Mount Erebus - Knowledge (XXG)

819: 173: 1906:. A narrow broken ridge 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) south of Williams Cliff on Ross Island. The feature rises to about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) high and marks a declivity along the north flank of broad Turks Head Ridge, from which ice moves to Pukaru Icefalls. Named by US-ACAN (2000) after the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, known as New Mexico Tech. From 1981, many Tech students under the direction of Philip R. Kyle, have undertaken graduate research projects (thesis and dissertation) on Mount Erebus. 166: 1486:. The feature is 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) west-northwest of Abbott Peak. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Sarah Krall who worked over 10 years in providing support to science in Antarctica. She was cook and camp manager at the lower Erebus Hut during the 1992-93 NSF-NASA Dante robot experiment on Mount Erebus. She also managed the food room at McMurdo Station, was the hovercraft pilot, and has also been a helicopter technician. 1948: 2070:. A rock bluff rising to about 600 metres (2,000 ft) high in the south part of Turks Head Ridge. The bluff is 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) north-northeast of Turks Head. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by US-ACAN (2000) after Grazyna Zreda-Gostynska, who worked on Mount Erebus in 1989-90 as a member of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology team. A Ph.D. student at NMIMT, she completed her doctoral dissertation on the gas emissions from Mount Erebus. 2032:. A rock bluff rising to about 600 metres (2,000 ft) high on the southeast margin of Turks Head Ridge. The bluff is 1.1 nautical miles (2.0 km; 1.3 mi) east-northeast of Grazyna Bluff. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by US-ACAN (2000) after Richard Esser, a member of New Mexico Tech field parties on Mount Erebus in the 1993-94 and 1994-95 seasons; later a technician in the New Mexico Geochronology Lab at NM Tech, where he has dated many rocks from Antarctica. 2129: 906:(more accurately, "flat-light") phenomenon. Further investigation of the crash showed a navigational error in flight documentation by Air New Zealand and a cover-up that resulted in about $ 100 million in lawsuits. Air New Zealand discontinued its flyovers of Antarctica. Its final flight was on February 17, 1980. During the Antarctic summer, snow melt on the flanks of Mount Erebus continually reveals debris from the crash that is visible from the air. 4856: 1124: 2271: 1169:. Prominent cliffs at about 3,525 metres (11,565 ft) high on the north rim of the summit caldera of Mount Erebus. The name derives from a nearby United States Coast Guard (USCG) HH-52A helicopter (CG 1404) which lost power and crashed while enroute from McMurdo Station to Cape Bird, Jan. 9, 1971. The four crew and passengers were not injured, but the helicopter was abandoned because of its location. 915: 2108:. A broad north–south ridge, 4.5 nautical miles (8.3 km; 5.2 mi) long and 0.8 nautical miles (1.5 km; 0.92 mi) wide, on the south slopes of Mount Erebus. Completely ice covered, the ridge descends from about 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) high to 600 metres (2,000 ft) high, terminating 2.1 nautical miles (3.9 km; 2.4 mi) northwest of 402: 717: 1681:. A peak rising to about 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) high on the northeast slope of Mount Erebus, 3.6 nautical miles (6.7 km; 4.1 mi) east of the summit of Fang Ridge. Named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Father Coleman, a New Zealand chaplain, who traveled to Antarctica many times with the United States Antarctic Program. 902:

landmarks visible 13 miles (21 km) to the left and 10 miles (16 km) to the right of the aircraft. The mountain directly ahead was lit by sunlight shining from directly behind the aircraft through the cloud deck above, resulting in a lack of shadows that made Mount Erebus effectively invisible against the overcast sky beyond in a classic

546:– ice towers that form around gases that escape from vents in the surface. The ice caves associated with the fumaroles are dark, in polar alpine environments starved in organics and with oxygenated hydrothermal circulation in highly reducing host rock. The life is sparse, mainly bacteria and fungi. This makes it of special interest for studying 4086: 3564: 1868:. This rock cliff was mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition under Scott, 1910-13, and identified simply as "Bold Cliff on maps resulting from that expedition. It was named Williams Cliff by the US-ACAN in 1964 to commemorate Richard T. Williams, who losi: his life when his tractor broke through the ice at McMurdo Sound in January 1956. 53: 1283:. A concave slope, about 3,650 metres (11,980 ft) high, just south of Crystal Slope on the west side of the summit cone of Mount Erebus. The feature is the site of a slump which has occurred off the crater rim. It is also a former camp site used by summit parties. A small hut is located on the upper part of the slope. 1727:

on the lower northeast slope of Mount Erebus. On November 28, 1979, a New Zealand DC10 aircraft on a scenic flight from Auckland crashed near this peak claiming the lives of 237 passengers from eight countries and a crew of 20. In 1987, a stainless steel memorial cross was erected west of the peak.

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A prominent outcropping of jumbled rocks, 3,633 metres (11,919 ft) high, formed as a lava flow on the northwest upper slope of the active cone of Mount Erebus. The feature is near a camp site used mainly in the 1970s by teams working at the summit of the volcano. So named because many working

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around Mount Erebus to listen to waves of energy generated by small, controlled blasts from explosives they buried along its flanks and perimeter, and to record scattered seismic signals generated by lava lake eruptions and local ice quakes. By studying the refracted and scattered seismic waves, the

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to the crater of Mount Erebus. The cone itself is about 100 metres (330 ft) high high and is surrounded by a deep moat or ditch, caused by the sweeping action of strong winds. It was named by F. Debenham on the second ascent of Mount Erebus for F.J. Hooper, a steward of the British Antarctic

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A nunatak rising to about 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) high on the northwest slope of Mount Erebus. The feature is 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) south-southwest of Abbott Peak. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Sergeant L.W. (Wally) Tarr, Royal New Zealand

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from the lava lake or from one of several subsidiary vents, all within the volcano's inner crater. The volcano is scientifically remarkable in that its relatively low-level and unusually persistent eruptive activity enables long-term volcanological study of a Strombolian eruptive system very close

1567:. A conspicuous ridge on the northeast slope of Mount Erebus. It is a much denuded portion of the original caldera rim left by a catastrophic eruption. So named, probably for its curved shape, by Frank Debenham of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, who made a plane table survey in 1912. 553:

The caves on Erebus are of special interest for astrobiology, as most surface caves are influenced by human activities, or by organics from the surface brought in by animals (e.g. bats and birds) or ground water. The caves at Erebus are at high altitude, yet accessible for study. Some of the caves

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aircraft and began in February 1977. The flight crashed into Mount Erebus on November 28, 1979, killing all 257 people on board. Passenger photographs taken seconds before the collision ruled out the "flying in a cloud" theory, showing perfectly clear visibility well beneath the cloud base, with

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Microscopic gold particles have been found up to 1000 kilometers from Mount Erebus, ranging in size up to 60 micrometres. A 1991 paper shows that these particles condense from the volcano's emissions that include 80 grams of gold vapor daily. This amount of gold vapor is low compared to other

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S). Many of them are completely dark, so cannot support photosynthesis. Organics can only come from the atmosphere, or from ice algae that grow on the surface in summer, which may eventually find their way into the caves through burial and melting. As a result, most micro-organisms there are

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can reach temperatures of 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit), and with light near the cave mouths, in some caves covered by thin overlying ice the light reach even deeper, is sufficient to sustain an ecosystem of flora and fauna consisting of moss, algae, arthropods and nematodes.

