ed.), Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama.
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will carry their culture with them. Ideas can be carried by trans-cultural visitors, such as merchants,
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1906:& Carl L. Johannessen (2006) "Biological Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages." In:
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Megaliths, Myths and Men: An
Introduction to Astro-Archaeology, Peter Lancaster Brown, 2000, p. 267
1146:
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On the Roads to the Wind: An archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact
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1142:. The first scientific defence of humanity originating in South America came from the Argentine
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which by the 19th century culminated in European technological achievement surpassing the
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from there. Similar ideas were also held by Emeterio Villamil de Rada; in his book
1066:
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42:
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1192:(1939) he wrote that instead of Egypt all culture and civilization had come from
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1411:
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1177:
1023:
997:, in which he provides a historical perspective on the role of explorers in the
954:
856:
823:
618:
486:
243:
116:
83:
1760:"Ancient DNA of the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) from Rapa Nui (Easter Island)"
1020:, the spread of cultural ideas by either gradual or sudden population movements
949:
of the Americas by the Spanish, French, English, and Portuguese, or the forced
2282:
2060:
1786:
1361:
1172:
culture. Smith claimed that all major inventions had been made by the ancient
1169:
976:
958:
867:
844:
598:
3110:
2509:
1509:(Twelfth ed.). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 10–12.
1356:
Major contributors to inter-cultural diffusion research and theory include:
1267:
1221:
1173:
1038:
571:
566:
498:
17:
1865:
1574:
of language and, to a lesser extent, social customs (viz., the effect is a
855:
within a specific culture. Examples of diffusion include the spread of the
1013:
The many models that have been proposed for inter-cultural diffusion are:
1811:
1696:
The Making of Europe. Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950–1350
1604:
Indians of the Andes: Aymaras and Quechuas, Harold Osborne, 2004, pp. 2–3
1575:
1237:
1134:
was the original language of mankind and that humanity had originated in
1074:
1062:
1046:
980:
863:
840:
1536:(Twelfth ed.). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 12.
1981:
1111:
836:
828:
608:
588:
556:
346:
1578:
culture, which depending on the political situation may either form a
2292:
1562:
The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia
1161:
1135:
1030:)—the theory that cultures originated from a small number of cultures
932:
583:
971:
in Canada since a large territory (the United States) lies between.
1564:. Ed. Mair. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man (1998)
1560:; Mallory, "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In
1271:
1233:
1225:
1165:
1160:
fomented a revival of hyperdiffusionism in 1911; he asserted that
1139:
1102:
Early theories of hyperdiffusionism can be traced to ideas about
1807:
1479:
860:
832:
593:
50:
1954:
1884:
Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis. Petermanns Mitteilungen 43/44
1289:
1204:
Diffusion theory has been advanced as an explanation for the "
1950:
1045:), a mechanism suggested by Mallory to model the scale of
882:
Five major types of cultural diffusion have been defined:
1056:—the theory that all cultures originated from one culture
1533:
The Human Mosaic: A Cultural Approach to Human Geography
1506:
The Human Mosaic: A Cultural Approach to Human Geography
1685:. 3 volumes, Chicago, Illinois, 1965–93; I:1, pp. 82–83
1635:
Sociocultural Evolution: Calculation and Contingency,
1278:
that currently has few supporters among professional
1900:. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, Macmillan Company
920:
There are three categories of diffusion mechanisms:
2916:
2836:
2593:
2333:
2196:
2053:
2002:
1274:
are due to diffusion from the latter to the former—
1220:. Technological imports to medieval Europe include
909:Inter-cultural diffusion can happen in many ways.
1889:Kroeber, Alfred L. (1940). "Stimulus diffusion."
