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424:, followed by the death of the animal. The animal may also show signs of sensitivity to light, incoordination, circling, increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli such as pain or touch, and deterioration of motor capabilities. Less commonly, they may lead to blindness and paralysis. The length of the systemic disease may be as short as 10 days, or the start of neurological signs may not occur until several weeks or months later. Those few that survive usually have a small tic or twitch of varying degrees of severity. With time, this tic usually diminishes somewhat in its severity.
441:
618:
71:
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701:, a runny nose, or discharge from the eye. This first round of fever typically recedes rapidly within 96 hours, and then a second round of fever begins around the 11th or 12th day and lasts at least a week. Gastrointestinal and respiratory problems tend to follow, which may become complicated with secondary bacterial infections. Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, otherwise known as
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unaccountable number of strays that lack vaccinations reside in these areas, so they are more susceptible to diseases such as canine distemper. These strays act as a reservoir for the virus, spreading it throughout the surrounding area, including urban areas. Puppies and dogs that have not received their shots can then be infected in a place where many dogs interact, such as a dog park.
445:
2162:
705:, either is associated with this, subsequently follows, or comes completely independently of these problems. A thickening of the footpads sometimes develops, and vesicular pustular lesions on the abdomen usually develop. Neurological signs are typically found in animals with thickened footpads from the virus. About half of sufferers experience
830:
sold at the age of 8–10 weeks, they typically receive the first shot while still with their breeder, but the new owner often does not finish the series. These dogs are not protected against the virus, so are susceptible to canine distemper infection, continuing the downward spiral that leads to outbreaks throughout the world.
692:
The virus first appears in bronchial lymph nodes and tonsils two days after exposure. The virus then enters the bloodstream on the second or third day. A first round of acute fever tends to begin around 3–8 days after infection, which is often accompanied by a low white blood cell count, especially
298:
in humans). The disease is highly contagious via inhalation. Morbidity and mortality may vary greatly among animal species, with up to 100% mortality in unvaccinated populations of ferrets. In domestic dogs, while the acute generalized form of distemper has a high mortality rate, disease duration and
822:
from other dogs for several months owing to the length of time the animal may shed the virus. The virus is destroyed in the environment by routine cleaning with disinfectants, detergents, or drying. It does not survive in the environment for more than a few hours at room temperature (20–25 °C),
872:
communities throughout the United States, affecting both shelter and domestic canines. Despite the effectiveness of the vaccination, outbreaks of this disease continue to occur nationally. In April 2011, the
Arizona Humane Society released a valley-wide pet health alert throughout Phoenix, Arizona.
829:
To prevent canine distemper, puppies should begin vaccination at 6–8 weeks of age and then continue getting the "booster shot" every 2–4 weeks until they are 16 weeks of age. Without the full series of shots, the vaccination does not provide protection against the virus. Since puppies are typically
601:
Animals in the family
Felidae, including many species of large cat as well as domestic cats, were long believed to be resistant to canine distemper until some researchers reported the prevalence of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in large felids. Both large and domestic cats are now known to
459:
Life-threatening complications can include nervous-system degeneration. Dogs that have been infected with distemper can have a progressive deterioration of mental abilities and motor skills. With time, the dog can develop seizures, paralysis, a reduction in sight, and incoordination. These dogs are
871:
The prevalence of canine distemper in the community has decreased dramatically due to the availability of vaccinations. However, the disease continues to spread among unvaccinated populations, such as those in animal shelters and pet stores. This provides a great threat to both the rural and urban
419:
Commonly observed signs are a runny nose, vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration, excessive salivation, coughing and/or labored breathing, loss of appetite, and weight loss. If neurological signs develop, incontinence may ensue. Central nervous system signs include a localized involuntary twitching of
299:
severity depend mainly on the animal's age, immune status, and the virulence of the infecting strain of the virus. Despite extensive vaccination in many regions, it remains a major disease in dogs and was the leading cause of infectious disease death in dogs prior to a vaccine becoming available.
