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804:, leader of the Voortrekkers. In return for their recovering some stolen cattle, Dingane signed a deed of cession of lands (written in English) to the Voortrekkers. It is generally believed that Dingane knew what he was signing although he could not have had any formal education, have read the contents of the document or have understood the concept of permanent land ownership since it was not a custom of the Zulus to assign land to individuals permanently. On 6 February 1838, after two days of feasting, the chief had Retief and his diplomatic party killed.
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These were assembled at the center of the
Umgungundhlovu enclosure, supplied with beer and seated in a semi-circle, a few rows deep. Dingane reacted with some irritation to the message, proclaiming that it was old news to them, and incompatible with their views: "I and my people believe there is only one God – I am that God. ... I am the Great Chief – the God of the living;
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Dingane kept his 500 or so concubines in severe bondage. He referred to them as his sisters or children, and placed them in various ranks. They could leave the royal enclosure only with his permission, and when doing so were not allowed to cast an eye on any man or boy. Owen observed them a few times
395:
Though
Dingane allowed Owen to reside just outside his capital, he considered the Christian faith a fiction of the English, which was of no use to him or his subjects. On a particular Sunday, he did allow Owen to expound the main precepts of Christianity before an assembly of almost 1,000 Zulu men.
380:
Dingane's subjects applied god-like attributes to him, not admitting for instance that his reign might have had a beginning. He was deemed immortal, one who was neither born, nor would ever die. When asked when his reign started, his subjects replied "hundreds and hundreds of years ago." At their
817:. It is alleged by some that they were killed because they withheld some of the cattle recovered from Chief Sekonyela. The general opinion is that Dingane did not wish to yield the land ceded to them in the treaty and mistrusted the presence of the Voortrekkers.
586:) was on the southern side of the complex, directly opposite the main entrance. The king, his mistresses and female attendants (Dingane never married officially), a total of at least 500 people, resided here. The women were divided into two groups: the black
643:
have revealed that the floor of this large hut was approximately 10 metres in diameter. Archaeologists found evidence inside the hut of 22 large supporting posts completely covered in glass beads. These had been noted in historical accounts by
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952:
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602:, a smaller number of girls favoured by the king as his mistresses. A small settlement was built for them behind the main complex, where they could enjoy some privacy. The remainder of the king's women were the white
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outside the palace, once when brought out to sing, and also when they were instructed to bring him thatch for his hut. Some would run away when the opportunity availed, only to be apprehended and executed.
388:, refused to pay him a visit, when such a visit was not expressly ordered by the king. Nor would anyone grind Owen even a small amount of corn or sit down with him for prayer unless ordered to do so.
636:) was located in one such triangular compartment and had three or four entrances. His hut was very large and was kept very neat by attendants; it could easily accommodate 50 people. Modern
384:
The habit of
Dingane's ministers, concubines and servants was not to think, act or speak, except at Dingane's suggestion or command. Owen observed that even Dingane's prime minister,
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The subjects of
Signabani who were unable to flee with him were rounded up in their refuges and massacred. The dissension was exacerbated by armed conflict with the newly arrived
675:
Dingane lacked Shaka's military and leadership skills; rebel chiefs broke away from his rule. Chiefs who fell out of favour with
Dingane, fled the country, including Signabani.
820:
At the same time, Dingane's forces killed Retief's undefended trek party, about 500 Boers and native servants, including women and children. The Boers called it the
333:, as well as Mbopa, Shaka's bodyguard. They were traditionally said to have killed Shaka because of his increasingly brutal behaviour after the death of his mother,
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They had been told to leave their firearms outside the royal kraal. Suddenly, when the dancing had reached a frenzied climax, Dingane leapt to his feet and shouted
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morning and evening meals, after receiving the distributed meat, they rose and exclaimed with raised hands: "Thou that art greater than the heavens."
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in 1829 and enlarged it five years later. UmGungundlovu was built according to the characteristic layout of a Zulu military settlement (singular:
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in his revolt against his half-brother
Dingane, which resulted in the latter's overthrow and death. Mpande succeeded Dingane. At the
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The men were overpowered and dragged away to the hill kwaMatiwane, named after a chief who had been killed there. Retief and his men
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Dingane orders the capture of Piet Retief's party of
Voortrekkers while they are spectators to a dancing routine of his soldiers.
