197:
31:
682:, particularly after being revealed as an heir apparent. One detailed account, originating with Paul of Aleppo, suggests that Șerban refused to honor the Prince's choice, and never removed his hat if Buicescul was in the room. Their clashes aggravated with time, prompting Prince Matei to arrest Șerban—allegedly, after Buicescul threatened resignation. Buicescul's rival was mutilated, or "carved at the nose", which would have technically invalidated him from ever placing a claim to the throne. Historians disagree on whether this "marking" happened during Șerban's early years or was a consequence of his arrest by Prince Matei.
727:" was welcomed back from Buicești, and solemnly reconfirmed. However, Buicescul returned to his intrigues, "out of haughtiness and arrogance", prompting the Prince to depose him. Prince Constantin eventually arrested Buicescul and ordered him mutilated with the same "carving at the nose". As noted by Paul of Aleppo, Diicul barely escaped the death penalty, only because "some spoke in his favor". Paul also argues that mutilation was no longer an obstacle for the throne, with Șerban's own nose having "healed".
817:
844:–1633, was probably groomed by Rákóczi to take over as puppet ruler of Wallachia, following his father's mutilation—this alliance was superseded in 1655, when Constantin Șerban willingly submitted to Transylvania's leadership. Nonetheless, Papa remained figure of political importance until his death in 1688. He took in marriage the daughter of another
998:, as well as a major book collector. Buicescul's distant memory was by then becoming altered—Count Székely's memoirs include no mention of his great-grandfather, though they dwell on Sára's successive marriages. Various genealogies of the late 19th century preserve distorted versions of Diicul's name: he appears as
852:. According to Ionașcu, the son recorded as ill was neither Papa nor Preda, but an anonymous third, who did not survive 1654; Preda himself died young, in 1656, with Diicul inheriting his wealth. One document suggests that Diicul had also adopted his nephew and alleged accomplice Tudor, who worked as a
783:
on
December 9 of that year, and continued to serve until June 12, 1659. By then, however, he had fallen afoul of the Prince, who ordered a purge of the boyardom. Buicescul was eventually captured and killed before the end of 1659. Various researchers note that the execution was a retaliation for his
975:
sent
Dumitrașco to a monastery. He had by then fathered a daughter, also named Stanca, whom he married into the Obedeanu family. The Bucșanus also followed suit in supporting the Habsburg party, thus forfeiting their inheritance in Wallachia. Family lands later returned to his daughters, and passed
540:
As summarized by historian Andrea Fehér: " exhibited serious shortcomings in his character, defects that could not be erased from the chronicles, not even through him founding numerous monasteries. was also infamous for his intrigues, as well as his negative influence on the ruler." Diicul became
938:, Diicul II sued his cousin Sára and his nephew Ádám Székely for their share of the Buicescul estate. Diicul II died childless some time after 1705; his main possessions went to Vintilă Bucșanu, and to Bucșanu's daughters. By then, Papa's widow Dumitrana had also sold her land in Bârzoteni to the
765:
Hrizea on the
Wallachian throne, had by then been defeated and massacred by Transylvanian and Moldavian troops. This maneuver greatly increased Rákóczi's say in Wallachian politics. Upon securing his crown under Transylvania's tutelage, Constantin Șerban also became more tolerant of the Buicescul
746:"foreigners". The boyars did not endorse Buicescul's claim to the throne, specifically because, they claimed, he had embezzled the Wallachian treasury and all private funds placed in his care. A boyars' letter to Rákóczi, also signed by Wallachian Metropolitan Ignațiu, claimed that the 30,000
633:, Lupu defeated a large Wallachian force of 9,000 soldiers, commanded by Buicescul, and chased away Ștefan's 300 Moldavian renegades. Here, Costin suggests, Buicescul revealed himself to be an incompetent general, allowing his soldiers to be thinly deployed, and then decimated, along the
691:
mercenaries, and managed to exhaust the
Basarab regime. Although they survived the uprising, both the Princess and Prince were dead by April 1654. This resulted in a heated competition for the throne, during which, historian Gábor Kármán notes, Buicescul emerged as a favorite of the
665:, and Istratie Golescu were considered, but Matei finally selected Buicescul—although the latter was by then middle-aged. Other boyars were disappointed with Matei's choice, believing Buicescul to be of flippant and haughty character; they sympathized more with the
412:, and is ultimately a derivative of "Theodore". He is known to have had at least one sister, from whom he had a favorite nephew, Tudor. Their father was Ioan Buicescul; their mother, Maria (or Mara), was a relative—either niece or cousin—of
637:. One essential flaw, pointed by other historians, was the Wallachian army's insufficient firepower. Lupu's invasion was nevertheless overturned. Buicescul's own troops were again scattered following a direct confrontation with
2322:
947:
At an unknown date, Brâncoveanu also bought Arcești, which had been owned collectively by Papa's daughters. Like his aunts, Diicul II's sisters took prominent boyars as their husbands. Of them, another Stanca married
606:. This state visit formed part of several reconciliation attempts between Wallachia and Moldavia, which had been feuding with each other after Lupu's arrival on the throne in 1634. The effort proving fruitless,
362:. The conflict between Mihnea and his boyars also signaled Diicul's downfall and beheading, which happened in 1659. His son Papa returned to Wallachia and held important office; his grandson Diicul II served as
788:. According to historian Constantin Rezachevici, Buicescul and his family belonged to the Cantacuzinos in the larger definition, which is "an actual boyar faction". Some scholars also record that the former
792:
was killed by decapitation. Ionașcu mentions the general circumstances of this clampdown, proposing that
Buicescul may have been killed in a manner similar to other boyars, who were strangled or lynched at
1139:
Gane, p. 240; Ionașcu, pp. 5, 7–9, 15, 98; Stoicescu, pp. 129, 130, 158; Tüdős & Barbu, p. 243. See also Fehér, p. 698; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca
Bulgaru, pp. 133, 145; Theodorescu, p.
