1588:"The shark family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodontus Blainville, 1816) dates from Gray (1851: 65), but its use as the snake family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodon Latreille, 1801) dates from Bonaparte (1845) and it has not been used in the literature since. Thus both the genus and family names for snakes have priority over the sharks. However, the resurrection of the family name Heterodontidae for snakes (subfamily Heterodontinae in Vidal et al., 2007) causes unnecessary confusion owing to the long-standing use of the name for sharks (e.g. Compagno, 2002; Baldwin, 2005). Consequently, Rossman and Wilson (1965) and Zaher et al. (2009) argued that the family name should be applied only to sharks in the interest of maintaining nomenclatorial stability, a position that contrasts strongly with that of Vidal et al. (2007, 2010). According to Art. 52.2 of the Code, when two names ââare homonyms, only the senior, as determined by the Principle of Priority, may be used as a valid nameââ. We believe that if this clade of snakes continuously appears in phylogenetic studies, then it is desirable to petition the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside use of the family name for the snakes in favor of the sharks in the interest of nomenclatorial stability. An alternative nomenclature would be to change the spelling of the shark family to Heterodontusidae. In any case, we suggest the North American relictual Xenodontinae (sensu Pinou, 1993; Pinou et al., 2004) should not be referred to as the subfamily Heterodontinae until a well defined nomenclatural resolution is obtained."
102:
124:
458:"), and a small North American group (sometimes called the "Carphophiinae" or, incorrectly, "Heterodontinae"). In addition, a number of snake genera are likely to be dipsadines based on their morphology and geographic range, but because of the absence of genetic data and information about their closest relatives, they are considered genera
411:
and its relatives. Also, a third North
American group (sometimes called "Carphophiinae") contains nine species in five genera at the base of the Dipsadinae (the "North American relicts" thought to have descended from the ancestors of dipsadines as they crossed from Asia to South America by way of
1985:
de
Oliveira, L.; Jared, C.; da Costa Prudente, A. L.; Zaher, H.; Antoniazzi, M. M. (2008). "Oral glands in dipsadine "goo-eater" snakes: morphology and histochemistry of the infralabial glands in Atractus reticulatus, Dipsas indica, and Sibynomorphus mikanii".
283:
Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes, typically less than 80 cm (31 in) in total length. Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are
395:, but if the two names are used synonymously, Dipsadinae is the correct name because it is older. When Xenodontinae is used non-synonymously, it normally refers to the larger and more derived South American-Caribbean subclade containing the genus
382:
in the Middle Eocene, with the latter dispersing to trans-Andean South
America in multiple waves between 38 and 20 Ma, whereas the former dispersed to cis-Andean South America about 39 Ma and entered the West Indies some 33 Ma.
2253:
Pinou, T.; Vicario, S.; Marschner, M.; Caccone, A. (2004). "Relict snakes of North
America and their relationships within Caenophidia, using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mitochondrial sequences".
1586:" is a subfamily of sharks; this problem is discussed in Appendix I of Grazziotin, F. G., H. Zaher, R. W. Murphy, G. Scrocchi, M. A. Benavides, Y.-P. Zhang, and S. L. Bonattoh (2012):
336:) are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs. Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g.
1738:
Our results support monophyly of
Colubridae, containing the traditionally recognized subfamilies Calamariinae, Colubrinae, Natricinae, Pseudoxenodontinae, and Dipsadinae.
2209:"Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: A revised classification and descriptions of new taxa"
2614:
1950:
Ray, J. M.; Montgomery, C. E.; Mahon, H. K.; Savitzky, A. H.; Lips, K. R. (2012). "Goo-eaters: diets of the neotropical snakes Dipsas and Sibon in
Central Panama".
1811:"Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species"
2563:
2103:
2159:
Serrano, Filipe C.; PontesâNogueira, Matheus; Sawaya, Ricardo J.; Alencar, Laura R. V.; Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Grazziotin, Felipe G. (3 January 2024).
2550:
1883:
Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W.; Scrocchi, Gustavo; Benavides, Marco A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Bonatto, Sandro L. (2012).
2430:
2370:
1707:"The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees"
2299:
Grazziotin, Felipe G; Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W; Scrocchi, Gustavo; Benavides, Marco A; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Bonatto, Sandro L (2012).