875:
Outbreaks of canine distemper continue to occur throughout the United States and elsewhere and are caused by many factors, including proximity to wild animals and lack of vaccinated animals. This problem is even greater within areas such as
Arizona, owing to the vast amount of rural land. An
838:
No specific treatment for the CDV is known. As with measles, the treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Care is geared towards treating fluid/electrolyte imbalances, neurological symptoms, and preventing any secondary bacterial infections. Examples include administering fluids, electrolyte
749:
been possible. Thus, finding the virus by various methods in the dog's conjunctival cells or foot pads gives a definitive diagnosis. In older dogs that develop distemper encephalomyelitis, diagnosis may be more difficult, since many of these dogs have an adequate vaccination history.
268:
In canines, CDV affects several body systems, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, the spinal cord, and the brain. Common symptoms include high fever, eye inflammation and eye/nose discharge, labored breathing and coughing, vomiting and diarrhea, loss of appetite and
732:
The above signs, especially fever, respiratory signs, neurological signs, and thickened footpads, occurring in unvaccinated dogs strongly indicate CDV. However, several febrile diseases match many of the signs of the disease and only recently has distinguishing between canine
437:. Puppies can have damage to the enamel of teeth that are not completely formed or have not yet grown through the gums. This results from the virus killing the cells responsible for manufacturing the tooth enamel. These affected teeth tend to erode quickly.
444:
625:
The canine distemper virus affects nearly all body systems. Puppies from 3–6 months old are particularly susceptible. CDV spreads through aerosol droplets and through contact with infected bodily fluids, including nasal and ocular secretions,
372:
to brain tissue from infected dogs to create a vaccine that successfully prevented the disease in healthy dogs. A commercial vaccine was developed in 1950, yet owing to its limited use, the virus remains prevalent in many populations.
2009:
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muscles or groups of muscles, seizures with salivation, and jaw movements commonly described as "chewing-gum fits," or more appropriately as "distemper myoclonus." As the condition progresses, the seizures worsen and progress to
432:
A dog that survives distemper can have complications afterwards. The most prevalent complication is hard pad disease, in which the skin on paw pads and skin on end of the nose thicken. Another lasting symptom that is common is
634:, 6 to 22 days after exposure. It can also be spread by food and water contaminated with these fluids. The time between infection and disease is 14 to 18 days, although a fever can appear from 3 to 6 days after infection.
602:
be capable of infection, usually through close housing with dogs or possibly blood transfusion from infected cats, but such infections appear to be self-limiting and largely without symptoms.
609:
in China (Shanxi Rare Wild Animal Rescue and
Research Center), six of 22 captive pandas were infected by CDV. All but one infected panda died; the survivor had previously been vaccinated.
2001:
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but can survive for a few weeks in shady environments at temperatures slightly above freezing. It, along with other labile viruses, can also persist longer in serum and tissue debris.
1454:
376:
The domestic dog has largely been responsible for introducing canine distemper to previously unexposed wildlife and now causes a serious conservation threat to many species of
273:, and hardening of the nose and footpads. The viral infection can be accompanied by secondary bacterial infections and can eventually present serious neurological symptoms.
2097:
Di
Sabatino, D; Lorusso, A; Di Francesco, CE; Gentile, L; Di Pirro, V; Bellacicco, AL; Giovannini, A; Di Francesco, G; Marruchella, G; Marsilio, F; Savini, G (Jan 2014).
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Yuan C, Liu W, Wang Y, Hou J, Zhang L, Wang G. "Homologous recombination is a force in the evolution of canine distemper virus". PLoS One. 2017 Apr 10;12(4):e0175416.
52:
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1479:
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The mortality rate of CDV largely depends on the immune status of the infected dogs. Puppies experience the highest mortality rate, where complications such as
1775:
1584:
Ikeda, Yasuhiro; Nakamura, Kazuya; Miyazawa, Takayuki; Chen, Ming-Chu; Kuo, Tzong-Fu; Lin, James A; Mikami, Takeshi; Kai, Chieko; Takahashi, Eiji (May 2001).