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On the south side, just behind the main complex, were three separate enclosed groups of huts. The centre group was used by the
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Dingane reclining in his hut with his wives shuffling about on their knees in his presence, as depicted by
Captain
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Dingane's grave is near
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related that
Dingane was revered as the "great idol" of the Zulu nation, while a missionary, Rev.
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comprised about 100 privileged women, and within that group was another elite, the
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Rope of sand: the rise and fall of the Zulu Kingdom in the nineteenth century
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1091:. Vol. 1. Hartford, NY: The J. B. Burr Publishing Co. pp. 207–209.
349:
338:
1132:
Bonar, Andrew Redman (1849). "1. Superstitions of the heathen: The Zulus".
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EA Mare – South African Journal of Art History, 2009 – repository.up.ac.za
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Dingane ordered his army to seek and kill the group of Voortrekkers under
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Dingane in ordinary and dancing dress, illustrated from life by Captain
720: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
442: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Amazulu: The Zulus, Their Past History, Manners, Customs, and Language
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for "weeping") was named by early settlers in memory of the massacre.
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Dingane came to power in 1828 after assassinating his half-brother
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Kirkby, Rev. Mr. (July–December 1880). "Zululand under Dingaan".
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373:, who observed his rule at close quarters while stationed at
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Zulu King Dingane orders the execution of Piet Retief's men
1288:"Zulu King Dingane orders the killing of Piet Retief's men"
1183:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–375.
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include versions of some events in Dingane's life, as does
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In January 1840, Pretorius and a force of 400 Boers helped
377:, highlighted several aspects of his despotic governance.
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The Uncivilized Races of Men in all Countries of the World
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A huge half-moon shaped area was included in the black
1138:(3 ed.). Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson. pp. 15–21
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consisted of a large, central circular parade ground (
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51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1087:Wood, J. G. (1878). "Chapter XXI. Domestic Life".
1016:Okoye, Felix (1969). "Dingane: A reappraisal".
305:, and one of numerous military encampments, or
337:. The assassination took place at present-day
297:in 1828, after assassinating his half-brother
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309:, in the eMakhosini Valley just south of the
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1211:. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. p. 66.
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361:'s missionary station at the royal capital.
281:–29 January 1840), commonly referred to as
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575:) and storage huts for their shields. The
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977:, as depicted in the Voortrekker Monument
780:Learn how and when to remove this message
502:Learn how and when to remove this message
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1202:
1200:
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1302:Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars
1058:, April 1969. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
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571:), surrounded by warriors' barracks (
147:Dingane in ordinary and dancing dress
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718:adding citations to reliable sources
440:adding citations to reliable sources
49:adding citations to reliable sources
400:is the Great Chief of the wicked."
1181:The Archaeology of southern Africa
1135:Incidents of Missionary Enterprise
800:In November 1837 Dingane met with
656:George Champion and Francis Owen.
551:Dingane built his capital city of
329:with the help of another brother,
14:
1236:. Vol. 1. Cape Town: STRUIK.
824:. The nearby present-day town of
1102:Devenish, George (9 July 2014).
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1608:19th-century monarchs in Africa
1555:Misuzulu Sinqobile kaZwelithini
1544:Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu
705:needs additional citations for
427:needs additional citations for
301:. He set up his royal capital,
36:needs additional citations for
1613:19th-century murdered monarchs
1304:, Scarecrow Press, 2009, p. 62
1018:The Journal of African History
973:Dingane signing a treaty with
293:prince who became king of the
1:
1247:Jenkinson, Thomas B. (1884).
1234:ANNALS OF NATAL, 1495 TO 1845
542:Location of Dingane’s kraal,
313:, on the slope of Lion Hill (
275:
272:Dingane ka Senzangakhona Zulu
1320:South African History Online
1106:. citizen.co.za. The Witness
989:Bronze statue of Dingane at
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579:was entered from the north.
209:1840 (aged 44–45)
1539:Cyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomon
1337:Zulu Kraal: Dingane's Kraal
1644:
1056:Cambridge University Press
686:Conflict with Voortrekkers
1563:
1159:The Cape Monthly Magazine
1030:10.1017/S002185370000949X
925:Sir Henry Rider Haggard's
265:Mpikase kaMlilela Ngobese
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1628:19th-century Zulu people
1623:18th-century Zulu people
1476:Sigujana kaSenzangakhona
1179:Mitchell, Peter (2002).