1810:mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s,
1208:", the adoption of technological innovation in
1037:" (a German compound meaning "culture bullet",
1966:
1727:, New York: New American Library, pp. 212-224
1707:'The Silk Roads: A New History of the World'
785:
8:
1830:"The genetic structure of Pacific Islanders"
1614:The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists,
1324:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1270:and the pre-Columbian civilizations of the
1973:
1959:
1951:
1180:elaborated on Smith's hypothesis by using
792:
778:
29:
1908:Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World
1855:
1845:
1344:Learn how and when to remove this message
1266:that similarities between the culture of
1828:Friedlaender, J.S.; et al. (2008).
1495:
1149:in 1880, who published his research in
41:
1725:The Island Civilizations of Polynesia
7:
3268:
2869:Role of Christianity in civilization
1322:adding citations to reliable sources
1184:data. Another hyperdiffusionist was
1168:to the rest of the world along with
1151:La antigĂĽedad del hombre en el Plata
3340:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
3280:
1485:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
1758:Barnes, S.S.; et al. (2006).
983:. Also of interest is the work of
25:
1767:Journal of Archaeological Science
1164:–producing knowledge spread from
866:in ancient times, and the use of
3279:
3267:
3256:
3255:
1990:
1943:by Gail King and Meghan Wright,
1941:"Diffusionism and Acculturation"
1294:
1091:Hyperdiffusionism in Archaeology
49:
3081:Culture and positive psychology
1991:
1893:42(1), Jan.–Mar., pp. 1–20
953:of West African peoples by the
2520:High- and low-context cultures
1746:University of California Press
1669:, Pearson Longman 2005, p. 315
1637:Bruce G. Trigger, 1998, p. 101
739:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
1257:Migrationism and diffusionism
1106:being the origin of mankind.
1095:Hyperdiffusionists deny that
3086:Culture and social cognition
2071:Cross-cultural communication
1847:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040019
1683:Asia in the Making of Europe
1616:GĂ©rald Gaillard, 2004, p. 48
1372:James Burnett, Lord Monboddo
1110:, a Spaniard who settled in
1073:, and the inventions of the
3335:Majority–minority relations
3168:Intercultural communication
1130:he attempted to prove that
820:in his 1897/98 publication
3361:
2611:Cross cultural sensitivity
2278:Resistance through culture
1912:University of Hawaii Press
1254:
1088:
759:List of indigenous peoples
3251:
3223:Transformation of culture
2656:Cultural environmentalism
2086:Cross-cultural psychology
2081:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2076:Cross-cultural leadership
1988:
1787:10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.006
1586:within the host culture).
1116:ParaĂso en el Nuevo Mundo
979:and the invention of the
504:Cross-cultural comparison
3183:Living things in culture
3173:Intercultural competence
3076:Culture and menstruation
2575:Trans-cultural diffusion
1945:Anthropological Theories
1898:Diffusion of innovations
1667:The Mongols and the West
1475:Diffusion of innovations
999:diffusion of innovations
853:diffusion of innovations
676:Historical particularism
2994:Cultural homogenization
2224:Individualistic culture
2158:Popular culture studies
2143:Intercultural relations
1896:Rogers, Everett (1962)
1891:American Anthropologist
1814:testing found that the
816:, as conceptualized by
509:Participant observation
2929:Archaeological culture
2676:Cultural globalization
2545:Organizational culture
2393:Cultural communication
2351:Cultural appropriation
2138:Intercultural learning
2066:Cross-cultural studies
1910:. Ed. Victor H. Mair.
1465:Cultural appropriation
1114:, claimed in his book
1108:Antonio de LeĂłn Pinelo
651:Cross-cultural studies
3198:Participatory culture
2989:Cultural evolutionism
2813:Multiracial democracy
2691:Cultural intelligence
2636:Cultural conservatism
2626:Cultural backwardness
2616:Cultural assimilation
2490:Cultural reproduction
2346:Cultural appreciation
2298:Far-right subcultures
2188:Transcultural nursing
2153:Philosophy of culture
2030:Cultural neuroscience
2010:Cultural anthropology
1530:Domosh, Mona (2013).