2161:"There and back again: when and how the world's richest snake family (Dipsadidae) dispersed and speciated across the Neotropical region"
2128:
900:
Abegg, Santos Jr., Costa4, Battilana, Graboski, Vianna, Azevedo1, Fagundes ,Castille, Prado, Bonatto, Zaher, & Grazziotin, 2022
892:
Abegg, Santos-Jr, Costa, Battilana, Graboski, Vianna, Azevedo, Fagundes, Castille, Prado, Bonatto, Zaher, & Grazziotin, 2008
2072:
2555:
1855:
101:
2021:
Zaher, H.; de
Oliveira, L.; Grazziotin, F. G.; Campagner, M.; Jared, C.; Antoniazzi, M. M.; Prudente, A. L. (2014).
123:
2568:
1705:
Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; De Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011).
450:
Within the
Dipsadinae, the three major groups/clades or subfamilies are the Central American group ("Dipsadinae"
1560:
Malnate, 1953 (the only Asian genus, likely at the base of the entire clade or at the base of the
Dipsadinae +
210:
2146:
Venomous bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites
2609:
2165:
873:
Trevine, V. C., Grazziotin, F. G., Giraudo, A., SallesberyâPinchera, N., Vianna, J. A., & Zaher, H. 2022
2490:
2263:
2576:
1810:
2207:
Zaher, H.; Grazziotin, F. G.; Cadle, J. E.; Murphy, R. W.; Moura-Leite, J. C.; Bonatto, S. L. (2009).
2023:"Consuming viscous prey: a novel protein-secreting delivery system in neotropical snail-eating snakes"
1763:
985:
754:
2268:
1146:
931:
880:
711:
2604:
1752:"A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus"
1068:
665:
1706:
1653:"A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes"
2397:
2330:
1967:
1914:
1357:
1200:
969:
950:
773:
692:
219:
118:
1259:
1165:
1119:
2581:
2465:
2405:
2537:
2457:
2322:
2281:
2182:
2124:
2097:
2054:
2003:
1906:
1833:
1791:
1729:
1684:
1001:
110:
2449:
2389:
2312:
2273:
2230:
2220:
2174:
2044:
2034:
1995:
1959:
1896:
1825:
1781:
1771:
1721:
1674:
1664:
1173:
599:
257:
2528:
405:
is restricted to the smaller and more basal
Central American subclade containing the genus
1181:
789:
379:
2301:"Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): A reappraisal"
1885:"Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal"
2160:
1767:
2049:
2022:
1786:
1751:
1679:
1652:
1583:
1232:
1224:
1049:
853:
460:
288:. Many eat frogs or lizards, and some consume mammals and birds. Several genera (e.g.
2598:
2317:
2300:
1901:
1884:
1629:
1524:
1492:
1460:
1452:
1315:
1154:
1017:
920:
888:
845:
681:
639:
623:
615:
356:
332:
326:
320:
277:
59:
2401:
2334:
2225:
2208:
1971:
1918:
2542:
2079:
1750:
Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016).
1484:
1444:
1283:
1208:
939:
912:
762:
735:
583:
511:
455:
392:
338:
2120:
The Book of Snakes: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the World
1999:
2375:(Serpentes: Colubridae), an endemic snake from the QinghaiâXizang Plateau, China"
2349:
2118:
1776:
2522:
2453:
2277:
1829:
1725:
1548:
1108:
1041:
993:
904:
896:
719:
673:
519:
487:
378:, about 50 Ma. Xenodontinae and Dipsadinae diverged once the family had reached
273:
250:
34:
2393:
2366:
1561:
1556:
1532:
1516:
1508:
1468:
1384:
1365:
1331:
1307:
1216:
1189:
1100:
1076:
1057:
958:
837:
829:
813:
805:
797:
781:
727:
631:
591:
567:
551:
479:
432:
362:
290:
195:
79:
44:
2513:
2186:
2039:
1669:
1500:
1436:
1416:
1400:
1135:
1084:
1033:
1025:
1009:
869:
785:
Trevine, Grazziotin, Giraudo, SallesberyâPinchera, Vianna, & Zaher, 2022
743:
700:
607:
559:
426:
414:
350:
285:
246:
135:
84:
2461:
2326:
2285:
2058:
2007:
1910:
1837:
1795:
1733:
1688:
1610:
374:
Molecular evidence indicates that Dipsadidae originated in Asia during the
366:) have inflicted painful bites with local, non-life-threatening symptoms.
