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626:(Office of the Historian, 2000). This meeting resulted in a series of decisions, but a specifically important decision made resulted in forced repatriation, where displaced persons were forced back to their countries of origin, and this use of force resulted in acts of antisemitic violence against the survivors of the war. Studies conducted years after the closure of these camps found that forced displacement has a direct link to “elevated risk for PTSD and somatoform symptoms and lowered health related quality of life” (Freitag et al., 2012). To overcome the disastrous nature of the Yalta Conference, Displaced Persons Camps were established, and quickly it was understood that the conditions in these camps were a result of the improvised manner of their establishment. Commissioned by the US government,
989:
immigrants that entered the United States were displaced persons. In order to qualify for
American visas, only those that were in internment camps by the end of 1945 were eligible. The displaced persons that were trying to come to America had to have a sponsor and a place to live before their arrival, a guarantee that they would not displace American workers and, even more preferable, was that they had a relative that is an American citizen. Voluntary social service agencies, created by religious and ethnic groups, helped the refugees settle into American life. Of the DPs the US admitted from eastern Europe between 1941 and 1957, 137,450 were
684:
278:
133:
36:
832:. There were also cases of kidnapping and coercion to return these refugees. Many avoided such repatriation by misrepresenting their origins, fleeing, or simply resisting. Rejecting claimed Soviet sovereignty over the Baltic states, allied officials also refused to repatriate Lithuanian, Estonian, and Latvian refugees against their will.
635:
others who had collaborated with the Nazis in the murder of Jews (Yad Vashem, 2020). The information detailed in this report resulted in
President Truman appointing military advisors to oversee the camps and restore humanity and sanitation to them as well. Food rations were increased, and conditions soon improved.
402:
Displaced persons began to appear in substantial numbers in the spring of 1945. Allied forces took them into their care by improvising shelter wherever it could be found. Accommodation primarily included former military barracks, but also included summer camps for children, airports, hotels, castles,
393:
in
Germany.) British authorities made June 30, 1946 the cutoff for accepting further displaced persons in their sector of occupation, and the American sector set it at August 1, with the exception of those persecuted for race or religion, or who entered the zone in "an organized manner." The American
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documents crowded living spaces, a lack of necessary medical supplies, “pathetic malnutrition” of concentration camp prisoners, and a general lack of proper care for displaced persons (Berger, 2008). Another revelation to come from this report was that Jewish refugees were forced to intermingle with
421:
A number of DP camps became more or less permanent homes for these individuals. Conditions were varied and sometimes harsh. Rations were restricted, and curfews were frequently imposed. Camps were shut down as refugees found new homes and there was continuous consolidation of remaining refugees into
996:
By 1953, over 250,000 refugees were still in Europe, most of them old, infirm, crippled, or otherwise disabled. Some
European countries accepted these refugees on a humanitarian basis. Norway accepted 200 refugees who were blind or had tuberculosis, and Sweden also accepted a limited number. In the
853:
Jewish
Holocaust survivors typically could not return to their former homes because these no longer existed or had been expropriated by former neighbors; the few Eastern European Jews who returned often experienced renewed antisemitism. In 1945, most Jewish Holocaust survivors had little choice but
336:
In addition, displaced persons came from every country that had been invaded or occupied by German forces. Although the situation of many of the DPs could be resolved by simply moving them to their original homes, this could not be done, for example, where borders changed to place the location in a
823:
required in principle that all citizens of the allied powers be repatriated to their home country. The Soviet Union insisted that refugees in the
American, British, and French sectors who were or at some point had been Soviet citizens be sent back to the Soviet Union. Many refugees resisted this,
988:
on June 25, 1948. It allowed 200,000 displaced persons to enter the country within the next two years. However, they exceeded the quota by extending the act for another two years, which doubled the admission of refugees into the United States to 415,000. From 1949 to 1952, about half the 900,000
621:
The Allies were faced with the repatriation of displaced persons. The initial expectation of the Allies was that the prisoners of concentration camps would simply be sent back to their countries of origin, but in the aftermath of the war, this soon became impossible (Berger, 2008). In
February
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Those who were easily classified and were willing to be repatriated were rapidly sent back to their country of origin. By the end of 1945, over six million refugees had been repatriated by the military forces and UNRRA. (The term displaced persons does not typically refer to the several million
983:
After World War II ended in 1945, there were 7 to 11 million displaced people, or refugees, still living in
Germany, Austria and Italy. To have some of these refugees come to the United States, Truman asked Congress to enact legislation. Truman’s administration, along with a lobbying group for
380:
Initially, military missions of the various Allied nations attached to the
British, French and U.S. army commands assisted in the sorting and classifying the DPs of their own nationality. For example, during 1945 and 1946 there were several dozen Polish liaison officers attached to individual
1803:
870:
Once it became obvious that repatriation plans left many DPs who needed new homes, it took time for countries to commit to accepting refugees. Existing refugee quotas were completely inadequate, and by the fall of 1946, it was not clear whether the remaining DPs would ever find a home.
