856:, after series of plotting, Zhai Bin was betrayed by Former Qin, to avoid Qin nobles further attempts, he revolted against the Former Qin Dynasty. Murong Chui (慕容垂), the Xianbei leader under Former Qin court, got appointed as the high command of Former Qin army, was expected to take down the revolt, but convinced by Zhai Bin, joined his mutiny to against Former Qin. Their mutiny were also joined by several other Xianbei tribes which formed the Anti-Qin leagues, with the suggestion by Zhai Bin, Murong Chui was elected to be the leader of the leagues. Near end of the same year, Murong Chui styled himself King of Yan (燕王), left Zhai Bin the new leader of the league and a dilemma of the war, later Murong Chui broke the alliance with the leagues, murdered Zhai Bin and his three sons in an ambush. His nephew Zhai Zhen (翟真) inherited the horde, was elected be the new Leader of the leagues, seeking for revenge, but later assassinated by his military advisor Xianyu Qi (鲜于乞), Xian did not escape far, were caught by the Dingling soldiers and got executed, the leagues elected Zhai Zhen's cousin Zhai Cheng (翟成) as the new Leader, but later also been assassinated by Yan spy, then
1567:"The name Ting-ling continued to be used occasionally but other forms soon became more common. One is the Chinese Kao-ch'e "High Carts," which is explained as referring to their wagons with very large wheels. The others, Ti-li, T'e-le, Ch'ih-le, Chih-le, and T'ieh-le,4 which are obviously transcriptions of foreign names, are evidently new transcriptions of the name that underlay Ting-ling. James Hamilton proposes to interpret this as *Tägräg, a word defined in Kashgari's dictionary as "circle, hoop."5 The Chinese term "High Carts" was therefore probably not merely descriptive of their habits but related to the meaning of the Turkish name."
136:
143:
2679:
36:
2042:"It is quite probable that the inhabitants of the Upper Yenissei during the epoch of the Tagar culture were characterized by light pigmentation (light hair and light eyes). This point of view was also held by Debets in one of his earlier published works concerning the so - called "blond Dinlin race," which at the time Debets wrote gave rise to an extensive literature."
2281:"...north of the Dingling (丁令) is the kingdom of Majing (馬脛 ‘Horses Shanks’). These men make sounds like startled wild geese. From above the knee, they have the body and hands of a man, but below the knees, they grow hair, and have horses’ legs and hooves. They don't ride horses as they can run faster than horses. They are brave, strong, and daring fighters".
756:, but the latter gradually weakened. In 71 BCE, after numerous conflicts between the Chinese and the Xiongnu, the Dingling, led by Zhai Jin, with help from neighboring tribes, took the opportunity to revolt. From 63 to 60 BCE, during a split within the Xiongnu ruling clan of Luanti (挛鞮), the Dingling attacked the Xiongnu, together with the
635:
1733:"...among the Hsiung-nu and the High Cart confederation. Since the Turkic type, with its dependence on wood bending techniques, can be related to bent wooden wheels (c. 350 bce) found in barrow No. V at Pazyryk in Siberia, deriving from a tradition a millennium older, the connection with these cart dwelling nomads is significant."
538:
839:, another group of Dingling escaped to the western steppe in Kazakhstan, which has been called the West Dingling. Around the 3rd century, Dinglings living in China began to adopt family names such as Zhai or Di (翟), Xianyu (鲜于), Luo (洛) and Yan (严). These Dingling became part of the southern Xiongnu tribes known as
1088:
that they were often blue eyed and light-haired. Twenty-first century scholars continue to describe the
Dingling in a similar manner. Adrienne Mayor repeated N. Ishjants' description (1994) of the Dingling as "red-haired, blue-eyed giants" while M.V. Dorina called the Dingling "European-looking."
1087:
of the Altai region in
Siberia. In the 20th century, several historians proposed that the Tagar people were characterized by a high frequency of light hair and light eyes, and that the associated Dingling were blond-haired. Genetic testing of fossils from the Tagar culture has confirmed the theory
1091:
The
Chinese sources do not differentiate the Dingling's appearance from the Han Chinese. Chinese histories unanimously depict the Dingling as the ancestors of the Tiele, whose physical appearance is also not described, but seem to have included non-Turkic speaking peoples. The
1289:" txt: "室韋, 契丹别種, 東胡之北邊, 蓋丁零苗裔也" translation by Xu (2005:176) "The Shiwei, who were a collateral branch of the Khitan inhabited the northern boundary of the Donghu, were probably the descendants of the Dingling ... Their language was the same as that of the Mohe."
1960:
The
Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE Quoted in zhuan 30 of the Sanguozhi Published in 429 CE Draft English translation by John E. Hill (September,
1411:"...the Dingling 丁零, Old Chin. (before 200 BCE): *têŋ-rêŋ > Late Han (after 200 BCE to 200 CE): teŋ leŋ,32 a tribal union north of the Xiongnu, viewed as ancestral to the Tiele and possibly an early rendering of that ethnonym."
