3283:
3469:). This specimen shows signs of regrowth of bone around the injury as well as subsequent infections that were ongoing at the time of the mosasaur's death, which may have been partially caused by the injuries inflicted. The specimen stands as one of the few clearly confirmable cases of intra-specific combat between mosasaurs. It also revealed a very atypical immune response to the infection. Unlike modern reptilians where solid fibrous masses are produced to contain infections, this mosasaur showed a much more mammal-like response, including liquid pus. This is one of the first cases in which immunological responses in fossil taxa have been studied in such detail and where extant relatives differ to extinct taxa.
3066:
3099:
918:
3077:
1220:
3087:
1476:
155:
1321:
126:
3404:
1290:, where knowledge of the teeth mainly comes from isolated specimens. Known teeth are strongly bicarinate with a weak serration on both carinae. The carinae then divide the teeth into lingual and labial surfaces, with the lingual surface being more convex and large in comparison with the labial. The teeth have a slight posterior and medial recurvature and are noted for having smooth surfaces (which is different from other species of
3326:. For instance, the anterior teeth are more incurved and slender than those posterior to them with a gradual change in shape along the tooth row. The anterior teeth have a ratio of crown length to basal crown width of 2.0 to 2.5, whereas teeth in the middle of the tooth row have ratios in the range of 1.7 to 2.0. These ratios are consistent with both mosasaurs with "cutting" and "crushing" teeth. Though robust, the teeth of
3251:. As with most mosasaurs, the teeth of these specimens are carinate, with the carinae aligned roughly parallel to the jaw. On unworn teeth, the apex is acute but blunt, and has fine, wavy, anastomosing ridges for as much as 25% of the crown height. Such ornamentation could potentially strengthen the teeth. The blunt tip and roughened surface suggest a tooth that was used for capturing fairly hard prey, and the presence of
1059:
2826:
5584:
5126:
2475:
707:
1370:
880:
1703:
2339:
2354:
1348:
facets are posteriorly inclined and located posteriorly on the ventral surfaces of the centra. The synapophyses are large, located anteriorly on the centra, and do not extend below the ventral margin of the centrum. The condyles and cotyles are weakly dorsoventrally compressed. The cervical vertebrae are almost the same size as the longest
1173:, with two original teeth. The left pterygoid was considerably more complete, but lacked all processes other than the basisphenoid process. The posterior alveolar margin was noted for being very small, with the teeth rising from a thin but pronounced vertical ridge. The ventral surface of the basisphenoid process is quite smooth and
2605:
in its splenial-angular surface having distinct horizontal tongues and grooves, the shape of the vertebral condyle (being slightly depressed with a height to width ratio of 0.75) and the length proportions of the vertebrae (cervical vertebrae being almost equal in size to the longest vertebrae of the
1347:
are preserved, which have well developed anterior and posterior zygapophyses. Functional zygosphenes and zygantra were found on two of the cervical vertebrae. Vertebral hypapophyseal peduncles were found on all four vertebrae and are very short and end as small laterally compressed oval facets. These
1012:
forms a large portion of the posterolateral border of the external nares and the supraorbital wing with heavy triangular ala contacts the postorbitofrontal posteriorly over the orbit medial to the external edge of the frontal. The frontal does not emarginate above the orbits and a median dorsal ridge
1258:
has the most different teeth from other members of the genus. The tooth crowns are generally large and quite strongly striated and the anterior teeth are more procumbent than in any other mosasaurs. The premaxillary teeth are almost horizontal and the anterior dentary teeth only slightly less so. In
3362:
It is clear that the wear on the teeth does not represent simple breakage, since that would result in different amounts of wear on different teeth. In contrast to the marginal teeth, the pterygoid teeth, though unusually large for a mosasaur, do not exhibit any wear. This suggests that the marginal
3345:
of both examined specimens show considerable wear. Crown apices are unusually smooth and polished, this breakage and subsequent polishing is likely due to prolonged contact with food. The tooth breakage is not severe and nearly horizontal, which is unlike typical predators with "cutting" teeth. The
1454:
standards compared to some of the larger specimens in the genus. Thus, it was assumed that ERMNH HFV 197 was a juvenile specimen. That tail fin would grow to account for the increased weight of bigger individuals is rather logical, and can be observed in other groups that possess tail fins, such as
3262:
The teeth are, however, quite high relative to the size of the skull, which suggests that they were used for impaling prey rather than for crushing or grasping it. Many of the fully erupted teeth have crenulations on the carinae that produce a fine serration. The presence of serrated carinae would
1686:
are routinely recovered as sister genera, Cau and Madzia (2017) did not resurrect the tribe
Prognathodontini in their list of mosasaur clades and their preferred definitions, offering no comment as to why not. Within Cau and Madzia's analysis (as well as previous work such as Simões et al., 2017),
3346:
teeth may have been robust enough to prevent extensive breaking, or perhaps the curvature limited it. Many teeth are worn uniformly, which suggests a third possibility; that it represents a gradual grinding down of the teeth as a result of handling food. Somewhat similar wear is found on teeth of
1049:
has seven to eight teeth. The medial wing from the coronoid contacts the angular, the anterior process on the coronoid abrupts over the surangular and makes contact with the posterior process of the dentary or ends with the surangular without contacting the dentary. The retroarticular process is
672:
Though the original remains of the genus were rather comprehensive and the original description was brief, no additional studies of the type material was done for a century. The lack of a comprehensive original description of the genus and the species referred to it from
Belgium is strangely not
1428:
The tail fluke is clearly asymmetric. The lower fin lobe follows the caudal vertebrae and would have had a streamlined cross-section in life, based on the proportions of the axial skeleton and the other soft tissues. The upper fin lobe is unsupported by the skeleton and is preserved as a small,
1356:
are preserved in the specimen, though most are poorly preserved. Dorsal vertebrae are a little longer than the cervical and like the cervicals, the condyles and cotyles are weakly compressed dorsoventrally. The dorsal vertebrae are at a maximum about 8 cm in length and 5 cm in height.
1028:
surface are parallel to one another and the cranial midline to the posterior base of the diverging suspensorial rami, which forms a rectangular field medially on the parietal. The ventral process of the postorbitofrontal to jugal is indistinctly separated from the moderately well exposed dorsal
3386:
of predators, but are together consistent with a large and opportunistic apex predator. Though seemingly able to feed on prey typical for "cutting"-teeth mosasaurs, such as the large fish, the robust teeth suggest that somewhat harder prey, such as the sea turtle, was also commonly devoured.
1076:
is noted as having a very robust skull. The skull also shows adaptations towards a very powerful jaw musculature. The ratio between the length of the supratemporal fenestra and the total length of the skull has previously been used as an improvised measurement for mosasaur bite force, and is
862:
quarry, discovered the teeth of the fossil in the shovel of his digger on Monday morning, September 10. In the days following the discovery, museum staff retrieved several large sections of the skull and part of the body and tail of the approximately 13-metre long skeleton. Based on
1562:), Dollo revised his taxonomy, dividing the Mosasauridae into three groups. These groups were based on how developed the rostrum was on the premaxilla, the size of the suprastapedial process of the quadrate and if the haemal arches were fused to the centra of the caudal vertebrae.
1134:, have fused suprastapedial and infrastapedial processes, which is possibly an adaptation to counteract the strong forces experienced by the bone during biting. Strong jaw musculature combined with a relatively short and tall dentary would have resulted in a very powerful bite.
1193:
and the anterior blade of the prearticular and have a tooth count of 13, with at least eight teeth possessing subdental crypts with some replacement teeth having been found in the type specimen. The subdental crypts are positioned postermodeially to the functional teeth. The
3424:. The degree of articulation of the specimen suggests that the animal reached the sea floor moments after its death, where it was scavenged by sharks prior to being buried by the sediments. Evidence of shark scavenging include the finds of associated teeth of shark genera
867:, the age of the specimen was estimated at 67.83 million years, making it about one-and-a-half million years older than "Bèr". From what has been uncovered, this appears to be the oldest known Mosasaurid specimen from the Maastricht area, and it belongs to the genus
1149:. The dorsal margin of the dentary is concave, whilst the ventral margin of the maxilla is slightly convex. The marginal teeth are massive, smooth and rounded as opposed to most other mosasaur teeth, which are typically facetted and laterally compressed. The mandible of
1270:
are more slender at the anterior end, broader and triangular towards the middle of the dental ramus, decreasing in size towards the posterior end with the last two teeth being rather stunted. The tooth crowns are only moderately inflated and in contrast to the teeth of
1153:
is very tall and massive, even more so than in other members of the genus. This is matched by the also massive pterygoid and various other portions of the skull, such as the temporal region and the braincase, which are all stout compared to other species in the genus.
1198:
is saddle-shaped and has a well-developed posterodorsal process, which gives the dorsal margin of said bone a nearly 110 degree angle between the horizontal anterior end and the subvertical posterior wing. This combination of characteristics aided in determining that
1294:) except for minor wrinkles at the tips of the tooth crowns. The roots of the teeth are quite large at about 1.5 times the size of the tooth crowns and are barrel-shaped. The largest known tooth crowns are up to 5.5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide at the base.
3541:
Konishi, Takuya; Brinkman, Donald; Massare, Judy A.; Caldwell, Michael W. (2011-09-01). "New exceptional specimens of
Prognathodon overtoni (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the upper Campanian of Alberta, Canada, and the systematics and ecology of the genus".
3441:. The number of shark teeth (not to mention the consistent size and color of the teeth) is also too high to be attributed to background abundance. The skeleton itself also preserves a variety of bite marks, providing direct evidence of shark scavenging.
