19:
467:
The three approaches deliver slightly different information. Although the results of IVGTT, OGTT and SPINA-derived disposition indices significantly correlate with each other the correlations are only modest. In direct comparison, the SPINA-based disposition index (SPINA-DI) had higher discriminatory
22:
Hyberbolic relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta cell function showing dynamical compensation in "healthy" insulin resistance (transition from A to B) and the evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus (transition from A to C). Disposition metrics integrate beta cell function and insulin
67:
are able to increase their output of insulin to compensate for the insulin resistance. But the ratio of the incremental increase in plasma insulin associated with an incremental increase in plasma glucose (disposition index) provides a better measure of
529:
Cobelli C, Toffolo GM, Dalla Man C, Campioni M, Denti P, Caumo A, Butler P, Rizza R (July 2007). "Assessment of beta-cell function in humans, simultaneously with insulin sensitivity and hepatic extraction, from intravenous and oral glucose tests".
1085:
476:
Disposition index is used as a measure of beta cell function and the ability of the body to dispose of a glucose load. Thus a lowering of disposition index predicts the conversion of insulin resistance to
184:
326:
462:
1146:
215:
369:
1417:
400:
759:
Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA (September 1999). "Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp".
936:
Retnakaran R, Qi Y, Goran MI, Hamilton JK (December 2009). "Evaluation of proposed oral disposition index measures in relation to the actual disposition index".
481:. Disposition index, but not insulin resistance, can predict type 2 diabetes in persons with normal blood glucose levels, but who do not have a family history (
84:
The disposition index can be obtained on the basis of data that provide information on insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Suitable sources include:
569:, Utzschneider KM, Buchanan TA, Nadeau KJ, Zeitler PS, Ehrmann DA, Arslanian SA, Caprio S, Edelstein SL, Savage PJ, Mather KJ, RISE C (January 2018).
1761:
1142:"Pancreatic β-cell function is a stronger predictor of changes in glycemic control after an aerobic exercise intervention than insulin sensitivity"
23:
sensitivity in a way so that the results remain constant across dynamical compensation. Changed from
Cobelli et al. 2007 and Hannon et al. 2018
845:"A novel simple disposition index (SPINA-DI) from fasting insulin and glucose concentration as a robust measure of carbohydrate homeostasis"
1294:
1239:
76:. Loss of function of the beta cells, reducing their capacity to compensate for insulin resistance, results in a lower disposition index.
1735:
106:
Determining the disposition index on the basis of an FSIGT requires fitting the timeseries of insulin and glucose concentrations to the
1209:
59:
individuals can maintain normal responses to blood glucose due to the fact that higher levels of insulin are secreted as long as the
1689:
1339:
344:
The fasting-based disposition index (SPINA-DI) can be obtained from the product of the secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells (
1030:"Disposition index, glucose effectiveness, and conversion to type 2 diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS)"
1565:
1756:
571:"Review of methods for measuring β-cell function: Design considerations from the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) Consortium"
115:
232:
1455:
707:"Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus"
566:
69:
1495:
1422:
981:"Oral disposition index in obese youth from normal to prediabetes to diabetes: relationship to clamp disposition index"
1407:
1332:
1327:
92:
1639:
1468:
1275:
107:
411:
1542:
1490:
1387:
1725:
1463:
1270:
478:
468:
power for the diagnosis of diabetes than the OGTT-based disposition index according to
Matsuda and DeFronzo.
1617:
1582:
1081:"Insulin resistance is a poor predictor of type 2 diabetes in individuals with no family history of disease"
1530:
1412:
1382:
1372:
1287:
1258:
1202:
843:
Dietrich JW, Abood A, Dasgupta R, Anoop S, Jebasingh FK, Spurgeon R, Thomas N, Boehm BO (2 January 2024).
482:
73:
40:
1560:
1555:
1349:
1079:
Goldfine AB, Bouche C, Parker RA, Kim C, Kerivan A, Soeldner JS, Martin BC, Warram JH, Kahn CR (2003).