2133:
Gábor Kármán, "György Rákóczi II's
Attempt to Establish a Local Power Base among the Tributaries of the Ottoman Empire 1653–1657", in Maria Baramova, Plamen Mitev, Ivan Parvev, Vania Racheva (eds.),
875:. In the early 1680, Sara was still litigating over her grandfather's confiscated wealth, also obtaining her share of Papa Buicescul's estate in Wallachia. Through her aunt Păuna, wife of
517:, but allowed Diicul a steady revenue in bribes, allowing him to purchase more land. In 1641–1642, he was confirmed as the owner of Priseaca, outside Buicești, while also holding deeds in
319:
Unpersuaded by claims that
Buicescul was arrogant and militarily incompetent, the childless Matei designated Buicescul as his successor. The boyardom rallied around a rival pretender,
2377:
2337:
742:
proposes that Rákóczi had extended his personal protection to the
Buicesculs. On May 20, he signed his name to a boyars' letter which pleaded with Rákóczi to intervene against the
333:
mercenaries, which contributed to the weakening of Matei's regime. When the Prince died after illness in early 1655, Șerban managed to outbid
Buicescul for the throne, arriving in
2382:
2243:
Kinga S. Tüdős, Violeta Barbu, "O doamnă pentru vremuri noi: Sara Bulcesti-Székely-Haller", in Violeta Barbu, Maria Magdalena Székely, Kinga S. Tüdős, Angela Jianu (eds.),
278:
through his mother's family. His political rise began when Matei, his maternal relative, seized the throne. Diicul alternated civilian offices and command postings in the
2347:
610:
Buicescul was again involved in the intrigues to topple Lupu. In 1650, he coordinated the Wallachian expedition into Moldavia, assisting the Transylvanian general
2183:
Constantin Rezachevici, "Fenomene de criză social-politică în Țara Românească în veacul al XVII-lea (Partea a II-a: a doua jumătate a secolului al XVII-lea)", in
2302:
754:
were entirely stolen, in complicity with his nephew Tudor. Rákóczi sided with the boyars and confiscated the money, retaining half of it for his own expenses.
685:
Wounded at Finta, Matei never fully recovered and, with time, became bedridden. With Elena assuming an informal regency, Șerban coordinated a rebellion of the
465:
289:
848:, Pană Filipescu, who had helped defeat Hrizea in 1655. A second son, Preda, followed Diicul into Transylvania, and married Ana, a daughter of the diplomat
337:
while his rival was still stranded in Oltenia. A short truce between them was curbed by Buicescul's alleged participation in conspiratorial intrigues; the
831:
Diicul Buicescul was married twice, to a Dumitra of Arcești, and later, according to some disputed records, to a Lady Bălașa. Buicescul's eldest son, the
1277:
Stoicescu, p. 130. See also Gane, p. 240; Ionașcu, pp. 8, 10, 15, 38–47; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 225; Theodorescu, p. 19
895:, this connection spared him his life. The Cantacuzinos honored Diicul's memory, notably by depicting him in a collective fresco at their church in
772:, allowing him to serve in that position to August 18, 1657. Around that time, he issued a deed recognizing the Buicesculs as landlords of Arcești.
603:
2307:
2256:
2146:
2001:
964:
2077:
Andrea Fehér, "Noble Lineage as Stepfamily Network: An Eighteenth-Century Noble Autobiography from the Principality of Transylvania", in
860:. Diicul's progeny included at least four daughters: Păuna, Ancuța, Calița and Marica. The Clocociov murals also depict a fifth, Ilinca.
558:
1971:
585:
2317:
1398:
Gane, p. 241; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 133; Stoicescu, pp. 129–130, 144–145, 158; Theodorescu, pp. 19–20
439:, the Buicesculs were commoners of obscure origins. The first recorded member of the family was Diicul's paternal grandfather, the
30:
863:
Preda's daughter, born Stanca and later known as Sára (or Stanca) Bulcsesdi-Székely-Haller, was one of the leading aristocrats of
872:
271:
1730:
Drăghiceanu, pp. 16–26. See also Gane, pp. 318–319; Ionașcu, pp. 15, 16, 17–19; Rizo-Rangabé, pp. 22–23; Stoicescu, pp. 137, 143
2342:
2327:
2312:
976:
to Gavrilașco Mavrocordat, then to the Hriscoscoleu family; in 1766, Bălcești was eventually sold to the ancestors of writer
935:
626:
claimed that, in accepting this Prince, Kemény snubbed Buicescul, who had allegedly wanted the Moldavian crown for himself.