2507:
1540:
1408:
1339:
1299:
1275:
1267:
1240:
1127:
1092:
1053:
Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012
1021:
Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012
647:
527:
503:
495:
420:
375:
344:
296:
269:
175:
155:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2235:
1476:
1323:
1291:
1248:
977:
861:
821:
543:
397:
302:
265:
165:
89:
64:
2431:"What are the closest relatives of the hot-spring snakes (Colubridae,
2351:
Comments on the Revival of the Colubrid Snake Subfamily Heterodontinae
2178:
1963:
1392:
1150:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
1123:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
954:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
884:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
758:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
696:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
669:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
535:
438:
407:
308:
253:
145:
2484:
1335:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
1295:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
1005:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
962:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
685:
Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
2144:
Weinstein, S. A.; Warrell, D. A.; White, J.; Keyler, D. E. (2011).
575:
314:
185:
1630:"Synopsis vertebratorum systematis. Amphibiorum Tabula Analytica"
2488:
1937:
Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
464:
and are not currently placed in a subgroup of the Dipsadinae.
1878:
1876:
587:
Harvey, Fuenmayor, Portilla & Rueda-Almonacid, 2008
2435:), the relict species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau?"
268:
of the subfamily Dipsadinae are found in most of the
2497:
391:Some authors refer to part or all of this group as
2429:Huang S; Liu SY; Guo P; Zhang YP; Zhao EM (2009).
1939:(4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 622â626.
1651:Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013).
1343:A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854
657:South American + Caribbean clade ("Xenodontinae")
627:A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854
1590:See also Rossman, D. A. and L. D. Wilson (1965).
1935:Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014).
1930:
1928:
8:
2248:
2246:
1700:
1698:
2485:
1420:Latreille (in Sonnini and Latreille), 1801
454:), the South American + Caribbean group ("
280:. There are more than 700 member species.
100:
20:
2316:
2267:
2234:
2224:
2048:
2038:
1900:
1785:
1775:
1678:
1668:
1602:
1575:
2615:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
2102:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2095:
1512:G. Köhler, Wilson & McCranie, 2001
1377:North American clade ("Carphophiinae")
401:and its relatives, whereas Dipsadinae
2442:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2256:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1849:
1847:
1818:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1714:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
468:Central American clade ("Dipsadinae"
7:
1634:Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali
1212:Smaga, Ttito, & Catenazzi, 2019
1628:Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1838).
14:
2196:– via Wiley Online Library.
2318:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x
1902:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x
507:Campbell, Smith & Hall, 2018
122:
2226:10.1590/S0031-10492009001100001
2123:. University of Chicago Press.
2371:"The phylogenetic position of
2365:He M; Feng JC; Liu SY; Guo P;
1:
2000:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.021
1464:Fritts & H.M. Smith, 1969
256:, sometimes referred to as a
1809:Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016).
1777:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
2454:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.013
2278:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.005
2117:O'Shea, Mark (2018-10-22).
1830:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009
1726:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006
531:Bogert & Duellman, 1963
2631:
2382:Journal of Natural History
2213:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
1528:Myers & Campbell, 1981
1472:McCranie & Villa, 1993
1236:Myers & McDowell, 2014
1220:Zaher & Prudente, 2019
276:, and are most diverse in
2394:10.1080/00222930802389825
225:
218:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
2027:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1657:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1311:Hedges & Vidal, 2009
1303:Hedges & Vidal, 2009
1287:Hedges & Vidal, 2009
817:Hoge & Mertens, 1959
731:Lema & Deiques, 2010
579:Baird & Girard, 1853
2166:Journal of Biogeography
2040:10.1186/1471-2148-14-58
1670:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93
704:Myers & Cadle, 1994
2348:D. A. Rossman (1965).
412:North America; genera
2577:Paleobiology Database
1361:Kok & Means, 2023
1860:The Reptile Database
865:A.M.C. Duméril, 1853
849:Trevine et al., 2022
825:Trevine et al., 2022
809:Trevine et al., 2022
563:A.M.C. Duméril, 1853
2148:. London: Elsevier.
1768:2016PLoSO..1161070F
1096:Donoso-Barros, 1974
16:Subfamily of snakes
2592:
2591:
2491:Taxon identifiers
2179:10.1111/jbi.14790
1964:10.1643/CH-10-100
1824:(Pt B): 537â547.
1263:Fitzringer, 1843
240:
239:
235:
230:
214:
111:Sibon longifrenis
2622:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2464:. Archived from
2439:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2404:. Archived from
2388:(7â8): 479â488.
