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small bits for digestion) is achieved through keeping a fixed quadrate and a hinge-like movement at the jaw articulation. The lower teeth are inclined forward, and occlusion is achieved by the interlocking of the incisors. The later dinocephalians improved on this system by developing heels on the lingual sides of the incisor teeth that met against one another to form a crushing surface when the jaws were shut.
2237:
43:
2242:
233:
434:
420:
570:
All dinocephalians are distinguished by the interlocking incisor (front) teeth. Correlated features are the distinctly downturned facial region, a deep temporal region, and forwardly rotated suspensorium. Shearing contact between the upper and lower teeth (allowing food to be more easily sliced into
410:
forms. Many species had thickened skulls with many knobs and bony projections. Dinocephalians were the first non-mammalian therapsids to be scientifically described and their fossils are known from Russia, China, Brazil, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and
Tanzania.
1335:
Simon, Rachel V.; Sidor, Christian A.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M.H. (2010). "First record of a
Tempinocephalid (Therapsida: Dinocephalia) from the Ruhuhu Formation (Songea Group) of Southern Tanzania".
889:. The reason for their extinction is not clear; although disease, sudden climatic change, or other factors of environmental stress may have brought about their end. They were replaced by much smaller
1211:
Day, Michael O.; Guven, Saniye; Abdala, Fernando; Jirah, Sifelani; Rubidge, Bruce; Almond, John (2015). "Youngest dinocephalian fossils extend the
Tapinocephalus Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa".
1248:
Nicolas, Merrill; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2010). "Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the
Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa".
1371:
Mohd Shafi Bhat, Christen D. Shelton, Anusuya
Chinsamy (2021). "Bone histology of dinocephalians (Therapsida, Dinocephalia): palaeobiological and palaeoecological inferences".
450:, the dinocephalians are the least advanced therapsids, although still uniquely specialised in their own way. They retain a number of primitive characteristics (e.g. no
1398:
578:
of the bones in the skull, which seems to have been an adaptation for intra-specific behaviour (head-butting), perhaps for territory or a mate. In some types, such as
844:
and may have even gone extinct due to competition with therapsids, especially the short-lived but most dominant dinocephalians. Even the earliest members, the
1414:"Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationship of the enigmatic dinocephalian Styracocephalus platyrhynchus from the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa"
828:
The dinocephalians are an ancient group and their ancestry is not clear. It is assumed that they must have evolved during the earlier part of the
3934:
3129:
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1502:
550:) may have weighed up to 2 tonnes (4,400 lb), and were some 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, while the largest carnivores (such as
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31:
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562:) were at least as long, with heavy skulls 80 centimetres (31 in) long, and overall masses of around a half-tonne.
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1304:"Dimetrodon is not a dinosaur: Using tree thinking to understand the ancient relatives of mammals and their evolution"
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ancestors, although they are also more advanced in possessing therapsid adaptations like the expansion of the
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Kammerer, Christian F. (13 December 2010). "Systematics of the
Anteosauria (Therapsida: Dinocephalia)".
933:
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863:, advanced dinocephalians radiated into a large number of herbivorous forms, representing a diverse
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of the
Russian Ocher fauna, were already a diverse group of herbivores and carnivores.
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epoch, but no trace has been found. These animals radiated at the expense of the dying
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Fraser-King, Simon W.; Benoit, Julien; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2019).
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590:, there are also horn-like structures, which evolved independently in each case.
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between 279.5 and 260 million years ago (Ma), but became extinct during the
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1659:
1522:
1484:
36:
538:
Dinocephalians were generally large. The biggest herbivores (
1480:
885:
age) all the dinocephalians suddenly died out, during the
518:
Dinocephalians were among the largest animals of the
3036:
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3016:
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1565:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
881:At the height of their diversity (middle or late
3123:
1496:
840:, who dominated during the early part of the
8:
1397:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1203:
1390:
818:of Dinocephalia following Fraser-King
1443:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
7:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1277:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
737:
705:
697:
665:
657:
620:
610:
602:
574:Most dinocephalians also developed
1338:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
1308:Evolution: Education and Outreach
3802:
3801:
3783:
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3092:
3091:
3058:
2768:
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2756:
2240:
2235:
1262:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00171.x
1213:South African Journal of Science
887:Capitanian mass extinction event
396:Capitanian mass extinction event
273:
41:
52:needs additional citations for
867:. This is well known from the
1:
3935:Guadalupian first appearances
624:
366:
32:Dinocephalia (disambiguation)
27:Extinct clade of stem-mammals
1350:10.1080/02724634.2010.483549
1289:10.1080/14772019.2010.492645
3956:
3930:Taxa named by Harry Seeley
398:. Dinocephalians included
29:
3862:Dinocephalia (Therapsida)
3797:
3773:
3679:
3544:
3428:
3404:
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3289:
3274:
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1932:
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1601:
1574:
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1518:
1321:10.1007/s12052-009-0117-4
1302:Angielczyk, K.D. (2009).