3436:
among the bones of the mosasaur. It is possible to exclude the possibility of the sharks having been eaten by the mosasaurs prior to its death (and thus representing stomach contents) due to them showing no evidence of having been attacked by
1436:
The specimen also preserves scale impressions, particularly around the outline of the tail fluke. Though faint, these impressions reveal scales of "rhomboidal" shape. Similarly shaped scales are present on the tail fluke of the well-preserved
1467:, particularly of the larger species, would have had larger tail fins relative to their body size. Lindgren et al. (2013) especially noted that the upper fin lobe likely would have grown to be proportionally larger in bigger individuals.
1405:
specimens, but also preserves significant portions of the integument and a gentle bend on the last few caudal vertebrae. Most importantly, the fossil preserves the soft tissue outline of a tail fin. This helped in providing evidence that
902:) exceeding 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) in length. Despite its massive size, remains of the genus are often fragmentary and incomplete. To date, very few specimens are known with articulated skulls and none with an entire skeleton. In 1967,
2669:
by
Yakovlev in 1901 based on the type specimen CNIGR 818, an incomplete skull and skeleton. Considering the combination of functionary accessory articulations and large pterygoid teeth to be unique, Yakovlev erected a new genus in 1905,
1622:. He considered the mosasaurs within the Prognathodontini to "clearly be of plioplatecarpine derivation", but justified the tribe by that they can be differentiated from other plioplatecarpines by their massive jaws and robust teeth.
1625:
Gorden L. Bell Jr. conducted the first major phylogenetic analysis of mosasaurs in 1997, utilizing new methodologies and incorporating further taxa described since
Russell's 1967 monograph (particularly basal mosasauroids, such as
681:. Large amounts of work was commonly invested in extracting and mounting the specimens, but scientific study of them remained limited with diagnoses and descriptions mainly focusing on peculiar points of their anatomy, such as the
1669:
The view of the relationships of the genus to other mosasaur genera has changed little since 1997, it is routinely recovered as within the
Mosasaurinae as well as paraphyletic. Cau and Madzia (2017) noted that the inclusion of
1040:
The suprastapedial process is fused to the infrastapedial process on the quadrate and the tympanic ala are thick. The stapedial pit is nearly circular to elliptical in form. The posterior process on the dorsal surface of the
851:
On
September 19, 2012, it was announced that nine days earlier, again a skeleton of what appears to be a Mosasaur was found in the limestone quarry just outside Maastricht, the same quarry that yielded the type specimen of
826:, also described by Kaddumi in 2009 from Harrana from fossils likely belonging to a juvenile specimen (preserving the entire skeleton aside from the head, which may have been destroyed during quarrying) was reclassified as
610:
is known for its massively built jaws and teeth. Its distinct feeding adaptations have generated much interest in its ecology ever since its discovery, though direct evidence of its diet, such as gastric residues, is rare.
2376:
specimens has resulted in an incomplete understanding of the systematics of the genus as a whole, including both the alpha-level diversity and generic characteristics. Furthermore, the extreme rarity of early to middle
2392:
is yet to be thoroughly examined. Lindgren (2005) pointed out that robust and conical tooth crowns with blunt, serrated carinae and smooth enamel are routinely assigned to the genus, despite the generic type species,
3419:
preserved several details that are taphonomically interesting. The likely cause of death of the specimen was age or disease, due to marine predators large enough to kill something of its size being unknown from the
2467:
differs from all other members of the genus in several prominent aspects which is unusual for a type species. The most notable difference is perhaps in the teeth, which are gently facetted and labio-lingually
2404:, as recovered by Simões et al. (2017), are listed below. Notably, the exclusion of the six controversial species significantly shortens both the temporal and geographical range of the genus, limiting it to
725:
specimens from
Belgium (including the type specimen) was done by Theagarten Lingham-Soliar and Dirk Nolf in 1989 and the diagnosis in this study remains the latest published emended diagnosis for the genus.
2992:
also lacks the high crest on the dorsal median ridge which is found in other members of the genus. It can easily be distinguished from most other species by further, individual, differences. The Early
1050:
rectangular in outline, medially inflected or laterally lacing. The marginal teeth are stout, bicarinate and smooth or striated. Zygosphenes and zygantra are absent, incipient or large and functional.
1141:
is nearly complete, only lacking the anterior portion of the premaxilla and the dentaries. Though most of the anterior marginal teeth are missing, the inclination of the preserved roots suggest that
1301:
teeth also varies depending on the position in the mouth. Anterior pterygoid teeth are noted for being relatively large and comparable to the marginal teeth in size at up to 4.6 cm in height.
3615:
1021:
are small to moderately large, located anteromedially on a small prominence and are closely embraced on either side by short tongues from the frontal or located on the frontoparietal suture.
4064:
Mohr, S.R.; LeBlanc, A.R.; Caldwell, M. (2020). "A NEW, NEARLY COMPLETE SPECIMEN OF PROGNATHODON OVERTONI (SQUAMATA: MOSASAURIDAE) FROM THE CAMPANIAN BEARPAW FORMATION OF ALBERTA, CANADA".
788:
provided the first fully articulated skeletons of the genus. Detailed studies of these and previously discovered specimens allowed several characters to be established that distinguishes
1243:
differs from this type of teeth and instead exhibits markedly labio-lingually compressed and gently facetted marginal teeth. There is also a certain degree of variation in tooth number,
588:. Due to the sometimes clear differences between them and the incomplete nature of many of the specimens, the systematics of the genus and which species should properly be considered
3282:
3011:
by its straight dorsal dental margin, its small coronoid, rectangular posterior mandibular unit and blunt retroarticular process as well as having a far less massive quadrate bone.
1593:
shared characters with the "microrhynchous" group in 1894 and abandoned his previous two family-system, starting to use only one family of mosasaurs, the
Mosasauridae, and placing
1446:
The proportions of the soft tissue structures and their relation to the skeletal elements of the specimen can be used to infer the shape and size of the fins in other species of
3363:
and pterygoid teeth had different functions, perhaps the pterygoid teeth were used to grip the prey before swallowing it. The large anterior pterygoid teeth that characterize
991:, the sclerotic ring is only partially preserved, consisting of five scleral ossicles in each ring. Similar sclerotic rings are seen in several other mosasaur genera, such as
3461:
in 2020, was discovered in the
Netherlands near Maastricht, and was shown to have severe facial deformities including a devastating partial amputation of the premaxilla. The
3988:
Schulp, A. S.; Vonhof, H. B.; van der Lubbe, J. H. J. L.; Janssen, R.; van Baal, R. R. (2013). "On diving and diet: resource partitioning in type-Maastrichtian mosasaurs".
3271:, rather than particularly adapted to crush its prey. Such a predator can not only feed on very large vertebrate prey, but also feed upon a variety of other prey. However,
703:
in 1904, is one of species with the most brief descriptions, apparently only intended to provide a name for the skeleton of the mosasaur for exhibition in the museum hall.
1361:
fragments, though all incomplete. Two grooves run along the distal portion of the ribs from the articular head but only one groove remains behind the middle of the rib.
1045:
is present, incipient or absent and the dentary terminates abruptly in front of the first dentary tooth. The dentary itself contains thirteen to fourteen teeth and the
2871:, this is among the most completely known species of the genus, with several nearly complete and articulated specimens known, some of which even preserve gut contents.
1177:
are visible above the sixth tooth on the lateral surface of the pterygoid as well as above the position between the sixth and seventh teeth on the medial surface. The
3170:
based on unpublished morphological comparisons. Palci et. al. (2014) however suggested the possibility that these three species, and perhaps also the type species of
5675:
4616:
4127:
Kase, T.; Johnston, P.A.; Seilacher, A.; Boyce, J.B. (1998). "Alleged mosasaur bite marks on Late Cretaceous ammonites are limpet (patellogastropod) home scars".
2805:
and is unique in possessing a high marginal tooth count and relatively small pterygoid teeth. This species seemingly share close relations with the dubious genus
4084:
Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W. M.; Fonken, Frans (2004-09-10). "New material of the mosasaur Carinodens belgicus from the Upper Cretaceous of the Netherlands".
4593:
Averianov, A. O.; Yarkov, A. A. (2004). "On the occurrence of a giant flying reptile (Pterosauria) in the terminal Late Cretaceous of the Lower Volga Region".
4433:"Dental and vertebral morphology of the enigmatic mosasaur Dollosaurus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae) from the lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Sweden"
5571:
1450:
and potentially in other mosasaur genera as well. In their description of the specimen, Lindgren et al. (2013) noted that the specimen is strangely small by
2515:, but differs from all known mosasaurs in having a frontal distinctly wider than it is long. Though originally informally named as part of its own genus, "
842:
had a bilobed tail fluke resembling a downturned shark's tail. While this type of fluke had been suggested for mosasaurs based on skeletal anatomy (as in
2769:
is controversial and the latest phylogenetic analyses, such as Madzia and Cau (2017) and Simões et al. (2017), recover said species as outside the genus
4065:
1161:, whilst incomplete, preserves a significantly large portion of the skull. The specimen was originally stated to have preserved a small portion of the
1033:
is slightly developed to absent. The squamosal wing to the parietal is large. There is a deep groove present in the floor of the basioccipital for the
5662:
3391:, likely similar in ecology to other species of the genus, was thus likely an opportunistic predator capable of feeding upon nearly anything in the
749:
area since 1957; the skeleton is on display at the Natural History Museum at Maastricht, and is from an animal that was probably 12 metres long.