368:
The first vaccine against canine distemper was developed by the
Italian Vittorio Puntoni. In 1923 and 1924, Puntoni published two articles in which he added
1853:
396:. In 1991, the lion population in the Serengeti, Tanzania, experienced a 20% decline as a result of the disease. The disease has also mutated into the
2065:
1058:
1538:, in The Merck Manual for Pet Health (online): Pet Owners: Dog Disorders and Diseases: Disorders Affecting Multiple Body Systems of Dogs, see
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1645:
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1450:
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649:. The virus initially replicates in the lymphatic tissue of the respiratory tract. The virus then enters the blood stream and infects the
1943:
1972:
1661:
Feng, Na; Yu, Yicong; Wang, Tiecheng; Wilker, Peter; Wang, Jianzhong; Li, Yuanguo; Sun, Zhe; Gao, Yuwei; Xia, Xianzhu (16 June 2016).
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295:
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978:
2320:
2030:
Elia G, Belloli C, Cirone F, et al. (February 2008). "In vitro efficacy of ribavirin against canine distemper virus".
1921:
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solutions, analgesics, anticonvulsants, broad-spectrum antibiotics, antipyretics, parenteral nutrition, and nursing care.
709:. Less than 50% of the adult dogs that contract the disease die from it. Among puppies, the death rate often reaches 80%.
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70:
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Geographically distinct lineages of the canine distemper virus are genetically diverse. This diversity arises from
35:
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1845:
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Tizard, I (1999). "Grease, anthraxgate, and kennel cough: a revisionist history of early veterinary vaccines".
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397:
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may be present. Around 15% of canine inflammatory central nervous system diseases are a result of CDV.
2114:
1674:
1233:
669:. Therefore, the typical pathologic features of canine distemper include lymphoid depletion (causing
65:
1798:
768:. About 90% of the bladder cells will be positive for inclusions in the early stages of distemper.
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385:
412:
In dogs, signs of CDV vary widely, from no signs to mild respiratory signs indistinguishable from
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860:
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slide of the bladder transitional epithelium of the inside lining from the bladder, stained with
698:
518:
Distemper, or hardpad disease in canines, affects animals in the following families and species:
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that affects a wide variety of mammal families, including domestic and wild species of
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17:
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761:. These infected cells have inclusions which stain a carmine red color, found in the
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350:
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107:
2043:
1448:(online): "Veterinary Professionals: Generalized Conditions: Canine Distemper", see
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Principal routes of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection and transmission in hosts
852:
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Despite extensive vaccination in many regions, it remains a major disease of dogs.
818:)), which in many jurisdictions are mandatory for pets. Infected animals should be
809:
795:
762:
754:
678:
606:
538:
452:
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in 1905. Carré's findings were disputed by researchers in
England until 1926, when
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1601:
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2127:
1735:
1512:
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697:, as well as a low platelet count. These signs may or may not be accompanied by
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usually humanely euthanized because of the immense pain and suffering they face.
2210:
1917:
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Otto M. Radostits, David A. Ashford, Craig E. Greene, Ian Tizard, et al., 2011,
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650:
582:
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238:
60:
Canine distemper virus cytoplasmic inclusion body (blood smear, Wright's stain)
2270:
2099:"Arctic Lineage-Canine Distemper Virus as a Cause of Death in Apennine Wolves (
1245:
1002:
Andreas, Beineke; Baumgärtner, Wolfgang; Wohlsein, Peter (13 September 2015).
819:
658:
642:
594:
570:
564:
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321:
265:, some primates, and a variety of other species. CDV does not affect humans.
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and G.W. Dunkin confirmed that the disease was, in fact, caused by a virus.
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Canine distemper virus position in the phylogenetic tree of
Paramyxoviruses
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2195:
2002:"Overview of Canine Distemper: Canine Distemper: Merck Veterinary Manual"
503:
401:
369:
270:
254:
30:
This article is about a disease affecting mammals generally in the order
1768:"Health Topics: Pet Health: Canine Distemper: Canine Distemper Overview"
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588:
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528:
487:
388:. It also may have played a considerable role in the extinction of the
287:
258:
246:
230:
222:
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1222:"The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae"
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and, when two genetically distinct viruses infect the same cell, from
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738:
250:
242:
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637:
The canine distemper virus tends to direct its infection toward the
1376:(4th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 25–42.