1193:List of Permian tetrapods
758:
743:
735:
711:
703:
695:
671:
663:
655:
626:
618:
608:
522:period; only the biggest
515:, were more terrestrial.
363:
358:
270:Scientific classification
268:
244:of dinocephalians :
239:
230:
143:
874:of the Southern African
3940:Guadalupian extinctions
1418:Palaeontologia Africana
1373:Papers in Palaeontology
832:, or possibly even the
530:reaching them in size.
466:and more erect limbs.
386:that flourished in the
378:(terrible heads) are a
962:
946:
930:
669:
443:
430:
382:of large-bodied early
3897:Paleobiology Database
952:
936:
920:
436:
422:
1188:Evolution of mammals
594:Evolutionary history
458:) shared with their
423:Life restoration of
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
240:Restoration of two
963:
947:
931:
481:forms. Some, like
444:
431:
3912:
3911:
3824:Taxon identifiers
3815:
3814:
3793:
3792:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3712:Criocephalosaurus
3582:Estemmenosuchidae
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3389:
3388:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3251:
3250:
3105:
3104:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3001:
3000:
2777:
2776:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2584:Sphenacodontoidea
2557:Palaeohatteriidae
2479:
2478:
2346:
2345:
2249:
2248:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2139:
2138:
2115:
2114:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1385:10.1002/spp2.1411
1156:Styracocephalidae
1002:Estemmenosuchidae
826:
825:
809:
808:
798:
797:
789:
788:
780:
779:
771:
770:
724:
723:
714:Styracocephalidae
684:
683:
674:Estemmenosuchidae
639:
638:
544:) and omnivores (
373:
372:
354:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3947:
3905:
3904:
3892:
3891:
3879:
3878:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3819:
3805:
3804:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3740:Struthiocephalus
3703:Tapinocephalinae
3677:
3672:Tapinocephalidae
3542:
3426:
3402:
3291:
3287:
3276:
3211:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3147:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3095:
3094:
3062:
3038:
3028:
3018:
2949:
2944:
2914:
2882:
2856:
2830:
2815:
2807:
2796:
2783:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2614:Sphenacodontidae
2612:
2597:
2589:
2555:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2492:
2396:
2381:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2353:Haptodontiformes
2277:
2272:
2268:
2255:
2244:
2239:
2213:Protoclepsydrops
2210:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2145:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1856:Lalieudorhynchus
1717:
1709:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1670:
1657:
1599:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1520:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1474:Palaeocritti.com
1465:
1446:
1426:
1425:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1344:(4): 1289–1293.
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1162:Tapinocephalidae
897:and carnivorous
846:estemmenosuchids
761:Tapinocephalidae
738:
706:
698:
666:
658:
621:
611:
603:
598:
597:
496:Struthiocephalus
452:secondary palate
349:
344:
278:
277:
235:
225:
162:
147:Temporal range:
141:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3900:
3895:
3887:
3882:
3874:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3759:
3733:Riebeeckosaurus
3697:
3666:
3610:
3605:Parabradysaurus
3591:Estemmenosuchus
3576:
3571:Styracocephalus
3538:
3521:
3480:
3446:
3415:
3398:
3385:
3363:Phreatosuchidae
3357:
3334:Rhopalodontidae
3328:
3283:
3262:
3247:
3227:
3196:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3136:
3106:
3101:
3063:
3046:
2997:
2968:
2933:
2907:
2875:
2849:
2823:
2803:
2790:
2773:
2736:
2716:
2680:Secodontosaurus
2605:
2578:
2548:
2523:Hypselohaptodus
2488:
2475:
2463:Remigiomontanus
2389:
2355:
2342:
2323:Stereophallodon
2279:Ophiacodontidae
2262:
2245:
2219:
2135:
2111:
2048:
1993:
1913:
1896:
1757:
1702:
1677:
1664:
1635:
1615:
1588:
1582:Tetrapodomorpha
1567:Tetrapodomorpha
1557:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1468:
1456:
1453:
1445:. W.H. Freeman.