2379:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2271:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2228:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2078:. Archived from
2077:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2042:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1904:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1591:
1580:
1520:H.M. Smith, 1941
1204:Bonaparte, 1845
600:Pseudoleptodeira
272:, including the
233:
228:
209:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2493:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2269:10.1.1.542.4840
2252:
2251:
2244:
2219:(11): 115â153.
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2073:"Archived copy"
2071:
2070:
2066:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1762:(9): e0161070.
1749:
1748:
1744:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1488:W. Peters, 1859
1440:Fitzinger, 1843
1431:
1423:
1379:
1374:
1271:Fitzinger, 1843
1244:Fitzinger, 1843
1193:Fitzinger, 1826
1158:Fitzinger, 1843
1131:W. Peters, 1860
1061:Fitzinger, 1843
1045:Boulenger, 1908
1037:Schneider, 1801
989:Fitzinger, 1826
790:Calamodontophis
766:Fitzinger, 1843
755:Tropidodryadini
659:
654:
619:Fitzinger, 1826
571:Fitzinger, 1843
523:Hallowell, 1860
515:Reinhardt, 1861
474:
448:
389:
380:Central America
372:
234:Bonaparte, 1838
231:
229:Bonaparte, 1838
208:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2610:Snake families
2607:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2573:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2519:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2448:(3): 438â446.
2421:
2357:
2340:
2311:(5): 437â459.
2291:
2262:(2): 563â574.
2242:
2199:
2173:(5): 878â893.
2151:
2136:
2129:
2109:
2064:
2013:
1994:(5): 898â913.
1977:
1958:(2): 197â202.
1942:
1924:
1895:(5): 437â459.
1872:
1843:
1801:
1742:
1720:(2): 329â342.
1694:
1643:
1620:
1611:"Xenodontinae"
1601:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1584:Heterodontinae
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1553:
1552:Duellman, 1958
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1428:incertae sedis
1424:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1351:incertae sedis
1346:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1233:Eutrachelophis
1229:
1225:Erythrolamprus
1221:
1213:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1169:Dowling, 1975
1161:
1160:
1159:
1147:Hydrodynastini
1142:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1050:Rodriguesophis
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
965:
964:
963:
946:
945:
944:
932:Amnesteophiini
927:
926:
925:
917:
909:
901:
893:
881:Echinantherini
876:
875:
874:
866:
858:
854:Thamnodynastes
850:
842:
841:Wiegmann, 1835
834:
826:
818:
810:
802:
794:
786:
769:
768:
767:
750:
749:
748:
740:
739:Wiegmann, 1843
732:
724:
712:Elapomorphiini
707:
706:
705:
688:
687:
686:
678:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:
644:
636:
628:
620:
612:
604:
596:
588:
580:
572:
564:
556:
548:
540:
539:Laurenti, 1768
532:
524:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
475:
473:
466:
461:incertae sedis
447:
444:
388:
385:
371:
368:
238:
237:
223:
222:
216:
215:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
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159:
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149:
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143:
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133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
30:Mioceneârecent
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2627:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
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2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2471:on 2013-10-03
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2411:on 2015-12-22
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
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2368:
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2358:
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2319:
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2310:
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2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2130:9780226459394
2126:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2085:on 2018-12-01
2081:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1854:Uetz, Peter.