468:, refusing Leon's peace offerings. Ultimately, in 1632, Matei seized the throne of Wallachia. In the aftermath, all of the
2170:
1286:
I. Lehr, "Comerțul Țării Romînești și Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului XVI și prima jumătate a secolului XVII", in
922:. His estate was sold off: in 1691, Brâncoveanu purchased from Diicul II the village of Gioroc, which he later donated to
918:
under Prince Brâncoveanu. From 1679, he had also been awarded Transylvanian citizenship and was granted a coat of arms by
705:
573:
2292:
719:
during Șerban's investiture, although it is not known if this testimony refers to Buicescul or to his known successor,
642:
2372:
2332:
734:
revolt placed the boyars in mortal danger; Buicescul and his family escaped by fleeing into Transylvania, settling at
264:
2151:
Vasile Marinoiu, "Marele ban Cornea Brăiloiu și mănăstirea Tismana în timpul domniei lui Constantin Brâncoveanu", in
1014:
in Eugène Rizo-Rangabé's Cantacuzino tree. Based on such misreadings, Buicescul was spuriously identified by scholar
445:
Mitre. Also according to Gane, Buicești was actually inherited from Maria, having been an estate of the more ancient
1583:
Drăghiceanu, p. 13; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 133; Rezachevici, p. 103; Stoicescu, p. 130
1371:
Costin, pp. 161–175; Gane, pp. 241–242, 265–271, 299–300, 309; Ionașcu, p. 12; Stoicescu, p. 129; Xenopol, pp. 39–41
797:; however, he too notes that Buicescul was actually beheaded, or "slashed". Rezachevici believes that Buicescul and
2362:
2352:
1425:
Ionașcu, p. 12; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 145; Stoicescu, p. 158; Theodorescu, pp. 21–22
596:
506:
305:
279:
232:
591:
The Prince also sent his boyar on several diplomatic missions, including at least one sojourn in Transylvania. In
1003:
908:
367:
1452:
Gane, pp. 244, 318; Ionașcu, pp. 8–9, 14, 15; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, pp. 133–134, 144
991:
2367:
1030:, notably used by Nicolae A. Boicescu. The latter was especially noted as a friend and confidant of the writer
959:, who was one of Brâncoveanu's trusted diplomats. Two of their sons, Barbu and Dumitrașco, surrendered to the
2357:
697:
611:
349:
2209:
1019:
972:
876:
693:
371:
151:
2266:
Istoria Romînilor. Vol. VII: De la Mateĭ Basarab și Vasile Lupu pînă la Constantin Brâncoveanu. 1633—1689
1976:
1120:
1035:
801:
662:
562:
42:
1015:
2230:
2222:
892:
720:
548:
1482:
Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, pp. 144–145; Stoicescu, pp. 129–130; Xenopol, p. 135
1038:; in 1928, the couple still lived in Boicești. Their son, Diicu Boicescu, worked as an editor for the
849:
156:
2297:
2057:
995:
952:
884:
671:
634:
577:
514:
475:
s relatives, including Buicescul, were appointed to high office. On July 6, 1635, Buicescul became a
320:
1967:
1491:
Stoicescu, p. 130; Tüdős & Barbu, p. 244; Xenopol, p. 135. See also Gane, p. 318; Ionașcu, p. 14
1389:
Gane, pp. 240–241; Ionașcu, pp. 13–14; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, pp. 133–134
904:
456:
Ionașcu acknowledged the lack of any record detailing Diicul's youth, but proposed that he followed
375:
146:
2269:
2120:
977:
900:
821:
638:
348:
rebellion drove the Buicesculs into Transylvania. Diicul returned with the Transylvanian troops of
2117:
Studiĭ și documente cu privire la istoria romînilor. V: Cărțĭ domneștĭ, zapise și răvașe. Partea I
518:
2162:
888:
879:, the Buicescul clan became in-laws with the Cantacuzinos. Buicescul was thus the grandfather of
785:
406:
816:
619:
526:
301:
288:
in January 1645. His main military involvement came during the wars opposing Wallachia and the
2273:
2252:
2248:
2234:
2213:
2195:
2174:
2142:
2124:
2103:
2061:
2033:
1997:
1124:
1039:
960:
658:
630:
309:
141:
903:; their two sons, Drăghici and Fota, never reached political significance. Marica's husband,
1031:
1026:, if only through his daughters. This family was known by variant of the ancestral surname,
968:
923:
534:
704:
had been called to his country estate by the illness of his son; Șerban, meanwhile, was at
661:
had lost their adoptive son, Mateiaș. This fueled a search for another heir: Mihai, son of
510:
334:
2084:
1112:
1090:
1023:
919:
646:
436:
313:
501:, in the Wallachian civil service. From July 3, 1639, to January 30, 1644, Buicescul was
352:. Reconciling with Prince Constantin under Rákóczi's tutelage, he served as Wallachia's
2158:
1628:
Ionașcu, pp. 8, 15, 17–19; Stoicescu, p. 129. See also Drăghiceanu, p. 18; Gane, p. 240
927:
779:, seized the throne in early 1658. After a brief hiatus, Buicescul was again appointed
675:
426:
1407:
Gane, p. 241; Ionașcu, p. 14; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 133
2286:
2261:
2112:
1664:
Fehér, p. 698; Ionașcu, pp. 14, 17; Stoicescu, p. 130; Tüdős & Barbu, pp. 243–245
1509:
Ludovic Demény, "Cu privire la caracterul răscoalei din 1655 în Țara Romînească", in
739:
461:
446:
418:
267:
136:
551:, demoted to a much less relevant office. During this period, Buicescul was a noted
2245:
Grădina rozelor. Femei din Moldova, Țara Românească și Transilvania (sec. XVII–XIX)
2192:
Livre d'or de la noblesse phanariote en Grèce, en Roumanie, en Russie et en Turquie
2161:(contributor: M. M. Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru), "Călătoria lui Paul de Alep", in
2049:
794:
623:
464:. He believes that Buicescul may have followed his uncle or cousin in exile to the
414:
956:
896:
864:
825:
599:
378:, both of whom were important players in late-17th-century Wallachian politics.
312:
allies, whose invasion of Wallachia was only overturned by Prince Matei's stand
293:
1784:
Tudor-Radu Tiron, "Despre dreptul la stemă în Transilvania secolului XVII", in
911:, who ordered him hanged ca. 1693; their line was extinguished with his death.
649:. The Moldavians were defeated, and Gheorghe Ștefan was reconfirmed as Prince.
2227:
Civilizația românilor între medieval și modern. Orizontul imaginii (1550–1800)
2138:
853:
776:
618:. The expedition succeeded in replacing Lupu with the Transylvanian favorite,
615:
543:
522:
480:
435:, translated as "son of peasants" or "son of nobody". As noted by genealogist
402:
359:
284:
221:
107:
2206:
Dicționar al marilor dregători din Țara Românească și Moldova. Sec. XIV–XVII
1981:
1775:
Ionașcu, pp. 16–17, 19–20; Stoicescu, p. 131; Tüdős & Barbu, pp. 248–249
868:
820:
Arms of Sára Bulcsesdi-Székely-Haller, as they appear carved on one side of
708:, allowing him to seize the opportunity and leave for Târgoviște, where the
576:(1647). By 1649, Buicescul had established a wool-trading business with the
498:
490:
260:
202:
60:
1655:
Stoicescu, pp. 130–131, 178, 194. See also Gane, p. 240; Ionașcu, pp. 15–16
1259:
Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 133; Stoicescu, p. 129
735:
581:
2277:
2238:
2217:
2199:
2178:
2128:
2107:
2065:
2037:
1766:
Stoicescu, pp. 128–129, 130. See also Ionașcu, p. 262; Iorga, pp. 712, 715
1989:
833:
592:
485:
441:
392:
297:
103:
1128:
614:. Entering the country through the Valley of Râbna, his troops occupied
1993:
940:
687:
422:
397:
329:
275:
2044:
Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane C. S. Nicolăescu-Plopșor
341:
was deposed, then mutilated, to prevent his candidacy for the throne.
2099:
768:
757:
Diicul returned to Wallachia at some point before December 1655. The
747:
667:
553:
530:
431:
354:
55:
37:
1034:. He married Smaranda "Lileta" Năsturel, a collateral descendant of
914:
Papa had three children, of whom the only son, Diicul II, served as
453:
Matei descended. This account is also backed by scholar I. Ionașcu.
1022:. According to Gane, Diicul still had genuine descendants in 1930s
930:, was purchased by the local peasants. Having bought himself a new
300:. He saw action during the 1650 invasion of Moldavia, resulting in
1461:
Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, pp. 135–137, 144
804:
were assassinated together at Curtea Veche, in July 1659; the new
751:
547:, on January 8, 1645, serving to April 10, 1654. He was replacing
513:, rebuilt under his watch. This office was not yet annexed to the
493:, serving to October 20, 1638. From November 1638, he was a Great
1946:, Vol. II, p. 104. Bucharest: National Institute of History, 1943
891:. Although Papa Buicescul was, later in life, an enemy of Prince
2323:
17th-century military personnel of the Principality of Wallachia
2070:
Virgiliu N. Drăghiceanu, "Casa Cantacuzinilor din Măgureni", in
2032:. Bălcești pe Topolog: Nicolae Bălcescu Memorial Museum, 1971.