1605:. A distinctive toothlike peak, 3,159 metres (10,364 ft) high, which forms the highest point of Fang Ridge. Descriptively named by Frank Debenham of British Antarctic Expedition (British Antarctic Expedition), 1910-13, who made a plane table survey of the vicinity in 1912. 995:. The topographic feature that embraces the crater within the floor of Main Crater, at the summit of Mount Erebus. Inner Crater contains an active anorthoclase-phonolite lava lake. The name derives from the fact that the crater is within the Main Crater of Mount Erebus. 1774:. An independent cone at an elevation of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high on the west slopes of Mount Erebus. From McMurdo Sound it appears as a perfect pyramid of black rock, standing out as a splendid mark against the background of the ice and almost on a line from 1643:. A peak rising to about 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high on the northeast slope of Mount Erebus, 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) east-northeast of the Erebus summit. So named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in the millennium year 2000. 851:

had not yet reached the bottom of the crater, no data of volcanic significance was recorded. The expedition proved to be highly successful in terms of robotic and computer science, and was possibly the first expedition by a robotic platform to Antarctica.

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Two rock summits at about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) high on the west slope of Mount Erebus. The feature is 0.6 nautical miles (1.1 km; 0.69 mi) southwest of Hoopers Shoulder. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by United States

1321:. A gully at about 3,675 metres (12,057 ft) high on the northwest side of the summit crater of Mount Erebus. The feature was used as the access route from a NASA robot called Dante that was carried to the crater rim, Jan. 1, 1993. 1359:. A western slope, 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) high, between Camp Slope and Robot Gully, leading down from the summit crater rim of Mount Erebus. So named because the slope includes a talus of large anorthoclase feldspar crystals. 1444:. Pyramidal peak on the north side of Mount Erebus, between it and Mount Bird. Charted by the British Antarctic Expedition under Scott, 1910-13, and named for Petty Officer George P. Abbott, Royal Navy, a member of the expedition. 485:

lavas crop out on Fang Ridge – an eroded remnant of an early Erebus volcano – and at other isolated locations on the flanks of Erebus. Erebus is the world's only presently erupting phonolite volcano.

957:. The topographic feature that rises to about 3,750 metres (12,300 ft) high and forms the primary summit crater of Mount Erebus. Inner Crater, which lies within Main Crater, contains an anorthoclase-phonolite lava lake. 505:-6 eruption that occurred 18,000 ± 7,000 years ago. It is filled with small volume tephritic phonolite and phonolite lava flows. In the center of the summit caldera is a small, steep-sided cone composed primarily of decomposed 4090: 3568: 533:

rises to the lava lake. These results demonstrated a complex upper-volcano conduit system with appreciable upper-volcano magma storage to the northwest of the lava lake at depths hundreds of meters below the surface.

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A nearly circular crater, about 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) high, situated at the summit of Mount Erebus on the southwest crater rim. Named for its location on the side of the main summit cone of Mount Erebus.

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Although the flux of emitted Au is low compared to other volcanoes, crystalline particulate Au has been found in the plume near the crater, in ambient air up to 1000km from the volcano and in near surface

1245:. A ridge at about 3,540 metres (11,610 ft) high that descends the southwest slope of the summit crater of Mount Erebus. So named because the ridge is defined by a series of fumarolic ice towers. 1826:(USARP) team member on Mount Erebus in 1978-79 while a Fulbright scholar at Victoria University of Wellington; worked again on Mount Erebus, 1988-89; later Professor of Geology, University of Oregon. 1944:. Three aligned cones at an elevation of about 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high on the southwest slopes of Mount Erebu. Named by members of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, under Scott. 2171:. A glacier on the west side of Fang Ridge, separating the old and new craters of Mount Erebus. Charted by Frank Debenham of the BrAE, 1910–13, and named by him in association with Fang Ridge. 113: 847:

successfully scaled a significant portion of the crater before technical difficulties emerged with the fibre-optic cable used for communications between the walker and base station. Since

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operated as a US Navy ship. Along with other Navy icebreakers, Glacier was transferred to the US Coast Guard fleet, June 1966, from which she operated until decommissioned, June 1987.

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where it forms a steep ice cliff. Discovered by the BrNAE, 1901–04, under Scott. Named by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09, under Shackleton after nearby Cape Barne.

5999: 4227: 2267:. The seaward extension of Erebus Glacier from Ross Island, projecting into Erebus Bay where part of it is floating. Charted and named by the BrNAE under Scott, 1901-04. 598:

i.e. microbes that get all of their energy from chemical reactions with the rocks, and that do not depend on any other lifeforms to survive. The organisms survive using CO

497:(about 30°) tephritic phonolite lava flows with large-scale flow levees. A conspicuous break in slope around 3,200 m ASL calls attention to a summit plateau representing a 1994:

for a few miles up the slopes of Mount Erebus. Mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, under Scott and so named because of its association with Turks Head.

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was designed to acquire gas samples from the magma lake inside the inner crater of Mount Erebus to understand the chemistry better through the use of the on-board gas

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and Phillip Brocklehurst (who did not reach the summit), in 1908. Its first known solo ascent and the first winter ascent was accomplished by British mountaineer

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Lower “Camp E” site (HSM 90) consists of a slightly elevated area of gravel, as well as some aligned rocks, which may have been used to weight the tent valances.

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Steep bluff at about 3,470 metres (11,380 ft) high on the southwest rim of the summit caldera of Mount Erebus. So named after a seismic station nearby.

1864:. A prominent rock cliff that stands out from the ice-covered southwest slopes of Mount Erebus, situated 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east of 165: 4643: 4250: 758: 4771: 807:

on 7 June 1985, a member of the "In the Footsteps of Scott" expedition. On 19–20 January 1991, Charles J. Blackmer, an iron-worker for many years at

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Mount Erebus has several named features on its slopes, including a number of rock formations. Features around the summit of the mountain include:

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A small circular crater at 3,561 metres (11,683 ft) high on the western slope of the summit of Mount Erebus. So named for its location.