1720:
1679:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1485:
1252:
1094:
622:
191:
1730:
1715:
1644:
1629:
1624:
1607:
1592:
1577:
1520:
1515:
1480:
1447:
1377:
849:
1694:
1282:
961:
711:
627:
56:
44:
347:
1500:
1367:
1322:
1195:
1173:
1122:
1061:
1010:
953:
918:
864:
820:
776:
738:
706:
687:
646:
600:
547:
52:
1475:
1163:
1155:
1112:
1102:
1051:
1043:
1000:
992:
945:
908:
898:
854:
810:
768:
728:
720:
677:
636:
590:
582:
539:
489:
1028:
Lorenzo C, Wagenknecht LE, Rewers MJ, Karter AJ, Bergman RN, Hanley AJ, Haffner SM (2011).
378:
18:
1674:
1344:
1245:
1232:
1098:
1634:
1507:
1168:
1141:
1056:
1029:
1005:
980:
913:
886:
733:
666:"Beta cell function and its relation to insulin action in humans: a critical appraisal"
595:
570:
1117:
1080:
1750:
1651:
1572:
1550:
1034:
949:
1656:
1397:
1392:
965:
227:
Based on an oral glucose tolerance test a disposition index can be calculated with
641:
1699:
1427:
1265:
996:
501:
372:
1086:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
543:
1359:
903:
772:
682:
665:
1402:
1107:
979:
Sjaarda LG, Bacha F, Lee S, Tfayli H, Andreatta E, Arslanian S (July 2012).
859:
844:
60:
36:
1177:
1126:
1065:
1014:
957:
922:
868:
824:
780:
742:
691:
650:
604:
551:
188:
from the first phase response of plasma insulin to the glucose injection (
88:
Frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance testing (IVGTT or FSIGT)
1432:
1218:
1159:
1140:
Solomon TP, Malin SK, Karstoft K, Kashyap SR, Haus JM, Kirwan JP (2013).
506:
403:
64:
99:
48:
1047:
815:
798:
724:
623:"Accurate assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction"
586:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
17:
1684:
887:"Origins and History of the Minimal Model of Glucose Regulation"
1191:
492:, but only to the extent that insulin sensitivity is improved.
532:
American
Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
1187:
179:{\displaystyle {DI}_{FSIGT}={\varphi }_{1}\cdot {S}_{I}}
799:"Reduced time points to calculate the composite index"
621:
Bergman RN, Ader M, Huecking K, Van
Citters G (2002).
414:
381:
350:
321:{\displaystyle {DI}_{FSOGT}=IGI\cdot ISI_{composite}}
235:
194:
118:
1147:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1708:
1665:
1541:
1446:
1358:
1225:
456:
394:
363:
320:
209:
178:
102:in conjunction with mathematical modelling (SPINA)
98:Simultaneous fasting measurements of insulin and
1418:Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)
838:
836:
834:
792:
790:
880:
878:
754:
752:
616:
614:
524:
522:
110:. The disposition index is then calculated as
1203:
8:
457:{\displaystyle DI_{f}=G_{\beta }\cdot G_{R}}
108:minimal model of insulin-glucose homeostasis
1210:
1196:
1188:
1167:
1116:
1106:
1055:
1004:
912:
902:
858:
814:
732:
681:
640:
594:
448:
435:
422:
413:
386:
380:
355:
349:
288:
245:
237:
234:
201:
196:
193:
170:
165:
155:
150:
128:
120:
117:
518:
41:insulin-glucose feedback control system
488:Disposition index can be increased by
72:than the plasma insulin response to a
334:) and the insulin sensitivity index (
217:) and the insulin sensitivity index (
7:
1460:Metabolic assessment and monitoring
797:DeFronzo RA, Matsuda M (July 2010).