883:
Pârvu II Cantacuzino, making him the great-great-grandfather of
595:, Buicescul attended the wedding between Maria, daughter of the
521:
and some other Olt villages; in 1644, he bought himself half of
1691:
Ionașcu, pp. 15, 17, 262; Stoicescu, pp. 121, 129, 130–131, 137
2028:
Cornelia Bodea, Paul Cernovodeanu, Horia Nestorescu-Bălcești,
2012:
Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, "Scrisori de la Petre Ș. Năsturel", in
1540:
Costin, pp. 191–197; Kármán, pp. 235–243; Xenopol, pp. 137–141
2074:, Vol. XVII, Fascicle 39, January–March 1924, pp. 12–45.
1570:
Lucia V. Babescu, "Cutreerând Țara mea (continuare). II", in
990:
s descendants into the 18th century include Sára's grandson,
2135:
Power and Influence in South-Eastern Europe, 16–19th Century
2042:
Ileana Cioarec, "Domeniul funciar al Mănăstirii Hurezi", in
1290:, Vol. IV, 1960, pp. 254–255, 298; Tüdős & Barbu, p. 243
509:. His main assignment was supervising the fortifications of
358:, and was reconfirmed as such by Constantin's replacement,
1232:
Ionașcu, pp. 8–10, 262. See also Tüdős & Barbu, p. 243
572:) as well as, with Prince Matei, Pantocrator Monastery of
784:
cooperation with, and matrimonial ties to, the dissident
674:, born out of wedlock to the former Prince of 1602–1611,
308:. In 1653 Buicescul was soundly defeated by Lupu and his
1877:
Marinoiu, pp. 115, 132; Stoicescu, pp. 121–122, 131, 220
1473:
Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 144
1152:
Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 133
622:. In his later chronicle of the events, Lupu's loyalist
270:. A commoner on his father's side, he belonged to the
967:, and went on to serve as civilian administrators of
429:
notes that Buicescul was, or was perceived to be, an
1201:
1199:
1197:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
228:
216:
208:
190:
185:
163:
132:
122:
114:
97:
92:
53:
21:
2054:Letopisețul Țării Moldovei. De neamul moldovenilor
766:clan. On June 30, 1656, he made Diicul his Great
715:Paul of Aleppo records an important role for the
678:. Buicescul himself had a noted rivalry with the
2194:, pp. 22–23. Athens: S. C. Vlastos, 1892.
1469:
1467:
899:. By then, Calița had married Mihăilă Ghinea of
645:, but Prince Matei was able to recover the loss
1344:Costin, pp. 159–161. See also Stoicescu, p. 130
1148:
1146:
2014:București. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie
1169:
1167:
421:. In his overview of Wallachian politics, the
327:, Șerban orchestrated in 1654 a revolt of the
2378:People executed for treason against Wallachia
2338:Mutilated pretenders to the Wallachian throne
2167:Călători români despre țările române. Vol. VI
926:; in 1697, another one of Papa's estates, at
8:
2383:People executed by Wallachia by decapitation
1988:, pp. 9, 15, 21–31. Cluj-Napoca & Iași:
1531:Stoicescu, p. 130; Tüdős & Barbu, p. 244
1739:Ionașcu, p. 16; Stoicescu, pp. 130–131, 137
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
460:Matei in his perennial battles with Prince
263:statesman, noted as the designated heir of
2089:Trecute vieți de doamne și domnițe. Vol. I
2081:, Vol. 8, Issue 4, 2019, pp. 695–725.
2072:Buletinul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice
1972:"Care e cea mai proastă carte românească?"
1938:
1936:
1549:Stoicescu, p. 130. See also Ionașcu, p. 14
1434:Gane, pp. 242–244, 318; Ionașcu, pp. 12–14
18:
1574:, Vol. LII, Issue 51, December 1928, p. 6
537:, sold themselves as serfs to Buicescul.
84:December 9, 1658 – June 12, 1659
2348:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania
1944:Boierimea Moldovei dintre Prut și Nistru
1018:as a patriarch of the Dicescu family in
815:
723:. The same author informs that "the old
73:June 30, 1656 – August 18, 1657
1566:
1564:
1362:Costin, p. 161. See also Ionașcu, p. 11
1317:Costin, pp. 140–145; Ionașcu, pp. 11–12
1050:
871:and was a celebrated benefactor of the
584:, and, beyond, with the markets of the
2096:Biserici, chipuri și documente din Olt
2030:Vatra Bălceștilor. Studii și documente
994:, who was an acclaimed contributor to
282:, culminating with his appointment as
1380:Gane, pp. 239–241; Ionașcu, pp. 12–13
505:, and as such supervised part of the
405:. His first name originates with the
7:
2185:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie
2171:Editura științifică și enciclopedică
2155:, Vol. XXIV, 2014, pp. 109–134.