1437:
1434:
1432:Further reading
1429:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1389:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1184:
1118:Deuterosauridae
1077:Rhopalodontidae
1054:Phthinosuchidae
1032:Phreatosuchidae
1023:Parabradysaurus
1008:Estemmenosuchus
960:tapinocephalian
928:estemmenosuchid
923:Estemmenosuchus
915:
907:therocephalians
872:Assemblage Zone
810:
804:
799:
790:
781:
772:
725:
685:
640:
596:
587:Styracocephalus
581:Estemmenosuchus
568:
536:
509:, others, like
446:Apart from the
417:
348:
342:
272:
262:tapinocephalian
226:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
158:279.5–260
157:
156:
145:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Dinocephalians
3917:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3893:
3880:
3867:
3852:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3747:Tapinocephalus
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3719:Keratocephalus
3715:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3616:Titanosuchidae
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3539:
3536:Tapinocephalia
3534:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3495:Australosyodon
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3214:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3159:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3024:
3013:
3011:
3008:Incertae sedis
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2941:
2939:Eutheriodontia
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2637:Ctenospondylus
2633:
2626:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2566:Palaeohatteria
2561:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2495:
2489:
2486:Sphenacodontia
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2449:Melanedaphodon
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2407:Bohemiclavulus
2402:
2400:
2398:Edaphosauridae
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2155:
2153:
2150:Incertae sedis
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2054:Varanodontinae
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1999:Mesenosaurinae
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1988:Thrausmosaurus
1984:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1945:Archaeovenator
1941:
1933:
1927:
1914:
1911:Eupelycosauria
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1821:Cotylorhynchus
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:Diadectomorpha
1688:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1609:Reptiliomorpha
1602:
1596:
1594:Reptiliomorpha
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1470:"Dinocephalia"
1466:
1458:"Dinocephalia"
1452:
1451:External links
1449:
1448:
1447:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1404:
1363:
1327:
1314:(2): 257–271.
1294:
1283:(2): 261–304.
1267:
1240:
1222:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:Titanosuchidae
1164:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1126:Tapinocephalia
1122:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1011:
998:
990:
914:
911:
899:biarmosuchians
893:; herbivorous
870:Tapinocephalus
824:
823:
812:
811:
807:
806:
801:
800:
796:
795:
792:
791:
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778:
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773:
769:
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750:
749:
746:Titanosuchidae
742:
736:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
722:
721:
718:
717:
710:
704:
702:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
682:
681:
678:
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670:
664:
662:
656:
654:
651:Tapinocephalia
646:
645:
642:
641:
637:
636:
633:
632:
625:
619:
617:
609:
607:
601:
595:
592:
567:
564:
541:Tapinocephalus
535:
532:
484:Keratocephalus
448:biarmosuchians
416:
413:
392:Middle Permian
376:Dinocephalians
371:
370:
361:
360:
356:
355:
340:
336:
335:
330:
323:
322:
317:
310:
309:
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280:
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266:
265:
254:) devouring a
237:
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227:
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214:
209:
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199:
194:
189:
184:
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174:
169:
164:
163:
153:Middle Permian
146:
135:
134:
76:"Dinocephalia"
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3952:
3941:
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3928:
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3898:
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3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3786:
3779:
3756:
3755:
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3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3692:Tapinocaninus
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3557:Deuterosaurus
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3475:Titanophoneus
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3452:Anteosaurinae
3449:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:Archaeosyodon
3431:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Anteosauridae
3418:
3412:
3411:
3410:Admetophoneus
3407:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3380:Phreatosuchus
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:Phreatosaurus
3370:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:Phthinosaurus
3341:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3323:
3322:Tappenosaurus
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:Phthinosuchus
3311:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Phthinosuchia
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3061:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2962:Therocephalia
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2951:Therocephalia
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2711:
2710:Tetraceratops
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:Tappenosaurus
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:Cryptovenator
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2573:Pantelosaurus
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2543:Tetraceratops
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:Kenomagnathus
2527:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2470:Xyrospondylus
2467:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
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2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
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2415:
2411:
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2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2330:Stereorhachis
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2288:Archaeothyris
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2238:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2085:Tambacarnifex
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:Mycterosaurus
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2043:Microvaranops
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:Elliotsmithia
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
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1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1884:Ruthenosaurus
1881:
1879:
1878:
1877:Phreatophasma
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1832:
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1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1793:Callibrachion
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1754:
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1732:
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1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1610:
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1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
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1483:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1439:Carroll, R.L.