455:. The bottom half of the volcano is a shield and the top half is a stratocone. The composition of the current eruptive products of Erebus are 4886: 3117: 2978: 2220: 1819: 557:

They are dynamic systems that collapse and rebuild, but persist over decades. The air inside the caves has 80 to 100% humidity, and up to 3%

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scientists produced an image of the uppermost (top few km) of the volcano to understand the geometry of its "plumbing" and how the

2112:. In association with the names of expedition ships grouped on this island, named after United States Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) 5974: 4751: 375: 4440: 4138: 4094: 4072: 4051: 4030: 4009: 3988: 3967: 3946: 3925: 3887: 3866: 3820: 3799: 3778: 3757: 3736: 3715: 3694: 3673: 3652: 3631: 3610: 3589: 2657: 2468: 2330: 746:, who also collected geological samples. Two of the camp sites they used have been recognised for their historic significance: 2504:

Burgisser, Alain; Oppenheimer, Clive; Alletti, Marina; Kyle, Philip R.; Scaillet, Bruno; Carroll, Michael R. (November 2012).

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Upper “Summit Camp” site (HSM 89) consists of part of a circle of rocks, which were probably used to weight the tent valances.

2313:. Steep glacier which descends from the west slopes of Mount Erebus and terminates on the west side of Ross Island between 843:, as well as measuring the temperature inside the volcano and the radioactivity of the materials present in such volcanoes. 4668: 2806:

Tebo, Bradley M.; Davis, Richard E.; Anitori, Roberto P.; Connell, Laurie B.; Schiffman, Peter; Staudigel, Hubert (2015).

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Researchers spent more than three months during the 2007–08 field season installing an atypically dense array of

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Wettergreen, David; Thorpe, Chuck; Whittaker, Red (December 1993). "Exploring Mount Erebus by Walking Robot".

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Te Puna Roimata Peak (meaning spring of tears) was named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) in 2000.

1719:. A peak about 890 metres (2,920 ft) high, located 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) west of 1085: 429:(hundreds of metres) to the active vents, a characteristic shared with only a few volcanoes on Earth, such as 470:, which are the bulk of exposed lava flow on the volcano. The oldest eruptive products consist of relatively 5552: 4381: 3841: 898: 762: 471: 2884:

Harris, Rosie (2019). "Micro-organisms in the volcanic vents of Erebus - a key to life on other planets?".

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Mount Erebus was discovered on 27 January 1841 (and observed to be in eruption), by polar explorer Sir

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fixation and some may use CO oxidization for the metabolism. The main types of microbe found there are

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in its inner summit crater that has been present since at least the early 1970s. On 28 November, 1979,

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A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, During the Years 1839-43

2637: 2576:(August 1991). "Emission of elemental gold particles from Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica". 2219:

where it forms the floating Erebus Glacier Tongue. Named in association with Mount Erebus by the

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Mount Erebus is the world's southernmost active volcano. It is the current eruptive centre of the

5711: 4534: 4524: 4173: 4157: 3087: 2684: 2536: 1720: 1107: 903: 94: 5364: 4214: 4199: 4137:; Phillips, Erin H.; Wallace, Paul J.; Mattioli, Glen S.; Rasmussen, Dan; Boyd, Eric S. (2021). 804: 2215:. A glacier draining the lower south slopes of Mount Erebus, Ross Island, and flowing west to 1482:. Two rock summits rising to over 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) high on the northwest slope of 5934: 5691: 5339: 4834: 4723: 4683: 4312: 4165: 4117: 3123: 3113: 3040: 3011: 2984: 2974: 2912: 2893: 2847: 2829: 2742: 2444: 2434: 780: 774: 721: 705: 655: 648: 382: 4219: 4215:

List of published research about Mount Erebus, maintained by Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory

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volcanoes, but the condensation from vapor into gold particles is the first ever documented.

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lavas that form the low broad platform shield of Erebus. Slightly younger basanite and

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following a proposal by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and the United States to the

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erupted after the basanite. The upper slopes of Mount Erebus are dominated by steeply

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in Italy. Scientific study of the volcano is also facilitated by its proximity to

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Zandomeneghi, D.; Aster, R.; Kyle, P.; Barclay, A.; Chaput, J.; Knox, H. (2013).

385:. The volcano has been active for around 1.3 million years and has a long-lived 5886: 5861: 5856: 5726: 5676: 5633: 5443: 5433: 5423: 5369: 5329: 5237: 5202: 5172: 5157: 5121: 5086: 5066: 5016: 4976: 4971: 4895: 4796: 4648: 4635: 4587: 4519: 4468: 4432: 882: 525: 460: 442: 332: 198: 3831: 2389: 5896: 5871: 5851: 5831: 5826: 5811: 5765: 5681: 5638: 5598: 5547: 5532: 5458: 5258: 5197: 5147: 5142: 5056: 5026: 4991: 4981: 4926: 4824: 4791: 4602: 4557: 4504: 4371: 4276: 4266: 4258: 4209: 2448: 2318: 2314: 2216: 2109: 1991: 1865: 1775: 914: 897:

flyover service, for the purposes of Antarctic sightseeing, was operated with

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Aster, R.; Mah, S.; Kyle, P.; McIntosh, W.; Dunbar, N.; Johnson, J. (2003).

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Expedition, 1910-13. Hooper was one of the party making the second ascent.

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Satellite picture of Mount Erebus showing glow from its persistent lava lake

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at the camp suffered from nausea due to high elevation mountain sickness.

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The mountain was named by Captain James Clark Ross in 1841 for his ship,

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A Walk to the Pole: To the Heart of Antarctica in the Footsteps of Scott

2433:. Antarctic Research Series. Washington DC: American Geophysical Union. 4153: 2679: 2652: 578: 498: 352: 2591: 343:. With a summit elevation of 3,792 metres (12,441 ft), it is the 52: 779:

Mount Erebus' summit crater rim was first achieved by members of Sir

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Volcanological and Environmental Studies of Mount Erebus, Antarctica

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Air Force, aircraft mechanic with the New Zealand contingent of the

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A picture from space of the lava lake at the summit of Mount Erebus

2506:"Backward Tracking of Gas Chemistry Measurements at Erebus Volcano" 735:

The mountain was surveyed in December 1912 by a science party from

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Sims, Kenneth W. W.; Aster, Richard C.; Gaetani, Glenn \;

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to study the micro-organisms in the geothermal fumaroles.

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crashed on Mount Erebus, killing all 257 people on board.

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Features of the southern slopes of the mountain include:

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and 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) south of

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on Earth. Characteristic eruptive activity consists of

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Meeker, Kimberly A.; Chuan, Ray L.; Kyle, Philip R.;

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Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans

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Mear, Roger; Swan, Robert; Fulcher, Lindsay (1987).