1736:Notable people with type 1 diabetes
1248:(SIDD, SIRD, MOD and MARD clusters)
375:) times the insulin receptor gain (
575:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
43:. It is defined as the product of
14:
1690:International Diabetes Federation
664:Ferrannini E, Mari A (May 2004).
1566:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
950:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02841.x
55:levels. "Metabolically healthy"
1762:Static endocrine function tests
330:from the insulinogenic index (
210:{\displaystyle {\varphi }_{1}}
93:oral glucose tolerance testing
1:
1625:Diabetes-related skin disease
642:10.2337/diabetes.51.2007.s212
1423:Homeostatic model assessment
1408:Noninvasive glucose monitor
997:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.050
485:) to type 2 diabetes.
1778:
1640:Diabetic cheiroarthropathy
1469:Ambulatory glucose profile
1276:Impaired glucose tolerance
891:Frontiers in Endocrinology
544:10.1152/ajpendo.00421.2006
364:{\displaystyle G_{\beta }}
1388:Postprandial glucose test
985:The Journal of Pediatrics
904:10.3389/fendo.2020.583016
773:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462
683:10.1007/s00125-004-1381-z
1726:Epidemiology of diabetes
1464:Blood glucose monitoring
1340:Type 3c (pancreatogenic)
1271:Impaired fasting glucose
479:diabetes mellitus type 2
80:Methods of determination
51:secreted in response to
1583:Neuropathic arthropathy
1108:10.1073/pnas.0438009100
860:10.1111/1753-0407.13525
35:) is a measure for the
1757:Diabetes-related tests
1531:Gastric bypass surgery
1413:Insulin tolerance test
1383:Glucose tolerance test
1288:Ketosis-prone diabetes
1259:Diabetes and pregnancy
483:genetic predisposition
458:
396:
365:
322:
211:
180:
24:
635:(Supp 1): S212–S220.
472:Clinical implications
459:
397:
395:{\displaystyle G_{R}}
366:
323:
212:
181:
21:
1721:Glossary of diabetes
1680:Open Insulin Project
1516:Embryonic stem cells
1253:Gestational diabetes
1160:10.1210/jc.2013-2232
705:Defronzo RA (2009).
412:
379:
348:
233:
192:
116:
47:times the amount of
1731:History of diabetes
1716:Outline of diabetes
1645:Diabetic foot ulcer
1630:Diabetic dermopathy
1589:Organs in diabetes
1521:Artificial pancreas
1481:Diabetes medication
1378:Glycated hemoglobin
1099:2003PNAS..100.2724G
885:Bergman RN (2020).
850:Journal of Diabetes
91:Frequently-sampled
45:insulin sensitivity
1695:World Diabetes Day
1283:Insulin resistance
454:
392:
361:
318:
207:
176:
70:beta cell function
25:
1744:
1743:
1438:Disposition index
1368:Blood sugar level
1238:Type 1 diabetes (
1154:(10): 4176–4186.
1048:10.2337/dc10-0165
938:Diabetic Medicine
816:10.2337/dc10-0646
725:10.2337/db09-9028
587:10.1111/dom.13005
74:glucose challenge
57:Insulin resistant
29:Disposition index
1769:
1476:Diet in diabetes
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1093:(5): 2724–2729.
1076:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1042:(9): 2098–2103.
1025:
1019:
1018:
1008:
976:
970:
969:
944:(12): 1198–203.