1436:
1435:
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1423:
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1408:
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1378:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
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1339:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:Brithopodidae
1109:
1107:
1106:Anteosauridae
1103:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1084:Phthinosaurus
1080:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1068:Phthinosaurus
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:Phthinosuchus
1057:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:Phreatosuchus
1042:
1040:
1039:
1038:Phreatosaurus
1035:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
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945:
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904:
903:gorgonopsians
900:
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629:Anteosauridae
623:
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583:
582:
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553:Titanophoneus
549:
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469:They include
467:
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440:Titanophoneus
435:
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Dinocephalian
3832:Dinocephalia
3831:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3690:
3683:
3661:Titanosuchus
3659:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3603:
3598:Molybdopygus
3596:
3589:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3514:
3509:Pampaphoneus
3507:
3500:
3493:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3439:
3432:
3408:
3378:
3371:
3350:
3342:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3297:
3281:Dinocephalia
3280:
3259:Dinocephalia
3258:
3257:
3233:Dinocephalia
3232:
3190:Eutherapsida
3185:
3176:
3167:
3139:Dinocephalia
3138:
3087:Theriodontia
3077:Pelycosauria
3041:Niaftasuchus
3039:
3029:
3019:
3006:
2869:Dinocephalia
2858:Dinocephalia
2857:
2843:Biarmosuchia
2832:Biarmosuchia
2816:
2761:
2708:
2700:
2694:Steppesaurus
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2635:
2630:Ctenorhachis
2628:
2621:
2598:
2571:
2564:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2435:Ianthasaurus
2433:
2426:
2421:Glaucosaurus
2419:
2414:Edaphosaurus
2412:
2405:
2382:
2372:
2337:Varanosaurus
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2309:Echinerpeton
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2148:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2041:
2036:Mesenosaurus
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1952:Ascendonanus
1950:
1943:
1936:
1891:Trichasaurus
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1835:Ennatosaurus
1833:
1828:Datheosaurus
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1786:Arisierpeton
1784:
1779:Angelosaurus
1777:
1772:Alierasaurus
1770:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1721:Eothyrididae
1694:
1546:
1540:Superclass:
1473:
1461:
1442:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1393:cite journal
1376:
1372:
1366:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1089:
1082:
1066:
1058:
1043:
1036:
1021:
1015:Molybdopygus
1013:
1006:
993:
985:
980:Dinocephalia
979:
953:
937:
921:
880:
869:
854:
850:brithopodids
827:
819:
759:
744:
712:
672:
627:
585:
579:
576:pachyostosis
573:
569:
557:
551:
547:Titanosuchus
545:
539:
537:
517:
510:
500:
494:
488:
482:
468:
445:
438:
424:
375:
374:
364:
346:Dinocephalia
345:
326:
313:
255:
245:
144:Dinocephalia
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3884:iNaturalist
3856:Wikispecies
3754:Ulemosaurus
3685:Mormosaurus
3646:Lamiasaurus
3486:Syodontinae
3468:Sinophoneus
3461:Anteosaurus
3441:Microsyodon
3396:Anteosauria
3306:Novocynodon
3299:Microurania
2927:Gorgonopsia
2916:Gorgonopsia
2901:dicynodonts
2895:Anomodontia
2884:Anomodontia
2687:Sphenacodon
2666:Macromerion
2456:Ramodendron
2442:Lupeosaurus
2302:Clepsydrops
2295:Baldwinonus
2260:Metopophora
2203:Mastersonia
2193:Knoxosaurus