313: 5915: 5804: 5753: 5744: 5667: 5591: 5525: 5472: 5411: 5402: 5322: 5246: 5135: 4959: 4950: 4902: 4833: 4815: 4742: 4634: 4616: 4543: 4495: 4477: 4449: 4431: 4408: 4380: 4362: 4344: 4326: 4293: 4275: 4257: 2789:"Secret Life May Thrive Under Warm Antarctic Caves" 831:In 1992, the inside of the volcano was explored by 304: 279: 274: 264: 252: 239: 229: 224: 214: 194: 153: 105: 93: 77: 67: 62: 45: 3032: 3003: 501:. The summit caldera was created by an explosive 4205:A panoramic view from the summit of Mount Erebus 4108:LeMasurier, W. E.; Thomson, J. W., eds. (1990). 3365: 3194: 2388:. Australian Antarctic Division. Archived from 3497: 3485: 3413: 3278: 3230: 416:. The summit contains a persistent convecting 4880: 4235: 3377: 3326: 3170: 1990:. A mostly ice-covered ridge extending from 1822:(US-ACAN) (2000) after Katherine V. Cashman, 835:, an eight legged tethered robotic explorer. 542:Mount Erebus is notable for its numerous ice 489:Lava flows of more viscous phonotephrite and 8: 3473: 3314: 3290: 3266: 3242: 3218: 3206: 3182: 3158: 2917:. Vol. 1. John Murray. p. 216-218. 2357: 893:to refuel before returning to Auckland. The 345:second most prominent mountain in Antarctica 3437: 3254: 6000:Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica 5750: 5408: 4956: 4887: 4873: 4865: 4251:Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica 4242: 4228: 4220: 42: 3353: 3103: 3101: 3073: 2841: 2823: 2678: 2488: 1406:Features on the northern slopes include: 877:was a scheduled sightseeing service from 4354:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 4077:United States Department of the Interior 4056:United States Department of the Interior 4035:United States Department of the Interior 4014:United States Department of the Interior 3993:United States Department of the Interior 3972:United States Department of the Interior 3951:United States Department of the Interior 3930:United States Department of the Interior 3892:United States Department of the Interior 3871:United States Department of the Interior 3825:United States Department of the Interior 3804:United States Department of the Interior 3783:United States Department of the Interior 3762:United States Department of the Interior 3741:United States Department of the Interior 3720:United States Department of the Interior 3699:United States Department of the Interior 3678:United States Department of the Interior 3657:United States Department of the Interior 3636:United States Department of the Interior 3615:United States Department of the Interior 3594:United States Department of the Interior 1824:United States Antarctic Research Program 913: 3903:, USGS: United States Geological Survey 3573:United States Board on Geographic Names 3552:United States Board on Geographic Names 3524: 3512: 3461: 3449: 3425: 3401: 3341: 3302: 2372: 2347: 1527:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 661:(which were later used and lost by Sir 206:(claimed by New Zealand as part of the 4210:Video of Mount Erebus erupting in 2005 2764:"Mount Erebus: A Tale of Ice and Fire" 2740: 2701:For photographs of ice fumaroles, see 408:crystal (45 mm long) from Mount Erebus 4146:Geological Society of London, Memoirs 2221:British National Antarctic Expedition 1820:Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names 763:Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting 7: 4187:The Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory 2950:. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2013 2513:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 889:and return with a scheduled stop at 614:granted nearly NZ$ 1 million to the 420:lava lake, one of five long-lasting 172: 4068:Geographic Names Information System 4047:Geographic Names Information System 4026:Geographic Names Information System 4005:Geographic Names Information System 3984:Geographic Names Information System 3963:Geographic Names Information System 3942:Geographic Names Information System 3921:Geographic Names Information System 3883:Geographic Names Information System 3862:Geographic Names Information System 3816:Geographic Names Information System 3795:Geographic Names Information System 3774:Geographic Names Information System 3753:Geographic Names Information System 3732:Geographic Names Information System 3711:Geographic Names Information System 3690:Geographic Names Information System 3669:Geographic Names Information System 3648:Geographic Names Information System 3627:Geographic Names Information System 3606:Geographic Names Information System 3585:Geographic Names Information System 3149:Royal Commission Report, para 40(a) 822:Aerial view of Mount Erebus craters 4093:from websites or documents of the 3571:from websites or documents of the 2723:"Descent into a Frozen Underworld" 1127:Mount Erebus is in the west center 643:, who named it and its companion, 27:Volcano on Ross Island, Antarctica 25: 3544:Geographic Names of the Antarctic 2712:Mount Everest Volcano Observatory 4854: 4089: This article incorporates 4084: 3567: This article incorporates 3562: 3140:Royal Commission Report, para 28 2609:Hecht, Jeff (7 September 1991). 720:Photograph of Mount Erebus (and 448:Mount Erebus is classified as a 300: 171: 164: 51: 4095:United States Geological Survey 4073:United States Geological Survey 4052:United States Geological Survey 4031:United States Geological Survey 4010:United States Geological Survey 3989:United States Geological Survey 3968:United States Geological Survey 3947:United States Geological Survey 3926:United States Geological Survey 3888:United States Geological Survey 3867:United States Geological Survey 3821:United States Geological Survey 3800:United States Geological Survey 3779:United States Geological Survey 3758:United States Geological Survey 3737:United States Geological Survey 3716:United States Geological Survey 3695:United States Geological Survey 3674:United States Geological Survey 3653:United States Geological Survey 3632:United States Geological Survey 3611:United States Geological Survey 3590:United States Geological Survey 3062:Robotics and Autonomous Systems 2658:Journal of Geophysical Research 2331:List of volcanoes in Antarctica 2223:(BrNAE), 1901–04, under Scott. 5980:Stratovolcanoes of New Zealand 3541:Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), 2865:Wall, Mike (9 December 2011). 2611:"Science: Antarctic gold dust" 2412:"Antarctica Ultra-Prominences" 702:Ancient Greek primordial deity 1: 6020:Stratovolcanoes of Antarctica 4862:travel guide from Wikivoyage 1951:Mount Erebus in December 1955 441:(New Zealand), both sited on 83:3,794 m (12,448 ft) 73:3,792 m (12,441 ft) 3084:10.1016/0921-8890(93)90022-5 2579:Geophysical Research Letters 672:). Present with Ross on HMS 6010:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes 1113:GPX (secondary coordinates) 759:historic sites or monuments 374:. It makes Ross Island the 6036: 5495:Endeavour Piedmont Glacier 4644:Bernardo O'Higgins Station 4114:American Geophysical Union 3112:. Hodder Moa. p. 31. 3031:Johnson, Nicholas (2005). 2973:. Crown. pp. 95–104. 