1004:"Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus – an update"
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631:
627:
616:
467:
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1720:"Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update"
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to severe pneumonia with vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and death.
324:
1567:
Mass die-off of
Caspian seals caused by canine distemper virus
787:
552:
349:
In Europe, the first report of CDV occurred in Spain in 1761.
1147:
Appel, MJG; Gillespie, JH (1972). "Canine Distemper Virus".
486:, which makes it a close relative of the viruses that cause
959:
10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0441:CDITCA]2.0.CO;2
1718:
Beineke, A; Baumgärtner, W; Wohlsein, P (December 2015).
392:(Tasmanian tiger) and recurrently causes mortality among
1282:"Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores"
855:
are more common. In older dogs that develop distemper,
922:"canine distemper – Invasive Species Compendium – CABI"
567:(ferret, mink, skunk, wolverine, marten, badger, otter)
353:
described the disease in 1809, and French veterinarian
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940:"Canine Distemper in Terrestrial Carnivores: A Review"
384:. The virus contributed to the near-extinction of the
320:, 'to upset the balance of the humors,' which is from
1530:
1528:
901:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1451:"Canine Distemper Overview – Generalized Conditions"
2254:
2185:
673:and leading to secondary infections), interstitial
1877:. American Canine Association, Inc. Archived from
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1629:
1586:"Seroprevalence of Canine Distemper Virus in Cats"
1280:McCarthy AJ, Shaw MA, Goodman SJ (December 2007).
1541:"Canine Distemper (Hardpad Disease) – Dog Owners"
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1569:." Emerging infectious diseases 6.6 (2000): 637.
597:(raccoon-like South Asian binturong, palm civet)
276:Canine distemper is caused by a single-stranded
1797:Carter, G.R.; Flores, E.F.; Wise, D.J. (2006).
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1273:
34:. For other diseases known as "distemper", see
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1850:Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases
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1822:
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1818:
753:An additional test to confirm distemper is a
8:
1973:"Canine Distemper: Prevention of Infections"
1897:
1895:
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1577:
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1357:Jones, T.C.; Hunt, R.D.; King, N.W. (1997).
1352:
1350:
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1340:
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1140:
1138:
1136:
357:determined that the disease was caused by a
1920:. Kind Hearts in Action. November 5, 2009.
1829:Hirsch, D.C.; Zee, C.; et al. (1999).
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799:
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1480:"Canine Distemper: What You Need To Know"
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476:Distemper is caused by a single-stranded
2066:"AHS ISSUES VALLEYWIDE PET HEALTH ALERT"
1640:(3rd ed.). St Louis, MO: Elsevier.
286:(the same family of viruses that causes
1948:UC Davis Koret Shelter Medicine Program
1803:A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology
884:
1638:Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat
1374:Infectious diseases of the dog and cat
1844:Appel, M.J.G.; Summers, B.A. (1999).
7:
1087:Oxford Living Dictionaries – English
947:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
27:Viral disease affecting some mammals
1924:from the original on June 25, 2012
1846:"Canine Distemper: Current Status"
1536:Canine Distemper (Hardpad Disease)
25:
2160:
69:
2044:10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.09.004
2012:from the original on 2016-10-05
1856:from the original on 2005-09-01
1778:from the original on 2014-12-20
1547:from the original on 2014-12-16
1457:from the original on 2014-12-23
1331:Ecosystems and human well-being
1177:Advances in Veterinary Medicine
1122:from the original on 2018-05-09
984:from the original on 2017-05-17
573:(seals, walrus, sea lion, etc.)
455:in advanced stage of infection.
1226:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1:
1602:10.1128/CDLI.8.3.641-644.2001
1189:10.1016/S0065-3519(99)80005-6
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2341:Vaccine-preventable diseases
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1442:Overview of Canine Distemper
1333:. World Resources Institute.