3337:
The posteriormost teeth are sharply curved and short and were thus unlikely to have been used for prey capture or food processing. Teeth on the
4866:
1716:
The results of a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Mosasauridae by Simões et al. (2017) is shown below, collapsed to only display the
925:
3126:
is known by a partial skeleton, including a disarticulated skull, cervical vertebrae, and ribs recovered from Maastrichtian-age deposits in
2969:
for "he who gives satisfaction", referring to that the type specimen was the first reasonably complete mosasaur specimen recovered from the
838:. This fossil is about 1.8 m in length, and is remarkable in that it preserves the outline of the mosasaur's tail fins, revealing that
4273:
Bell GL. Jr. 1997. A phylogenetic revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. pp. 293-332 In: Callaway JM, Nicholls EL, (eds.),
2701:
whilst the laterally pitted caudal vertebrae suggested a more distant relation. Furthermore, the controversy surrounding whether the genus
4617:"A new species of Prognathodon (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the Maastrichtian of Angola, and the affinities of the mosasaur genus Liodon"
3866:
944:) were large with sizes approaching or potentially exceeding 10 metres (33 ft), many species were considerably smaller in size. The
5744:
819:, based on an articulated upper skull, with the name referencing it being the first near-complete mosasaur skull from the Middle East.
4781:
4355:"Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group"
3065:
1235:
are variable in terms of dentition. Robust and conical teeth with blunt, serrated carinae and smooth enamel are often seen as typical
796:
and long-snouted mosasaurines. The preserved teeth and gut contents also allowed studies into the inferred paleoecology of the genus.
3275:
teeth lack the pointed tip that is otherwise characteristic for opportunistic predators with "cutting" teeth. As such, the teeth of
734:
5774:
3367:
likely provided an effective grip on large food items, indicating that the genus was capable of swallowing prey in large pieces.
1195:
3666:
1181:
bone is only represented by a few fragments, but could be noted for being laterally compressed and tall, as in other species of
906:
was estimated to have reached 10 metres (33 ft) in length. In 2002, Christiansen and Bonde estimated the maximum length of
714:
3374:
specimen with preserved gut contents. These contents include the remains of a very large (1.6 meter) fish, a smaller fish, a
1724:
as paraphyletic, as concluded by most recent researchers, and places it as a sister group to the derived mosasaurines in the
960:
specimen is TMP 2018.042.0005, a nearly completely preserved individual measuring over 7–8 metres (23–26 ft) in length.
1165:, though D.V. Grigoriev (2013) noted that said bone could at the moment not be located, and it is potentially missing. Both
3098:
1308:
preserves 14 teeth in the dentary, 12 in the maxilla and 6 in the pterygoid) is a characteristic present in all species of
5749:
5561:
2397:
deviating from that description since it exhibits markedly labio-lingually compressed and gently facetted marginal teeth.
1275:, the teeth increase in size consistently in an antero-posterior direction and are somewhat less posteriorly recurved. In
804:
1678:
within the Globidensini would suggest a closer relationship between the genera than the reality of the situation. Though
5759:
5739:
1263:
reveals that the tooth crowns may also have been somewhat prismatic with seven to eight prisms on the external surface.
1429:
almost wing-like, structure above the last few caudal vertebrae. The shape of the tail fluke is similar to that of the
154:
4353:
Simões, Tiago R.; Vernygora, Oksana; Paparella, Ilaria; Jimenez-Huidobro, Paulina; Caldwell, Michael W. (2017-05-03).
2108:
2633:
having larger anterior pterygoid teeth. The lack of a medial striation on its tooth surfaces differentiates it from
5754:
4859:
5769:
4952:
4525:
Christiansen, Per; Bonde, Niels (2002). "A New Species of Gigantic Mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".
2084:
4538:
4148:
4097:
3971:
3741:
917:
5764:
4659:
4634:
4568:
4500:
2156:
1797:
691:
3485:
3156:
in 2008 due to exhibiting similarity in the aspect ratios of their marginal dentition along the jaw margin to
674:
5500:
3728:
Christiansen, P.; Bonde, N. (2002). "A new species of gigantic mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".
5729:
5566:
4178:
3937:
3392:
2863:, by the smooth enamel of its teeth and their non-procumbant nature. Previously classified as its own genus
975:, present in all species of the genus. The function of the scleral ossicles is to maintain the shape of the
4808:
Bastiaans, Dylan; Kroll, Jeroen J.F.; Cornelissen, Dirk; Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W.M. (February 2020).
3958:
Christiansen, P.; Bonde, N. (2002). "A new speciesof giganticmosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel".
3892:
Bastiaans, Dylan; Kroll, Jeroen J.F.; Cornelissen, Dirk; Schulp, Anne S.; Jagt, John W.M. (February 2020).
630:. There is some confusion over the correct generic name for the taxon. Dollo first mentioned the taxon as "
5602:
1869:
1513:
was one of the earliest researchers to work on mosasaur systematics, initially placing them as a distinct
4469:"Mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) of North Carolina, USA"
5734:
5701:
5125:
4852:
4037:
3856:
A Pathological Mosasaur snout from the Type Maastrichtian (SE Netherlands), Bastiaans et al, 2014, 2020.
3027:
2197:
2180:
1097:
835:
3382:. These prey items are quite different from one another and would normally be prey items for different
3076:
5649:
4821:
4718:
4366:
4228:
4136:
3997:
3905:
3821:
3551:
3348:
3051:
is even stronger built. With known examples of large sea turtles from the Maastricht region, such as
1852:
1283:), the teeth are all fairly uniform in size other than the penultimate tooth base (which is larger).
854:
4615:
Schulp, Anne S.; Polcyn, Michael J.; Mateus, Octávio; Jacobs, Louis L.; Morais, Maria Luísa (2008).
1219:
4468:
3086:
1821:
1773:
1749:
898:
constitutes one of the largest-bodied mosasaur genera, with the largest known skull (belonging to
5587:
4750:
4742:
4550:
4542:
4109:
4030:"A new species of Prognathodon (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Maastrichtian of Harrana-Jordan"
3745:
3634:
3575:
3239:
allowed detailed studies of the gut contents (including fragments of a large and a small fish, a
3019:
3015:
2988:
known at the time of its description, and being considerably more massive and robust in general.
2132:
1710:
1353:
1349:
1344:
417:
149:
1475:
5706:
5640:
3870:
2697:") was somewhat unclear and that dental and osteological features suggested a placement within
5688:
5680:
5269:
5212:
4734:
4444:
4402:
4384:
4328:
4256:
4101:
3839:
3775:
3567:
3228:
1506:
777:
686:
5693:
2907:
by characters in the quadrate and has vertebral features closely resembling the vertebrae of
2649:. The shape of the vertebral condyle (not being higher than they are wide) separates it from
910:
at 11 metres (36 ft). Considering this 2002 study, Schupl and colleagues estimated that
815:
honors Kaddumi's daughter Huda. Also described in 2009 by Kaddumi from the same locality was
5544:
5246:
5046:
4980:
4829:
4790:
4726:
4534:
4480:
4392:
4374:
4318:
4308:
4246:
4236:
4215:
Lindgren, J.; Caldwell, M.W.; Konishi, T.; Chiappe, L.M. (2010). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.).
4197:
4144:
4093:
4005:
3967:
3913:
3829:
3737:
3559:
3383:
3023:
1619:
1614:
1418:
1320:
1169:
were preserved, though the right one is at the moment almost entirely a restoration made of
3403:
3033:
The robustness of the quadrate bone, along with the equally robust mandible, suggests that
1524:
and the "Plioplatecarpidae". In this early taxonomy, the Mosasauridae contained the genera
848:), this is the first indisputable evidence that derived mosasaurs had bilobed tail flukes.
830:
by Kaddumi, Johan Lindgren, and Michael J. Polcyn in 2013. The species name references the
125:
5537:
5473:
5438:
5394:
5276:
5255:
5192:
5177:
4705:
Palci, Alessandro; Caldwell, Michael W.; Papazzoni, Cesare A.; Fornaciari, Eliana (2014).
4050:
3432:
1554:
1009:
654:
4217:"Convergent Evolution in Aquatic Tetrapods: Insights from an Exceptional Fossil Mosasaur"
3037:
could achieve bite forces in excess of all other mosasaurs. Compared to the quadrates of
4825:
4722:
4370:
4232:
4140:
4001:
3909:
3825:
3705:"A large mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous of The Netherlands (PDF Download Available)"
3555:
3465:
injuries are believed to be the result of a fight with another mosasaur (likely another
657:
in a comprehensive monograph on North American mosasaurs in 1967, where the priority of
634:" in some preliminary notes and provided a provisional diagnosis, but replaced the name
5410:
5341:
5082:
5028:
4485:
4397:
4354:
4323:
4294:"Inferring "weak spots" in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature"
4251:
4216:
4201:
3288:
3057:, it is possible (based on found healed bite marks) that the size range of the prey of
2765:
are recognised as being distinct mosasaur species, but their designation as species of
2442:
1415:
1178:
1166:
1058:
1046:
1034:
972:
745:. This specimen was the first reasonably complete mosasaur specimen recovered from the
581:
550:
3627:
Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre
2825:
1570:
in a "microrhynchous" group. The two other groups were the "megarhynchous" (including
803:
based on a complete right dentary and partial left dentary from the Maastrichtian-age
5723:
5514:
5486:
5444:
5417:
5376:
5332:
5303:
5062:
5021:
4973:
4113:
3638:
3579:
3421:
3114:
2938:
2925:
2883:
2798:
2784:
2535:
2435:
1628:
1386:
1304:
A relatively small number of teeth in comparison to other mosasaurs (for an example,
1186:
1025:
1018:
733:
limestone quarries. Shortly after, it was nicknamed "Bèr", and put on display in the
682:
666:
565:
533:
517:
83:
45:
4754:
4554:
4467:
Rempert, Trevor H.; Martens, Brennan P.; Vinkeles Melchers, Alexander P. M. (2024).
