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image frame. The top figure shows the input. Note that the amplitude of the superimposed color signal is constant. The middle figure shows the distorted output. In this example, color signal superimposed on a high level luminance signal has been attenuated. The bottom figure shows the same waveform after passing through a high pass filter to facilitate measuring. (CVS is filtered out leaving only color signal).
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Any color can be totally described by luminance, saturation and hue. When the gain of the reproduced color signal is lower than that of luminance, the perceived colors are paler than their originals. Conversely, when the gain of the reproduced color signal is higher than the luminance, the perceived
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To measure the percentage of differential gain, the standard sawtooth signal with superimposed color carrier is used (4.43 MHz in PAL and 3.58 MHz. in NTSC) The sawtooth represents the CVS with all possible levels between 0.3 V to 1 V. The waveforms are shown in the accompanying
274:
All of the above circuitry include active circuit devices. These devices are only approximately linear devices. In particular, amplification factor is not constant for all levels. The amplification factor may decrease or increase as the input level increases. This is known as gain
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203:) in both systems. On the other hand, the level of the CVS represents the brightness. So in order to reproduce the original vision in the receiver the ratio between these two pieces of information should be kept constant in the receiver.
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DG is a problem both in NTSC and PAL. But PAL (phase alternating at line rate) is more sensitive to this kind of distortion. PAL averages phase differences of color signal in two consecutive lines.
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However, in practice this goal is almost never attained. The amplification factor of color signal is always slightly different than that of CVS. (The color signal is superimposed on CVS).
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279:. In system specifications, the nonlinearity in percentage is almost always specified. It must be under a tolerable level depending on the required sensitivity of the system.
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700:{\displaystyle {\mbox{f(t)}}={\frac {1}{2}}(\sin(\omega t+\alpha )+\sin(\omega t-\alpha ))=\sin(\omega t)\cdot \cos(\alpha )}
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The main steps of visual signal from the scene to receiver screen (for terrestrial broadcasting) are as follows:
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Differential gain is a special case of gain nonlinearity. Let CCVS be represented by
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is a kind of linearity distortion that affects the amplification and transmission of
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For example, a differential phase of 10° introduces an additional gain loss of 2%.
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systems. The amplitude of the color signal represents the saturation (
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So the phase differences between two consecutive lines (so-called
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The output of an ideal amplifier with the amplification factor of
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The composite color video signal (CCVS) consists of three terms:
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447:{\displaystyle A\cdot (CVS+color)=A\cdot (CVS)+A\cdot (color)}
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737:(trans: Boris Kuznetsov) Mir Publishers, Moscow (1977), p.375
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According to
European standards, DG should be less than 10%.
327:{\displaystyle {\mbox{CCVS}}={\mbox{CVS}}+{\mbox{color}}}
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some of the above maybe replaced by other equipment.
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The modulation technique of the color subcarrier is
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53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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478:Top:Input, Middle:Output, Bottom:Output after HPF
16:For the gain from a differential amplifier, see
172:, which is actually a subcarrier modulated by
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763:, TRT yayınları, Ankara, 1979, pp. 32–47
8:
524:{\displaystyle {\mbox{DG}}={\frac {a-b}{a}}}
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113:Learn how and when to remove this message
1216:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
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225:Recording circuits and storage medium (
180:The first two terms are usually called
1246:Direct-broadcast satellite television
751:Measuring Differential Gain and Phase
7:
461:Problems caused by differential gain
207:Nonlinearity in the broadcast system
51:adding citations to reliable sources
1136:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
232:Playback units and studio equipment
14:
27:
1131:Quadrature amplitude modulation
189:quadrature amplitude modulation
38:needs additional citations for
1295:Television channel frequencies
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1266:Digital television transition
1095:Multichannel television sound
1338:Field strength in free space
1039:Horizontal blanking interval
733:V.F. Samoylov-B.P. Khromoy:
144:Composite color video signal
1236:Superheterodyne transmitter
1477:
1074:Vertical blanking interval
541:
15:
1049:Nominal analogue blanking
761:Renkli Televizyon Tekniği
132:. It can visibly affect
1368:Television interference
1241:Television receive-only
759:Doc. Dr. Mümtaz Yılmaz:
564:{\displaystyle \alpha }
259:and distribution units)
1290:Microwave transmission
1256:Terrestrial television
1251:Television transmitter
1211:Intermediate frequency
1004:Chrominance subcarrier
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269:satellite broadcasting
182:composite video signal
18:Differential amplifier
1461:Television technology
1162:Broadcast transmitter
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538:A special case of PAL
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466:colors are too loud.