2230: 2178: 899:McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 875:Air New Zealand Flight 901 867: 856:Air New Zealand Flight 901 772: 757:They have been designated 680:, future president of the 391:Air New Zealand Flight 901 185:Mount Erebus in Antarctica 29: 4752:Antarctic Treaty Monument 3390:Te Puna Roimata Peak USGS 2812:Frontiers in Microbiology 2747:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2429:Kyle, P. R., ed. (1994). 2274:Barne Glacier around 1910 1108:GPX (primary coordinates) 1083:Map all coordinates using 785:Professor Edgeworth David 355:in Antarctica (after the 351:) and the second-highest 158: 50: 6015:Holocene stratovolcanoes 5985:Volcanoes of Ross Island 4772:Henryk Arctowski Station 4441:A.B. Dobrowolski Station 3837:Global Volcanism Program 2825:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00179 2762:AnOther (18 June 2015). 2096:77.593989°S 167.276256°E 2058:77.642825°S 166.823222°E 1894:77.613497°S 166.767316°E 1805:77.540504°S 166.850438°E 1707:77.447407°S 167.561469°E 1669:77.488132°S 167.477419°E 1631:77.506569°S 167.381754°E 1593:77.485943°S 167.203614°E 1512:77.478006°S 166.888183°E 1470:77.454003°S 166.815833°E 1385:77.521068°S 167.146857°E 1271:77.528236°S 167.146427°E 1233:77.532647°S 167.112645°E 1195:77.531538°S 167.079644°E 1157:77.503455°S 167.116913°E 1091:Download coordinates as: 1060:77.532253°S 167.119251°E 945:77.528689°S 167.159805°E 704:of darkness, the son of 641:his Antarctic expedition 620:University of Canterbury 445:around 35 km away. 30:Not to be confused with 5975:Extreme points of Earth 4382:Princess Elizabeth Land 3842:Smithsonian Institution 2020:77.638772°S 166.90775°E 1347:77.52563°S 167.150153°E 1309:77.52682°S 167.145742°E 1021:77.529609°S 167.14334°E 983:77.527048°S 167.16524°E 509:and a large deposit of 397:Geology and volcanology 4091:public domain material 3979:"Te Puna Roimata Peak" 3569:public domain material 3002:Wheeler, Sara (1998). 2275: 2133: 2101:-77.593989; 167.276256 2063:-77.642825; 166.823222 1952: 1899:-77.613497; 166.767316 1810:-77.540504; 166.850438 1712:-77.447407; 167.561469 1674:-77.488132; 167.477419 1636:-77.506569; 167.381754 1598:-77.485943; 167.203614 1517:-77.478006; 166.888183 1475:-77.454003; 166.815833 1390:-77.521068; 167.146857 1276:-77.528236; 167.146427 1238:-77.532647; 167.112645 1200:-77.531538; 167.079644 1162:-77.503455; 167.116913 1128: 1065:-77.532253; 167.119251 950:-77.528689; 167.159805 919: 865: 864:Wreckage of Flight 901 823: 732: 409: 327:) is the southernmost 259:McMurdo Volcanic Group 130:77.52972°S 167.15333°E 5505:Erebus Glacier Tongue 4200:Erebus glacier tongue 3108:Holmes, Paul (2011). 2727:Astrobiology Magazine 2386:"Antarctic explorers" 2273: 2233:Erebus Glacier Tongue 2227:Erebus Glacier Tongue 2132:Erebus Glacier Tongue 2131: 2025:-77.638772; 166.90775 1950: 1352:-77.52563; 167.150153 1314:-77.52682; 167.145742 1126: 1103:GPX (all coordinates) 1026:-77.529609; 167.14334 988:-77.527048; 167.16524 917: 870:Mount Erebus disaster 863: 821: 719: 700:, personified as the 616:University of Waikato 596:chemolithoautotrophic 426:Strombolian eruptions 404: 331:on Earth, located on 36:Mount Erebus (Canada) 5107:Te Puna Roimata Peak 4530:Inexpressible Island 4135:Blichert-Toft, Janne 3366:Millennium Peak USGS 2892:(3 & 4): 14–15. 2533:10.1029/2012GC004243 2490:10.1029/2002JB002101 1685:Te Puna Roimata Peak 891:Christchurch Airport 692:is a dark region in 684:and close friend of 631:Discovery and naming 376:sixth-highest island 135:-77.52972; 167.15333 5847:Hut Point Peninsula 5791:Winter Quarters Bay 5771:Fog Bay, Antarctica 5117:Three Sisters Cones 4757:Arturo Prat Station 4573:Hut Point Peninsula 4364:Mac. Robertson Land 4336:Proclamation Island 4285:Belgrano II Station 3195:Western Crater USGS 3110:Daughters of Erebus 2911:Ross, J.C. (1847). 2795:. 9 September 2017. 2671:2013JGRB..118.1067Z 2525:2012GGG....1311010B 2481:2003JGRB..108.2522A 2297: / 2251: / 2199: / 2155: / 2092: / 2054: / 2016: / 1974: / 1928: / 1910:Three Sisters Cones 1890: / 1848: / 1801: / 1758: / 1703: / 1665: / 1627: / 1589: / 1551: / 1508: / 1466: / 1428: / 1381: / 1343: / 1305: / 1267: / 1229: / 1191: / 1153: / 1056: / 1017: / 979: / 941: / 827:Robotic exploration 737:Robert Falcon Scott 647:, after his ships, 464:tephritic phonolite 125: / 5712:New College Valley 4762:Great Wall Station 4709:San Martin Station 4525:Hells Gate Moraine 4308:Humboldt Mountains 4154:10.1144/m55-2019-8 3498:Glacier Ridge USGS 3486:Grazyna Bluff USGS 3414:Cashman Crags USGS 3279:Crystal Slope USGS 3231:Seismic Bluff USGS 2708:2015-01-01 at the 2680:10.1002/jgrb.50073 2301:77.600°S 166.433°E 2276: 2255:77.700°S 166.667°E 2203:77.683°S 167.000°E 2159:77.483°S 167.100°E 2134: 1978:77.633°S 166.817°E 1953: 1932:77.567°S 166.967°E 1852:77.583°S 166.783°E 1762:77.533°S 166.883°E 1721:Terra Nova Glacier 1555:77.483°S 167.200°E 1432:77.433°S 167.000°E 1129: 920: 866: 824: 789:Sir Douglas Mawson 733: 665:on his disastrous 513:crystals known as 410: 63:Highest point 5990:Hotspot volcanoes 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5935:McMurdo Ice Shelf 5740: 5739: 5692:Fitzgerald Stream 5398: 5397: 5340:Centipede Nunatak 4851: 4850: 4835:Stonington Island 4724:Stonington Island 4684:Metchnikoff Point 4659:Esperanza Station 4459:Débarquement Rock 4313:Schirmacher Oasis 3811:"Millennium Peak" 3378:Coleman Peak USGS 3327:Tarr Nunatak USGS 3171:Inner Crater USGS 3119:978-1-86971-250-1 2980:978-0-517-56611-4 2592:10.1029/91GL01928 1732:Southern features 1529:(CTAE), 1956-58. 1402:Northern features 793:Dr Alister Mackay 781:Ernest Shackleton 775:Nimrod Expedition 577:), but almost no 293: 292: 235:1.3 million years 89: 16:(Redirected from 6027: 5970:Active volcanoes 5751: 5654:Turks Head Ridge 5604:Giggenbach Ridge 5490:Eastwind Glacier 5409: 5309:Post Office Hill 5304:Observation Hill 5223:Mount Terra Nova 5208:Observation Hill 5183:Hoopers Shoulder 5178:Half Moon Crater 5097:Mount Sutherland 4957: 4937:Shackleton's Hut 4917:Lower Erebus Hut 4889: 4882: 4875: 4866: 4858: 4719:Snow Hill Island 4679:Megalestris Hill 4669:Horseshoe Island 4598:Observation Hill 4563:Shackleton's Hut 4418:Buromskiy Island 4303:Dakshin Gangotri 4244: 4237: 4230: 4221: 4181: 4143: 4127: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4063:"Western Crater" 4058: 4037: 4016: 3995: 3974: 3953: 3932: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3894: 3873: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3827: 3806: 3785: 3764: 3743: 3722: 3701: 3680: 3659: 3638: 3617: 3596: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3474:Esser Bluff USGS 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3315:Krall Crags USGS 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3291:Nausea Knob USGS 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3267:Robot Gully USGS 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3243:Tower Ridge USGS 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3219:Helo Cliffs USGS 3216: 3210: 3207:Ross Island USGS 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3183:Side Crater USGS 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3159:Main Crater USGS 3156: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3077: 3068:(3–4): 171–185. 