3749:
3704:
2474:
1636:
within the Mosasaurinae, for the first time ever, as a close relative of the genera
706:
5465:
5359:
5296:
5287:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5201:
5134:
5089:
4998:
4945:
4924:
4915:
4779:: implications for Globidensini monophyly and character homology in Mosasaurinae".
3438:
3353:
3311:
3268:
3203:
3166:
2816:
2709:
or not complicated a better look at the classification of the material referred to
2456:
1735:
1717:
1663:
1659:
1647:
1492:
1430:
1411:
1369:
945:
864:
569:
493:
274:
248:
4834:
4809:
4794:
3918:
3893:
3330:
are nowhere near as broad as those of typical "crushing"-teeth mosasaurs, such as
2641:. Additionally, the presence of carinae serrations on the teeth separates it from
879:
4730:
4379:
4241:
3563:
3453:
specimen known as NHMM 2012 (often nicknamed as "Carlo"), described by Bastiaans
2614:
by having 13 teeth in its dentary, though can be excluded from being sunked into
2567:
at an estimated 8 meters in length. It is sometimes classified as its own genus,
1433:
sharks, though turned upside down, with a small upper lobe and large lower lobe.
1397:
allowed detailed examinations of unique details of the soft tissue morphology of
5634:
5530:
5523:
5507:
5479:
5458:
5451:
5403:
5348:
5317:
5262:
5154:
5110:
5096:
5073:
4938:
3426:
3127:
3053:
2942:
2675:
2409:
2029:
1725:
1702:
1692:
1612:
within the Plioplatecarpinae, but erected a tribe for the genus and the related
1510:
1501:
1460:
1439:
984:
983:
in the region of Brucke's muscle responsible for affecting accommodation in the
844:
700:
623:
585:
577:
573:
529:
521:
58:
2338:
5383:
5369:
5170:
5103:
5007:
4987:
4959:
4810:"Cranial palaeopathologies in a Late Cretaceous mosasaur from the Netherlands"
4009:
3894:"Cranial palaeopathologies in a Late Cretaceous mosasaur from the Netherlands"
3379:
3375:
3322:
3294:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3014:
The type specimen, NHMM 1998141, preserves a near-complete skull, articulated
2970:
2949:
reached lengths of approximately 9-10 meters, perhaps only being shorter than
2909:
2678:. Lingham-Soliar (1989) showed that these characteristics were not unique to "
1548:
1542:
1532:
1385:
The discovery of the exceptionally well-preserved specimen ERMNH HFV 197 from
1239:
teeth and are routinely assigned to the genus. Despite this, the type species
1162:
1091:
1030:
1005:
993:
831:
746:
730:
498:
222:
103:
68:
5625:
4738:
4448:
4388:
4105:
3779:
3571:
1401:. The fossil is not only largely complete and articulated, which is rare for
5493:
5310:
5163:
5143:
5014:
4931:
3810:"Soft tissue preservation in a fossil marine lizard with a bilobed tail fin"
3316:
3225:
3039:
2993:
2846:
2706:
2665:
2572:
2550:
2490:
2413:
2378:
2369:
1638:
1526:
1407:
1130:
964:
would have approached the same size, about 8 metres (26 ft) in length.
956:
is estimated to have reached 6.4 metres (21 ft) in length. The largest
871:. The specimen is nicknamed Carlo, after the ENCI worker who discovered it.
773:
513:
504:
166:
108:
52:
41:
4406:
4332:
4260:
3843:
2353:
17:
952:, was the smallest, reaching around 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) in length.
5619:
5035:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4875:
3356:
2507:
and is known from a single massive skull. The skull bears resemblance to
1521:
1517:
1190:
489:
235:
206:
186:
134:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
4746:
4706:
3286:
A side-by-side comparison of a typical "crushing" mosasaur tooth (left,
1029:
surface of the postorbitofrontal and the ventroposterior process on the
5667:
4546:
4313:
3834:
3809:
3342:
3338:
3232:
2576:
1425:
in the evolution of a crescent-shaped tail fluke to aid in locomotion.
1390:
1374:
1352:
and get to a length of about 7.2 cm and a height of 4 cm. 26
1174:
1042:
1014:
808:
781:
678:
627:
593:
482:
196:
113:
88:
4293:
2519:", multiple phylogenetic analyses found it to be firmly placed within
1113:) and a posterior bite force of 7,630–10,974 N (778–1,119 kg
4966:
4887:
4432:
3236:
3136:
2886:, the United States (Maryland and New Jersey, possibly North Carolina
2807:
2802:
2728:
and additionally suggested on a close relation with the type species
2588:
2584:
2405:
1558:. In 1890, following further mosasaur discoveries (including that of
1514:
1422:
1394:
1170:
980:
976:
785:
753:
525:
176:
5596:
4707:"Mosasaurine Mosasaurs (Squamara, Mosasauridae) from Northern Italy"
4029:
3808:
Lindgren, Johan; Kaddumi, Hani F.; Polcyn, Michael J. (2013-09-10).
2849:, Canada (Alberta) and the United States (Colorado and South Dakota)
1699:
itself was recovered as forming a sister group to the Globidensini.
1004:
was provided by Lingham-Soliar and Nolf (1989), and states that the
967:
Other than its size and robust nature, another feature that defines
4768:
Lively, J.R. (2020). "Redescription and phylogenetic assessment of
3945:
Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University)
3674:
Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University)
2773:, most of them thus potentially representing genera on their own.
1499:
has historically been seen as a genus sharing close relations with
3774:. Amman: Eternal River Museum of Natural History. pp. 65–73.
3281:
3097:
3085:
3075:
3064:
2966:
2824:
2716:
A phylogenetic analysis conducted as part of the redescription of
2473:
2463:
and also the smallest known species at barely 5 meters in length.
2352:
2337:
1701:
1474:
1456:
1368:
1319:
1218:
1057:
878:
705:
543:
485:
137:
4683:
Mohr, LeBlanc, Caldwell, 2019. Redescription and Reassignment of
1105:
had an anterior bite force of 6,346–9,127 N (647–931 kg
5654:
859:
661:
was made apparent. Russell also revised the species assigned to
5600:
4848:
1336:
are considerably rarer than skull material and isolated teeth.
3620:(Reptilia, Mosasauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Belgium"
3370:
One of the Alberta specimens, TMP 2007.034.0001, is the first
3247:) and dentition which allowed speculation into the ecology of
1654:. Bell was also the first to note that his analysis recovered
1358:
1185:. Its posteroventral surface is concave for contact with the
4844:
2621:
The absence of a dentary anterior projection differentiates
4539:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ansogm]2.0.co;2
4149:
10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0947:AMBMOL>2.3.CO;2
4098:
10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0744:NMOTMC]2.0.CO;2
3972:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ANSOGM]2.0.CO;2
3742:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ANSOGM]2.0.CO;2
3267:
instead was an opportunistic predator comparable to modern
3255:
bones as gut contents lends support to the hypothesis that
2583:
sp." have been recovered from deposits of a similar age in
1377:
of IRSNB 1624, an exceptionally well-preserved specimen of
4067:
The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 80th Annual Meeting
1207:, since some researchers place it in a genus of its own, "
3990:
Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw
3152:), two with a slender snout morphology, were assigned to
2385:
has obscured the early part of its evolutionary history.
1552:
and the Plioplatecarpidae was monotypic, only containing
1247:
has 12 teeth on the maxilla and 13 on the dentary whilst
512:
has been recovered from deposits ranging in age from the
3164:
may perhaps be referable to the Maastrichtian-age genus
1189:. The dentaries are fused with the posterior end of the
1008:
lacks a rostrum anterior to the premaxillary teeth. The
3279:
seemingly show adaptations not usually found together.
2999:
has a much more slender dentary, which also applies to
1373:
Fibrous tissues and microstructures recovered from the
669:, but only briefly commented on the Belgian specimens.
3201:
was redescribed as the type species of its own genus,
2984:
is its massive size, larger than any other species of
2689:
Lindgren (2005) noted that the taxonomic situation of
2503:
is one of the largest, if not the largest, species of
1646:. The tribe Prognathodontini was synonymized with the
646:
in all of his subsequent papers mentioning the genus.
1259:
addition to deep striae, the fragmentary material of
914:
would have reached 12 metres (39 ft) in length.
1357:
Additionally, the type specimen also preserved many
5609:
5554:
5431:
5393:
5358:
5331:
5286:
5245:
5211:
5191:
5153:
5133:
5072:
5045:
4997:
4914:
3772:
Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas
2937:is a massively built and enormous species from the
2859:can be distinguished from other species, including
2720:by D.V. Grigoriev (2013) supported the referral of
799:In 2009, Hani F. Kaddumi described the new species
3938:"Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs"
3667:"Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs"
3022:with cervical and dorsal ribs, isolated pygal and
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
3867:"Pressrelease Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht"
3766:Kaddumi, Hani F. (2009). "Another new species of
3292:) and a typical "cutting" mosasaur tooth (right,
3026:, scapula-coracoid and scattered elements of the
1286:Another species noted for its divergent teeth is
729:In 1998, an intact fossil skull was found in the
673:unusual for mosasaur specimens discovered in the
542:means "forejaw tooth", which originates from the
3259:was adapted to crush through hard-shelled prey.
2682:", which he synonymized on the genus level with
2364:A large number of species have been assigned to
760:", but eventually described as a new species of
4693:SVP 2019, Annual Meeting, Program and Abstracts
3160:. In 2019 it was suggested by Mohr et al. that
2674:, named in honor of the belgian paleontologist
2610:also differs from all other species except for
1487:Modern phylogenetic analyses continually place
1101:). In 1998, Kase and colleagues estimated that
2368:, though the genus is widely considered to be
1520:and dividing the group into two families, the
4860:
4437:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark
3614:Theagarten Lingham-Soliar; Dirk Nolf (1989).