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Belgium was the first country to adopt a large-scale immigration program when it called for 20,000 coal mine workers from the DP ranks, bringing in a total of 22,000 DPs near the end of 1947. The program met with some controversy, as critics viewed it as a cynical ploy to get cheap
403:
hospitals, private homes, and even partly destroyed structures. Although there were continuous efforts to sort and consolidate populations, there were hundreds of DP facilities in
Germany, Austria, Italy, and other European countries by the end of 1945. One camp was even set up in
622:
1945, near the end of the war, the heads of the Allied powers, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin convened to decide matters relating to rebuilding Europe after the war, a meeting now referred to as the
979:, and others. Meeting considerable opposition in the United States Congress with a bias against Central and Eastern European intellectuals and Jews, The American program was the most idealistic and expansive of the Allied programs but also the most notoriously bureaucratic.
376:
Nearly all of the displaced persons were malnourished, a great number were ill, and some were dying. Shelter was often improvised, and there were many instances of military personnel sharing from their own supplies of food, medicine, clothing, etc. to help the refugees.
385:(UNRRA), which had already been running many of the camps, took responsibility for the administration of displaced persons in Europe, though military authorities continued to play a role for several years to come, in providing transportation, supplies and security.
827:
American, British, and French military officials, as well as UNRRA officials, reluctantly complied with this directive, and a number of Soviet citizens were repatriated. Many of these met with the hardship they feared, including death and confinement in the
861:
Many Hungarians in Austria, fearing communist repression or war crimes charges, were reluctant to be repatriated. Relief workers were resistant to pressuring the Hungarians, and invoked recent UN and government statements against forced repatriation.
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was established in 1948, as many as 50,000 refugees had entered the country legally or illegally. Completely opening its doors to all Jewish refugees regardless of age, work ability, health, etc., Israel accepted more than 652,000 refugees by
579:
Displaced persons were anxious to be reunited with families they had been separated from in the course of the war. Improvised efforts to identify survivors became formalized through the UNRRA's Central Tracking Bureau and facilities of the
904:
Australia had initially launched an immigration program targeting refugees of British stock, but expanded this in late 1947 to include other refugees. Australia accepted a total of 182,159 refugees, principally of Polish and Baltic
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a day. Sanitary conditions had been improvised at best, and there had been minimal medical care. As a result, they suffered from malnutrition, a variety of diseases, and were often unclean, lice-ridden, and prone to illness.
320:
As the war ended, these people found themselves facing an uncertain future. Allied military and civilian authorities faced considerable challenges resettling them. Since the reasons for displacement varied considerably, the
53:
1019:. It provides detailed information about the history of the camp, including interviews with contemporary witnesses. The association that runs the museum offers guided tours of the museum and the former camp in English.