632:The king's private hut (
345:Governance and reverence
16:King of the Zulu Kingdom
1500:Dingane kaSenzangakhona
1428:Chieftains of the Zulus
1253:. W.H. Allen. pp.
1104:"Missionary and martyr"
1068:A history of King Shaka
882:King of the Zulu Nation
1598:South African animists
1505:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
1052:Dingane: a reappraisal
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362:
1495:Shaka kaSenzangakhona
1207:Laband, John (1995).
1077:, accessed 5 May 2012
1050:Okoye, Felix N. C., "
995:Long March to Freedom
841:Battle of Blood River
809:Bulalani abathakathi!
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582:The royal enclosure (
546:, within South Africa
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1529:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
1471:Senzangakhona kaJama
1419:Ntombela kaMalandela
1414:Malandela kaLuzumana
714:improve this article
608:first fruit ceremony
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436:improve this article
311:White Umfolozi River
256:Senzangakhona kaJama
45:improve this article
1276:"Kill the wizards!"
1232:Bird, John (1965).
1073:5 June 2012 at the
851:Overthrow and death
663:women of the black
612:umkhosi wokweshwama
1534:Solomon kaDinuzulu
1510:Cetshwayo kaMpande
1318:– an article from
945:The Induna's Wife.
861:Battle of Maqongqo
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34:This article
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1583:1790s births
1499:
1487:Zulu Kingdom
1460:Jama kaNdaba
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1259:. Retrieved
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712:Please help
707:verification
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680:Voortrekkers
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654:missionaries
650:Voortrekkers
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429:verification
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371:Francis Owen
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359:Francis Owen
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295:Zulu Kingdom
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134:Zulu Kingdom
132:King of the
131:
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1618:Fratricides
1588:1840 deaths
1377:Zulu people
975:Piet Retief
890:Preceded by
815:were killed
802:Piet Retief
646:Piet Retief
641:excavations
279: 1795
171:Predecessor
101:August 2009
1593:Zulu kings
1577:Categories
1399:Nkosinkulu
1165:: 324–326.
1003:References
997:exhibition
903:1828–1840
740:newspapers
559:, plural:
462:newspapers
331:Umhlangana
315:Singonyama
299:Shaka Zulu
214:, current
162:Coronation
71:newspapers
1603:Regicides
1519:Kings of
1384:Kings of
1261:19 August
1142:16 August
1110:22 August
1038:161299851
993:, in the
770:June 2023
729:"Dingane"
671:Rebellion
573:uhlangoti
561:amakhanda
492:June 2023
451:"Dingane"
398:Umatiwane
339:KwaDukuza
181:Successor
156:1828–1840
60:"Dingane"
1521:Zululand
1409:Luzumana
1373:Monarchs
1071:Archived
991:Maropeng
960:Gardiner
665:isigodlo
623:isigodlo
619:isigodlo
604:isigodlo
596:isigodlo
592:isigodlo
588:isigodlo
584:isigodlo
406:isigodlo
365:Captain
289:, was a
1565:*Regent
1375:of the
927:novels
754:scholar
577:isibaya
565:ikhanda
563:). The
557:ikhanda
476:scholar
287:Dingaan
283:Dingane
235:unknown
225:unknown
196: (
126:Dingane
85:scholar
1404:Mdlani
1394:Mnguni
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857:Mpande
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661:uBheje
627:withes
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307:kraals
262:Mother
252:Father
222:Spouse
185:Mpande
87:
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1386:Nguni
1034:S2CID
936:Marie
900:Reign
895:Shaka
830:Dutch
761:JSTOR
747:books
634:ilawu
600:bheje
483:JSTOR
469:books
335:Nandi
327:Shaka
241:House
231:Issue
175:Shaka
153:Reign
92:JSTOR
78:books
1263:2009
1213:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1144:2020
1112:2023
933:and
733:news
455:news
291:Zulu
206:Died
198:1795
194:1795
191:Born
166:1828
64:news
1255:123
1163:III
1054:",
1026:doi
716:by
614:).
438:by
317:).
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