3057: 3051: 3050: 3038: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3010:. Random House. 3009: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2845: 2827: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2719: 2713: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2665:(3): 1067–1078. 2648: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2586:(8): 1405–1408. 2574:Palais, Julie M. 2569: 2563: 2562: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2510: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2469:J. Geophys. Res. 2459: 2453: 2452: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2418:, Aaron Maizlish 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2361: 2358:Mount Erebus GVP 2355: 2336:Lower Erebus Hut 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2306:-77.600; 166.433 2302: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2260:-77.700; 166.667 2256: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2208:-77.683; 167.000 2204: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164:-77.483; 167.100 2160: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1983:-77.633; 166.817 1979: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1956:Turks Head Ridge 1943: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1937:-77.567; 166.967 1933: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1857:-77.583; 166.783 1853: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1767:-77.533; 166.883 1763: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1740:Hoopers Shoulder 1718: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1560:-77.483; 167.200 1556: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437:-77.433; 167.000 1433: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1168: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1010: 994: 993: 991: 990: 989: 984: 980: 977: 976: 975: 972: 956: 955: 953: 952: 951: 946: 942: 939: 938: 937: 934: 879:Auckland Airport 801:Dr Eric Marshall 795:, Alex Lagasse, 637:James Clark Ross 587:hydrogen sulfide 472:undifferentiated 372:Mount Terra Nova 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 248:(composite cone) 175: 174: 168: 149: 148: 146: 145: 144: 142: 137: 136: 131: 126: 123: 122: 121: 118: 85: 55: 43: 21: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6024: 5995:VEI-6 volcanoes 5960: 5959: 5958: 5949: 5945:Williamson Rock 5917: 5911: 5902:Varcoe Headland 5837:Flagstaff Point 5800: 5746: 5736: 5717:Pakaru Icefalls 5707:Lofty Promenade 5702:Harrison Stream 5669: 5663: 5619:Ice Tower Ridge 5614:Guardrail Ridge 5587: 5521: 5468: 5419:Arrival Heights 5404: 5394: 5360:Kienle Nunataks 5318: 5274:Fitzgerald Hill 5242: 5218:Sheppard Crater 5131: 5082:Scanniello Peak 5052:Millennium Peak 4952: 4946: 4942:World Park Base 4922:McMurdo Station 4904: 4898: 4893: 4852: 4847: 4829: 4811: 4767:Half Moon Beach 4744:South Shetlands 4738: 4729:Waterboat Point 4689:Paradise Harbor 4654:Detaille Island 4630: 4618:Edward VII Land 4612: 4583:McMurdo Station 4539: 4491: 4473: 4445: 4427: 4410:Queen Mary Land 4404: 4400:Walkabout Rocks 4376: 4358: 4340: 4322: 4295:Queen Maud Land 4289: 4271: 4253: 4248: 4191: 4141: 4132: 4124: 4107: 4103: 4085: 4082: 4061: 4040: 4019: 3998: 3977: 3956: 3935: 3916:"Seismic Bluff" 3914: 3906: 3904: 3897: 3876: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3830: 3809: 3788: 3767: 3746: 3725: 3706:"Grazyna Bluff" 3704: 3685:"Glacier Ridge" 3683: 3662: 3643:"Crystal Slope" 3641: 3620: 3601:"Cashman Crags" 3599: 3578: 3563: 3556: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3438:Tech Crags USGS 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3255:Camp Slope USGS 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3120: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3039:. Feral House. 3030: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3006:Terra Incognita 3001: 3000: 2996: 2981: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2926: 2922: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2710:Wayback Machine 2700: 2696: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2327: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2229: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2177: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2126: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1734: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1609:Millennium Peak 1597: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1404: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1078: 1076:Summit features 1064: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1003: 1001: 987: 985: 981: 978: 973: 970: 968: 966: 965: 963: 949: 947: 943: 940: 935: 932: 930: 928: 927: 925: 912: 895:Air New Zealand 872: 858: 829: 809:McMurdo Station 777: 771: 724:) taken by the 722:Adélie penguins 714: 698:Greek mythology 633: 628: 610:. In 2019, the 608:Acidobacteriota 601: 592: 584: 576: 567:carbon monoxide 564: 540: 515:Erebus crystals 443:the same island 435:McMurdo Station 399: 337:Ross Dependency 303: 299: 287:Edgeworth David 208:Ross Dependency 205: 190: 189: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180: 176: 140: 138: 134: 132: 128: 127: 124: 119: 116: 114: 112: 111: 84: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6033: 6031: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5962: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5930:McDonald Beach 5927: 5925:Caughley Beach 5921: 5919: 5916:Other coastal 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5842:Harrison Bluff 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5796:Wohlschlag Bay 5793: 5788: 5786:Windless Bight 5783: 5781:Turks Head Bay 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5697:Fortress Rocks 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5500:Erebus Glacier 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5480:Aurora Glacier 5476: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5464:Williams Cliff 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5439:Kaminuma Bluff 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5380:Takahe Nunatak 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5350:Kakapo Nunatak 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Inclusion Hill 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5254:Alexander Hill 5250: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5037:Mount McIntosh 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4807:Yankee Harbour 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4714:Seymour Island 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4626:Scott Nunataks 4622: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4455: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4395:Vostok Station 4392: 4386: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4139:"Mount Erebus" 4129: 4128: 4122: 4104: 4102: 4101:External links 4099: 4081: 4080: 4059: 4038: 4017: 3996: 3975: 3958:"Tarr Nunatak" 3954: 3933: 3912: 3895: 3874: 3853: 3832:"Mount Erebus" 3828: 3807: 3786: 3765: 3748:"Inner Crater" 3744: 3723: 3702: 3681: 3660: 3639: 3622:"Coleman Peak" 3618: 3597: 3576: 3550:(2 ed.), 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3517: 3515:, p. 224. 