2564:
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and then implemented a bulk-labor program to accept qualified labor and a close-relatives plan, that ultimately took the form of a sponsorship plan. By the end of 1951, Canada had accepted 157,687 refugees.
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Norway accepted about 492 Jewish refugees, largely based on their ability to perform manual labor. These were scattered throughout the country, and most left as soon as they could, primarily to Israel.
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345:
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891:
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Displaced persons often moved from camp to camp, looking for family, countrymen, or better food and accommodation. Over time, ethnic and religious groups concentrated in certain camps.
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266:
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In addition, most of the refugees suffered from psychological difficulties. They were often distrustful and apprehensive around authorities, and many were depressed and traumatized.
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armies. In portions of Eastern Europe, both civilians and military personnel fled their home countries in fear of advancing Soviet armies, who were preceded by widespread reports of
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254:
100:
72:
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sector ceased receiving new arrivals on April 21, 1947. An unknown number of displaced persons rejected by authorities were left to find their own means of survival.
390:
297:
uprooted millions of people from their homes over the course of World War II. Between 40 million and 60 million people were displaced. A large number were inmates of
322:
1415:
New York Times, 30 Sept. 1945, "President Orders Eisenhower to End New Abuse of Jews, He Acts on Harrison Report, Which Likens Our Treatment to That of the Nazis,"
1126:
Edward Holland and Elvira Churyumova, "Memory and Experience among Kalmyk Refugees, 1926-1951," paper presentation, 2019 ASN World Convention, Columbia University.
79:
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new country. Additionally, many could not return home for fear of political persecution or retribution for perceived (or actual) collaboration with Axis powers.
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as part of various labor import programs, the largest being "Operation Westward Ho". These came in addition to 115,000 Polish army veterans who had joined the
639:
86:
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refugees, Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons, favored allowing European refugees from World War II to enter the United States. Truman signed the first
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Camp residents quickly set up churches, synagogues, newspapers, sports events, schools, and even universities. Among these were the Technical University in
740:
Over one million refugees could not be repatriated to their original countries and were left homeless as a result of fear of persecution. These included:
847:
357:
The original plan for those displaced as a result of World War II was to repatriate them to their countries of origin as quickly as possible. Throughout
68:
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to stay in the DP camps; most Jews who wanted to could not leave Europe because Britain had severely limited legal Jewish immigration to Palestine and
1887:
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was strongly curtailed. Jewish refugees hoping to reach other countries, including the United States, were also met with restrictions and quotas.
1235:
874:
Between 1947 and 1953, the vast majority of the "non-repatriables" would find new homes around the world, particularly among these countries:
607:
1296:
1168:
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Many Poles, who later agreed to be repatriated, did in fact suffer arrest and some were executed, particularly those that had served in the
2250:
1633:
Topical Autobiographies of Displaced People Recorded Verbatim in Displaced Persons Camps, with a Psychological and Anthropological Analysis
325:
classified individuals into a number of categories: evacuees, war or political refugees, political prisoners, forced or voluntary workers,
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Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians and some Czechs - who feared persecution by the communist regimes installed in their home countries by the
705:
245:
At the end of the Second World War, at least 40 million people had been displaced from their home countries, with about eleven million in
1089:
93:
1783:
1033:
1680:
Jaroszynska-Kirchmann, Anna D. 2002. "Patriotism, Responsibility, and the Cold War: Polish Schools in DP Camps in Germany, 1945-1951".
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A number of charitable organizations provided significant humanitarian relief and services among displaced persons - these include the
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643:
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The immediate concern was to provide shelter, nutrition and basic health care. Most DPs had subsisted on diets of far less than 1,500
370:
246:
1729:
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727:
119:
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249:. Among those, there were around 1.5 million people who refused to return to their countries of origin. These included former
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57:
1778:
1336:
ISBN O-8014-8542-8 "Dps: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945-1951" by Mark Wyman ; reprinted 1998 Cornell University Press
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Many displaced persons had experienced trauma, and many had serious health conditions as a result of what they had endured.