2016:, Vol. XXIX, 2015, pp. 208, 216, 219
1786:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie
1288:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie
529:. In January 1645, the villagers of
1886:Marinoiu, p. 115; Stoicescu, p. 122
1850:, pp. 10–11. See also Iorga, p. 136
1721:Tüdős & Barbu, pp. 245, 247–248
1522:Tüdős & Barbu, pp. 244–245, 247
1103:Ionașcu, pp. 8–9; Stoicescu, p. 129
449:family, from which both Diicul and
391:Buicescul was probably a native of
2187:, Vol. XIV, 1996, pp. 85–117.
1709:Fehér, p. 701; Tüdős & Barbu,
730:In late 1654 or early 1655, a new
323:. Sidelined by the Prince and the
139:(cousin or uncle; adoptive father)
35:Buicescul and daughter Ancuța, as
14:
2153:Drobeta. Seria Arheologie–Istorie
1700:Ionașcu, p. 15; Stoicescu, p. 130
1513:, Vol. XVI, Issue 2, 1963, p. 324
1299:Costin, p. 118; Stoicescu, p. 130
2303:History of Wallachia (1512–1714)
2091:. Bucharest: Luceafărul S. A., .
2046:, Vol. XV, 2014, pp. 77–98.
370:. Diicul's sons-in-law included
195:
29:
2270:Editura Librărieĭ Frațiĭ Șaraga
2247:, pp. 241–268. Bucharest:
873:Reformed Church in Transylvania
2169:, pp. 21–307. Bucharest:
1859:Cioarec, p. 86; Ionașcu, p. 19
1828:Tüdős & Barbu, pp. 248–249
1119:, pp. 67, 97, 111. Bucharest:
586:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
838:
566:
304:'s appointment as the puppet
2308:17th-century Romanian people
2137:, pp. 229–244. Berlin:
657:In 1652, Matei and Princess
541:the main army commander, of
466:Principality of Transylvania
290:Principality of Transylvania
2079:Hungarian Historical Review
1921:; Tüdős & Barbu, p. 249
259:(? – ca. July 1659), was a
2399:
1610:Ionașcu, pp. 14–15, 17, 62
1511:Studii. Revistă de Istorie
507:Wallachian military forces
280:Wallachian military forces
233:Wallachian military forces
1837:Ionașcu, pp. 16–17, 19–20
1788:, Vol. XXIV, 2006, p. 228
1682:Tüdős & Barbu, p. 245
1008:Russian Genealogical Book
1004:Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky
907:, was an enemy of Prince
629:Aided by troops from the
238:
88:
77:
66:
49:
28:
2318:17th-century politicians
856:with the title of Great
750:Diicul had deposited in
181:Toma Buicescul (adopted)
1942:Gheorghe G. Bezviconi,
1757:Stoicescu, pp. 123, 130
1182:Ionașcu, pp. 5, 7–9, 15
1094:, September 1973, p. 97
1088:. Un boier oltean", in
712:imposed him as Prince.
2343:People from Olt County
2328:Spatharii of Wallachia
2313:17th-century diplomats
2229:, Vol. II. Bucharest:
1084:Nicolae Minei, "Poșta
1040:Romanian Academy Press
1020:Bessarabia Governorate
973:Nicholas Mavrocordatos
909:Constantin Brâncoveanu
828:
808:was Mihai Argetoianu.
368:Constantin Brâncoveanu
2210:Editura enciclopedică
2190:Eugène Rizo-Rangabé,
1819:, pp. 9–10, 42, 44–46
971:. As revenge, Prince
819:
209:Years of service
1986:Investigații mateine
1646:Xenopol, pp. 135–136
996:Hungarian literature
992:Count László Székely
877:Drăghici Cantacuzino
694:Transylvanian Prince
578:Transylvanian Saxons
372:Drăghici Cantacuzino
152:Drăghici Cantacuzino
16:Wallachian statesman
2293:17th-century births
2098:, Vol. I. Craiova:
1990:Biblioteca Apostrof
1955:Rizo-Rangabé, p. 22
1619:Rezachevici, p. 103
1592:Rezachevici, p. 105
1326:Costin, pp. 140–145
1121:Editura științifică
867:; she converted to
639:Tymofiy Khmelnytsky
563:Clocociov Monastery
489:) for the court in
43:Clocociov Monastery
2373:Exiled politicians
2333:Romanian diplomats
2223:Răzvan Theodorescu
1930:Fehér, pp. 697–698
1748:Drăghiceanu, p. 18
1637:Ionașcu, pp. 8, 15
1601:Drăghiceanu, p. 13
1572:Biserica și Școala
1268:Ionașcu, pp. 10–11
1012:Dudulescu-Buntescu
1000:Dicescul-Buncescul
893:Șerban Cantacuzino
889:Rodion Cantacuzino
829:
786:Cantacuzino family
721:Hrizea of Bogdănei
653:1650s conspiracies
257:Diicu din Epotești
126:Dumitra of Arcești
2363:Romanian refugees
2353:Romanian adoptees
2257:978-973-27-2507-8
2249:Editura Academiei
2231:Editura Meridiane
2147:978-3-643-90331-0
2002:978-973-9279-97-0
1223:Ionașcu, pp. 9–10
1205:Stoicescu, p. 129
1064:Stoicescu, p. 130
961:Habsburg monarchy
761:, who had placed
698:George II Rákóczi
672:Constantin Șerban
631:Cossack Hetmanate
574:Drăgănești-Vlașca
559:Wallachian Church
549:Preda Brâncoveanu
350:George II Rákóczi
344:In 1655, another
321:Constantin Șerban
242:
241:
171:Păuna Cantacuzino
144:(adoptive mother)
2390:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1977:România Literară
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1895:Marinoiu, p. 131
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1558:Ionașcu, pp. 8–9
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1117:Nume de persoane
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1082:
1065:
1062:
1036:Udriște Năsturel
1032:Mateiu Caragiale
989:
978:Nicolae Bălcescu
969:Habsburg Oltenia
924:Horezu Monastery
865:Kolozsvár (Cluj)
850:István Szalánczy
843:
840:
802:Udriște Năsturel
663:Nicolae Pătrașcu
604:Janusz Radziwiłł
571:
568:
474:
306:Moldavian Prince
251:, also known as
201:
199:
198:
186:Military service
157:István Szalánczy
93:Personal details
82:
71:
33:
23:Diicul Buicescul
19:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2368:Romanian exiles
2283:
2282:
2085:Constantin Gane
2058:Editura Junimea
2025:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1980:, Nr. 31/2009;