2080:
Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (May 16, 2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south
Siberian Kurgan people".
518:, now believe that all of these ethnonyms described by the Chinese all derive from Altaic exonyms describing wheeled vehicles, with 'Dingling' perhaps being an earlier rendering of a Tuoba word (*tegreg), meaning "wagon".
1010:. The linguistic comparison of Na-Dene and Yeniseian shows that the quantity and character of the correspondences points to a possible common origin. According to Russian linguistic experts, they likely spoke a
1523:"55 Chinese accounts of the Northern Wei era also termed them Gaoche “high carts,” seemingly a translation of Dingling et al.: E. G. Pulleyblank, “The 'High Carts': A Turkish Speaking People before the Türks,”
1355:"The Dinlin are considered to have been part of the Tagar Culture and are mentioned in the written sources as being among the acquired "possessions" of the Huns (Mannai—Ool 1970: 107; Sulimirski 1970: 112)."
1615:"後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。於是匈奴貴人大臣皆服，以冒頓單于爲賢。" tr. "Later north subjugated the nations of Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. Therefore, the Xiongnu nobles and dignitaries all admired considered Modun
2070:"For instance, the tribes which came from the upper Yenisei are called "dinlin" and they are described as fair pigmented in comparison with the Chinese (Bičurin, 1950-1953; Grumm Grzimajlo 1899, 1926)."
529:
writes that "High Cart" is just one of several variations of exonyms that ultimately reflect the original Turkic meaning of 'Dingling', which is possibly derived from *Tägräg, meaning "circle, hoop".
1383:"Dingling is alternatively called Tiele. Suishu and Beishi, both of which were written during the seventh century during the Tang period, traced the origin of the Tiele or Dingling back to Xiongnu."
2377:
646:. The tall wheels of this cart are related to those used by the Dingling and other Turkic nomads, which provides evidence of cultural continuity between the Scythians and the Turkic peoples.
1123:
described the
Dingling as human beings with horses' legs and hooves and excellent at running. However, this description is mythological in nature. A similar description is also echoed in a
2009:
Xu (2005), p. 86; quote: "The ancestors of the
Mongols are believed to be the Mengwu Shiwei (Mengwa Shiwei) who appeared in history as late as in the Tang Dynasty (618-907)."; p. 184
1630:
886:
Several theories have been proposed about the relationship between the
Dingling and both ancient and living cultures, based on linguistic, historical and archaeological evidence.
954:
Chinese historians linked the
Tungusic speakers among the later Shiwei people to the Dingling, considering them as descendants of the Dingling owing to linguistic similarities.
779:
they made their final attack on the
Xiongnu, and Dingling regained its power under Zhai Ying. After that, under the Dingling pressure, the remaining of northern Xiongnu and the
2370:
507:, who are believed to be the descendants of the Dingling. Chinese historiographers believed that 'Tiele' was a mistaken transcription, related them to the ancient Red
662:
to northern Mongolia. Some ancient sources claims that Di or Zhai (翟) was adopted as the group name because the Zhai family had been the ruling house for centuries.
1993:
2363:
1307:, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176. quote: "The Mohe were descendants of the Sushen and ancestors of the Jurchen, and identified as Tungus speakers."
822:
Qaghanate in 402, there was a long period without a tribal confederacy on the steppe. During this period, a part of the Dingling were assimilated to the
3005:
595:, thus close to the location of the Dingling group who neighbored the Kangju, Wusun, and Horse-Shanked people. Dingling gradually moved southward to
440:
698:
mentions a total of eight related Di groups, of whom only "Red Di" (赤狄, Chidi), the "White Di" (白狄, Baidi), and "Tall Di" (長狄, Changdi) are known.
135:
2174:"It was the time of intensive interracial marriages of European-looking men (dinlin) and the Turkic language–speaking Mongols (guangun-kyrgyz),"
1491:"High Carts" (Liu, 1985, I:127--128; Pulleyblank, 1990: 21-26; Dobrovitz, 2011: 375-378), and before that the Dīnglíng, perhaps a rendering of *
3020:
1133:(compiled 239-265 CE), which describes the men of Majing ("Horse Shanks"), located north of the Dingling, as possessing horse legs and hooves.
2256:
2167:
2137:
2063:
1906:
1726:
1699:
1640:
1516:
1480:
1404:
1376:
1348:
1142:
1096:, an Iranic people, are included among them, as well as the Bayegu, who had a somewhat different language than the Tiele according to the
826:
by permanently settling further to the south. Another group, documented as about 450,000, moved southeast and merged into the Xianbei.