3220:The discovery of well-preserved specimens of
2571:and has been recovered from deposits of Late
1650:, another tribe coined by Russell (1967) for
1000:The latest published diagnosis for the genus
858:. Carlo Brauer, an excavator operator at the
8:
5572:List of mosasaur-bearing stratigraphic units
2412:and removing any occurrence before the Late
596:have been assigned to other genera, such as
4473:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS
4190:Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS
3190:should perhaps instead by synonymized with
2976:The most obvious distinguishing feature of
2416:. A confirmed North American occurrence of
1463:. For this reason, it is likely that adult
1145:had procumbent teeth, a trait also seen in
5597:
5242:
5208:
5150:
4994:
4867:
4853:
4845:
4621:Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting
3983:
3981:
124:
31:
4833:
4484:
4396:
4378:
4322:
4312:
4250:
4240:
3917:
3833:
737:. This specimen was then identified as a
4660:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon waiparaensis"
3402:
3302:seem to contain characteristics of both.
2980:that separates it from other species of
2811:and is regularly found to be outside of
916:
492:family. It is classified as part of the
3477:
626:in 1889 based on specimens gathered in
4610:
4608:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4046:
4035:
3931:
3929:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3310:displays heterodonty similar to other
3194:(though no formal proposal was made).
3061:included these 2.9 meter long turtles.
1691:is recovered as a sister group to the
772:described in 2011 from the early late
4569:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon giganteus"
4462:
4460:
4458:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3936:Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967).
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3665:Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967).
3609:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
2663:was originally named as a species of
1578:) and the "mesorhynchous" (including
926:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
721:The first comprehensive study of the
604:, but this has also been questioned.
560:("tooth"). Twelve nominal species of
7:
4635:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon overtoni"
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3770:from the Maastrichtian of Harrana".
3761:
3759:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
2511:, in particular to the type species
2489:Christiansen and Bonde, 2002 — Late
2441:tentatively from the United States (
1089:) compared to other genera, such as
756:was for some time informally named "
4501:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon solvayi"
3869:. 20 September 2012. Archived from
3134:Three species of the dubious genus
2815:(and recovered as a far more basal
2172:
2148:
2124:
2100:
2059:
2035:
1973:
1949:
1942:
1918:
1894:
1844:
1837:
1813:
1789:
1765:
1741:
1731:
4782:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4711:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4527:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4086:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3960:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3730:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3544:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2601:differs from all other species of
1343:preserves several vertebrae. Four
1137:The skull of the type specimen of
488:of marine lizard belonging to the
25:
2899:is easily separated from species
2618:due to its smooth enamel surface.
2400:Species seen as valid and within
2388:The question of what constitutes
1223:A close-up image of the teeth of
1013:is either present or absent. The
792:from closely related genera like
735:Maastricht Natural History Museum
496:subfamily, alongside genera like
144:, the type species of the genus.
5583:
5582:
5124:
4486:10.31610/trudyzin/2024.328.3.384
4202:10.31610/trudyzin/2013.317.3.246
2819:) in most phylogenetic analyses.
741:, and received the species name
153:
752:A very large specimen found in
715:Geological Museum in Copenhagen
3378:and the possible remains of a
1695:, and the clade Mosasaurini +
313:(Christiansen and Bonde, 2002)
1:
5562:Timeline of mosasaur research
4835:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104425
4795:10.1080/02724634.2020.1784183
3919:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104425
932:Though many species (such as
805:Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation
4731:10.1080/02724634.2013.826235
4380:10.1371/journal.pone.0176773
4292:Madzia, D.; Cau, A. (2017).
4242:10.1371/journal.pone.0011998
3564:10.1080/02724634.2011.601714
1658:, previously believed to be
811:, Jordan. The specific name
3486:"Fossilworks: Prognathodon"
2957:is also controversial) and
2737:Disputed and former species
2538:, Belgium, Jordan and Syria
2372:. The incomplete nature of
2109:Plesiotylosaurus crassidens
1279:and other species (such as
924:(TMP 2018.042.0005) at the
5791:
5745:Mosasaurs of North America
4691:(Squamata, Mosasuaridae).
3007:can be distinguished from
2418:Prognathodon sensu stricto
1471:Classification and species
1024:The margins of the dorsal
987:eye. In the type species,
822:The new species and genus
549:- ("earlier" or "prior"),
5580:
5432:Related groups and genera
5122:
4882:
4277:, Academic Press, 501 pp.
4183:(Squamata, Mosasauridae)"
4177:Grigoriev, D. V. (2013).
4010:10.1017/s001677460000010x
3113:Welles and Gregg, 1971 —
3109:Prognathodon waiparaensis
2953:(whose classification as
2867:before being lumped into
2591:, and may thus belong to
2424:, was described in 2024.
2194:
2177:
2170:
2153:
2146:
2129:
2122:
2105:
2098:
2085:Eremiasaurus heterodontus
2081:
2064:
2057:
2044:Prognathodon waiparaensis
2040:
2033:
1995:
1978:
1971:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1923:
1916:
1899:
1892:
1866:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1818:
1811:
1794:
1787:
1770:
1763:
1746:
1739:
1128:, similarly to the genus
423:
416:
298:
293:
280:
273:
150:Scientific classification
148:
132:
123:
34:
4431:Lindgren, Johan (2005).
3306:It is worth noting that
2924:Dortangs et al., 2002 —
2579:. Fossils described as "
2559:Though not the largest,
2157:Mosasaurus missouriensis
1798:Clidastes moorevillensis
1608:Russell (1967) retained
1495:subfamily, despite this
1332:Post-cranial fossils of
1203:was indeed a species of
692:Plioplatecarpus houzeaui
675:Craie de Ciply Formation
649:The first later use of "
409:(Welles and Gregg, 1971)
27:Extinct genus of lizards
5775:Paleontology in Alberta
5567:List of mosasaur genera
4595:Paleontological Journal
4275:Ancient Marine Reptiles
3393:Western Interior Seaway
3352:, known to have fed on
2563:was a large species of
1483:, based on fossil sites
622:was first described by
592:is controversial. Some
393:(Dortangs et al., 2002)
4685:“Liodon” mosasauroides
4045:Cite journal requires
3417:Prognathodon saturator
3412:
3303:
3105:
3093:
3083:
3073:
2920:Prognathodon saturator
2837:
2783:Schulp et al., 2008 —
2549:Yakovlev, 1901 — Late
2530:Prognathodon giganteus
2481:
2361:
2345:
1958:Prognathodon saturator
1870:Globidens alabamaensis
1720:. The cladogram shows
1713:
1597:as closely related to
1484:
1479:Known distribution of
1443:specimen LACM 128319.
1382:
1329:
1306:Prognathodon saturator
1251:has 14 dentary teeth.
1228:
1139:Prognathodon saturator
1070:
929:
892:
743:Prognathodon saturator
718:
697:Prognathodon giganteus
5702:Paleobiology Database
4181:Prognathodon lutugini
3814:Nature Communications
3415:The type specimen of
3406:
3389:Prognathodon overtoni
3285:
3222:Prognathodon overtoni
3101:
3089:
3079:
3068:
3043:and other species of
3028:appendicular skeleton
2841:Prognathodon overtoni
2828:
2599:Prognathodon lutugini
2561:Prognathodon lutugini
2545:Prognathodon lutugini
2477:
2356:
2341:
2198:Plotosaurus bennisoni
2181:Mosasaurus hoffmannii
1927:Prognathodon overtoni
1705:
1566:was placed alongside
1478:
1410:were convergent with
1372:
1339:The type specimen of
1323:
1222:
1157:The type specimen of
1117:; 1,715–2,467 lb
1109:; 1,427–2,052 lb
1061:
920:
882:
836:Abdullah II of Jordan
770:Prognathodon overtoni
709:
564:are recognised, from
353:(Schulp et al., 2008)
5750:Mosasaurs of Oceania
3873:on 23 September 2012
3349:Globidens schurmanni
2961:. The specific name
2438:, Belgium and Spain,
2430:Prognathodon solvayi
1999:Prognathodon solvayi
1853:Globidens dakotensis
1589:Dollo realized that
1231:Species referred to
855:Mosasaurus hoffmanni
828:Prognathodon hashimi
824:Tenerasaurus hashimi
283:Prognathodon solvayi
142:Prognathodon solvayi
5760:Mosasaurs of Africa
5740:Mosasaurs of Europe
4826:2020CrRes.11204425B
4814:Cretaceous Research
4723:2014JVPal..34..549P
4371:2017PLoSO..1276773S
4233:2010PLoSO...511998L
4141:1998Geo....26..947K
4073:. pp. 249–250.
4002:2013NJGeo..92..165S
3910:2020CrRes.11204425B
3898:Cretaceous Research
3826:2013NatCo...4.2423L
3556:2011JVPal..31.1026K
3459:Cretaceous Research
2779:Prognathodon kianda
2743:Prognathodon kianda
2485:Prognathodon currii
2068:Prognathodon kianda
1982:Prognathodon currii
1822:Clidastes propython
1774:Clidastes liodontus
1750:Dallasaurus turneri
1077:relatively high in
971:is the form of the
768:. Two specimens of
4314:10.7717/peerj.3782
4179:"Redescription of
3835:10.1038/ncomms3423
3413:
3304:
3243:and potentially a
3106:
3094:
3084:
3074:
2928:, the Netherlands.