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3464:, p. 764. 3454: 3452:, p. 745. 3442: 3430: 3428:, p. 815. 3418: 3406: 3404:, p. 344. 3394: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3344:, p. 232. 3331: 3319: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3118: 3097: 3075:10.1.1.46.6546 3052: 3045: 3035:Big Dead Place 3023: 3016: 2994: 2979: 2961: 2936: 2920: 2903: 2876: 2857: 2798: 2780: 2754: 2714: 2694: 2643: 2629: 2601: 2564: 2546: 2496: 2454: 2439: 2421: 2403: 2392:on 22 May 2010 2377: 2375:, p. 223. 2362: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2338:– home of MEVO 2333: 2326: 2323: 2280: 2277: 2231:Main article: 2228: 2225: 2181:Erebus Glacier 2179:Main article: 2176: 2175:Erebus Glacier 2173: 2138: 2135: 2125: 2122: 2075: 2072: 2037: 2034: 1999: 1996: 1957: 1954: 1911: 1908: 1873: 1870: 1831: 1830:Williams Cliff 1828: 1784: 1781: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1686: 1683: 1648: 1645: 1610: 1607: 1572: 1569: 1534: 1531: 1491: 1488: 1449: 1446: 1411: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1364: 1361: 1326: 1323: 1288: 1285: 1250: 1247: 1212: 1209: 1174: 1171: 1136: 1133: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1039: 1038:Western Crater 1036: 1000: 997: 962: 959: 924: 921: 911: 908: 868:Main article: 857: 854: 828: 825: 773:Main article: 770: 767: 755: 754: 751: 713: 712:Historic sites 710: 686:Charles Darwin 676:was the young 632: 629: 627: 624: 599: 590: 582: 574: 562: 559:carbon dioxide 539: 536: 414:Erebus hotspot 398: 395: 329:active volcano 291: 290: 283: 277: 276: 272: 271: 268: 262: 261: 256: 250: 249: 243: 237: 236: 233: 227: 226: 222: 221: 218: 212: 211: 196: 192: 191: 184: 178: 177: 170: 169: 163: 162: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 151: 150: 109: 103: 102: 97: 91: 90: 81: 75: 74: 71: 65: 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6032: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940:Waipuke Beach 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5907:Wyandot Point 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5892:Tryggve Point 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877:Cape Tennyson 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5867:Newport Point 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5743: 5733: 5732:Wilson Stream 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:Crystal Slope 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5649:Tramway Ridge 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629:Rohnke Crests 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609:Glacier Ridge 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5517:Shell Glacier 5515: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5485:Barne Glacier 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5429:Grazyna Bluff 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5401: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385:Tazieff Rocks 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5375:Pōnui Nunatak 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5314:Trachyte Hill 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213:Second Crater 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5153:Boulder Cones 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5102:Tarakäkä Peak 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5092:Slattery Peak 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5077:Parawera Cone 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5007:Coughran Peak 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4987:Caldwell Peak 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4912:Discovery Hut 4910: 4909: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4817:South Orkneys 4814: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787:Pendulum Cove 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4734:Winter Island 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4694:Paulet Island 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4674:Lambda Island 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4568:Discovery Hut 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4535:Mount Dockery 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4515:Cape Wadworth 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4497:Victoria Land 4494: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4479:George V Land 4476: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4464:Petrel Island 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4423:Mirny Station 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Tryne Islands 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4318:Showa Station 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4123:0-87590-172-7 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4042:"Tower Ridge" 4039: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3937:"Side Crater" 3934: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3878:"Robot Gully" 3875: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3857:"Nausea Knob" 3854: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3790:"Main Crater" 3787: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3769:"Krall Crags" 3766: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3727:"Helo Cliffs" 3724: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3664:"Esser Bluff" 3661: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3553: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3527:, p. 46. 3526: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3354:The Fang USGS 3350: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3046:9780922915996 3042: 3037: 3036: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3017:9780679440789 3013: 3008: 3007: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2618: 2617: 2616:New Scientist 2612: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2559:www.bgs.ac.uk 2556: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2475:(B11): 2522. 