2678:
965:
3000:
119:
775:. Over the next century there may have been more uprisings, but the only recorded one was in the year 85, when together with the
874:
Between the 4th and 7th centuries, the name "Dingling" slowly disappeared from Chinese records, coinciding with the rise of the
688:(6th century), the origin of the Dingling can be traced to the Chidi (赤狄) (lit. Red Di), who lived in northern China during the
790:
Some groups of Dingling, called the West Dingling by the ancient Chinese, started to migrate into western Asia, but settled in
2144:"...the Dingling (described as “red-haired, blue-eyed giants,” perhaps related to the Altai, Tuva, Pazyryk, Kyrgyz cultures);"
2186:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"
1608:
57:
852:
period, the West Dingling Khan Zhai Bin (翟斌) lead his hordes, migrate from Kazakhstan into Central China, served under the
3010:
1120:
867:
About one-quarter of the Tuoba clans show similar names as found among the later Gaoche and Tiele tribes. Among them, the
650:
The Dingling had a warlike society, formed by traders, hunters, fishers, and gatherers, living a semi-nomadic life in the
1898:
The Supplement to The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian, Soviet and Eurasian History: Deni, Viktor Nikolaevich - Dzhungaria
503:
The ethnonym 'Dingling' is regarded by modern scholars in the Western world as being interchangeable with the ethnonym
100:
3015:
651:
1689:
72:
1083:
There is some evidence that the Dingling looked similar to European people, based on their identification with the
603:. They were a huge independent horde for centuries, but were later defeated and temporarily became subject of the
46:
3025:
2530:
1023:
53:
79:
2083:
689:
2235:. Translated by Richard E. Strassberg. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. (2002). p. 226.
1954:
1593:
1396:
Turkish Language, Literature, and History: Travelers' Tales, Sultans, and Scholars Since the Eighth Century
2305:
1957:
1865:
458:
86:
1286:
1072:
725:
river lived the Hujie (呼揭). Other tribes living of the Xiongnu, such as the Hunyu (浑庾), Qushe (屈射), and
1589:
787:(檀石槐). After his death in 181, the Xianbei moved south and the Dingling took their place on the steppe.
1495:"wagon", a Tuoba/Tabgač exonym for Tiele (Kljaštornyj, 2010: 162-163; Golden, 2012 : 179-180.)"
1075:
language family is now a widely known proposal, his inclusion of the Dingling is not widely accepted.
2525:
68:
2035:
1459:
time, they were also called Gaoche (i.e. High-Cart) tribe. Or called Chile, or mistakenly as Tiele."
2831:
1185:
927:
2023:
1716:
1321:
2272:
2215:
2108:
2037:
Russian Translation Series of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University
1558:
1472:
From the Khan's Oven: Studies on the History of Central Asian Religions in Honor of Devin DeWeese
1428:"高車，蓋古赤狄之餘種也，初號為狄歷，北方以為勑勒，諸夏以為高車、丁零。" tr. "Gaoche, probably the remnant stock of the ancient Red
1015:
860:(翟辽), became the new leader of Dingling horde, with the support from the Leagues, he founded the
469:
408:
302:
1508:
Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750
1425:
2445:
1448:
767:
In 51 BCE, the Dingling, together with the Hujie and Gekun, were defeated by the Xiongnu under
2906:
2763:
2705:
2477:
2252:
2246:
2207:
2163:
2155:
2133:
2127:
2100:
2059:
1902:
1722:
1695:
1636:
1550:
1512:
1506:
1476:
1455:, their predecessors were the Xiongnu. Because, customarily, they ride high-wheeled carts. In
1400:
1394:
1372:
1344:
1338:
999:
526:
2053:
1325:
150:
2197:
2092:
1470:
1452:
1366:
1171:
1098:
875:
849:
823:
377:
225:
1647:"...the country of Dinlin , which was located in the Minusinsk Basin on the Yenisey river."
1019:
718:
710:
643:
639:
611:
in the west. One group, known as the West Dingling, remained in an area that would become
588:
515:
488:
388:
366:
24:
1691:
Felt Tents and Pavilions: The Nomadic Tradition and Its Interaction with Princely Tentage
2435:
729:(薪犁), were only mentioned once in Chinese records, and their exact location is unknown.
2968:
2937:
2799:
2768:
1797:
1113:
983:
915:
895:
868:
576:
465:
280:
267:
179:
142:
2430:
2355:
1971:
93:
2994:
2840:
2816:
2806:
2784:
2730:
2725:
2610:
2219:
1432:. Initially, they had been called Dili; northerners considered them to be Chile; the
1084:
1011:
995:
987:
979:
970:, the German scholar Heinrich Werner developed a new language family which he termed
815:
768:
592:
492:
473:
311:
289:
245:
190:
2112:
2040:. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. 1964. p. 10.