2878:Prognathodon rapax
2845:Williston, 1897 —
2838:
2797:is known from the
2482:
2362:
2346:
2133:Mosasaurus conodon
1903:Prognathodon rapax
1714:
1711:Smithsonian Museum
1632:). Bell recovered
1485:
1383:
1345:cervical vertebrae
1330:
1229:
1071:
930:
893:
719:
713:skull cast at the
435:(Williston, 1897)
5755:Mosasaurs of Asia
5717:
5716:
5689:Open Tree of Life
5603:Taxon identifiers
5594:
5593:
5427:
5426:
5327:
5326:
5270:Plesioplatecarpus
5213:Plioplatecarpinae
5187:
5186:
5120:
5119:
4028:Kaddumi, Hani F.
3229:Bearpaw Formation
3178:) were closer to
3118:
2929:
2890:
2887:
2850:
2788:
2554:
2539:
2494:
2446:
2439:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
1881:
1880:
1507:Plioplatecarpinae
1124:The quadrates of
778:Bearpaw Formation
687:tympanic membrane
474:
473:
468:
460:
452:
444:
431:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
370:
369:(Williston, 1897)
362:
358:P.? mosasauroides
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
306:
302:P.? compressidens
269:
16:(Redirected from
5782:
5770:Mooreville Chalk
5710:
5709:
5697:
5696:
5684:
5683:
5671:
5670:
5658:
5657:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5598:
5586:
5585:
5555:Related articles
5545:Vallecillosaurus
5247:Plioplatecarpini
5243:
5209:
5151:
5128:
5047:Prognathodontini
4995:
4981:Plesiotylosaurus
4869:
4862:
4855:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4702:
4696:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4464:
4453:
4452:
4428:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4382:
4350:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4298:
4289:
4278:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4244:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4187:
4174:
4153:
4152:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4014:
4013:
3996:(2–3): 165–170.
3985:
3976:
3975:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3805:
3784:
3783:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3701:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3662:
3643:
3642:
3624:
3611:
3584:
3583:
3550:(5): 1026–1046.
3538:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3482:
3150:L. mosasauroides
3146:L. compressidens
3112:
3103:P. mosasauroides
3091:P. compressidens
3024:caudal vertebrae
3020:dorsal vertebrae
2973:area since 1957.
2923:
2888:
2881:
2844:
2782:
2548:
2533:
2488:
2440:
2433:
2173:
2149:
2125:
2101:
2060:
2036:
1974:
1950:
1943:
1919:
1895:
1845:
1838:
1814:
1790:
1766:
1742:
1732:
1709:skeleton at the
1684:Plesiotylosaurus
1676:Plesiotylosaurus
1644:Plesiotylosaurus
1620:Prognathodontini
1615:Plesiotylosaurus
1419:thalattosuchians
1354:dorsal vertebrae
1350:dorsal vertebrae
1254:Of all species,
979:and support the
615:Research history
466:
458:
450:
443:(Yakovlev, 1905)
442:
429:
408:
406:P.? waiparaensis
400:
392:
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
345:(Yakovlev, 1901)
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
267:
260:
249:Prognathodontini
247:
234:
221:
158:
157:
128:
118:
55:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5765:Demopolis Chalk
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5705:
5700:
5692:
5687:
5679:
5674:
5666:
5661:
5653:
5648:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5605:
5595:
5590:
5576:
5550:
5538:Portunatasaurus
5474:Dolichosauridae
5439:Aigialosauridae
5423:
5395:Yaguarasaurinae
5389:
5354:
5323:
5282:
5277:Plioplatecarpus
5256:Latoplatecarpus
5241:
5207:
5193:Russellosaurina
5183:
5178:Phosphorosaurus
5149:
5129:
5116:
5068:
5041:
4993:
4910:
4878:
4873:
4843:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4789:(3): e1784183.
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4664:fossilworks.org
4658:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4639:fossilworks.org
4633:
4632:
4628:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4573:fossilworks.org
4567:
4566:
4562:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4505:fossilworks.org
4499:
4498:
4494:
4466:
4465:
4456:
4430:
4429:
4414:
4365:(5): e0176773.
4352:
4351:
4340:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4268:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4156:
4135:(10): 947–950.
4126:
4125:
4121:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4070:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4044:
4034:
4027:
4026:
4017:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3807:
3806:
3787:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3681:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3646:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3587:
3540:
3539:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3490:fossilworks.org
3484:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3457:in the journal
3447:
3433:Plicatoscyllium
3407:Restoration of
3401:
3218:
3213:
3124:P. waiparaensis
3069:Restoration of
3001:P. waiparaensis
2943:the Netherlands
2763:P. waiparaensis
2739:
2635:P. waiparaensis
2357:Restoration of
2351:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2020:
2011:
1882:
1603:Plioplatecarpus
1591:Plioplatecarpus
1555:Plioplatecarpus
1473:
1367:
1318:
1217:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1056:
973:sclerotic rings
883:Restoration of
877:
655:Dale A. Russell
644:Prognathosaurus
640:Prognathosaurus
617:
467:(Kaddumi, 2009)
459:(Schmidt, 1927)
427:Prognathosaurus
329:(Kaddumi, 2009)
289:
286:
266:
258:
245:
232:
219:
152:
133:IRNSB R33, the
119:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5788:
5786:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5730:Apex predators
5722:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5698:
5685:
5672:
5659:
5646:
5631:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5592:
5591:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5411:Russellosaurus
5407:
5399:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5342:Pannoniasaurus
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5251:
5249:
5240:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5217:
5215:
5206:
5205:
5197:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5157:
5148:
5147:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5083:Bentiabasaurus
5078:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5029:Igdamanosaurus
5025:
5018:
5011:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4842:
4841:
4800:
4760:
4717:(3): 549–559.
4697:
4676:
4651:
4626:
4604:
4585:
4560:
4533:(3): 629–644.
4517:
4492:
4479:(3): 384–391.
4454:
4412:
4338:
4279:
4266:
4207:
4196:(3): 246–261.
4154:
4119:
4092:(3): 744–747.
4076:
4056:
4047:|journal=
4015:
3977:
3966:(3): 629–644.
3950:
3925:
3884:
3858:
3849:
3820:: ncomms3423.
3785:
3755:
3720:
3679:
3644:
3616:"The mosasaur
3585:
3502:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3463:Prognathodon's
3446:
3443:
3400:
3397:
3289:Igdamanosaurus
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3132:
3131:
3120:
3119:
3117:, New Zealand.
3071:P. waiparensis
3063:
3062:
3031:
3012:
2974:
2931:
2930:
2915:
2914:
2893:
2892:
2873:
2872:
2853:
2852:
2821:
2820:
2791:
2790:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2714:
2687:
2658:
2619:
2596:
2556:
2555:
2541:
2534:Dollo, 1904 —
2525:
2524:
2497:
2496:
2470:
2469:
2449:
2448:
2443:North Carolina
2434:Dollo, 1889 —
2420:, most likely
2350:
2347:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1472:
1469:
1416:metriorhynchid
1366:
1363:
1317:
1316:Axial skeleton
1314:
1216:
1213:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1055:
1052:
1035:basilar artery
876:
873:
834:, in honor of
616:
613:
582:western Europe
574:western Africa
472:
471:
470:
469:
461:
453:
451:(Strand, 1926)
445:
433:
432:
421:
420:
414:
413:
412:
411:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
296:
295:
294:Other species
291:
290:
287:
278:
277:
271:
270:
256:
252:
251:
243:
239:
238:
230:
226:
225:
217:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
146:
145:
130:
129:
121:
120:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
56:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5787:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5589:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5515:Tetrapodophis
5512:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5487:Dolichosaurus
5484:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5445:Aigialosaurus
5442:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5419:
5418:Yaguarasaurus
5415:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5377:Taniwhasaurus
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5333:Tethysaurinae
5330:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5304:Goronyosaurus
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5063:Thalassotitan
5060:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5022:Harranasaurus
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4974:Megapterygius
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4764:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4687:to the Genus
4686:
4680:
4677:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:(6): 669–671.
4600:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4518:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4227:(8): e11998.
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4182:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4039:
4031:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3721:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3439:stomach acids
3435:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3422:Maastrichtian
3418:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:killer whales
3266:
3263:suggest that
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3162:mosasauroides
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:Maastrichtian
3111:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:and anterior
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:Maastrichtian
2936:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2926:Maastrichtian
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2884:Maastrichtian
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:Brachysaurana
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2799:Maastrichtian
2796:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2785:Maastrichtian
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:, as well as
2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:"Dollosaurus"
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2536:Maastrichtian
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2436:Maastrichtian
2432:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2381:specimens of
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1629:Aigialosaurus
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:Maastrichtian
1380:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1098:M. hoffmannii
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
927:
923:
919:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
886:
881:
874:
872:
870:
866:
861:
857:
856:
849:
847:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:(c. 74.5 Ma)
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
724:
716:
712:
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
670:
668:
667:North America
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
614:
612:
609:
605:
603:
602:Brachysaurana
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:North America
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
535:
534:North America
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:Maastrichtian
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
491:
487:
484:
480:
479:
465:
462:
457:
456:Ancylocentrum
454:
449:
448:Brachysaurana
446:
441:
438:
437:
436:
430:(Dollo, 1889)
428:
425:
424:
422:
419:
415:
407:
404:
399:
398:P.? sectorius
396:
391:
390:P.? saturator
388:
383:
380:
377:Kaddumi, 2009
375:
372:
367:
364:
361:(Gaudry 1892)
359:
356:
351:
348:
343:
340:
337:Kaddumi, 2009
335:
332:
327:
324:
321:(Dollo, 1904)
319:
316:
311:
308:
305:(Gaudry 1892)
303:
300:
299:
297:
292:
285:
284:
279:
276:
272:
265:
264:
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
241:
240:
237:
231:
228:
227:
224:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
131:
127:
122:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:83.6–66
47:
46:Maastrichtian
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
5735:Mosasaurines
5641:Prognathodon
5611:Prognathodon
5610:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5466:Opetiosaurus
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5360:Tylosaurinae
5347:
5340:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5297:Gavialimimus
5295:
5288:Selmasaurini
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5236:Sarabosaurus
5234:
5229:Ectenosaurus
5227:
5222:Angolasaurus
5220:
5202:Haasiasaurus
5200:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5142:
5135:Halisaurinae
5109:
5102:
5095:
5090:Eremiasaurus
5088:
5081:
5061:
5056:Prognathodon
5055:
5054:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:Globidensini
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4946:Gnathomortis
4944:
4937:
4930:
4925:Amphekepubis
4923:
4916:Mosasaurinae
4817:
4813:
4803:
4786:
4780:
4773:Prognathodon
4769:
4763:
4714:
4710:
4700:
4692:
4689:Eremiasaurus
4688:
4684:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4663:
4654:
4642:. Retrieved
4638:
4629:
4620:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4508:. Retrieved
4504:
4495:
4476:
4472:
4443:(1): 17–25.