1503:Domosh, Mona (2013).
1367:Anne Walbank Buckland
1255:Further information:
1190:How Came Civilization
987:historian and critic
911:Migrating populations
874:in the 20th century.
822:Der westafrikanische
806:cultural anthropology
27:Archaeological theory
3193:Oppositional culture
3163:Emotions and culture
3071:Cultural sensibility
3061:Cultural translation
2999:Cultural institution
2979:Cultural determinism
2701:Cultural nationalism
2686:Cultural imperialism
2646:Cultural deprivation
2540:Non-material culture
2173:Sociology of culture
2168:Semiotics of culture
1914:, pp. 238–297.
1558:Indo-Aryan migration
1437:Grafton Elliot Smith
1318:improve this section
1158:Grafton Elliot Smith
744:Anthropology by year
681:Boasian anthropology
656:Cultural materialism
641:Actor–network theory
239:Paleoanthropological
3044:Culture speculation
3039:Cultural relativism
2969:Cultural competence
2859:Cultural Christians
2731:Cultural Revolution
2721:Cultural radicalism
2696:Cultural liberalism
2631:Cultural Bolshevism
2606:Consumer capitalism
2560:Relational mobility
2500:Cultural technology
2408:Cultural dissonance
2325:Culture by location
2288:Alternative culture
2204:Constructed culture
2183:Theology of culture
2123:Cultural psychology
2103:Cultural entomology
1779:2006JArSc..33.1536B
1178:William James Perry
1147:Florentino Ameghino
1079:electronic computer
827:, is the spread of
696:Performance studies
589:Kinship and descent
529:Cultural relativism
179:Paleoethnobotanical
154:Ethnoarchaeological
3203:Permission culture
3136:Disability culture
3116:Children's culture
2984:Cultural diversity
2944:Circuit of culture
2726:Cultural retention
2706:Cultural pessimism
2661:Cultural exception
2651:Cultural diplomacy
2641:Cultural contracts
2601:Colonial mentality
2530:Manuscript culture
2505:Cultural universal
2475:Cultural pluralism
2455:Cultural landscape
2450:Cultural invention
2418:Cultural framework
2320:Vernacular culture
2118:Cultural mediation
2098:Cultural economics
2093:Cultural analytics
2025:Cultural geography
2015:Cultural astronomy
1736:Kirch, P. (2000).
1698:, Allen Lane, 1993
1646:Carlo M. Cipolla,
1556:In the context of
1097:parallel evolution
989:Daniel J. Boorstin
965:Indirect diffusion
947:indigenous peoples
814:cultural diffusion
810:cultural geography
716:Post-structuralism
475:Research framework
3345:Cultural exchange
3330:Hyperdiffusionism
3302:
3301:
3131:Death and culture
3024:Cultural movement
3014:Cultural literacy
2874:Eastern Orthodoxy
2786:Dominator culture
2781:Deculturalization
2681:Cultural hegemony
2671:Cultural genocide
2666:Cultural feminism
2485:Cultural property
2480:Cultural practice
2465:Cultural leveling
2460:Cultural learning
2445:Cultural industry
2440:Cultural identity
2423:Cultural heritage
2413:Cultural emphasis
2398:Cultural conflict
2371:Cultural behavior
2361:Cultural artifact
2273:Primitive culture
2249:Political culture
1920:978-0-8248-2884-4
1904:Sorenson, John L.