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1849:
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183:
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Ethnic or religious groups that were likely to be persecuted in their countries of origin. These included many Jews (see
667:
2518:
1473:"Humanitarian Sentiment and Forced Repatriation: The Administration of Hungarians in a Post-War Displaced Persons Camp"
1880:
1038:
179:
698:
692:
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Among the Survivors of the Holocaust, 1945 The Landsberg DP Camp Letters of Major Irving Heymont, United States Army
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end most of them were accepted by Germany and Austria for their care and ultimately full resettlement as citizens.
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The United States was late to accept displaced persons, which led to considerable activism for a change in policy.
883:
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workers, former forces under German command, deportees, intruded persons, extruded persons, civilian internees, ex-
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46:
1926:
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887:
651:
709:
1239:
758:
663:
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167:
1838:
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Robert L. Hilliard, "Surviving the Americans: The Continued Struggle of the Jews After Liberation" (New York:
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2151:
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DP Camp - Rehabilitation for Emigration. Area Vocational Training School. Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany 1948
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1092:
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584:. The organization collected over one million names in the course of the DP era and eventually became the
418:
The UNRRA moved quickly to field teams to take over administration of the camps from the military forces.
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1670:. Monographs of the American Jewish Archives, no. 10. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Jewish Archives, 1982.
985:
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in horrific conditions, with insufficient food and inmates living under armed guard, as revealed in the
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350:
262:
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1951:
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976:
655:
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1996:
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whose homelands had been invaded by the Soviet Union (1940) and remained occupied after the war.
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1186:"Significant Refugee Crises Since World War II and the Response of the International Community"
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1976:
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Jayne Persian, Beautiful Balts: From Displaced Persons to New Australians, (NewSouth, 2017).
1480:
948:
898:
820:
627:
623:
290:
171:
1854:
1843:
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Nation in Exile Information Materials About Latvian DPs and Their Life in DP Camp Memmingen
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1971:
1966:
952:
843:
798:
631:
412:
330:
250:
2340:
1057:, depicts the life of displaced persons in Central and Eastern Europe after World War II.
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2016:
1654:
Sadja Grand Letters and Other Materials Relating to Jewish Displaced Persons in Austria
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160:
17:
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1941:
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forces tended to the immediate needs of the refugees located within their particular
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A Right to Flee: Refugees, States, and the Construction of International Cooperation
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1961:
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Displaced Persons in post-war Germany: parallel societies in a hostile environment
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ethnic Germans in Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands etc.) who were
186:, some 850,000 people lived in displaced persons camps across Europe, among them
2164:
2136:
2071:
1956:
754:
239:
211:
164:
132:
35:
1754:
Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries
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2011:
2001:
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Similarly, many refugees who were repatriated to Yugoslavia were subjected to
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231:
227:
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Ukrainian DP Camp, POW Camp, Government in Exile, and National Council Issues
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http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/464-displaced-persons-act-of-1948.html
1821:
Guide to the Records of the Displaced Persons Camps and Centers in Austria
1809:
Guide to the Records of the Displaced Persons Camps and Centers in Germany
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1141:
The State of The World's Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action
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2305:
2209:
2081:
2046:
2041:
2021:
2006:
1991:
1986:
1946:
1591:
1484:
1236:"The Last Million: Eastern European Displaced Persons in Postwar Germany"
1090:Наталля Гардзіенка. Беларускія перамешчаныя асобы (DP) у Вялікай Брытаніі
815:, individuals who simply wanted to avoid living under a communist regime.
812:
794:
569:
294:
223:
207:
175:
1815:
Guide to the Records of the Displaced Persons Camps and Centers in Italy
1504:
2538:
2503:
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2350:
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2275:
2179:
2174:
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1981:
1936:
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fearing that their fleeing Soviet rule had condemned them as traitors.