1116:American Heritage Dictionary
1020:10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.09.002
332:'to disturb,' which is from
1446:The Merck Veterinary Manual
689:of the nose and foot pads.
605:In a captive population of
2357:
775:
29:
1565:Kennedy, Seamus, et al. "
1397:Hirsh DC, Zee YC (1999).
1329:Assessment, M.E. (2005).
1246:10.1007/s00239-007-9040-x
341:, 'to not mix properly.'
196:
189:
64:
59:
50:
43:
1944:"Canine Distemper (CDV)"
1401:. Blackwell Publishing.
1112:"distemper (definition)"
1083:"distemper (definition)"
893:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
804:) and combinations) and
551:(large cats, though not
508:homologous recombination
1833:. Blackwell Publishing.
1831:Veterinary Microbiology
1399:Veterinary Microbiology
1361:. Blackwell Publishing.
663:central nervous systems
579:(e.g., Japanese monkey)
325:
316:
307:The origin of the word
18:Distemper virus, canine
2256:Canine distemper virus
2070:Arizona Humane Society
2006:www.merckvetmanual.com
1950:. 2004. Archived from
1440:Kate E. Creevy, 2013,
1298:10.1098/rspb.2007.0884
786:against CDV exist for
729:
727:Viral inclusion bodies
622:
473:
456:
398:phocid distemper virus
337:
208:Canine distemper virus
199:Canine distemper virus
2321:Animal viral diseases
1772:HealthCommunities.com
721:A. Lung lesion in an
720:
620:
471:
451:
422:grand mal convulsions
214:) (sometimes termed "
2217:Canine morbillivirus
2187:Canine morbillivirus
2169:at Wikimedia Commons
1902:Dewey, C.W. (2003).
1590:Clin Vaccine Immunol
1515:. ECollection 2017.
1359:Veterinary Pathology
895:Canine morbillivirus
380:and some species of
66:Virus classification
2326:Carnivoran diseases
2119:2014PLoSO...982356D
1918:"NDV-Induced Serum"
1679:2016NatSR...627518F
1292:(1629): 3165–3174.
1238:2008JMolE..66...98P
707:meningoencephalitis
533:Chinese raccoon dog
386:black-footed ferret
182:Morbillivirus canis
45:Morbillivirus canis
1875:"Canine Distemper"
1667:Scientific Reports
1484:Veterinary Insider
861:vestibular disease
730:
661:, epithelial, and
623:
474:
457:
2308:
2307:
2179:Taxon identifiers
2165:Media related to
1799:"Paramyxoviridae"
1687:10.1038/srep27518
1647:978-1-4160-3600-5
1408:978-0-86542-543-9
1383:978-1-4160-6130-4
1158:978-3-7091-8302-1
857:encephalomyelitis
703:encephalomyelitis
671:immunosuppression
531:(dog, fox, wolf,
498:Genetic diversity
449:
435:enamel hypoplasia
394:African wild dogs
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16:(Redirected from
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647:nervous tissues
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483:Paramyxoviridae
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363:Patrick Laidlaw
347:
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283:Paramyxoviridae
216:footpad disease
185:
157:Paramyxoviridae
145:Mononegavirales
121:Negarnaviricota
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2155:External links
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577:Primate (some)
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747:leptospirosis
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2078:. Retrieved
2074:the original
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2014:. Retrieved
2005:
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1985:. Retrieved
1981:the original
1976:
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1956:. Retrieved
1952:the original
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1926:. Retrieved
1912:
1903:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:the original
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1673:(1): 27518.
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1488:the original
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1007:
997:
986:. Retrieved
950:
946:
916:
904:. Retrieved
900:
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887:
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867:Epidemiology
853:encephalitis
846:
837:
828:
825:
782:A number of
781:
755:brush border
752:
731:
691:
679:encephalitis
667:optic nerves
636:
624:
607:giant pandas
604:
600:
539:Elephantidae
517:
501:
494:in animals.