1816:mitochondrial DNA
1694:Robert Bartlett:
1543:978-1-4292-4018-5
1516:978-1-4292-4018-5
1354:
1353:
1346:
1128:La Lengua de Adán
1085:Hyperdiffusionism
1054:Hyperdiffusionism
802:
801:
701:Political economy
524:Thick description
321:Political economy
184:Zooarchaeological
144:Bioarchaeological
16:(Redirected from
3352:
3320:Cultural history
3283:
3282:
3271:
3270:
3259:
3258:
3148:Drinking culture
3101:Culture industry
3049:Cultural tourism
3029:Cultural mulatto
3004:Cultural jet lag
2939:Cannabis culture
2896:Cultural Muslims
2818:Pluriculturalism
2801:Multiculturalism
2791:Interculturalism
2766:Culture minister
2756:Cultural Zionism
2751:Cultural subsidy
2746:Cultural silence
2621:Cultural attaché
2580:Transculturation
2535:Material culture
2525:Interculturality
2381:Cultural capital
2366:Cultural baggage
2303:Youth subculture
2244:Official culture
2209:Dominant culture
2148:Internet culture
2113:Cultural mapping
2108:Cultural history
2035:Cultural studies
2020:Cultural ecology
1994:
1993:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1882:Frobenius, Leo.
1870:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1825:
1819:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1789:. Archived from
1764:
1755:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1723:Robert C. Suggs
1721:
1715:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1644:
1638:
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1602:
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1593:
1587:
1571:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1500:
1417:Friedrich Ratzel
1397:Alice Beck Kehoe
1349:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1298:
1290:
1206:European miracle
1138:in the Bolivian
943:Christianization
939:Forced diffusion
925:Direct diffusion
794:
787:
780:
322:
204:Anthrozoological
53:
30:
21:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3325:Human migration
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3247:
3238:Western culture
3233:Welfare culture
3158:Eastern culture
3019:Cultural mosaic
2974:Cultural critic
2964:Cultural center
2912:
2886:Cultural Hindus
2832:
2823:Polyculturalism
2796:Monoculturalism
2771:Culture of fear
2741:Cultural safety
2736:Cultural rights
2716:Cultural racism
2711:Cultural policy
2589:
2495:Cultural system
2470:Cultural memory
2403:Cultural cringe
2329:
2261:Popular culture
2192:
2128:Cultural values
2049:
1998:
1984:
1979:
1937:
1932:
1878:
1873:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1677:
1673:
1665:Peter Jackson:
1664:
1660:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1572:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1470:Demic diffusion
1461:
1456:
1452:Thomas Friedman
1432:Wilhelm Schmidt
1422:W. H. R. Rivers
1402:David H. Kelley
1382:Cyrus H. Gordon
1350:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1315:
1299:
1288:
1280:anthropologists
1259:
1253:
1210:medieval Europe
1202:
1200:Medieval Europe
1093:
1087:
1024:Culture circles
1011:
994:The Discoverers
961:by the Afghans.
907:
880:
798:
769:
768:
734:
726:
725:
706:Practice theory
646:Alliance theory
636:
628:
627:
623:Postcolonialism
552:
544:
543:
477:
467:
466:
432:Anthropological
427:
417:
416:
320:
270:
269:
249:
248:
199:
189:
188:
119:
109:
108:
79:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3358:
3356:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Cultural probe
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Cross-cultural
2956:
2954:Coffee culture
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Animal culture
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2828:Transculturism
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:Culture change
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2585:Visual culture
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2565:Safety culture
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
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2442:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2386:Cross-cultural
2378:
2373:
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2363:
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2353:
2348:
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2337:
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2328:
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2256:
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2206:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2045:Culture theory
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1936:
1935:External links
1933:
1931:
1930:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1820:
1799:
1796:on 2011-07-19.