1436:(i.e. Chinese) considered them to be Gaoche Dingling (i.e. Dingling with High Cart)"
2947:
2845:
2492:
2482:
2233:
A Chinese bestiary: strange creatures from the guideways through mountains and seas
1955:“Section 28 – The Kingdom of Dingling (Around Lake Baikal and on the Irtish River)”
1921:
1247:
991:
935:
841:
504:
399:
2317:
2312:
A Research on Migration of Northwestern Minorities Between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang
1224:; the Shiwei sub-tribe Mengwu (蒙兀) / Mengwa (蒙瓦) were considered ancestral to the
1938:
1925:
1896:
1675:
1264:
1251:
802:. There is no specific source to tell where exactly they settled, but some claim
2911:
2794:
2720:
2715:
2487:
2470:
2387:
1445:
1283:
1217:
1193:
1108:
803:
733:
670:
659:
624:
600:
565:
419:
159:
35:
1939:
Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples
1302:
1265:
Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples
521:
Peter Golden also wrote that "Gaoche" or "high carts" may be a translation of "
2921:
2916:
2753:
2700:
2637:
2545:
2440:
2202:
2185:
2096:
1802:
in ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
1006:
Indigenous peoples of the Americas, and the Dingling of Chinese chronicles to
907:
853:
799:
795:
784:
612:
477:
353:
2211:
1612:
1554:
1337:
Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (19 November 2012).
511:(狄翟), and recorded various names like Dili (狄历), Gaoche (高車) or Chile (敕勒).
2855:
2737:
2509:
1604:
1585:
1581:
975:
857:
830:
726:
580:
481:
20:
2104:
1129:
902:
835:
2642:
2560:
1456:
1340:
The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions
1152:
861:
685:
616:
596:
340:
214:
203:
170:
2129:
The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World
2000:(Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
1562:
1538:
845:(赤勒) during the 3rd century, from which the name Chile (敕勒) originated.
2973:
2850:
2826:
2821:
2789:
2758:
2710:
2659:
2632:
2625:
2603:
2598:
2565:
2465:
2460:
2156:"Fine arts and music: The cultural links of Southern Siberia and India"
1225:
1221:
1055:
1003:
776:
753:
706:
702:
666:
604:
572:
487:
Modern archaeologists have identified the Dingling as belonging to the
430:
1718:
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set
2963:
2942:
2877:
2872:
2647:
2620:
2577:
2555:
2504:
2499:
2455:
2450:
2425:
2409:
1616:
1433:
1421:
1213:
1209:
964:
Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft (Concerning Yeniseian-
819:
791:
772:
761:
737:
722:
628:
620:
554:
331:
322:
634:
587:
Murphy (2003) proposes that the Dingling's country had been in the
553:
one group south of Majing (馬脛, literally: "Horse-Shank"), north of
2867:
2860:
2664:
2652:
2593:
2570:
2550:
2540:
1429:
1147:
1124:
1093:
780:
757:
741:
674:
665:
Other sources claim that they might have been correlated with the
655:
558:
508:
258:
236:
2811:
2535:
1715:
Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S.; Blair, Sheila (14 May 2009).
1026:, exhibiting a linguistically and culturally unified community.
694:
608:
537:
2359:
1106:
also relates that the Kyrgyz intermixed with the Dingling. The
760:
from the west, supported by the Chinese from the south and the
1539:"The "High Carts": A Turkish-Speaking People Before the Türks"
29:
1945:. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaii Press, 2006. p.140
1487:"The latter were part of the Tiĕlè union, earlier termed the
1271:. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaii Press, 2006. p.140
607:
Empire, and thus presumably related to the invaders known as
1632:
Iron Age Archaeology and Trauma from Aymyrlyg, South Siberia
1469:
Tasar, Eren; Frank, Allen J.; Eden, Jeff (11 October 2021).
732:
During the 2nd century BCE, the Dingling became subjects of
2052:
Alekseev, Valerij P.; Gochman, Il'ja I. (3 December 2018).
705:
empire and Dingling territories, at the headwaters of the
583:(薪犁), all of whom had once been conquered by the Xiongnu.
864:, a DingLing Dynasty in China in modern Henan Province.
1059:
1046:
1038:
1992:
Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003),
2956:
2930:
2899:
2892:
2777:
2746:
2693:
2686:
2586:
2518:
2418:
2402:
2395:
871:(紇骨) and Yizhan (乙旃) clans kept their high status.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2331:. Beijing: Central Nationalities University Press.
2304:, Section 15. (Draft version). Downloadable from:
2058:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 39.
894:The Dingling are considered to have been an early
464:The Dingling are considered to have been an early
1505:Cosmo, Nicola Di; Maas, Michael (26 April 2018).
1304:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
1208:Shiwei were stated in most Chinese sources (e.g.
1112:states that the Tiele had similar customs to the
468:. They were also proposed to be the ancestors of
2329:A Research on Northern Ethnic Groups and Regimes
1972:"The consonantal system of Old Chinese. Part II"
829:Some groups of Dingling settled in China during
2184:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017).
1998:Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages
1928:. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp.175-176.
1393:Hickman, Bill; Leiser, Gary (14 October 2015).
1368:Linguistic Mysteries of Ethnonyms in Inner Asia
1254:. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp.175-176.
1220:199) to be relatives to para-Mongolic-speaking
1116:but different marriage and burial traditions.
721:in later records. Further to the west near the
2020:Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft
1895:Rhyne, George N.; Adams, Bruce Friend (2007).