481:
475:
458:
453:Italian wolf
431:
418:
414:kennel cough
411:
375:
367:
348:
338:distemperare
334:Vulgar Latin
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132:
120:
108:
96:
89:
79:(unranked):
44:
2211:Wikispecies
2103:) in Italy"
2101:Canis Lupus
1977:MarvistaVet
1928:October 31,
820:quarantined
763:paranuclear
695:lymphocytes
651:respiratory
583:Procyonidae
525:(red panda)
355:Henri Carré
317:distemperen
2315:Categories
2080:2012-04-09
2016:2016-02-13
1987:2012-04-09
1958:2013-08-17
1885:2015-04-13
1860:2006-06-24
1808:2006-06-24
1782:2014-12-15
1724:One Health
1551:2014-12-15
1494:2012-04-09
1461:2014-12-15
1126:2017-12-06
1097:2017-12-06
1068:2017-10-30
1008:One Health
988:2017-12-05
906:15 January
880:References
776:See also:
772:Prevention
659:urogenital
643:epithelial
595:Viverridae
571:Pinnipedia
565:Mustelidae
514:Host range
492:rinderpest
382:marsupials
378:carnivores
326:destemprer
322:Old French
2202:Q29004625
1730:: 49–59.
1014:: 49–59.
849:pneumonia
834:Treatment
766:cytoplasm
759:Diff-Quik
735:hepatitis
713:Diagnosis
675:pneumonia
613:Mechanism
559:Hyaenidae
523:Ailuridae
478:RNA virus
390:thylacine
309:distemper
303:Etymology
278:RNA virus
263:pinnipeds
176:Species:
104:Kingdom:
97:Riboviria
36:Distemper
32:Carnivora
2285:11459352
2271:Q1637524
2265:Wikidata
2196:Wikidata
2147:24465373
2107:PLOS ONE
2052:17949825
2010:Archived
1922:Archived
1854:Archived
1776:Archived
1754:28616465
1705:27310722
1620:11329473
1545:Archived
1521:28394936
1455:Archived
1316:17956850
1264:18217182
1183:: 7–24.
1120:Archived
1038:28616465
979:Archived
975:12596794
967:11428391
810:QI20DD01
796:QI07AD05
784:vaccines
699:anorexia
639:lymphoid
504:mutation
464:Virology
370:formalin
311:is from
271:lethargy
255:raccoons
218:") is a
191:Synonyms
152:Family:
116:Phylum:
2138:3896332
2115:Bibcode
1745:5462633
1696:4910525
1675:Bibcode
1307:2293938
1255:3334863
1234:Bibcode
1207:9890006
1029:5462633
843:Outcome
812: (
798: (
741:virus,
589:Ursidae
561:(hyena)
549:Felidae
529:Canidae
488:measles
345:History
288:measles
259:felines
247:ferrets
231:coyotes
223:disease
164:Genus:
140:Order:
128:Class:
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794:code:
792:ATCvet
745:, and
739:herpes
685:, and
645:, and
630:, and
591:(bear)
294:, and
257:, and
251:skunks
243:wolves
239:pandas
2298:96093
2280:IRMNG
2244:11232
1611:96116
1444:, in
1062:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
982:(PDF)
971:S2CID
943:(PDF)
681:with
632:urine
628:feces
402:seals
359:virus
292:mumps
235:foxes
220:viral
90:Realm
83:Virus
2239:NCBI
2231:QLWV
2143:PMID
2048:PMID
1930:2012
1750:PMID
1701:PMID
1642:ISBN
1616:PMID
1517:PMID
1403:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1312:PMID
1260:PMID
1203:PMID
1193:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1034:PMID
963:PMID
908:2019
859:and
851:and
788:dogs
227:dogs
2293:ISC
2226:CoL
2133:PMC
2123:doi
2040:doi
1740:PMC
1732:doi
1691:PMC
1683:doi
1606:PMC
1598:doi
1509:doi
1302:PMC
1294:doi
1290:274
1250:PMC
1242:doi
1185:doi
1024:PMC
1016:doi
955:doi
815:WHO
801:WHO
725:B.
693:of
212:CDV
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