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
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1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:Procter, 1923
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:Rhadinophanes
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:Lioheterophis
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:Emmochliophis
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:Diaphorolepis
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:Gervais, 1843
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:GĂŒnther, 1858
1318:
1317:
1316:Hypsirhynchus
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:GĂŒnther, 1858
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:H. Boie, 1826
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1155:Hydrodynastes
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1112:Machado, 1993
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1069:Philodryadini
1065:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:Paraphimophis
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
979:
975:
974:
973:Bailey, 1967
972:
971:
966:
961:
960:
956:
955:
953:
952:
947:
942:
941:
937:
936:
934:
933:
928:
923:
922:
921:Taeniophallus
918:
915:
914:
910:
907:
906:
902:
899:
898:
894:
891:
890:
889:Adelphostigma
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
871:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
847:
846:Tachymenoides
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
815:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
795:
792:
791:
787:
784:
783:
779:
778:
777:Bailey, 1967
776:
775:
770:
765:
764:
760:
759:
757:
756:
751:
746:
745:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
729:
725:
722:
721:
717:
716:
714:
713:
708:
703:
702:
698:
697:
695:
694:
689:
684:
683:
682:Pseudalsophis
679:
676:
675:
671:
670:
668:
667:
666:Saphenophiini
662:
661:
656:
650:
649:
645:
643:GĂŒnther, 1858
642:
641:
640:Tropidodipsas
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
625:
624:Tretanorhinus
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
601:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
561:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
497:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
481:
477:
476:
471:
470:sensu stricto
467:
465:
463:
462:
457:
453:
452:sensu stricto
445:
443:
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
428:
423:
422:
417:
416:
410:
409:
404:
403:sensu stricto
400:
399:
394:
386:
384:
381:
377:
369:
367:
365:
364:
359:
358:
357:Hydrodynastes
353:
352:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
333:Tropidodipsas
329:
328:
327:Sibynomorphus
323:
322:
317:
316:
311:
310:
305:
304:
299:
298:
293:
292:
287:
281:
279:
278:South America
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
236:
224:
221:
217:
212:
207:
204:
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200:
197:
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191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2498:
2473:. Retrieved
2466:the original
2445:
2441:
2432:
2424:
2413:. Retrieved
2406:the original
2385:
2381:
2372:
2360:
2350:
2343:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2259:
2255:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2192:10 September
2190:. Retrieved
2170:
2164:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2119:
2112:
2087:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2067:
2030:
2026:
2016:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1892:
1888:
1863:. Retrieved
1859:
1856:"Dipsadinae"
1821:
1817:
1804:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1737:
1717:
1713:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1587:
1578:
1555:
1547:
1544:Peracca 1896
1539:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1496:Amaral, 1935
1491:
1485:Hydromorphus
1483:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1445:Crisantophis
1443:
1435:
1427:
1415:
1407:
1404:Girard, 1853
1399:
1396:Girard, 1853
1391:
1383:
1369:Peters, 1869
1364:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1284:Borikenophis
1282:
1274:
1266:
1257:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1228:Wagler, 1830
1223:
1215:
1209:Arcanumophis
1207:
1198:
1188:
1185:Wagler, 1830
1180:
1177:Wagler, 1828
1172:
1163:
1153:
1144:
1134:
1126:
1117:
1107:
1104:Wagler, 1830
1099:
1091:
1083:
1080:Wagler, 1830
1075:
1066:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1013:Wagler, 1830
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
967:
957:
948:
940:Amnesteophis
938:
935:Myers, 2011
929:
919:
913:Echinanthera
911:
903:
895:
887:
878:
868:
860:
857:Wagler, 1830
852:
844:
836:
828:
820:
812:
804:
801:Wagler, 1830
796:
793:Amaral, 1963
788:
780:
771:
763:Tropidodryas
761:
752:
742:
736:Elapomorphus
734:
726:
718:
709:
699:
690:
680:
672:
663:
651:Bibron, 1843
646:
638:
630:
622:
614:
606:
603:Taylor, 1938
598:
590:
584:Plesiodipsas
582:
574:
566:
558:
550:
547:Wagler, 1830
542:
534:
526:
518:
512:Chersodromus
510:
502:
499:Wagler, 1828
494:
486:
478:
469:
459:
456:Xenodontinae
451:
449:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
406:
402:
396:
393:Xenodontinae
390:
376:Early Eocene
373:
361:
355:
349:
343:
339:Borikenophis
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
301:
295:
289:
282:
261:
242:
241:
226:
205:
109:
18:
2523:Wikispecies
2236:11449/71032
1549:Tantalophis
1448:Villa, 1971
1358:Paikwaophis
1201:Xenodontini
1109:Xenoxybelis
1072:Cope, 1886
1042:Rhachidelus
994:Drepanoides
981:Zaher, 1996
970:Pseudoboini
951:Caateboiini
943:Myers, 2011
908:Myers, 1974
905:Dibernardia
897:Amnisiophis
833:Gomes, 1915
774:Tachymenini
720:Apostolepis
693:Psomophiini
677:Myers, 1973
674:Saphenophis
520:Coniophanes
488:Amastridium
274:West Indies
245:is a large
232:Dipsadidae
202:Subfamily:
2605:Dipsadinae
2599:Categories
2529:Dipsadinae
2499:Dipsadinae
2475:2018-05-14
2433:Thermophis
2415:2018-05-14
2373:Thermophis
2305:Cladistics
2089:2018-11-30
1889:Cladistics
1640:: 391â397.