1318:Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft
575:and neighbouring the Qushi (屈射), Hunyun (渾窳),
564:another south of the North Sea, identified as
448:and contemporary Asian polities circa 100 BCE.
2371:
1179:
8:
2343:Excavations in Northern Mongolia (1924-1925)
1901:. Academic International Press. p. 44.
2132:. Princeton University Press. p. 421.
1511:. Cambridge University Press. p. 326.
1451:"回紇，其先匈奴也，俗多乘高輪車，元魏時亦號高車部，或曰敕勒，訛為鐵勒。" tr: "
1343:. Cambridge University Press. p. 245.
627:during the 5th century and took control of
2896:
2690:
2399:
2378:
2364:
2356:
2297:. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press, 1988.
752:The Dingling were first subjugated by the
736:along with 26 other tribes, including the
2352:. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press.
2336:New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols
2302:"The Peoples of the West" from the Weilüe
2201:
1943:Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World
1269:Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2248:The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World
2160:Eurasia and India: Regional Perspectives
1592:, draft translation by John E. Hil 2004
1279:
1277:
1054:, i.e. as manifested in the name of the
783:formed the confederacy by Xianbei chief
633:
536:
461:in the context of the 1st century BCE.
2345:. Leningrad: J. Fedorov Printing House.
1297:
1295:
1240:
1164:
974:. By extension, he groups together the
669:, a northern tribe that appears in the
1926:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
1678:, Oxford University Press, 2010, p.203
1252:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
457:were an ancient people who appear in
7:
1974:pdf, Asia Major 9; p. 226 of 206‒65.
1143:List of indigenous peoples of Russia
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2322:A History of Ethnic Groups in China
2126:Mayor, Adrienne (9 February 2016).
514:Several modern scholars, including
2245:Mairs, Rachel (29 November 2020).
2154:Dorina, M.V. (27 September 2017).
1876:Duan (1988), pp. 137-142, 152-158.
1029:The name Dingling resembles both:
906:records the Dingling word for the
549:mentioned three Dingling groups:
14:
2273:"Weilue: The Peoples of the West"
1040:Ket de?ng, Yug dyeng, Kott cheang
818:in 181 and the foundation of the
3006:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
2677:
934:), which is proposed to be from
882:Cultural and linguistic theories
141:
134:
34:
2338:. Beijing: Nationalities Press.
2314:. Beijing: Nationalities Press.
1365:Wang, Penglin (28 March 2018).
1065:son of man, child of the people
1060:
1047:
1039:
615:, while others – expelled from
45:needs additional citations for
1983:Schuessler (2014), p. 258, 273
1609:Records of the Grand Historian
1537:PULLEYBLANK, EDWIN G. (1990).
1371:. Lexington Books. p. 5.
1:
3021:History of the Turkic peoples
1121:Classic of Mountains and Seas
2022:. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2004
1656:Lu (1996), pp. 111, 135-137.
1635:. Archaeopress. p. 16.
1320:. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2004
922:< Early Middle Chinese: *
1787:Suribadalaha (1986), p. 27.
1676:Siberia: A Cultural History
1033:the Yeniseian word *dzheng
833:'s reign. According to the
3042:
2324:. Beijing: Oriental Press.
2251:. Routledge. p. 460.
2162:. Routledge. p. 106.
1970:Pulleyblank, E. G. (1962)
1688:Andrews, Peter A. (1999).
1629:Murphy, Eileen M. (2003).
1399:. Routledge. p. 149.
1045:the Na-Dene word *ling or
18:
2675:
2295:Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele
2203:10.1163/22105018-12340089
2097:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0
1885:Duan (1988), pp. 148-152.
1796:Theobald, Ulrich (2012).
1694:. Melisende. p. 89.
1180:
1175:
1127:account, recorded in the
1024:morphosyntactic alignment
958:Dené-Yeniseian hypothesis
3001:Ancient peoples of China
2341:Trever, Camilla (1932).
1856:Duan (1988) pp. 111-113.
1847:Duan (1988) pp. 101-103.
1721:. OUP USA. p. 281.
814:Between the short-lived
717:(鬲昆), also known as the
690:Spring and Autumn period
489:eastern Scythian horizon
16:Ancient Siberian culture
2348:Xue, Zongzheng (1992).
2327:Shen, Youliang (1998).
1866:Hill (2004), Section 28
1838:Duan (1988) pp. 99-100.
1751:Lu (1996), pp. 305-320.
1665:Li (2003), pp. 110-112.
910:(vulpes lagopus) as 昆子
541:Lineage of the Dingling
2300:Hill, John E. (2004).
2293:Duan, Lianqin (1988).
2055:Asien II: Sowjet-Asien
1760:Duan (1988) pp. 35-53.
1742:Xue (1992), pp. 54-60.
896:Turkic-speaking people
647:
542:
466:Turkic-speaking people
459:Chinese historiography
2334:Suribadalaha (1986).
1769:Duan (1988) pp. 8-11.