2474: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2440:0-87590-875-6 2436: 2432: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2279:Barne Glacier 2278: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2234: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2182: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2136: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2074:Glacier Ridge 2073: 2071: 2067: 2036:Grazyna Bluff 2035: 2033: 2029: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1987: 1955: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1783:Cashman Crags 1782: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1739: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1521: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1479: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1325:Crystal Slope 1324: 1322: 1318: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1173:Seismic Bluff 1172: 1170: 1166: 1134: 1132: 1125: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1086:OpenStreetMap 1084: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1037: 1035: 1030: 998: 996: 992: 960: 958: 954: 922: 916: 909: 907: 905: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 871: 862: 855: 853: 850: 846: 842: 841:chromatograph 838: 834: 826: 820: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:Jameson Adams 794: 790: 786: 782: 776: 768: 766: 764: 760: 752: 749: 748: 747: 745: 743: 738: 730: 728: 723: 718: 711: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682:Royal Society 679: 678:Joseph Hooker 675: 671: 668: 664: 663:John Franklin 660: 659: 653: 652: 646: 642: 638: 630: 625: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 604:Chloroflexota 597: 588: 580: 572: 568: 560: 555: 551: 549: 545: 538:Ice fumaroles 537: 535: 532: 527: 522: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 484: 483:phonotephrite 480: 477: 473: 469: 465: 462: 458: 454: 453:stratovolcano 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 423: 419: 415: 407: 403: 396: 394: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 324: 297: 288: 284: 282: 278: 273: 269: 267: 266:Last eruption 263: 260: 257: 255: 254:Volcanic belt 251: 247: 246:Stratovolcano 244: 242: 241:Mountain type 238: 234: 232: 228: 223: 219: 217: 213: 209: 204: 200: 197: 193: 167: 157: 152: 147: 110: 108: 104: 101: 98: 96: 92: 88: 82: 80: 76: 72: 70: 66: 61: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5882:Terror Point 5822:Cape Crozier 5761:Backdoor Bay 5668:Other inland 5659:Warren Ridge 5644:Tekapo Ridge 5624:Panter Ridge 5583:Terrace Lake 5512:Fang Glacier 5454:Terrie Bluff 5449:Palais Bluff 5365:Mümü Nunatak 5355:Kea Nunataks 5345:Kaka Nunatak 5269:Conical Hill 5233:Topping Cone 5228:Mount Terror 5188:Inner Crater 5168:First Crater 5163:Mount Erebus 5162: 5047:Mount Melton 5042:Manahan Peak 5032:Kristin Peak 5012:Detrick Peak 5002:Coleman Peak 4860:Mount Erebus 4853: 4777:Lame Dog Hut 4704:Port Lockroy 4699:Port Charcot 4593:Mount Erebus 4592: 4553:Cape Crozier 4510:Cape Geology 4487:Cape Denison 4328:Enderby Land 4145: 4109: 4083: 4066: 4045: 4024: 4003: 4000:"Tech Crags" 3982: 3961: 3940: 3919: 3905:, retrieved 3899: 3881: 3860: 3845:. Retrieved 3835: 3814: 3793: 3772: 3751: 3730: 3709: 3688: 3667: 3646: 3625: 3604: 3583: 3580:"Camp Slope" 3555:, retrieved 3543: 3525:Alberts 1995 3520: 3513:Alberts 1995 3493: 3481: 3469: 3462:Alberts 1995 3457: 3450:Alberts 1995 3445: 3433: 3426:Alberts 1995 3421: 3409: 3402:Alberts 1995 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3342:Alberts 1995 3322: 3310: 3305:, p. 1. 3303:Alberts 1995 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3109: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3034: 3026: 3005: 2997: 2970: 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2939: 2928: 2923: 2913: 2906: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2870: 2860: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2771:. Retrieved 2767: 2757: 2731:. Retrieved 2726: 2717: 2697: 2662: 2656: 2646: 2632: 2620:. Retrieved 2614: 2604: 2595: 2583: 2577: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2516: 2512: 2499: 2472: 2467: 2457: 2430: 2424: 2416:peaklist.org 2415: 2406: 2394:. Retrieved 2390:the original 2380: 2373:Alberts 1995 2282: 2236: 2184: 2140: 2137:Fang Glacier 2117: 2113: 2077: 2039: 2001: 1959: 1913: 1875: 1833: 1786: 1743: 1735: 1688: 1650: 1647:Coleman Peak 1612: 1574: 1536: 1493: 1490:Tarr Nunatak 1484:Mount Erebus 1483: 1451: 1413: 1405: 1366: 1328: 1290: 1252: 1214: 1176: 1138: 1130: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1041: 1002: 964: 961:Inner Crater 926: 873: 848: 844: 836: 832: 830: 778: 756: 741: 734: 726: 673: 657: 650: 645:Mount Terror 634: 612:Marsden Fund 565:), and some 556: 552: 541: 526:seismometers 523: 519: 511:anorthoclase 488: 457:anorthoclase 447: 411: 406:Anorthoclase 380: 364:Mount Terror 360:Mount Sidley 349:Mount Vinson 296:Mount Erebus 295: 294: 281:First ascent 179:Mount Erebus 141:Mount Erebus 57:Mount Erebus 46:Mount Erebus 40: 32:Mount Elbrus 18:Dimitri Peak 5887:Towle Point 5862:Micou Point 5857:Cape MacKay 5727:Robot Gully 5677:Bird Saddle 5634:Ruru Crests 5558:Island Lake 5444:Krall Crags 5434:Helo Cliffs 5424:Esser Bluff 5370:Norman Crag 5335:Castle Rock 5330:Allen Rocks 5238:Twin Crater 5203:Main Crater 5173:Gamble Cone 5158:Cinder Hill 5122:Turret Cone 5087:Sherve Peak 5067:Oamaru Peak 5017:Dibble Peak 4977:Barker Peak 4972:Ainley Peak 4967:Abbott Peak 4932:Scott's Hut 4903:Structures 4896:Ross Island 4802:Whalers Bay 4797:Potter Cove 4782:Maxwell Bay 4649:Damoy Point 4636:Graham Land 4608:Scott's Hut 4588:Mount Betty 4520:Foyn Island 4469:Port Martin 4451:Adélie Land 4433:Wilkes Land 3900:Ross Island 3847:29 December 2871:Livescience 2396:29 December 2304: / 2258: / 2206: / 2162: / 2099: / 2087:167°16′35″E 2061: / 2049:166°49′24″E 2023: / 2011:166°54′28″E 1998:Esser Bluff 1981: / 1935: / 1897: / 1885:166°46′02″E 1855: / 1808: / 1796:166°51′02″E 1765: / 1710: / 1698:167°33′41″E 1672: / 1660:167°28′39″E 1634: / 1622:167°22′54″E 1596: / 1584:167°12′13″E 1558: / 1515: / 1503:166°53′17″E 1473: / 1461:166°48′57″E 1448:Krall Crags 1435: / 1410:Abbott Peak 1388: / 1376:167°08′49″E 1363:Nausea Knob 1350: / 1338:167°09′01″E 1312: / 1300:167°08′45″E 1287:Robot Gully 1274: / 1262:167°08′47″E 1236: / 1224:167°06′46″E 1211:Tower Ridge 1198: / 1186:167°04′47″E 1160: / 1148:167°07′01″E 1135:Helo Cliffs 1063: / 1051:167°07′09″E 1024: / 1012:167°08′36″E 999:Side Crater 986: / 974:167°09′55″E 948: / 936:167°09′35″E 923:Main Crater 883:New Zealand 548:oligotrophs 461:porphyritic 450:polygenetic 437:(U.S.) and 333:Ross Island 231:Age of rock 220:Ross Island 199:Ross Island 133: / 120:167°09′12″E 107:Coordinates 87:Ranked 34th 6005:Lava lakes 5964:Categories 5897:Turks Head 5872:Cape Royds 5852:Keys Point 5832:Cape Evans 5827:Dufek Head 5812:Cape Barne 5766:Erebus Bay 5682:Camp Slope 5639:Tech Crags 5599:Fang Ridge 5573:Starr Lake 5548:Coast Lake 5543:Clear Lake 5533:Algal Lake 5459:Vee Cliffs 5259:Black Knob 5198:Kyle Hills 5148:Black Knob 5143:Mount Bird 5057:Moore Peak 5027:Joyce Peak 4992:Chuan Peak 4982:Beeby Peak 4927:Scott Base 4825:Scotia Bay 4792:Point Wild 4603:Scott Base 4558:Cape Evans 4505:Cape Adare 4372:Cape Bruce 4277:Coats Land 4267:South Pole 4259:South Pole 4021:"The Fang" 3907:30 January 3557:30 January 2793:Geology In 2703:Ice Towers 2449:1132108108 2343:References 2319:Cape Evans 2315:Cape Barne 2217:Erebus Bay 2110:Tyree Head 2084:77°35′38″S 2046:77°38′34″S 2008:77°38′20″S 1992:Turks Head 1882:77°36′49″S 1872:Tech Crags 1866:Cape Barne 1793:77°32′26″S 1776:Cape Royds 1695:77°26′51″S 1657:77°29′17″S 1619:77°30′24″S 1581:77°29′09″S 1533:Fang Ridge 1500:77°28′41″S 1458:77°27′14″S 1373:77°31′16″S 1335:77°31′32″S 1297:77°31′37″S 1259:77°31′42″S 1249:Camp Slope 1221:77°31′58″S 1183:77°31′54″S 1145:77°30′12″S 1048:77°31′56″S 1009:77°31′47″S 971:77°31′37″S 933:77°31′43″S 887:Antarctica 813:South Pole 805:Roger Mear 783:'s party; 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