933:
927:
926:
916:
906:
882:
873:
872:
862:
840:
829:
828:
818:
794:
785:
784:
756:
747:
746:
736:
702:
696:
695:
685:
661:
655:
654:
644:
618:
609:
608:
598:
562:
556:
555:
526:
490:aerobic exercise
463:
461:
460:
455:
453:
452:
440:
439:
427:
426:
401:
399:
398:
393:
391:
390:
370:
368:
367:
362:
360:
359:
327:
325:
324:
319:
317:
316:
262:
261:
244:
216:
214:
213:
208:
206:
205:
200:
185:
183:
182:
177:
175:
174:
169:
160:
159:
154:
145:
144:
127:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1704:
1675:T1International
1667:
1666:Advocacy &
1661:
1537:
1486:Insulin therapy
1442:
1354:
1221:
1216:
1186:
1185:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1027:
1026:
1022:
978:
977:
973:
935:
934:
930:
884:
883:
876:
842:
841:
832:
796:
795:
788:
758:
757:
750:
704:
703:
699:
663:
662:
658:
620:
619:
612:
564:
563:
559:
528:
527:
520:
515:
498:
474:
444:
431:
418:
410:
409:
382:
377:
376:
351:
346:
345:
339:
284:
236:
231:
230:
222:
195:
190:
189:
164:
149:
119:
114:
113:
95:(OGTT or FSOGT)
82:
12:
11:
5:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Diabetic bulla
1632:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1551:Diabetic comas
1547:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1508:Diabetic shoes
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1235:(SAID cluster)
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1132:
1071:
1020:
971:
928:
874:
830:
786:
767:(9): 1462–70.
748:
719:(4): 773–795.
697:
656:
610:
557:
517:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
504:
497:
494:
473:
470:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
425:
421:
417:
389:
385:
358:
354:
337:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
287:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
243:
240:
220:
204:
199:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
126:
123:
104:
103:
96:
89:
81:
78:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1774:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:Organizations
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Hyperglycemia
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Blood vessels
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:Diabetic foot
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1543:Complications
1540:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1035:Diabetes Care
1031:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
879:
875:
870:
866:
861:
856:
852:
851:
846:
839:
837:
835:
831:
826:
822:
817:
812:
808:
804:
803:Diabetes Care
800:
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:Diabetes Care
755:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
708:
701:
698:
693:
689:
684:
679:
676:(5): 943–56.
675:
671:
667:
660:
657:
652:
648:
643:
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
617:
615:
611:
606:
602:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:(1): E1–E15.
537:
533:
525:
523:
519:
512:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
493:
491:
486:
484:
480:
471:
469:
465:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
423:
419:
415:
407:
405:
387:
383:
374:
356:
352:
342:
340:
333:
328:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
241:
238:
228:
225:
223:
202:
197:
186:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
124:
121:
111:
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53:blood glucose
50:
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38:
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30:
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1657:Hypoglycemia
1561:Ketoacidosis
1556:Hypoglycemia
1496:conventional
1437:
1398:Glucose test
1393:Fructosamine
1151:
1145:
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1090:
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670:Diabetologia
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1700:Diabetes UK
1428:SPINA-GBeta
1360:Blood tests
1266:Prediabetes
991:(1): 51–7.
565:Hannon TS,
502:SPINA-GBeta
373:SPINA-GBeta
1751:Categories
1456:Prevention
1448:Management
1373:Biomarkers
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513:References
61:beta cells
1501:pulsatile
1491:intensive
1403:C-peptide
1333:Permanent
1328:Transient
1293:Type 3a (
442:⋅
437:β
357:β
338:composite
276:⋅
198:φ
162:⋅
152:φ
37:loop gain
1433:SPINA-GR
1323:Neonatal
1251:Type 4 (
1242:cluster)
1219:Diabetes
1178:23966244
1127:12591951
1066:20805282
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712:Diabetes
692:15105990
651:11815482
628:Diabetes
605:28493515
552:17341552
507:SPINA-GR
496:See also
404:SPINA-GR
65:pancreas
1169:3790622
1095:Bibcode
1057:2928371
1006:3366166
966:9477335
914:7917251
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567:Kahn SE
100:glucose
63:of the
49:insulin
39:of the
1613:Retina
1608:Nerves
1603:Kidney
1598:Muscle
1527:Other
1345:Type 3
1301:Type 1
1246:Type 2
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1578:ulcer
1512:Cure
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1226:Types
962:S2CID
1685:JDRF
1350:MIDD
1295:MODY
1240:LADA
1174:PMID
1123:PMID
1062:PMID
1011:PMID
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1156:doi
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