682:History of the Gaoche
637:
571:and another north of
540:
3011:Ancient Central Asia
2277:depts.washington.edu
1778:Duan (1988), pp. 1-6
1475:. BRILL. p. 5.
968:Primal Relationship)
764:from the southeast.
748:Dingling and Xiongnu
701:To the north of the
533:Origin and migration
476:, or are related to
441:class=notpageimage|
54:improve this article
23:. For the tomb, see
19:For the writer, see
1820:Shen (1998), p. 75.
1186:Eastern Han Chinese
1079:Physical appearance
950:Tungusic hypothesis
928:Eastern Han Chinese
816:Xianbei confederacy
3016:History of Siberia
2350:A History of Turks
1811:Lu (1996), p. 136.
1527:3.1 (1990) 21–26."
1016:synthetic language
673:inscriptions from
648:
543:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2888:
2887:
2673:
2672:
2310:Li, Jihe (2003).
2258:978-1-351-61028-5
2169:978-1-351-69195-6
2139:978-0-691-17027-5
2065:978-3-486-82294-6
2018:Werner, Heinrich
1937:Peter B. Golden:
1908:978-0-87569-142-8
1829:Li (2003), p. 73.
1728:978-0-19-530991-1
1701:978-1-901764-03-1
1642:978-1-84171-522-3
1518:978-1-108-54810-6
1482:978-90-04-47117-7
1406:978-1-317-61295-7
1378:978-1-4985-3528-1
1350:978-1-139-78938-7
1316:Werner, Heinrich
1263:Peter B. Golden:
890:Turkic hypothesis
794:(康居), modern day
680:According to the
652:southern Siberian
623:– settled in the
527:Edwin Pulleyblank
470:Tungusic speakers
130:
129:
122:
104:
3033:
3026:Sixteen Kingdoms
2897:
2691:
2681:
2400:
2390:peoples in China
2380:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2282:
2280:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2205:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1626:
1620:
1602:
1596:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1486:
1466:
1460:
1443:
1437:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1287:vol. 219 "Shiwei
1281:
1272:
1261:
1255:
1245:
1229:
1206:
1200:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1099:New Book of Tang
1063:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1041:
876:Uyghur Khaganate
850:Sixteen Kingdoms
824:northern Xiongnu
771:, on his way to
640:eastern Scythian
472:among the later
435:
433:
426:
424:
415:
413:
404:
402:
395:
393:
384:
382:
373:
371:
362:
360:
349:
347:
336:
334:
327:
325:
318:
316:
307:
305:
298:
296:
285:
283:
276:
274:
263:
261:
254:
252:
241:
239:
232:
230:
221:
219:
210:
208:
199:
197:
186:
184:
175:
173:
166:
164:
155:
153:
146:
145:
138:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2980:
2952:
2926:
2884:
2773:
2742:
2682:
2669:
2582:
2514:
2414:
2391:
2386:Historical non-
2384:
2290:
2288:Further reading
2285:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1674:A. J. Haywood,
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1603:
1599:
1575:
1571:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1483:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1444:
1440:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1315:
1311:
1301:Xu Elina-Qian,
1300:
1293:
1282:
1275:
1262:
1258:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1207:
1203:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1139:
1081:
960:
952:
892:
884:
812:
750:
719:Yenisei Kirghiz
711:Tannu Uriankhai
589:Minusinsk Basin
535:
516:Peter B. Golden
501:
451:
450:
449:
443:
437:
436:
431:
429:
427:
422:
420:
418:
416:
411:
409:
407:
405:
400:
398:
396:
391:
389:
387:
385:
380:
378:
376:
374:
369:
367:
365:
363:
354:
352:
350:
341:
339:
337:
332:
330:
328:
323:
321:
319:
312:
310:
308:
303:
301:
299:
293:
290:
288:
286:
281:
279:
277:
268:
266:
264:
259:
257:
255:
246:
244:
242:
237:
235:
233:
226:
224:
222:
215:
213:
211:
204:
202:
200:
191:
189:
187:
180:
178:
176:
171:
169:
167:
162:
160:
158:
156:
151:
149:
147:
140:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
25:Dingling (Ming)
17:
12:
11:
5:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Khalkha Mongol
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2315:
2308:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2264:
2257:
2237:
2225:
2196:(2): 197–239.
2176:
2168:
2146:
2138:
2118:
2091:(3): 395–410.
