779:
argued that in entrepreneurial firms, the prospect of failure is ever present, resembling nonroutine situations in high-risk settings. They found that the firms of distrusting entrepreneurs were more likely to survive than the firms of optimistic or overconfident entrepreneurs, because the distrusting entrepreneurs would emphasize failure avoidance through sensible task selection, and more analysis. Kets de Vries has pointed out that distrusting entrepreneurs are more alert about their external environment. Thus, distrusting entrepreneurs are less likely to discount negative events, and are more likely to engage control mechanisms. Thus, according to
Gudmundsson and Lechner distrust leads to higher precaution and therefore increases chances of entrepreneurial firm survival.
60:
55:
27:
754:(DHT) were measured. The results of this experiment suggest men and women respond to distrust physiologically differently; a heightened level of the hormone DHT in men is associated with distrust. However, more research is needed in order to accurately state the correlation between the amount of DHT present in males and responses to distrust.
762:
It has been argued that by supporting healthy suspicion and vigilance, distrust does not always have detrimental consequences and can be related to positive outcomes. It has been shown to increase the speed and performance of individuals and groups at certain tasks. It has been empirically shown that
778:
and nuclear powerplants has related distrust to failure avoidance. When nonroutine strategies are needed, distrusting persons perform better, while when routine strategies are needed trusting persons perform better. This research was extended to entrepreneurial firms by
Gudmundsson and Lechner. They
749:
explain how economists are attempting to understand why humans trust or distrust others by recording physiological measurements during trust experiments. Economists conducted an experiment observing distrust through a trust game. Subjects were asked to anonymously donate various amounts of money to
1048:
Teach, R.D., Schwartz, R.G., & Tarpley, F.A. (1989). The recognition and exploitation of opportunity in the software industry: a study of surviving firms. Frontiers of
Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College,
953:
Lowry, Paul
Benjamin; Justin Scott Giboney; Ryan Schuetzler; Jacob Richardson; Tom Gregory; John Romney; Bonnie Anderson (5–8 January 2009). "The Value of Distrust in Computer-Based Decision-Making Groups".
659:
the system itself, or gain bad faith advantage through it—if they do they are easily caught by the others. Much mistrust does exist between parties, and it is exactly this which motivates putting in place a
676:
which in effect say "we do not trust that person". It also tends to rely on a strict etiquette—distrusting each person's habits to signal their intent, and instead relying on a global standard for
750:
other anonymous subjects with no guarantee of receiving money in return. Various conditions were run of the experiment and after each decision, subjects' levels of the hormone
738:
lies strictly with the receiving part of the system, not that which sent the original information. Applying this principle inside one program is called contract-based design.
1039:
GUDMUNDSSON, S.V. and LECHNER, C. (2013) Cognitive Biases, Organization, and
Entrepreneurial Firm Survival. European Management Journal, 31(3), 278-294
726:
uses a more formal idea of distrust itself. Different parts of a system are not supposed to "trust" each other but rather perform specific assertions,
587:
1079:
Lewicki, R., McAllister, D., & Bies, R. (1998). Trust and distrust: New relationships and realities. Academy of
Management Review, 23, 438 – 458.
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distrust increases performance in nonroutine (creative, unstructured) tasks while decreasing performance in routine (cooperative, structured) tasks.
1070:
Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., & Donaldson, L. (1997). Toward a stewardship theory of management. Academy of
Management Review, 22, 20-47.
731:
1102:
1016:
Burns, C., Mearns, K. & McGeorge, P. (2006). Explicit and
Implicit Trust Within Safety Culture. Risk Analysis, 26(5), 1139-1150.
1025:
Schul, Y., Mayo, R., & Burnstein, E. (2008). The Value of
Distrust. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1293–1302.
101:
698:. The fact that they rarely or never do so in most American companies is a sign that the distrust relationship has broken down—
1121:
580:
1126:
902:
727:
96:
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Conchie, S. M. & Donald, I. J. (2007). The functions and development of safety-specific trust and distrust.
573:
900:
Kramer, Roderick M. (1999). "TRUST AND DISTRUST IN ORGANIZATIONS: Emerging
Perspectives, Enduring Questions".
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113:
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273:
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528:
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348:
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are the inevitable result. It is precisely to avoid such larger crises of trust in "the
1136:
1004:
775:
746:
690:, but is empowered to investigate them, challenge them, and otherwise act on behalf of
458:
253:
1115:
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relies on distrust insofar as the board is not to trust the reports it receives from
661:
498:
328:
283:
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198:
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Kets de Vries, M. (2003). The entrepreneur on the couch. INSEAD Quarterly, 5, 17-19.
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Mistrust: Why Losing Faith in Institutions Provides the Tools to Transform Them
990:
868:
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814:
695:
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483:
408:
298:
208:
138:
133:
923:
850:"The Neuroeconomics of Distrust: Sex Differences in Behavior and Physiology"
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168:
148:
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26:
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as a division or balance of powers, or in politics as means of validating
448:
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218:
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228:
203:
188:
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Zak, Paul J.; Karla Borja; William T. Matzner; Robert Kurzban (2005).