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329:
1404:Zero reference pulse
1389:Field strength meter
1126:Frequency modulation
1034:Horizontal scan rate
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255:(and sometimes also
245:(and sometimes also
235:Cable, microwave or
47:improve this article
1343:Noise (electronics)
1206:Intercarrier method
1166:Transmitter station
801:broadcasting topics
158:Auxiliary signals (
155:(monochrome) signal
62:"Differential gain"
1231:Split sound system
1181:Differential phase
712:differential phase
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571:be the phase lag:
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265:cable broadcasting
257:antenna amplifiers
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1358:Radiation pattern
1176:Differential gain
798:Analog television
755:Texas Instruments
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283:Differential gain
126:Differential gain
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1285:Frequency offset
1226:Residual carrier
1171:Cavity amplifier
1069:Television lines
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134:color saturation
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745:Further reading
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218:and associated
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138:TV broadcasting
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542:Main article:
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130:analog signals
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1079:White clipper
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922:Color systems
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64: –
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58:Find sources:
52:
48:
42:
41:
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
1456:Broadcasting
1430:Hanover bars
1221:Pre-emphasis
1175:
1145:Transmission
1110:Zweikanalton
1014:Color killer
939:Clear-Vision
760:
734:
729:
716:
709:
550:
547:
533:
481:
464:
456:
338:
336:
286:
277:nonlinearity
273:
262:
243:Transmitters
210:
186:
179:
147:
125:
124:
109:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
45:Please help
40:verification
37:
1399:VIT signals
1394:Vectorscope
1333:Earth bulge
1315:Propagation
1278:& bands
1276:Frequencies
1059:Raster scan
999:Chrominance
989:Black level
984:front porch
247:transposers
176:information
170:Chrominance
1450:Categories
1328:Distortion
1261:Transposer
1196:Dummy load
1152:Amplifiers
1119:Modulation
1009:Colorburst
980:Back porch
735:Television
721:References
160:sync pulse
136:in analog
103:March 2010
73:newspapers
1435:Sparklies
1420:Dot crawl
1413:Artifacts
1353:Path loss
1348:Null fill
1323:Beam tilt
1064:Safe area
692:α
686:
680:⋅
671:ω
665:
650:α
647:−
641:ω
635:
623:α
614:ω
608:
559:α
510:−
470:Measuring
421:⋅
397:⋅
355:⋅
253:Receivers
239:equipment
153:Luminance
1425:Ghosting
1186:Diplexer
1054:Overscan
1019:Color TV
912:System F
908:System E
904:819-line
898:System N
894:System L
890:System K
886:System I
882:System H
878:System G
874:System D
870:System C
866:System B
862:625-line
856:System M
852:525-line
847:455-line
842:441-line
836:System A
832:405-line
827:375-line
822:343-line
817:180-line
164:blanking
1377:Testing
959:PALplus
809:Systems
216:Cameras
87:scholar
934:NTSC-J
222:stages
220:buffer
201:purity
184:(CVS)
174:chroma
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
1100:NICAM
1088:Sound
973:Video
964:SECAM
954:PAL-S
949:PAL-M
320:color
94:JSTOR
80:books
1363:Skew
1044:Luma
982:and
929:NTSC
584:f(t)
551:Let
341:is;
300:CCVS
267:and
237:TVRO
197:NTSC
195:and
162:and
66:news
1305:VHF
1300:UHF
944:PAL
683:cos
662:sin
632:sin
605:sin
544:PAL
310:CVS
263:In
193:PAL
49:by
1452::
910:,
896:,
892:,
888:,
884:,
880:,
876:,
872:,
868:,
753:,
496:DG
140:.
1164:/
914:)
906:(
900:)
864:(
858:)
854:(
838:)
834:(
790:e
783:t
776:v
695:)
689:(
677:)
674:t
668:(
659:=
656:)
653:)
644:t
638:(
629:+
626:)
620:+
617:t
611:(
602:(
597:2
594:1
589:=
517:a
513:b
507:a
501:=
442:)
439:r
436:o
433:l
430:o
427:c
424:(
418:A
415:+
412:)
409:S
406:V
403:C
400:(
394:A
391:=
388:)
385:r
382:o
379:l
376:o
373:c
370:+
367:S
364:V
361:C
358:(
352:A
339:A
315:+
305:=
249:)
116:)
110:(
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
43:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