2084:Human Genetics
2072:
2064:
2044:
2027:
2011:
2002:
1985:
1976:
1963:
1947:
1930:
1914:
1907:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1707:
1700:
1680:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1641:
1621:
1597:
1590:vol. 30 Xirong
1569:
1529:
1517:
1497:
1481:
1461:
1438:
1426:Vol 103 Gaoche
1413:
1405:
1385:
1377:
1357:
1349:
1329:
1309:
1291:
1273:
1256:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1201:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1080:
1077:
1073:Dené–Yeniseian
1069:
1068:
1043:
1008:Proto-Dingling
972:Baikal–Siberic
959:
956:
951:
948:
924:kwən-tsɨ’/tsi’
916:Middle Chinese
891:
888:
883:
880:
811:
808:
749:
746:
601:northern China
585:
584:
569:
562:
557:, and west of
534:
531:
500:
497:
439:
438:
428:
417:
406:
397:
386:
375:
364:
351:
338:
329:
320:
309:
300:
287:
278:
265:
256:
243:
234:
223:
212:
201:
188:
177:
168:
157:
148:
139:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3038:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Khamag Mongol
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1085:Tagar culture
1078:
1076:
1074:
1071:Although the
1066:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:polysynthetic
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
967:
957:
955:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:
899:
897:
889:
887:
881:
879:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Zhizhi Chanyu
765:
763:
759:
755:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
696:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
645:
641:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Yenisey river
590:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
551:
550:
548:
539:
532:
530:
528:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
506:
498:
496:
494:
493:Tagar culture
491:, namely the
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:Shiwei people
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
447:
442:
434:
425:
414:
403:
394:
383:
372:
361:
359:
358:
348:
346:
345:
335:
326:
317:
315:
306:
297:
295:
284:
275:
273:
272:
262:
253:
251:
250:
240:
231:
229:
220:
218:
209:
207:
198:
196:
195:
185:
183:
174:
165:
154:
144:
137:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2893:Early Modern
2615:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2294:
2276:
2267:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2159:
2149:
2128:
2121:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2054:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2019:
2014:
2005:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1966:
1950:
1942:
1933:
1922:Hyun Jin Kim
1917:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1717:
1710:
1690:
1683:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1631:
1624:
1619:as capable."
1607:
1600:
1580:, quoted in
1577:
1572:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1524:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1471:
1464:
1441:
1420:
1416:
1395:
1388:
1367:
1360:
1339:
1332:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1268:
1259:
1248:Hyun Jin Kim
1243:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1167:
1128:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1070:
1064:
1051:
1034:
1028:
1007:
971:
963:
961:
953:
943:
939:
936:Proto-Turkic
931:
923:
919:
911:
901:
900:
893:
885:
873:
866:
847:
840:
834:
828:
813:
810:Assimilation
806:(宰桑 or 斋桑).
789:
766:
751:
731:
714:
713:, lived the
700:
693:
681:
679:
664:
658:region from
649:
586:
546:
544:
522:
520:
513:
502:
486:
463:
454:
452:
445:
356:
355:
343:
342:
313:
291:
270:
269:
248:
247:
227:
216:
205:
193:
192:
181:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1446:Xin Tangshu
1434:various Xia
1284:Xin Tangshu
1218:Jiu Tangshu
1194:Old Chinese
1184:(200 BCE);
1178:(174 BCE);
1109:Book of Sui
848:During the
804:Lake Zaysan
734:Modu Chanyu
671:oracle bone
660:Lake Baikal
625:Tarim Basin
566:Lake Baikal
2995:Categories
2754:Karakhanid
2318:Lu, Simian
2190:Inner Asia
1594:Section 28
1543:Asia Major
1525:Asia Major
1236:References
1058:(properly
908:arctic fox
854:Former Qin
800:Uzbekistan
796:Kazakhstan
785:Tanshihuai
642:cart from
613:Kazakhstan
579:(隔昆), and
484:speakers.
357:Sarmatians
80:newspapers
69:"Dingling"
2856:Xueyantuo
2764:Khotanese
2546:Tocharian
2220:165623743
2212:1464-8172
1994:“*KArsak”
1958:note 28.3
1605:Sima Qian
1586:Sanguozhi
1582:Chen Shou
1576:Yu Huan,
1555:0004-4482
1549:(1): 22.
1449:vol. 217a
1061:hling-git
978:peoples (
976:Yeniseian
920:kuən-t͡sɨ
862:Wei state
858:Zhai Liao
831:Wang Mang
654:mountain
525:et al.".
499:Etymology
482:Yeniseian
344:Dinglings
21:Ding Ling
2931:Northern
2900:Southern
2778:Northern
2694:Southern
2687:Medieval
2643:Shanrong
2616:Dingling
2587:Northern
2561:Quanrong
2446:Lạc Việt
2419:Southern
2320:(1996).