4440:
4436:
4362:
4358:
4304:
4300:
4274:
4269:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4066:
4059:
4038:cite journal
3993:
3989:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3877:20 September
3875:. Retrieved
3871:the original
3861:
3852:
3817:
3813:
3771:
3768:Prognathodon
3767:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3712:. Retrieved
3709:ResearchGate
3708:
3673:
3630:
3626:
3618:Prognathodon
3617:
3547:
3543:
3493:. Retrieved
3489:
3480:
3467:Prognathodon
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3451:Prognathodon
3450:
3448:
3431:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3409:P. saturator
3408:
3388:
3372:Prognathodon
3371:
3369:
3365:Prognathodon
3364:
3361:
3347:
3336:
3331:
3328:Prognathodon
3327:
3321:
3315:
3312:mosasaurines
3307:
3305:
3300:Prognathodon
3299:
3298:). Teeth of
3293:
3287:
3277:Prognathodon
3276:
3272:
3265:Prognathodon
3264:
3261:
3257:Prognathodon
3256:
3249:Prognathodon
3248:
3221:
3219:
3216:Paleoecology
3211:Paleobiology
3204:Gnathomortis
3202:
3199:P. stadtmani
3198:
3197:The species
3196:
3191:
3187:
3184:Prognathodon
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:Eremiasaurus
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:Prognathodon
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:L. sectorius
3141:
3135:
3133:
3123:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3090:
3081:P. sectorius
3080:
3070:
3059:P. saturator
3058:
3052:
3049:P. saturator
3048:
3045:Prognathodon
3044:
3038:
3035:P. saturator
3034:
3009:P. saturator
3008:
3005:P. giganteus
3004:
3000:
2997:P. stadtmani
2996:
2990:P. saturator
2989:
2986:Prognathodon
2985:
2982:Prognathodon
2981:
2978:P. saturator
2977:
2962:
2958:
2955:Prognathodon
2954:
2950:
2947:P. saturator
2946:
2935:P. saturator
2934:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2882:Hay, 1902 —
2877:
2876:
2869:Prognathodon
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2813:Prognathodon
2812:
2806:
2794:
2778:
2777:
2771:Prognathodon
2770:
2767:Prognathodon
2766:
2762:
2759:P. stadtmani
2758:
2755:P. saturator
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:The species
2740:
2729:
2726:Prognathodon
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:paraphyletic
2703:Prognathodon
2702:
2699:Prognathodon
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:Prognathodon
2683:
2679:
2671:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:P. saturator
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:Prognathodon
2602:
2598:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2565:Prognathodon
2564:
2560:
2544:
2543:
2529:
2528:
2521:Prognathodon
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:Prognathodon
2508:
2505:Prognathodon
2504:
2500:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2464:
2461:Prognathodon
2460:
2457:type species
2452:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2402:Prognathodon
2401:
2399:
2394:
2390:Prognathodon
2389:
2387:
2383:Prognathodon
2382:
2374:Prognathodon
2373:
2370:paraphyletic
2366:Prognathodon
2365:
2363:
2358:
2342:
2196:
2195:
2179:
2178:
2155:
2154:
2131:
2130:
2107:
2106:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2043:
2042:
2041:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1868:
1867:
1851:
1850:
1820:
1819:
1796:
1795:
1772:
1771:
1748:
1747:
1736:Mosasaurinae
1722:Prognathodon
1721:
1718:Mosasaurinae
1715:
1706:
1697:Prognathodon
1696:
1689:Prognathodon
1688:
1683:
1680:Prognathodon
1679:
1675:
1672:Prognathodon
1671:
1668:
1664:paraphyletic
1660:monophyletic
1656:Prognathodon
1655:
1651:
1648:Globidensini
1643:
1637:
1634:Prognathodon
1633:
1627:
1624:
1613:
1610:Prognathodon
1609:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1595:Prognathodon
1594:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:Prognathodon
1563:
1560:Prognathodon
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1522:Mosasauridae
1500:
1497:Prognathodon
1496:
1493:Mosasaurinae
1489:Prognathodon
1488:
1486:
1481:Prognathodon
1480:
1465:Prognathodon
1464:
1461:ichthyosaurs
1459:and extinct
1452:Prognathodon
1451:
1448:Prognathodon
1447:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1431:carcharhinid
1427:
1412:ichthyosaurs
1403:Prognathodon
1402:
1399:Prognathodon
1398:
1389:deposits in
1384:
1379:Prognathodon
1378:
1340:
1338:
1334:Prognathodon
1333:
1331:
1326:P. saturator
1325:
1310:Prognathodon
1309:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1297:The size of
1296:
1292:Prognathodon
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:P. giganteus
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:Prognathodon
1236:
1233:Prognathodon
1232:
1230:
1224:
1208:
1205:Prognathodon
1204:
1200:
1183:Prognathodon
1182:
1158:
1156:
1151:P. saturator
1150:
1146:
1143:P. saturator
1142:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1126:Prognathodon
1125:
1123:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1087:P. saturator
1086:
1082:
1079:Prognathodon
1078:
1074:Prognathodon
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1039:
1023:
1002:Prognathodon
1001:
999:
992:
988:
969:Prognathodon
968:
966:
962:P. sectorius
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:type species
942:P. giganteus
941:
938:P. saturator
937:
933:
931:
921:
912:P. saturator
911:
907:
904:P. giganteus
903:
899:
896:Prognathodon
895:
894:
888:
884:
869:Prognathodon
868:
865:stratigraphy
853:
850:
843:
840:Prognathodon
839:
827:
823:
821:
816:
812:
800:
798:
793:
790:Prognathodon
789:
769:
765:
762:Prognathodon
761:
757:
751:
742:
739:Prognathodon
738:
728:
723:Prognathodon
722:
720:
710:
696:
690:
671:
663:Prognathodon
662:
659:Prognathodon
658:
651:Prognathodon
650:
648:
643:
639:
636:Prognathodon
635:
632:Prognathodon
631:
620:Prognathodon
619:
618:
608:Prognathodon
607:
606:
601:
597:
590:Prognathodon
589:
562:Prognathodon
561:
557:
556:("jaw") and
553:
546:
540:Prognathodon
539:
538:
510:Prognathodon
509:
503:
497:
494:Mosasaurinae
478:Prognathodon
477:
476:
475:
464:Tenerasaurus
463:
455:
447:
439:
434:
426:
405:
401:(Cope, 1871)
397:
389:
381:
373:
366:P.? overtoni
365:
357:
349:
341:
333:
325:
318:P. giganteus
317:
309:
301:
282:
281:
275:Type species
263:Prognathodon
262:
261:
236:Mosasauridae
213:
141:
36:Prognathodon
35:
29:
5635:Wikispecies
5531:Judeasaurus
5524:Adriosaurus
5508:Pontosaurus
5480:Coniasaurus
5459:Komensaurus
5452:Carsosaurus
5404:Romeosaurus
5349:Tethysaurus
5318:Selmasaurus
5263:Platecarpus
5155:Halisaurini
5111:Plotosaurus
5097:Moanasaurus
5074:Mosasaurini
4953:Jormungandr
4939:Dallasaurus
4695:, 79A: 155.
4669:17 December
4644:17 December
4578:17 December
4510:17 December
3633:: 137–190.
3495:17 December
3427:Squalicorax
3308:P. overtoni
3273:P. overtoni
3207:, in 2020.
3128:New Zealand
3054:Allopleuron
2951:P. overtoni
2901:P. overtoni
2857:P. overtoni
2817:mosasaurine
2747:P. overtoni
2722:P. lutugini
2718:P. lutugini
2711:P. lutugini
2695:Dollosaurus
2691:P. lutugini
2680:Dollosaurus
2676:Louis Dollo
2672:Dollosaurus
2661:P. lutugini
2631:P. lutugini
2623:P. lutugini
2608:P. lutugini
2593:P. lutugini
2581:Dollosaurus
2517:Oronosaurus
2468:compressed.