772:
362:
358:
235:
152:
148:
1827:
Guide to the Displaced Persons Camps and Centers Photograph Collection
1649:. Washington, D.C.: Ukrainian Philatelic and Numismatic Society, 2003.
1212:"Migrants, refugees, history and precedents | Forced Migration Review"
618:. German universities were required to accept a quota of DP students.
2438:
2380:
2375:
2320:
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2270:
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2245:
2214:
2101:
1931:
1472:
1160:
Reporting on Migrants and Refugees: Handbook for Journalism Educators
1007:
924:
909:
786:
780:
199:
1401:. As cited in United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Resources,"
1835:(RG 294.6), at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY
1829:(RG 294.5), at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY
1823:(RG 294.4), at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY
1817:(RG 294.3), at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY
1811:(RG 294.2), at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, NY
1623:, in: Journal of Contemporary History 49/1 (2014), p. 92-114.
353:, Berlin DP Camps Central Committee president, is second from right
2543:
2463:
2400:
2290:
1833:
Guide to the Displaced Persons Camps and Centers Poster Collection
1794:
German language article in shoa.de on displaced persons in Germany
829:
552:
425:
By 1952, all but two DP camps were closed. The last two DP camps,
344:
276:
156:
131:
1661:
Glimpses of Soviet Jewry 1,000 Letters from the USSR and DP Camps
2493:
2355:
1753:
1642:. Kiev: Pub. House of the Political Literature of Ukraine, 1985.
938:
790:
558:
430:
219:
1869:
1071:
Internment of refugees in the Soviet Union during World War II
677:
265:” (DPs) and assigned the responsibility for their care to the
29:
797:
who feared persecution by the communist government set up by
1748:
1592:"A place of remembrance, encounter and learning - BADEHAUS"
1768:
1743:
1709:
Beautiful Balts: From Displaced Persons to New Australians
1758:
1264:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
170:. A "displaced persons camp" is a temporary facility for
2565:
Displaced persons camps in the aftermath of World War II
1571:"United States Policy Toward Jewish Refugees, 1941-1952"
941:
extended an invitation to ten unmarried medical doctors.
608:
Ukrainian Technical-Agricultural Institute of Prodebrady
1716:
Aspects of the Holocaust From the Shtetl to the DP Camp
1689:
Many Among Dp's in European Camps Are Collaborationists
383:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
267:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
1845:
Landsberger lager-cajtung (Landsberg am Lech, Germany)
1704:. Hamburg: Published by UNRRA Team 295, B.A.O.R, 1946.
1446:(1st ed.). Publications International. pp.
1288:
Refugees in Europe, 1919–1959: A Forty Years' Crisis?
890:
and 12,000 former members of the Waffen SS Ukrainian
69:"Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe"
27:
Temporary refugee camps in Germany, Austria and Italy
2570:
Humanitarian crises in the aftermath of World War II
2481:
2429:
2236:
2227:
2150:
1912:
1903:
1897:
Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe
897:Canada first accepted a number of refugees through
765:etc.) that had been recently incorporated into the
145:
Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1687:Klein, Arthur G., and Abraham Gordon Duker. 1949.
1404:Life Reborn: Jewish Displaced Persons, 1945-1951
341:Establishing a system for resolving displacement
1700:Narkeliūnaitė, Salomėja, and J. Steponavičius.
381:occupation army units. On October 1, 1945, the
323:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
1375:"Thirteen is My Lucky Number" Chapters 7 and 8
630:documented the conditions of these camps. The
1881:
1784:Yad Vashem lexical entry on displaced persons
1779:Life Reborn: Jewish Displaced Persons Project
1759:Links to national archives regarding DP Camps
8:
1732:, 2004. Pub. Schocken Books Inc., NY. 240 p.
1663:. New York: American Jewish Committee, 1948.
1314:"The Question of Refugees: Past and Present"
1144:. Oxford University Press. 2000. p. 13.
640:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
407:in Mexico. Many American-run DP camps kept
2233:
1909:
1888:
1874:
1866:
1799:Lightning and Ashes, blog about Polish DPs
1291:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 147, 153.
1285:Frank, Matthew; Reinisch, Jessica (2017).
882:The United Kingdom accepted 86,000 DPs as
261:. The Allies categorized the refugees as “
1113:DPs Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945-1951
916:France accepted 38,157 displaced persons.
728:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1789:Simon Wiesenthal Center on the Aftermath
1638:Chubenko, Vladyslav, and I︠A︡ Tumarkin.
1505:"Michigan Family History Network report"
691:This section includes a list of general
438:
1082:
961:Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons
757:, in particular those from provinces (
373:and set in motion repatriation plans.
1718:. Bayside, NY: QCC Art Gallery, 1987.
1190:Michigan Journal of International Law
281:Class portrait of school children at
7:
1205:
1203:
1163:. France: UNESCO. 2021. p. 21.
1153:
1151:
1134:
1132:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1034:Scouting in displaced persons camps
963:that attracted dignitaries such as
953:reported on conditions in the camps
668:Ukrainian American Relief Committee
259:Jewish concentration-camp survivors
1724:"The Choice – Poland, 1939–1945."
697:it lacks sufficient corresponding
644:American Friends Service Committee
317:, pillaging, looting, and murder.
163:and for the former inmates of the
25:
1859:is a digitized periodical at the
1848:is a digitized periodical at the
1773:United States Holocaust Museum -
1764:Jewish Virtual Library topic page
1440:"1945: Liberation and Rebuilding"
533:Frankfurt, Germany, American Zone
1557:Immigration to the United States
1539:Immigration to the United States
682:
674:The difficulties of repatriation
365:, American, French, British, or
34:
1856:Fraye vorṭ (Feldafing, Germany)
1553:"Displaced Persons Act of 1948"
1535:"Displaced Persons Act of 1948"
1053:, an autobiographical story by
45:needs additional citations for
549:The needs of displaced persons
159:, primarily for refugees from
1:
1861:Leo Baeck Institute, New York
1850:Leo Baeck Institute, New York
1438:Harran, Marilyn, ed. (2000).
819:The agreement reached at the
586:International Tracing Service
184:end of World War II in Europe
1097:Belarusian Historical Review
180:internally displaced persons
1039:Internally displaced person
1005:The building of the former
937:accepted 1,500 immigrants;
808:, annexed by Poland (1945).
2586:
1477:Journal of Refugee Studies
1398:Report of Earl G. Harrison
884:European Voluntary Workers
257:, and both non-Jewish and
1711:. Sydney: NewSouth, 2017.
1702:DP Baltic camp at Seedorf
1350:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
1001:Reappraisal of DP history
957:President Harry S. Truman
888:Polish Resettlement Corps
652:Lutheran World Federation
604:Free Ukrainian University
529:
512:
495:
478:
461:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:Displaced Persons Camps
349:A DP Camp football team;
333:, and stateless persons.
1749:Russian DP and DEF Camps
1240:The National WWII Museum
1109:DP Camps in Europe Intro
664:Polish American Congress
557:Jewish DPs at a camp in
391:expelled and repatriated
299:Nazi concentration camps
1691:. Congressional Record.
1596:Erinnerungsort BADEHAUS
1444:The Holocaust Chronicle
1352:, Penguin Books, 2002,
1312:Gatrell, Peter (2017).
1066:Erinnerungsort Badehaus
1017:Erinnerungsort Badehaus
712:more precise citations.
582:International Red Cross
309:that were freed by the
255:released slave laborers
247:Allied-occupied Germany
1260:Orchard, Phil (2014).
1184:Carlin, James (1982).