2113:21347353
2105:19449030
2024:abstract
1613:Vol. 110
1563:41645442
1457:Yuan Wei
1322:abstract
1153:Zhai Wei
1137:See also
1114:Göktürks
1104:New Book
1022:form of
1018:with an
1000:Pumpokol
932:kûn-tsəʔ
686:Wei Shou
617:Mongolia
597:Mongolia
523:Dingling
455:Dingling
446:Dingling
390:PARTHIAN
249:Tesinsky
110:May 2010
2974:Khoshut
2969:Dzungar
2957:Western
2822:Khereid
2800:Jurchen
2790:Kumo Xi
2769:Tibetan
2747:Western
2711:Cuanman
2660:Xianyun
2633:Guifang
2626:Xianbei
2604:Xiongnu
2599:Chunwei
2566:Xianyun
2519:Western
2466:Yangyue
2461:Shanyue
2441:Dong'ou
2436:Âu Việt
2403:Eastern
2396:Ancient
1453:Uyghurs
1226:Mongols
1222:Khitans
1198:têŋ-rêŋ
1190:teŋ-leŋ
1172:Chinese
1056:Tlingit
1004:Na-Dene
1002:), the
918:(ZS): *
777:Xianbei
754:Xiongnu
709:around
707:Yenisei
703:Xiongnu
667:Guifang
644:Pazyryk
619:by the
605:Xiongnu
591:on the
573:Xiongnu
505:'Tiele'
478:Na-Dené
432:XIONGNU
423:DYNASTY
410:SATAVA-
294:culture
206:SABEANS
94:scholar
2964:Oirats
2943:Manchu
2878:Shatuo
2873:Yueban
2851:Uyghur
2841:Tangut
2827:Naiman
2807:Shiwei
2785:Khitan
2759:Karluk
2731:Zhuang
2726:Bouyei
2648:Sushen
2621:Wuhuan
2611:Donghu
2578:Yuezhi
2556:Xirong
2505:Yelang
2500:Nanman
2456:Nanyue
2451:Minyue
2431:Âu Lạc
2426:Baiyue
2410:Dongyi
2255:
2218:
2210:
2166:
2136:
2111:
2103:
2062:
1905:
1725:
1698:
1639:
1617:chanyu
1578:Weilüe
1561:
1553:
1515:
1493:tegreg
1489:Gāochē
1479:
1422:Weishu
1403:
1375:
1347:
1214:Suishu
1210:Weishu
1174::
1130:Weilüe
1102:. The
1052:people
1048:*hling
1035:people
1020:active
998:, and
966:Indian
944:karsak
940:qïrsaq
903:Weilüe
836:Weilüe
820:Rouran
792:Kangju
773:Kangju
762:Wuhuan
738:Yuezhi
723:Irtysh
692:. The
629:Turpan
621:Rouran
555:Kangju
547:Weilüe
401:SUNGAS
392:EMPIRE
379:PTOLE-
368:SELEU-
333:KANGJU
324:YUEZHI
314:DONGHU
282:LOULAN
271:Khotan
182:Sargat
163:GREEKS
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2948:Nivkh
2868:Tujue
2861:Yugur
2846:Tiele
2832:Tatar
2665:Xunyu
2653:Yilou
2594:Beidi
2571:Xunyu
2551:Wusun
2541:Sumpa
2531:Qiang
2493:Hmong
2216:S2CID
2109:S2CID
1996:, in
1961:2004)
1559:JSTOR
1326:p. 25
1212:100,
1192:<
1159:Notes
1148:Xunyu
1125:Wusun
1094:Alans
1037:>
984:Assan
926:<
912:kūnzǐ
842:Chile
781:Tuoba
758:Wusun
742:Wusun
727:Xinli
715:Gekun
675:Yinxu
656:taiga
581:Xinli
577:Gekun
559:Wusun
412:HANAS
292:Ordos
260:WUSUN
238:KUCHA
228:AKSUM
217:MEROË
194:Shule
172:SAKAS
161:INDO-
101:JSTOR
87:books
2912:Shan
2812:Zubu
2795:Mohe
2536:Saka
2488:Miao
2483:Dian
2253:ISBN
2208:ISSN
2164:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2101:PMID
2060:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1799:Di 狄
1723:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1551:ISSN
1513:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1216:84,
1119:The
996:Kott
988:Yugh
980:Arin
869:Hegu
798:and
740:and
695:Mozi
609:Huns
599:and
545:The
480:and
453:The
444:The
381:MIES
370:CIDS
152:-100
73:news
2922:Yao
2917:She
2721:Rau
2701:Bai
2638:Jie
2471:Yue
2388:Han
2198:doi
2093:doi
2089:126
1941:in
1267:in
1196:: *
1188:: *
1014:or
992:Ket
962:In
942:~ *
930:: *
898:.
684:of
638:An
421:HAN
304:JIN
56:by
2997::
2907:Bo
2738:Yi
2716:Li
2706:Bo
2526:Di
2510:Yi
2478:Bo
2275:.
2214:.
2206:.
2194:19
2192:.
2188:.
2158:.
2107:.
2099:.
2087:.
1924::
1588:,
1584:,
1557:.
1545:.
1541:.
1430:Di
1324:.
1294:^
1276:^
1250::
1181:丁靈
1176:丁零
1067:).
994:,
990:,
986:,
982:,
946:.
878:.
744:.
677:.
631:.
509:Di
495:.
2379:e
2372:t
2365:v
2307:.
2279:.
2261:.
2222:.
2200::
2172:.
2142:.
2115:.
2095::
2068:.
1911:.
1731:.
1704:.
1645:.
1565:.
1547:3
1521:.
1485:.
1409:.
1381:.
1353:.
1228:.
938:*
914:(
568:;
561:;
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