2410:Middle East
2343:P. overtoni
2030:Mosasaurini
1726:Mosasaurini
1693:Mosasaurini
1599:Platecarpus
1576:Hainosaurus
1568:Platecarpus
1538:Platecarpus
1511:Louis Dollo
1502:Platecarpus
1491:within the
1440:Platecarpus
1365:Soft tissue
1341:P. lutugini
1299:P. lutugini
1288:P. lutugini
1277:P. overtoni
1273:P. overtoni
1249:P. overtoni
1209:Dollosaurus
1201:P. lutugini
1159:P. lutugini
1103:P. overtoni
1083:P. overtoni
985:lacertilian
958:P. overtoni
922:P. overtoni
875:Description
845:Platecarpus
758:Oronosaurus
699:, named by
642:" and used
624:Louis Dollo
598:Dollosaurus
586:New Zealand
578:Middle East
530:New Zealand
522:Middle East
440:Dollosaurus
385:(Hay, 1902)
342:P. lutugini
288:Dollo, 1889
268:Dollo, 1889
18:Dollosaurus
5724:Categories
5501:Primitivus
5384:Tylosaurus
5370:Kaikaifilu
5171:Halisaurus
5104:Mosasaurus
5008:Carinodens
4988:Stelladens
4960:Kourisodon
4820:: 104425.
3947:: 209–210.
3904:: 104425.
3736:(3): 629.
3714:2017-09-26
3473:References
3380:cephalopod
3376:sea turtle
3354:inoceramid
3323:Carinodens
3314:, such as
3295:Mosasaurus
3245:cephalopod
3241:sea turtle
3192:Mosasaurus
3180:Mosasaurus
3047:, that of
2971:Maastricht
2910:Mosasaurus
2905:P. solvayi
2861:P. solvayi
2730:P. solvayi
2639:P. solvayi
2616:P. solvayi
2612:P. solvayi
2553:, Ukraine.
2513:P. solvayi
2465:P. solvayi
2453:P. solvayi
2422:P. solvayi
2395:P. solvayi
2359:P. solvayi
1586:) groups.
1580:Mosasaurus
1572:Tylosaurus
1549:Tylosaurus
1543:Halisaurus
1533:Mosasaurus
1393:, central
1268:P. solvayi
1261:P. solvayi
1256:P. solvayi
1245:P. solvayi
1241:P. solvayi
1225:P. solvayi
1167:pterygoids
1163:premaxilla
1147:P. solvayi
1092:Mosasaurus
1068:saturator.
1010:prefrontal
1006:premaxilla
994:Mosasaurus
989:P. solvayi
950:P. solvayi
832:Hashemites
747:Maastricht
731:Maastricht
499:Mosasaurus
350:P.? kianda
326:P. hashimi
223:Mosasauria
5494:Kaganaias
5311:Khinjaria
5164:Eonatator
5144:Pluridens
5015:Globidens
4932:Clidastes
4886:Kingdom:
4876:Mosasaurs
4777:stadtmani
4739:0272-4634
4449:0011-6297
4389:1932-6203
4307:: e3782.
4114:131741406
4106:0272-4634
3780:709582892
3639:132009365
3580:129001212
3572:0272-4634
3445:Pathology
3399:Taphonomy
3332:Globidens
3317:Globidens
3226:Campanian
3186:and that
3176:L. anceps
3158:P. kianda
3040:Globidens
2994:Campanian
2963:saturator
2959:P. currii
2847:Campanian
2835:overtoni.
2829:Skull of
2795:P. kianda
2666:Clidastes
2647:P. currii
2643:P. kianda
2627:P. kianda
2606:column).
2573:Campanian
2551:Campanian
2501:P. currii
2491:Campanian
2479:P. currii
2414:Campanian
2379:Campanian
1707:P. kianda
1652:Globidens
1639:Globidens
1584:Clidastes
1527:Clidastes
1408:mosasaurs
1324:Torso of
1266:Teeth of
1215:Dentition
1179:squamosal
1131:Globidens
1095:(0.19 in
1081:(0.22 in
1062:Skull of
1047:pterygoid
934:P. currii
908:P. currii
900:P. currii
817:P. primus
774:Campanian
766:P. currii
711:P. currii
653:" was by
514:Campanian
505:Clidastes
382:P.? rapax
374:P. primus
310:P. currii
173:Kingdom:
167:Eukaryota
42:Campanian
5620:Wikidata
5588:Category
5036:Xenodens
4906:Squamata
4900:Reptilia
4894:Chordata
4892:Phylum:
4888:Animalia
4755:85773591
4747:24523277
4555:86139978
4407:28467456
4359:PLOS ONE
4333:28929018
4261:20711249
4221:PLOS ONE
3844:24022259
3750:86139978
3357:bivalves
3182:than to
3016:cervical
2897:P. rapax
2787:, Angola
2751:P. rapax
2655:P. rapax
2595:as well.
2493:, Israel
2408:and the
1518:suborder
1505:and the
1196:coronoid
1191:splenial
1187:quadrate
1175:foramina
1026:parietal
1019:parietal
1015:foramina
954:P. hudae
889:lutugini
801:P. hudae
683:quadrate
570:northern
490:mosasaur
418:Synonyms
334:P. hudae
229:Family:
207:Squamata
197:Reptilia
187:Chordata
183:Phylum:
177:Animalia
163:Domain:
135:holotype
5694:4946026
5681:1205841
5668:4819787
5655:4518686
5626:Q134700
4904:Order:
4898:Class:
4822:Bibcode
4719:Bibcode
4547:4524254
4398:5415187
4367:Bibcode
4324:5602675
4252:2918493
4229:Bibcode
4137:Bibcode
4129:Geology
3998:Bibcode
3906:Bibcode
3822:Bibcode
3552:Bibcode
3343:dentary
3339:maxilla
3233:Alberta
3224:in the
2577:Ukraine
2575:age in
2455:is the
2349:Species
1455:extant
1391:Harrana
1375:humerus
1043:dentary
1017:on the
809:Harrana
782:Alberta
679:Belgium
628:Belgium
594:species
554:gnathos
520:in the
516:to the
483:extinct
255:Genus:
242:Tribe:
203:Order:
193:Class:
4967:Liodon
4753:
4745:
4737:
4553:
4545:
4447:
4405:
4395:
4387:
4331:
4321:
4259:
4249:
4112:
4104:
3842:
3778:
3748:
3637:
3578:
3570:
3455:et al.
3384:niches
3253:turtle
3237:Canada
3188:Liodon
3172:Liodon
3137:Liodon
2808:Liodon
2803:Angola
2589:Russia
2585:Sweden
2406:Europe
1618:, the
1515:lizard
1457:sharks
1423:whales
1395:Jordan
1171:gypsum
981:sclera
977:cornea
794:Liodon
786:Canada
754:Israel
638:with "
576:, the
532:, and
526:Europe
481:is an
5707:36412
5676:IRMNG
4775:'
4771:'
4751:S2CID
4743:JSTOR
4551:S2CID
4543:JSTOR
4301:PeerJ
4297:(PDF)
4186:(PDF)
4110:S2CID
4071:(PDF)
3941:(PDF)
3746:S2CID
3670:(PDF)
3635:S2CID
3623:(PDF)
3576:S2CID
2967:Latin
2693:(or "
2625:from
1662:, as
1054:Skull
1031:jugal
813:hudae
701:Dollo
665:from
551:Greek
544:Latin
486:genus
214:Clade
138:skull
5663:GBIF
4735:ISSN
4671:2021
4646:2021
4580:2021
4512:2021
4445:ISSN
4403:PMID
4385:ISSN
4329:PMID
4257:PMID
4102:ISSN
4051:help
3879:2012
3840:PMID
3776:OCLC
3568:ISSN
3497:2021
3430:and
3341:and
3320:and
3148:and
2903:and
2761:and
2653:and
2645:and
2637:and
2587:and
1682:and
1674:and
1642:and
1601:and
1582:and
1574:and
1546:and
1421:and
1085:and
940:and
860:ENCI
685:and
600:and
584:and
572:and
558:odṓn
502:and
59:PreꞒ
5650:EoL
4830:doi
4818:112
4791:doi
4727:doi
4535:doi
4481:doi
4477:328
4393:PMC
4375:doi
4319:PMC
4309:doi
4247:PMC
4237:doi
4198:doi
4194:317
4145:doi
4094:doi
4006:doi
3968:doi
3914:doi
3902:112
3830:doi
3738:doi
3560:doi
3231:of
2965:is
2941:of
2801:of
2724:to
2705:is
2459:of
1359:rib
1211:".
1121:).
807:of
780:in
689:of
677:of
547:pro
140:of
5726::
5704::
5691::
5678::
5665::
5652::
5637::
5622::
4828:.
4816:.
4812:.
4787:40
4785:.
4749:.
4741:.
4733:.
4725:.
4715:34
4713:.
4709:.
4662:.
4637:.
4619:.
4607:^
4599:38
4597:.
4571:.
4549:.
4541:.
4531:22
4529:.
4503:.
4475:.
4471:.
4457:^
4441:52
4439:.
4435:.
4415:^
4401:.
4391:.
4383:.
4373:.
4363:12
4361:.
4357:.
4341:^
4327:.
4317:.
4303:.
4299:.
4282:^
4255:.
4245:.
4235:.
4223:.
4219:.
4192:.
4188:.
4157:^
4143:.
4133:26
4131:.
4108:.
4100:.
4090:24
4088:.
4042::
4040:}}
4036:{{
4018:^
4004:.
3994:92
3992:.
3980:^
3964:22
3962:.
3943:.
3928:^
3912:.
3900:.
3896:.
3838:.
3828:.
3816:.
3812:.
3788:^
3758:^
3744:.
3734:22
3732:.
3707:.
3682:^
3672:.
3647:^
3631:57
3629:.
3625:.
3588:^
3574:.
3566:.
3558:.
3548:31
3546:.
3505:^
3488:.
3449:A
3395:.
3359:.
3334:.
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3144:,
3003:.
2945:.
2833:.
2757:,
2753:,
2749:,
2745:,
1728:.
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