1015:now houses the museum
648:Friends Relief Service
562:
499:Berchtesgaden, Germany
371:Allied Occupation Zone
354:
286:
182:. Two years after the
141:
18:Displaced Persons camp
1619:Antons, Jan-Hinnerk.
1387:- p.47 and subsequent
1210:Bundy, Colin (2016).
986:Displaced Persons Act
951:, who had previously
923:accepted 17,000 DPs;
556:
482:Germany, British zone
348:
307:prisoner-of-war camps
280:
135:
2534:Santa Maria di Bagni
2529:Santa Maria di Leuca
2092:München Neu Freimann
1769:ORT and the DP Camps
1714:Shulman, William L.
1640:The Man from DP Camp
1471:Kelly, Luke (2016).
1093:Natallia Hardzijenka
811:In a portent of the
614:and the short-lived
147:were established in
54:improve this article
2200:Rothschild Hospital
2037:Frankfurt-Zeilsheim
1426:Seven Stories Press
1061:Hirsch Schwartzberg
866:Resettlement of DPs
856:illegal immigration
850:against the Nazis.
846:of 1944, or in the
806:Free City of Danzig
658:, several national
441:
429:closed in 1957 and
409:Holocaust survivors
351:Hirsch Schwartzberg
289:Combat operations,
285:DP camp, about 1946
168:concentration camps
1659:Gurland, A. R. L.
1635:. Chicago: , 1950.
1629:Boder, David Pablo
1485:10.1093/jrs/few009
977:A. Philip Randolph
919:In Latin America,
892:Halychyna Division
837:summary executions
656:Catholic Charities
563:
542:November 15, 1948
439:
355:
293:, and the fear of
287:
142:
140:DP camp in Bavaria
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2002:Berlin-Mariendorf
1697:. S.l: s.n, 1948.
1682:The Polish Review
1666:Heymont, Irving.
1298:978-1-4742-9573-4
1170:978-92-3-100456-8
965:Eleanor Roosevelt
899:Orders in Council
848:Polish Resistance
747:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
738:
737:
730:
612:Baltic University
546:
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327:Organisation Todt
263:displaced persons
172:displaced persons
130:
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16:(Redirected from
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2195:Ried im Innkreis
2190:Linz-Bindermichl
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1707:Persian, Jayne.
1684:. 47, no. 1: 35.
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821:Yalta Conference
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708:this section by
699:inline citations
686:
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628:Earl G. Harrison
624:Yalta Conference
616:UNRRA University
454:Resident Groups
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291:ethnic cleansing
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1972:Bad Reichenhall
1967:Bad Mergentheim
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1777:and exhibition
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1645:Fessak, Borys.
1615:
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750:), and others.
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632:Harrison Report
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43:This article
41:
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32:
31:
19:
2494:Bari Transit
2341:Hann. Münden
2296:Emslandlager
2266:Braunschweig
2230:British zone
2228:Sites in the
2117:Schauenstein
1962:Bad Hersfeld
1904:Sites in the
1855:
1844:
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1708:
1701:
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1599:. Retrieved
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1575:. Retrieved
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1509:. Retrieved
1499:
1488:. Retrieved
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1321:. Retrieved
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1243:. Retrieved
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1219:. Retrieved
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1029:Refugee camp
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927:29,000; and
908:By the time
873:
869:
860:
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834:
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804:Citizens of
767:Soviet Union
763:West Belarus
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457:Date Closed
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2286:Eckernförde
2165:Bad Gastein
2137:Wildflecken
2072:Lampertheim
2017:Dinkelsbühl
1957:Bad Aibling
1952:Babenhausen
1573:. Ushmm.org
777:Lithuanians
755:Soviet Army
710:introducing
479:Isselheide
462:Föhrenwald
451:Population
303:labor camps
240:Belarusians
212:Lithuanians
165:Nazi German
2559:Categories
2454:Klagenfurt
2449:Kapfenberg
2346:Hildesheim
2281:Düsseldorf
2205:Saalfelden
2142:Ziegenhain
2112:Regensburg
2097:Mittenwald
2087:Lindenfels
2052:Heidenheim
2032:Föhrenwald
2012:Deggendorf
1927:Altenstadt
1722:Irene Eber
1601:2022-10-02
1577:2012-05-14
1511:2012-05-14
1490:2019-09-15
1479:: few009.