1964:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1500:Xenopol, p. 135
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1113:Alexandru Graur
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1091:Magazin Istoric
1086:Magazin Istoric
1083:
1068:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1024:Greater Romania
987:
953:Cornea Brăiloiu
920:Michael I Apafi
841:
814:
700:. However, the
655:
620:Gheorghe Ștefan
569:
527:Romanați County
483:, or assistant
472:
437:Constantin Gane
401:in what is now
395:, the family's
389:
384:
302:Gheorghe Ștefan
249:Dicul Buicescul
196:
194:
180:
178:
177:Marica Bucșanca
176:
174:
172:
170:
169:Preda Buicescul
168:
155:
150:
145:
140:
127:
102:
83:
78:
72:
67:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Adult adoptees
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2259:
2241:
2220:
2204:N. Stoicescu,
2202:
2188:
2181:
2159:Paul of Aleppo
2156:
2149:
2131:
2110:
2092:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2047:
2040:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2005:
1968:Mircea Mihăieș
1957:
1948:
1932:
1923:
1910:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1808:
1806:Ionașcu, p. 69
1799:
1797:Cioarec, p. 96
1790:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1673:Ionașcu, p. 15
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1443:Kármán, p. 235
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1353:Ionașcu, p. 12
1346:
1337:
1335:Costin, p. 148
1328:
1319:
1310:
1308:Costin, p. 118
1301:
1292:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1241:Cioarec, p. 86
1234:
1225:
1216:
1214:Ionașcu, p. 10
1207:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1163:
1161:Ionașcu, p. 14
1154:
1142:
1132:
1105:
1096:
1066:
1049:
1047:
1044:
928:Constantinești
905:Staico Bucșanu
813:
810:
775:A new Prince,
659:Elena Năsturel
654:
651:
641:'s cavalry at
533:, in northern
427:Paul of Aleppo
388:
385:
383:
380:
376:Staico Bucșanu
253:Diicu Buicescu
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
192:
188:
187:
183:
182:
167:Papa Buicescul
165:
161:
160:
147:Staico Bucșanu
142:Elena Năsturel
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
99:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
75:
74:
64:
63:
51:
50:
47:
46:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2395:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:A. D. Xenopol
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:. Bucharest:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:. Bucharest:
2118:
2114:
2113:Nicolae Iorga
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:(in Romanian)
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1868:Iorga, p. 136
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1250:Fehér, p. 698
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1191:Ionașcu, p. 9
1188:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
981:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:
945:
943:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
836:
835:
827:
823:
822:Rhédey Palace
818:
811:
809:
807:
803:
800:
796:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
771:
770:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:A. D. Xenopol
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
689:
683:
681:
677:
673:
670:
669:
664:
660:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
564:
560:
556:
555:
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546:
545:
538:
536:
535:Vâlcea County
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Boyar Council
512:
508:
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467:
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419:Matei Basarab
417:
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268:Matei Basarab
266:
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193:
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175:Calița Ghinea
166:
162:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
137:Matei Basarab
135:
131:
125:
121:
118:ca. July 1659
117:
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100:
96:
91:
87:
81:
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65:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2265:
2244:
2226:
2205:
2191:
2184:
2166:
2152:
2134:
2121:I. V. Socecŭ
2116:
2095:
2094:I. Ionașcu,
2088:
2078:
2071:
2053:
2050:Miron Costin
2043:
2029:
2013:
2008:
1985:
1975:
1960:
1951:
1943:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1571:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1416:Gane, p. 241
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1187:
1178:
1173:Gane, p. 240
1157:
1135:
1116:
1108:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1027:
1011:
1007:
999:
984:
982:
949:
946:
939:
931:
915:
913:
880:
862:
857:
845:
832:
830:
805:
798:
795:Curtea Veche
789:
780:
774:
767:
762:
758:
756:
752:Hermannstadt
743:
738:. Historian
731:
729:
724:
716:
714:
709:
701:
686:
684:
679:
666:
656:
628:
624:Miron Costin
607:
590:
552:
542:
539:
502:
494:
484:
476:
469:
457:
455:
450:
440:
430:
413:
409:
396:
390:
363:
353:
345:
343:
338:
328:
324:
318:
283:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:
220:
154:(son-in-law)
149:(son-in-law)
101:unknown date
79:
68:
54:
36:
2298:1659 deaths
2163:Aurel Decei
1908:, pp. 10–13
965:war of 1716
963:during the
944:of Horezu.