1750:
1729:
1716:
1700:
1687:
1679:Donald F. Lach
1671:
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1427:Everett Rogers
1424:
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1399:
1394:
1389:
1387:Fritz Graebner
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1302:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1264:Thor Heyerdahl
1252:
1249:
1201:
1198:
1188:; in his book
1144:paleontologist
1120:Garden of Eden
1089:Main article:
1086:
1083:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1031:
1026:diffusionism (
1021:
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1007:
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972:
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872:business suits
831:items—such as
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724:
723:
721:Systems theory
718:
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703:
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693:
688:
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678:
673:
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663:
661:Culture theory
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244:Primatological
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117:Archaeological
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84:Archaeological
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3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3243:Youth culture
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Urban culture
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Remix culture
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:Media culture
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Languaculture
3176:
3174:
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3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
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3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Culture shock
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Cultural turn
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Bennett scale
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Protestantism
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
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2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:Biculturalism
2804:
2803:
2802:
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2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
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2767:
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2762:
2759:
2757:
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2729:
2727:
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2702:
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2617:
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2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:Technoculture
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Print culture
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Enculturation
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Cultural icon
2433:
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2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Cultural bias
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Cultural area
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Acculturation
2339:
2338:
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2315:Super culture
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2250:
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2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Legal culture
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Sound culture
2176:
2174:
2171:
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2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
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2031:
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2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1928:0-8248-2884-4
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
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1881:
1880:
1875:
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1839:
1835:
1834:PLOS Genetics
1831:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1792:
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1780:
1776:
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1761:
1754:
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1747:
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1739:
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1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:9781101912379
1710:
1704:
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1691:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
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1668:
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1654:0-393-95115-4
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1478:
1476:
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1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
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1458:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Clark Wissler
1445:
1443:
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1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:A. L. Kroeber
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:Leo Frobenius
1375:
1373:
1370:
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1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1303:This section
1301:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Islamic world
1211:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:South America
1100:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1052:
1050:organization.
1048:
1044:
1043:J. P. Mallory
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1003:civilizations
1000:
996:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
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666:Diffusionism
635:Key theories
621: /
551:Key concepts
462:Sociological
442:Ethnological
229:Neurological
214:Evolutionary
159:Experiential
43:Anthropology
18:Diffusionism
3286:WikiProject
3218:Tea culture
3121:Culturalism
3091:Culture gap
3054:Pop-culture
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2776:Culture war
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2133:Culturomics
2040:Culturology
1442:E. B. Tylor
1412:W. J. Perry
1194:Mesopotamia
1186:Lord Raglan
1077:and of the
1035:Kulturkugel
868:automobiles
857:war chariot
824:Kulturkreis
619:Colonialism
562:Development
519:Reflexivity
487:Ethnography
437:Descriptive
295:Development
234:Nutritional
209:Biocultural
134:Battlefield
3309:Categories
2283:Subculture
2061:Bioculture
1876:References
1840:(1): e19.
1580:substratum
1362:Franz Boas
1236:, and the
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1124:migrations
977:mass media
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957:or of the
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896:diffusion)
599:Prehistory
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1334:July 2015
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1222:gunpowder
1174:Egyptians
1118:that the
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377:Political
285:Cognitive
224:Molecular
3262:Category
2844:Buddhism
2594:Politics
2003:Sciences
1866:18208337
1742:Berkeley
1576:diaspora
1459:See also
1276:a theory
1251:Disputes
1238:windmill
1075:airplane
1071:Leibnitz
1063:calculus
1047:invasion
1009:Theories
1001:between
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457:Semiotic
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392:Religion
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169:Forensic
164:Feminist
139:Biblical
129:Aviation
94:Cultural
35:a series
33:Part of
3293:Changes
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2917:Related
2908:Sikhism
2903:Judaism
2334:Aspects
1996:Outline
1982:Culture
1857:2211537
1812:genetic
1775:Bibcode
1326:removed
1311:sources
1112:Bolivia
945:of the
609:Society
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300:Digital
275:Applied
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514:Holism
412:Visual
387:Public
290:Cyborg
260:Social
124:Aerial
104:Social
2891:Islam
2266:Urban
2254:Civic
2197:Types
1808:Asian
1794:(PDF)
1763:(PDF)
1582:or a
1491:Notes
1272:Andes
1234:paper
1226:clock
1218:China
1166:Egypt
1140:Andes
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357:Media
352:Legal
78:Types
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1924:ISBN
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1862:PMID
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