1615:Mindat.org
1598:References
1562:Natricinae
1557:Thermophis
1533:Sordellina
1517:Rhadinella
1509:Omoadiphas
1480:Cope, 1870
1469:Enuliophis
1412:Gray, 1842
1385:Carphophis
1366:Xenopholis
1332:Magliophis
1327:Cope, 1862
1308:Haitiophis
1260:Alsophiini
1217:Baliodryas
1190:Pseudoeryx
1166:Hydropsini
1139:Cope, 1885
1120:Conophiini
1101:Philodryas
1088:Hoge, 1958
1077:Chlorosoma
1058:Siphlophis
1029:Cope, 1860
997:Dunn, 1928
959:Caaeteboia
924:Cope, 1895
916:Cope, 1894
838:Tachymenis
830:Ptychophis
814:Gomesophis
806:Galvarinus
798:Dryophylax
782:Apographon
747:Cope, 1862
728:Coronelaps
723:Cope, 1861
715:Jan, 1862
635:Cope, 1885
632:Trimetopon
611:Cope, 1863
595:Cope, 1860
592:Pliocercus
568:Leptodeira
555:Cope, 1860
552:Hypsiglena
491:Cope, 1861
480:Adelphicos
433:Carphophis
363:Philodryas
291:Adelphicos
262:Dipsadidae
243:Dipsadinae
227:Dipsadina
206:Dipsadinae
196:Colubridae
182:Suborder:
24:Dipsadinae
2264:CiteSeerX
2187:0305-0270
2033:(1): 58.
1504:Cope 1871
1501:Nothopsis
1456:Jan, 1863
1437:Cercophis
1417:Heterodon
1401:Diadophis
1136:Manolepis
1085:Ditaxodon
1034:Pseudoboa
1026:Phimophis
1010:Oxyrhopus
1002:Mussurana
870:Zonateres
744:Phalotris
701:Psomophis
608:Rhadinaea
560:Imantodes
483:Jan, 1862
427:Diadophis
415:Heterodon
370:Evolution
351:Heterodon
286:oviparous
251:colubroid
247:subfamily
211:Bonaparte
186:Serpentes
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
2508:Wikidata
2462:19249375
2402:84653966
2369:(2009).
2335:84934386
2327:34836446
2286:15223038
2098:cite web
2059:24661572
2008:18262581
1972:86226277
1919:84934386
1911:34836446
1838:26475614
1796:27603205
1756:PLOS ONE
1734:21074626
1689:23627680
1541:Synophis
1409:Farancia
1340:Uromacer
1300:Cubophis
1276:Arrhyton
1268:Alsophis
1241:Lygophis
1174:Helicops
1128:Conophis
1093:Incaspis
648:Urotheca
528:Cryophis
504:Cenaspis
496:Atractus
421:Farancia
387:Synonymy
345:Cubophis
297:Atractus
270:Americas
220:Synonyms
192:Family:
176:Squamata
166:Reptilia
156:Chordata
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
2556:1081289
2514:Q143402
2367:Zhao EM
2050:4021269
1988:Toxicon
1787:5014348
1764:Bibcode
1680:3682911
1477:Enulius
1426:Genera
1324:Ialtris
1292:Caraiba
1249:Xenodon
1182:Hydrops
978:Boiruna
862:Tomodon
822:Mesotes
544:Geophis
398:Xenodon
303:Geophis
266:Species
172:Order:
162:Class:
2569:173537
2460:
2400:
2333:
2325:
2284:
2266:
2185:
2127:
2057:
2047:
2006:
1970:
1952:Copeia
1917:
1909:
1865:14 May
1836:
1794:
1784:
1732:
1687:
1677:
1663:: 93.
1564:clade)
1393:Contia
1349:Tribe
1258:Tribe
1199:Tribe
1164:Tribe
1145:Tribe
1118:Tribe
1067:Tribe
986:Clelia
968:Tribe
949:Tribe
930:Tribe
879:Tribe
772:Tribe
753:Tribe
710:Tribe
691:Tribe
664:Tribe
536:Dipsas
446:Genera
439:Contia
436:, and
408:Dipsas
309:Dipsas
258:family
254:snakes
213:, 1838
2582:67685
2543:87CGR
2469:(PDF)
2438:(PDF)
2409:(PDF)
2398:S2CID
2378:(PDF)
2331:S2CID
2083:(PDF)
2076:(PDF)
1968:S2CID
1915:S2CID
1814:(PDF)
1710:(PDF)
1570:Notes
616:Sibon
576:Ninia
321:Sibon
315:Ninia
2564:NCBI
2551:ITIS
2458:PMID
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