707:
624:
620:
463:
358:
243:
183:
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Schul, Y.; Mayo, R.; Burnstein, E. (2008). "The value of distrust".
735:
616:
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453:
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710:" that formal distrust measures are put in place to begin with.
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443:
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43rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
651:
inevitably is based on distrust, but not on mistrust. Parties
393:
193:
1035:
1033:
1031:
30:
Aboriginal women showing distrust of the photographer
627:terms. Systems based on distrust simply divide the
1057:
1055:
734:. Once these are passed, the responsibility for
581:
8:
655:in the system, but they do not compete to
588:
574:
33:
979:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
876:
25:
837:
766:Research on high-risk settings such as
45:
7:
668:for instance, which applies between
639:" refers specifically to distrust.
14:
611:too much in a situation of grave
58:
53:
16:Lack of interpersonal confidence
1097:. W. W. Norton & Company.
916:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.569
680:in sensitive social settings.
619:. It is commonly expressed in
1:
857:The American Economic Review
903:Annual Review of Psychology
1153:
991:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.05.003
869:10.1257/000282805774669709
672:, relies on such means as
18:
635:can operate. The phrase "
1093:Ethan Zuckerman (2021).
643:In systems of government
19:For the video game, see
795:Cynicism (contemporary)
603:is a formal way of not
86:Emotional intelligence
31:
1122:Reputation management
742:Neurochemical studies
29:
21:Distrust (video game)
758:Sociological studies
684:Corporate governance
289:Emotional Detachment
825:Suspicion (emotion)
774:, medical surgery,
752:dihydrotestosterone
714:In computer science
700:accounting scandals
666:Diplomatic protocol
633:checks and balances
1127:Concepts in ethics
772:investment banking
674:formal disapproval
32:
790:Conscientiousness
776:aircraft piloting
704:accounting reform
637:trust, but verify
598:
597:
524:Social connection
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985:(5): 1293–1302.
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724:computer science
649:electoral system
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1087:Further reading
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1132:Accountability
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1104:978-1324002604
1103:
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1005:Safety Science
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910:(1): 569–598.
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747:Neuroeconomics
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722:as defined in
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702:and calls for
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629:responsibility
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76:Classification
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768:oil platforms
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664:of distrust.
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662:formal system
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499:Schadenfreude
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329:Gratification
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284:Embarrassment
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249:Determination
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199:Belongingness
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107:Dysregulation
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102:Interpersonal
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1021:
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978:
972:
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948:
907:
901:
895:
863:(2): 360–3.
860:
856:
765:
761:
745:
717:
692:shareholders
682:
646:
600:
599:
263:
174:Anticipation
878:10983/26303
810:Neuroticism
805:Misanthropy
732:validations
379:Humiliation
324:Frustration
224:Contentment
1116:Categories
832:References
820:Skepticism
815:Resentment
688:management
484:Resentment
409:Loneliness
299:Enthusiasm
239:Depression
209:Confidence
139:Admiration
134:Acceptance
81:In animals
924:0066-4308
678:behaviour
544:Suspicion
534:Suffering
504:Self-pity
469:Rejection
424:Nostalgia
404:Limerence
374:Hostility
354:Happiness
334:Gratitude
279:Elevation
234:Curiosity
214:Confusion
169:Annoyance
149:Amusement
144:Affection
1049:383–397.
940:14616152
932:15012464
887:29125276
783:See also
728:requests
720:protocol
696:managers
631:so that
615:or deep
607:any one
605:trusting
601:Distrust
539:Surprise
449:Pleasure
399:Kindness
389:Jealousy
384:Interest
309:Euphoria
264:Distrust
219:Contempt
126:Emotions
47:Emotions
39:a series
37:Part of
964:1487345
800:Disgust
657:subvert
653:compete
519:Shyness
494:Saudade
489:Sadness
479:Remorse
439:Passion
429:Outrage
294:Empathy
274:Ecstasy
259:Disgust
229:Courage
204:Boredom
189:Arousal
179:Anxiety
164:Anguish
114:Valence
1101:
962:
938:
930:
922:
885:
736:errors
708:system
670:states
625:treaty
621:civics
554:Wonder
529:Sorrow
474:Relief
464:Regret
369:Horror
359:Hatred
244:Desire
184:Apathy
71:Affect
1137:Doubt
936:S2CID
853:(PDF)
617:doubt
609:party
559:Worry
549:Trust
514:Shock
509:Shame
454:Pride
434:Panic
349:Guilt
344:Grief
339:Greed
314:Faith
269:Doubt
159:Angst
154:Anger
1099:ISBN
960:SSRN
928:PMID
920:ISSN
883:PMID
730:and
694:vs.
613:risk
459:Rage
444:Pity
419:Lust
414:Love
364:Hope
319:Fear
304:Envy
91:Mood
987:doi
912:doi
873:hdl
865:doi
647:An
394:Joy
194:Awe
1118::
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1030:^
983:44
981:.
958:.
934:.
926:.
918:.
908:50
906:.
881:.
871:.
861:95
859:.
855:.
840:^
770:,
718:A
41:on
1107:.
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966:.
942:.
914::
889:.
875::
867::
589:e
582:t
575:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