2121:Metopophora
2029:Heleosaurus
1924:Varanopidae
1752:Vaughnictis
1730:Asaphestera
1711:Caseasauria
1462:Palaeos.com
1235:Fossilworks
1149:Mastersonia
1100:Anteosauria
995:Mastersonia
955:Ulemosaurus
939:Anteosaurus
895:dicynodonts
855:During the
838:pelycosaurs
615:Anteosauria
559:Anteosaurus
528:pareiasaurs
512:Anteosaurus
507:semiaquatic
475:herbivorous
471:carnivorous
415:Description
404:carnivorous
400:herbivorous
257:Ulemosaurus
117:August 2024
3919:Categories
3625:Dinartamus
3502:Notosyodon
3352:Rhopalodon
3242:see below↓
3181:Therapsida
3075:See also:
3031:Kamagorgon
3021:Dinosaurus
2985:Cynodontia
2974:Cynodontia
2801:Therapsida
2788:Therapsida
2731:see below↓
2722:Therapsida
2652:Dimetrodon
2600:Shashajaia
2384:Milosaurus
2316:Ophiacodon
2163:Dimacrodon
2130:see below↓
2078:Ruthiromia
2063:Aerosaurus
1973:Nitosaurus
1966:Dendromaia
1938:Apsisaurus
1863:Martensius
1849:Euromycter
1630:see below↓
1231:"Driveria"
1199:References
1133:Dimacrodon
1091:Rhopalodon
974:Therapsida
891:therapsids
883:Capitanian
861:Capitanian
859:and early
848:and early
479:omnivorous
460:pelycosaur
408:omnivorous
384:therapsids
359:Subgroups
339:Suborder:
333:Therapsida
87:newspapers
3550:Brithopus
3221:Synapsida
3206:Synapsida
3172:Synapsida
3155:Kingdom:
2989:includes
2899:includes
2818:Raranimus
2673:Neosaurus
2374:Ianthodon
2099:Varanodon
1959:Eoscansor
1870:Oromycter
1814:Caseopsis
1807:Caseoides
1745:Oedaleops
1675:Synapsida
1662:Synapsida
1621:Synapsida
1542:Tetrapoda
1528:Kingdom:
1512:Synapsida
1358:131447562
1256:: 45–59.
978:Suborder
968:Synapsida
944:anteosaur
865:megafauna
834:Kungurian
816:Phylogeny
437:Skull of
320:Synapsida
293:Kingdom:
287:Eukaryota
252:anteosaur
3841:Wikidata
3807:Category
3726:Moschops
3639:Jonkeria
3564:Orthopus
3163:Chordata
3161:Phylum:
3157:Animalia
3097:Category
2659:Eosyodon
2644:Cutleria
2513:Haptodus
2503:Cutleria
2428:Gordodon
2183:Gorgodon
2173:Driveria
2106:Watongia
2092:Varanops
2015:Cabarzia
2008:Anningia
1763:Caseidae
1738:Eothyris
1536:Chordata
1534:Phylum:
1530:Animalia
1441:(1988).
1424:: 14–29.
1182:See also
1141:Driveria
1052:?Family
1030:?Family
987:Driveria
913:Taxonomy
741:
709:
701:
661:
606:
502:Jonkeria
490:Moschops
454:, small
428:capensis
426:Moschops
367:Taxonomy
307:Chordata
303:Phylum:
297:Animalia
283:Domain:
3876:3221839
3847:Q131810
3653:Scullya
3632:Enobius
2991:mammals
1842:Eocasea
1551:Amniota
1250:Lethaia
1166:Family
1160:Family
1154:Family
1116:Family
1110:Family
1104:Family
1075:Family
1000:Family
857:Wordian
842:Permian
830:Roadian
805:
653:
524:caseids
520:Permian
456:dentary
101:scholar
3889:333346
3516:Syodon
1981:Pyozia
1356:
1219:: 1–5.
1124:Clade
1098:Clade
972:Order
966:Class
820:et al.
649:
477:, and
406:, and
353:, 1894
351:Seeley
242:genera
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3902:38949
3186:Clade
3177:Clade
3168:Clade
1800:Casea
1547:Clade
1379:(1).
1354:S2CID
942:, an
926:, an
876:Karoo
822:2019
566:Skull
505:were
464:ilium
388:Early
380:clade
327:Clade
314:Clade
149:Early
108:JSTOR
94:books
3219:see
2983:see
2960:see
2925:see
2893:see
2867:see
2841:see
1607:see
1580:see
1399:link
958:, a
905:and
584:and
556:and
534:Size
526:and
499:and
390:and
365:See
250:(an
166:PreꞒ
80:news
3871:EoL
1381:doi
1346:doi
1316:doi
1285:doi
1258:doi
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1391:{{
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1233:.
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402:,
329::
316::
216:Pg
160:Ma
155:,
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3656:?
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1401:)
1387:.
1383::
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1312:2
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1146:?
1138:?
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343:†
221:N
211:K
206:J
201:T
196:P
191:C
186:D
181:S
176:O
171:Ꞓ
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124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
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57:.
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