1323:2022-03-09
1245:25 January
1221:2022-03-08
1077:References
1055:Primo Levi
1013:Föhrenwald
693:references
561:after 1946
530:Zeilsheim
505:Ukrainians
427:Föhrenwald
405:Guanajuato
273:Background
232:Hungarians
228:Ukrainians
174:, whether
138:Föhrenwald
110:April 2024
80:newspapers
2514:Adriatica
2499:Cinecittà
2469:Trofaiach
2444:Judenburg
2416:Rendsburg
2411:Remscheid
2406:Pinneberg
2396:Paderborn
2366:Lippstadt
2316:Göttingen
2301:Flensburg
2185:Innsbruck
2160:Ansfelden
2127:Trutzhain
2122:Stuttgart
2077:Landsberg
2062:Hersbruck
2057:Heilbronn
2027:Feldafing
1050:The Truce
1044:Tent city
929:Argentina
921:Venezuela
773:Estonians
660:Red Cross
596:Esslingen
448:Location
433:in 1959.
315:mass rape
269:(UNRRA).
216:Yugoslavs
196:Estonians
188:Armenians
2459:Leibnitz
2421:Solingen
2306:Gladbeck
2210:Salzburg
2082:Leipheim
2047:Gabersee
2022:Eschwege
2007:Cornberg
1992:Bensheim
1987:Bayreuth
1947:Augsburg
1744:DP Camps
1111:, from:
1023:See also
1011:in camp
959:led the
905:origins.
813:Cold War
795:Slovenes
781:Latvians
718:May 2024
570:calories
488:Latvians
295:genocide
224:Russians
208:Latvians
176:refugees
136:Plan of
2539:Tricase
2504:Cremona
2489:Bagnoli
2431:Austria
2391:Mülheim
2351:Itzehoe
2336:Hanover
2331:Hamelin
2276:Detmold
2256:Bocholt
2238:Germany
2180:Hallein
2175:Ebensee
2152:Austria
2132:Wetzlar
2107:Pocking
1982:Bamberg
1937:Ansbach
1922:Ainring
1914:Germany
1656:. 1945.
1448:580-581
1318:Origins
931:33,000.
759:Galicia
706:improve
516:Germany
465:Germany
363:Germany
359:Austria
236:Kalmyks
153:Austria
149:Germany
94:scholar
2524:Rivoli
2439:Admont
2381:Minden
2376:Meppen
2371:Lübeck
2361:Lingen
2326:Gronau
2321:Greven
2311:Goslar
2271:Bremen
2261:Bochum
2246:Aachen
2215:Strobl
2102:Passau
1932:Amberg
1728:
1674:
1454:
1371:
1356:
1295:
1268:
1167:
1099:, 2006
1008:mikvah
925:Brazil
910:Israel
879:labor.
830:Gulags
787:Croats
695:, but
650:, the
610:, the
606:, the
602:, the
496:Orlyk
367:Soviet
311:Allied
238:, and
200:Greeks
155:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2544:Turin
2519:Fermo
2509:Milan
2401:Peine
2291:Emden
2042:Fürth
1095:. -
913:1950.
791:Serbs
525:1959
513:Wels
474:1957
445:Camp
398:Camps
204:Poles
157:Italy
101:JSTOR
87:books
2356:Kiel
1726:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1385:ibid
1369:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1247:2024
1165:ISBN
939:Iraq
793:and
779:and
666:and
559:Linz
539:Jews
502:2000
431:Wels
361:and
305:and
220:Jews
73:news
1481:doi
955:to
178:or
56:by
2561::
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