842: 1630
837:Papa, born
826:Cluj-Napoca
676:Radu Șerban
612:John Kemény
600:Vasile Lupu
570: 1645
561:, erecting
294:Vasile Lupu
2287:Categories
2139:LIT Verlag
2023:References
916:Spatharios
881:Spatharios
854:tax farmer
846:Spatharios
799:Spatharios
790:Spatharios
777:Mihnea III
763:Spatharios
725:Spatharios
717:Spatharios
702:Spatharios
608:Spatharios
544:Spatharios
511:Târgoviște
481:Cup-bearer
462:Leon Tomșa
447:Craiovești
432:ibn fellah
403:Olt County
364:Spatharios
360:Mihnea III
339:Spatharios
335:Târgoviște
325:Spatharios
285:Spatharios
261:Wallachian
222:Spatharios
191:Allegiance
108:Olt County
2278:163817846
2272:, 1896.
2251:, 2015.
2239:159900650
2233:, 1987.
2218:822954574
2212:, 1971.
2200:253885075
2179:862270493
2173:, 1976.
2141:, 2013.
2129:759681564
2123:, 1903.
2108:935559527
2102:, 1934.
2066:935415158
2060:, 1984.
2038:252339708
1996:, 2008.
1982:Ion Vianu
1123:, 1965.
1016:Paul Gore
1010:, and as
957:Târgu Jiu
901:Brătășani
885:Pârvu III
869:Calvinism
531:Bârzoteni
519:Vitănești
499:Intendant
491:Bucharest
425:traveler
407:Bulgarian
382:Biography
212:1639–1654
203:Wallachia
133:Relations
123:Spouse(s)
80:In office
69:In office
61:Wallachia
2268:. Iași:
2056:. Iași:
1028:Boicescu
950:Paharnic
936:Bălcești
897:Măgureni
834:Paharnic
647:at Finta
593:Moldavia
557:for the
486:Paharnic
393:Buicești
314:at Finta
298:Moldavia
272:boyardom
229:Commands
164:Children
159:(in-law)
104:Buicești
2165:(ed.),
1994:Polirom
1917:Fehér,
1129:3662349
941:Starets
932:demesne
858:Căminar
759:Seimeni
744:Seimeni
732:Seimeni
710:Seimeni
706:Dobreni
688:Seimeni
616:Focșani
523:Arcești
423:Melkite
398:demesne
346:Seimeni
330:Seimeni
310:Cossack
276:Oltenia
179:Ilinca?
128:Bălașa?
38:ktitors
2276:
2255:
2237:
2216:
2198:
2177:
2145:
2127:
2106:
2100:Ramuri
2064:
2036:
2000:
1992:&
1919:passim
1906:et al.
1904:Bodea
1848:et al.
1846:Bodea
1817:et al.
1815:Bodea
1711:passim
1127:
985:Culcer
812:Legacy
806:Clucer
781:Clucer
769:Clucer
748:thaler
736:Corona
680:Serdar
668:Serdar
643:Șoplea
635:Milcov
602:, and
597:Prince
582:Corona
554:ktitor
366:under
355:Clucer
265:Prince
245:Diicul
200:
173:Ancuța
56:Clucer
1974:, in
1046:Notes
988:'
525:, in
497:, or
495:Șufar
477:Cupar
473:'
442:Jupân
410:Dikov
2274:OCLC
2253:ISBN
2235:OCLC
2214:OCLC
2196:OCLC
2175:OCLC
2143:ISBN
2125:OCLC
2104:OCLC
2062:OCLC
2034:OCLC
1998:ISBN
1125:OCLC
983:The
887:and
387:Rise
374:and
255:and
217:Rank
115:Died
98:Born
1006:'s
1002:in
955:of
934:at
580:of
503:Aga
470:Aga
458:Aga
451:Aga
415:Aga
296:'s
292:to
274:of
247:or
59:of
41:of
2289::
2264:,
2225:,
2115:,
2087:,
2052:,
1984:,
1970:,
1935:^
1563:^
1466:^
1196:^
1166:^
1145:^
1140:21
1115:,
1069:^
1053:^
1042:.
980:.
839:c.
824:,
696:,
588:.
567:c.
316:.
106:,
565:(
479:(
110:?
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